Langub sa AE

WATCH MAYWEATHER VS. MARQUEZ LIVE!

2009-09-19T15:54:00.000-07:00

1. Click the icon in the video menu (the one with the plus + sign to add a 2nd show)
2. Select a second show named: SPUR RADIO username: TIKILIVE
3. A pop up video will appear, click the maximize button to enlarge
4. Enjoy watching

IF THE VIDEO BELOW IS NOT WORKING GO TO ATDHE.NET
(The broadcast is not in English though.)

Hit F5 if video freezes...
Mayweather vs. Marquez, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 19 (9:00 p.m. ET/6:00 p.m. PT)

LTA Samples From Youtube

2009-08-19T15:48:00.000-07:00

Check Them Out: AE 110

Assignment AMT 411

2009-07-22T15:14:00.001-07:00

Copy or download the assignment for AMT 411.

Due date is July 28, 2009; 10 AM

Direction: Read and understand each number before answering.

1.1 FoilSim for aerodynamic calculations (courtesy of NASA).

Set the following on the FoilSim airfoil panel: airspeed, 200 mph; altitude, 5,000 ft.; camber, 0; angle, 2.5°; and surface area, 300 sq. ft.

(a) Set the velocity to 50 mph and record the lift. Increase the airspeed slider to 100 mph. Record lift. Increase the velocity to 150 mph and record lift again. Finally increase the velocity to 200 mph and record lift. Describe the change that you observe in lift as velocity changes. Graph velocity versus lift by hand for these points.

(b) Set the angle at 2.5° and record lift. Repeat, setting the angle for 5.0°, 7.5°, and 10° and record the lift for each setting. Graph your results by hand. At what point will the airfoil not turn a flow? Complete your graph with a stall at an angle of 12°. Will lift be generated at an angle of 0°? Explain.

(c) Return the angle setting to 2.5° and set the surface area to 100 cu. ft. Record the value for lift. Double the surface area. How is lift affected? Record lift. Double the surface area two additional times and record lift. Graph lift versus surface area from the data recorded. Explain how an airplane can slow its velocity for landing and still maintain sufficient lift to avoid a stall.

(d) Set the camber at 0. Record lift. Increase camber to 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50, and record the changes in lift for each setting. Graph camber versus lift with the data recorded. Is it possible for camber adjustment to initiate a stall? Explain.

Click here to go to the FOIL SIM WEBSITE

(Note: Your PC or Laptop should be Java enabled to use FOIL SIM. If it is not Java enabled, download JAVA here: http://www.java.com/en/download/manual.jsp)

If you want to work at home without internet connection, download the file below

AMT 411 ASSIGNMENT

The folder consists of the following:

FOIL SIM applet

WinRAR

Java Plug in

Copy of the assignment in both MS Word 2003 and 2007 versions

To install FOIL SIM:

1. Unrar the file using winRAR

2. Double click set up

3. Follow installation instructions in the pop up box

4. After installation, double click the FOIL SIM icon.

updated!!! PACQUIAO VS. HATTON LIVE STREAMING

2009-05-02T15:06:00.000-07:00

UPDATE: PACQUIAO WON BY TKO ROUND 2!!!

Sample Aircraft Design

2009-02-15T04:12:00.000-08:00

Aircraft Preliminary Design:

Download sample aircraft design using Dr. Roskam's method

(click the link above)

Download "Paper Airplane Designs"

Campbell's Paper Airplane Vol. 2

As it Was Told

2009-02-02T02:24:00.000-08:00

This story tells us something about LOVE & LIFE.

My husband is S/W Engineer by profession, I love him for his steady nature and I love the warm feeling when I lean against his broad shoulders.

Two years of courtship and now, five years into marriage, I would have to admit, that I am getting tired of it. The reasons of me loving him before, has now transformed into the cause of all my restlessness.

I am a sentimental woman and extremely sensitive when it comes to a relationship and my feelings. I yearn for the romantic moments, like a little girl yearning for candy. My husband is my complete opposite; his lack of sensitivity, and the inability of bringing romantic moments into our marriage has disheartened me about LOVE.

One day, I finally decided to tell him my decision, that I wanted a divorce.

"Why?" he asked, shocked.

"I am tired. There are no reasons for everything in the world!" I answered.

He kept silent the whole night, seemingly in deep thought. My feeling of disappointment only increased. Here was a man who was not able to even express his predicament, so what else could I expect from him?

And finally he asked me: "What can I do to change your mind?"

Somebody said it right... It's hard to change a person's personality, and I guess, I have started losing faith in him.

Looking deep into his eyes I slowly answered: "Here is the question. If you can answer and convince my heart, I will change my mind.

Let's say, I want a flower located on the face of a mountain cliff, and we both are sure that picking the flower will cause your death. Will you do it for me?"

He said: "I will give you your answer tomorrow...." My hopes just sank by listening to his response.

I woke up the next morning to find him gone, and saw a piece of paper with his scratchy handwriting underneath a milk glass, on the dining table near the front door, that goes....

My dear, "I would not pick that flower for you, but....please allow me to explain the reasons further.....

This first line was already breaking my heart. I continued reading.

"When you use the computer you always mess up the Software programs, and you cry in front of the screen. I have to save my fingers so that I can help to restore the programs.

You always leave the house keys behind, thus I have to save my legs to rush home to open the door for you.

You love traveling but always lose your way in a new city. I have to save my eyes to show you the way.

You always have the cramps whenever your "good friend" approaches every month. I have to save my palms so that I can calm the cramps in your tummy.

You like to stay indoors, and I worry that you will be infected by infantile autism. I have to save my mouth to tell you jokes and stories to cure your boredom.

You always stare at the computer, and that will do nothing good for your eyes. I have to save my eyes so that when we grow old, I can help to clip your nails and help to remove those annoying white hairs. So I can also hold your hand while strolling down the beach, as you enjoy the sunshine and the beautiful sand...and tell you the colour of flowers, just like the colour of the glow on your young face...

Thus, my dear, unless I am sure that there is someone who loves you more than I do... I could not pick that flower yet, and die ... "

My tears fell on the letter, and blurred the ink of his handwriting. .. And as I continue on reading... "Now, that you have finished reading my answer, and if you are satisfied, please open the front door for I am standing outside bringing your favorite bread and fresh milk...

I rushed to pull open the door, and saw his anxious face, clutching tightly with his hands, the milk bottle and loaf of bread....Now I am very sure that no one will ever love me as much as he does, and I have decided to leave the flower alone...

That's LIFE, and LOVE. When one is surrounded by love, the feeling of excitement fades away, and one tends to ignore the true love that lies in between the peace and dullness.

Love shows up in all forms; even in very small and cheeky forms. It has never been a model. It could be the dullest and most boring form ...

Flowers, and romantic moments are only used and appear on the surface of the relationship. Under all this, the pillar of true love stands... AND THAT'S LIFE

Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2004-2005

2009-02-02T01:17:00.000-08:00

Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft sets the standard in aviation reference, providing exhaustive technical detail on over 950 civil and military aircraft currently being produced or under development by more than 550 companies. Complete with photographs and line drawings to aid recognition and comparison, this authoritative resource provides you with the ability to evaluate competitors, identify potential buyers, and business partners, and examine aircraft equipment.
Each entry enables you to check key specifications for any aircraft including dimensions, performance, structure, landing gear, power plants, and armaments. Plus, with details of the world’s aircraft manufacturers and their programmes, you can identify key contracts and customers.

Key contents include:

Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft
Lighter than air
Air-launched missiles
Aero-engines
First flights
Aerospace Calendar
Official records
International aircraft registration prefixes
Propeller technology

Download Now:

Jane's All the World's Aircrafts 2004-2005

Windjvu Reader

How to download:

Click the links above.
After your download, you will notice that the book is with a .djvu file extension which can be opened by a djvu reader. A djvu reader is included in your download.

To open file, install the djvu reader. After installation, you can either double click the djvu reader icon to launch the program and open the book from there or drag the book icon over the djvu reader icon in your desktop.

Should you encounter problems with the download, use the comment form below to let me know about them.

AE Lab Upgraded to v1.5

2008-12-04T14:30:00.000-08:00

The Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering Laboratory has gotten an upgrade from AELab v1.0 to AELab v1.5. The old version was an old beaten up shack seemingly lost among the structures expected in the space age. With the upgrade, the AE laboratory is likened to the F-86 SABRE with twenty-first century technology installed.

The procurement of various laboratory equipments such as the alternative energy kit, electronics laboratory kit, radio control kits, etc have greatly improved the competency of the Aerospace Engineering department in providing a complete and well-rounded training of the country’s future aerospace engineers.

Among notable improvements that can be easily seen once you enter the doors of the laboratory are a computer workstation, a mini-library and the freshly painted student lockers which contain their laboratory coveralls among other things.

The laboratory is a central part of Indiana Aerospace University’s aerospace engineering program. It is here where the creative minds of the students are honed and their ideas come to life. Its importance is seen among the current student projects. This includes an investigation on the viability of a dual powered car that runs on solar power and a fuel cell. Other student projects being done there is a rocket model and a full scale ultra light aircraft (still in the drawing board).

More upgrades are being worked on at the time of this writing and is expected to make the current AELab version jump to version 3.0 before the next school year opens. Among the things to expect are the construction of a portable subsonic wind tunnel and the procurement of additional laboratory tools and equipments.

The improvements are mainly due to the untiring efforts of both the BSAE students and teaching staff and the admirable commitment of the school administration to modernize the school’s facilities.

For more information, visit www.iau.com.ph

Aerospace Engineering Program in IAU

2008-12-04T14:18:00.000-08:00

Aerospace engineering is defined as a branch of engineering that deals with the science of design, analysis, and construction of aircraft and spacecraft and its systems. It is divided into two overlapping branches namely, Aeronautical Engineering, which deals mostly with crafts that operate within the Earth’s atmosphere, and Astronautical Engineering, which deals with crafts that operates beyond the atmosphere into the outer space. Aerospace engineering is also sometimes referred to as “rocket science.”

A study in aerospace engineering usually includes an in-depth learning of mechanics and physics of fluids, aircraft and spacecraft structures and materials, instrumentation, control and estimation, human and automation, propulsion and energy conservation, and aeronautical and astronautical systems.

After your five years of education in Indiana Aerospace University (IAU), you should be able to conceptualize technical problems and their solutions, design: study and comprehend processes that lead to solutions, develop, and test the results of research, development and designs. At the same time, you would be adept in research, manufacturing, operation and maintenance, marketing and sales, and management.

As an aerospace engineer, what are your possible career options after graduation? In the answer lies the good news. Aerospace engineers work in just anywhere – employed in a variety of industries, among them:

· Commercial airline companies (PAL, Cebu Pacific, Boeing, Airbus, etc)

· Aerospace industry

· Academia

· Government (CAAP, DND, Congress, etc)

· Communications industry (communication satellites, GPS, etc)

· Automotive industry

· Manufacturing

· Computer industry (software and hardware)

· Entrepreneurs

· Law firms

· Medicine

By now, you would have been convinced to become an aerospace engineer. Companies hire the best ones, so, how would you become the best? The following desired engineer attributes should guide you in your studies:

· A good grasps of the core engineering science fundamentals (mathematics, statistics, IT, physics).

· A good understanding of the design and manufacturing processes.

· An understanding of the context in which engineering is practiced i.e. history, environment, business and the society.

· A multidisciplinary system perspective (looking beyond aerospace engineering and respecting other disciplines)

· Good overall communication skills.

· High ethical standards.

· Possesses a profound understanding of the importance of teamwork.

· Curiosity and a lifelong desire to learn.

· Has an ability to think critically and creatively as an individual and in a team.

As the space age progresses, it needs young curious minds like yours. Be part of the trailblazers and help propel humanity deeper into the last frontier. Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering is right for you.

For more information visit the IAU website at: www.iau.com.ph

CONTENT ADVISORY

2008-11-22T14:10:00.000-08:00

All High Quality streaming videos are transferred to a new site for faster loading.
The new blog at onlineboobtube.blogspot.com features more high quality streaming media that includes 24/7 movie channels, primetime tv programs, Live sports channels, Music and much, much more!

Channel Guide (click links to watch):

MOVIES CHANNELS:

DRAGON BALL Z AND GT COLLECTION

24/7 COMEDY MOVIES

24/7 SCI - FI MOVIES

24/7 ADVENTURE MOVIES

24/7 ACTION MOVIES

SPORTS CHANNELS:

FULL CONTACT FIGHTING(MMA) - UFC, PRIDE, K1, ETC...

SPORTS NEWS

RACING AND MORE TV

CLASSIC AND LIVE BOXING

COMBAT TV

BASEBALL TV

INTERNATIONAL NEWS CHANNELS:

CCTV - 9

MUZIC CHANNELS:

UNDERGROUND MUSIC

EDUCATIONAL CHANNELS:

NASA TV LIVE

AND MORE...

Spider Astronauts: The Next Generation

2008-11-22T04:59:00.000-08:00

No its not Spiderman.

Yes, a real spider!

Spiders aboard the International Space Station(ISS) has adopted to space environment and created amazing webs. It took the spiders a week or so to adopt before they made space their home. This astonishing accomplishment by the lowly spiders has amazed scientists and engineers alike.

The spiders are aboard the International Space Station as part of an educational project.

Watch them work:

E=MC squared Proven After More Than a Century!

2008-11-22T04:37:00.000-08:00

It is done folks. Albert Einstein's celebrated formula e = mc squared was finally proven by a group of physicists!

(No, Chuck Norris is not the proof!!! :-)

This is an excerpt from an AFP news clip on how they did it:

"A brainpower consortium led by Laurent Lellouch of France's Centre for Theoretical Physics, using some of the world's mightiest supercomputers, have set down the calculations for estimating the mass of protons and neutrons, the particles at the nucleus of atoms.

According to the conventional model of particle physics, protons and neutrons comprise smaller particles known as quarks, which in turn are bound by gluons.

The odd thing is this: the mass of gluons is zero and the mass of quarks is only five percent. Where, therefore, is the missing 95 percent?"

CLICK TO READ THE WHOLE STORY

First Attempt @ Lighter-than-Air Aircraft

2008-11-12T03:43:00.000-08:00

AE Freshmen LTA Design Soars

October 11, 2008 - It was a cool morning, with the sun just coming up, when ten enthusiastic and bright eyed students launched their Lighter-Than-Air (LTA) aircraft in the school gymnasium. The air is filled with the students’ excitement as they buzzed around making their final preparations – giant balloons are filled with helium, batteries and motors are checked, the control systems are tested. It is Race Day.

The LTA design is the freshmen’s introduction to Aerospace Engineering and Design. These future aerospace engineers spent the whole semester planning and working on their design. Divided into groups, they set out to outdo each other competing to have the best thought-out, best done aircraft. What seemed to be child’s play in the beginning turned serious as they discovered that payload, reliability of the structures and aesthetics are not meant to be together. The LTA design is limited to an overall weight of 1.75 kgs excluding the three 1-meter balloons. To complicate things further, the balsa wood structure must be constructed in a way that will minimize weight and strong enough to carry the engine, batteries and the control systems. And, that’s not the end of it; they must also find a way to make their designs pleasant to the eye.

The first problem they encountered during the race day was how to stabilize the aircraft. They solved it by turning trashes to gold. Rocks, wood chips, spare batteries were used as counterweights. With every group dealing with their own problems, the original course around the basketball court was reduced to a mere 25 meters dash. Flying the LTA’s was a cocktail of excitement, learning and sorrow. Like in every real world problem, some groups succeeded while some failed. All in all, it sure was a fun filled semester.
The activity allowed the future engineers to experience the intricacies of aircraft design and development the right aerospace engineer’s mindset early on in their studies. With their experience and lessons learned, they are on the right path to becoming the pillars of their countries’ own aerospace industries.

Watch video clip of the freshmen at work below.

The Worst Time to Fart!

2008-10-25T23:23:00.000-07:00

Happy Semestral Break Everyone!!!

Final Examinations

2008-10-01T06:29:00.000-07:00

Final examinations for Aerospace Engineering are on October 8-10,2008.

Other courses will follow the following schedule:

Aircraft Structures I: October 3, 2008 Rm 101; 1100hrs
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics: October 6, 2008 Rm 109E; 1400hrs
Sub-Sonic Aerodynamics: October 8, 2008 AE Laboratory; 1500hrs
High Speed Aerodynamics: October 8, 2008 AE Laboratory; 1700hrs
Rotor and Propeller Design:
Deadline of submission for completed 2-Blade Prop Design October 8, 2008
Aircraft Design I:
Deadline for submission for Preliminary Aircraft Sizing: October 11, 2008
Aircraft Design Analysis:
Deadline of submission: October 10, 2008
Intro to Aerospace Engineering
Lighter-Than-Air(LTA) Trial Race: October 7, 2008
Race Day : October 10, 2008

Please be guided accordingly.

Good Luck and Have a Happy Vacation!!!

Note to visitors: Please use the comment form for ebook and course notes requests. Thank You.

SubSonic Aerodynamics

2008-08-18T06:21:00.000-07:00

update....update....update....update....update...

Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2004-2005
English | 860 Pages
Edited by Paul Jackson MRAeS
ISBN: 0 7106 2614 2
(c) 2004, Jane's Information Group Limited

Jane's All the World's Aircraft sets the standard in aviation reference, providing exhaustive technical detail on over 950 civil and military aircraft currently being produced or under development by more than 550 companies. Complete with photographs and line drawings to aid recognition and comparison, this authoritative resource provides you with the ability to evaluate competitors, identify potential buyers, and business partners, and examine aircraft equipment.
Each entry enables you to check key specifications for any aircraft including dimensions, performance, structure, landing gear, power plants, and
armaments. Plus, with details of the world's aircraft manufacturers and their programmes, you can identify key contracts and customers.
Key contents include:

Fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft
Lighter than air
Air-launched missiles
Aero-engines
First flights
Aerospace Calendar
Official records
International aircraft registration prefixes
Propeller technology

Download Jane's All the Worlds Aircraft NOW!(Click Below)

download book now
(password:iau)

***The book file above has a file extension .djvu which can only be opened by a .djvu reader.
download free djvu reader here (click link). Download djvu reader now.

instructions:
1. download the book "Jane's All the Worlds Aircraft" from the link above.
2. download the djvu reader.
3. after downloading drag and drop the book file in the djvu reader icon.
4. if a pop-up dialog box appears, click run or ok.

or

after downloading the book and djvu reader, double click the djvu reader icon. click run. when the reader opens.click file and choose open. go to where you save the book and select the book file. click open or ok.

=====================================================================
DOWNLOAD THE NOTES PART 1 NOW

click here to download
password to download: iau

due to difference in ms office version used i am uploading an ms word document version of the notes for ms word 97 - 2003. click the link below to download it.

speed and climb performance '97-'03.doc
password: iau

thanks

======---====---====---====---+++++++-----*****//////++++
Notice to the students of Subsonic Aerodynamics:

Due to technical problems, I wasn't able to upload the notes as informed last week. But, I will be giving the notes on Wednesday for photocopying so be sure to attend on Wednesday, August 20, 2008.

It will be your responsibility to read and understand the notes provided. Discussion among yourselves is greatly encouraged. Do not hesitate to approach me though for any clarification or further discussion on any part of the hand outs.

For the Semi-Finals, the following activity will be the basis of your grades:

Student teams (two or three students to be grouped on Wednesday, August 20, 2008) are required to estimate the performance characteristics(based on the notes provided) of actual airplanes. Each team selects an airplane, obtains its geometric, mass, and thrust data, and computes performance. Teams must submit a completed performance analysis not later than September 8, 2008.

Aircraft Structures I

2008-08-11T06:12:00.000-07:00

UPDATED*******UPDATED******UPDATED******UPDATED

NEW NOTES FOR AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES 1

DOWNLOAD NEW CLASS NOTES (1) NOW
DOWNLOAD NEW CLASS NOTES (2) NOW
password: iau

NOTE: THE COVERAGE FOR THE PRE-FINAL EXAMS WILL INCLUDE ONLY THE NEW NOTES DOWNLOADED FROM THE ABOVE LINKS.

*****************************************************************************

EXCERPTS FROM NOTES A: WINGS

Download Structures 1 Notes (A) Now by Clicking Here
Download Structures 1 Notes (B) by Clicking Here

INTRODUCTION

As already described, different sizes and types of aircraft need different

construction. This applies to the mainplanes, or wings, as much as to any other

part. Each wing is basically made up of two parts – the internal structure, such

as spars and ribs, and the skin, which can be of fabric, metal or composites –

although the distinction between structure and skin may not be readily

apparent in modern fast jets or large transport aircraft.

SPARS, RIBS, STRINGERS AND SKIN

Wings are made up of large number of components, even with integrally

machined structures, but the structural part consists of main types of

component:

Spars

Most of the lift, and hence shear force, that occurs on the wing is collected

together into spars. Spars run spanwise, in other words from the root (where

the wing is attached to the fuselage) to the tip. Most wings contain two spars

– the front and rear spars – but it is quite common for wings to have more than

this. This is particularly so with swept wings on transport aircraft, which often

have a short spar, the auxiliary spar or kick spar, which helps to support the

undercarriage, and provides a location for the inboard flaps.

Read more by downloading the entire notes here:
1. Notes A: WINGS
2. Notes B: FUSELAGE

password for download is: iau

P.S Please read your notes before coming to class. I might give unannounced

quizzes or graded recitations once in a while.

Fundamentals of Aerodynamics

2008-07-19T20:44:00.000-07:00

You can download the initial installment to the notes on Fundamentals of Aerodynamics by clicking here.

or by clicking below.

Download Fundamentals of Aerodynamics notes Now!

Password to download: iau

Note: Use the comment section below to post your questions, clarifications, suggestions, and requests. They will be answered promptly.

Thank you and good luck!

===============================================

Download additional reference materials by clicking the titles below. Password: iau

Introduction to Aerodynamics of Flight

Basic Aerodynamics

**********************************************************
You will need the following to open the files:

1. Microsoft Word.
2. Adobe pdf reader or any pdf reader. Download now.

1st Year: Chapter 4 + Installers

2008-07-11T06:14:00.000-07:00

Please download the files located in the folder below. Password is: ae

Note: Download all files and put them in one folder.

Contents:
A. Installers
1. Java
2. Quicktime
3. Shockwave

Chapter 4
1. Movie Clip
2. Java Applets

Read Chapter 4 of your book and practice with the applets contained below. Good Luck and have fun.

We will have a quiz on Friday, July 18, 2008.

How to Download?
1. Enter the password below and hit enter.
2. You will be redirected to another window.
3. Click on the folder that you want to download. When the contents appear, scroll to the left and click on the download icon(a green arrow pointing downwards). When you are prompted to save file, click yes.
4. Repeat step 4 until you have downloaded all the files.
5. For installers, click the downloaded files and follow the instructions to install it to your computer. For the Chapter 4 contents, just click on the files and wait.

5th Yr: Sample Wt. Estimates for Jet Transport

2008-07-06T05:24:00.000-07:00

Note: All examples are based on a series of aircraft design books by Dr. Jan Roskam

5th Year: Sample Weight Estimates For 2 Engine Prop Plane

2008-07-06T04:54:00.000-07:00

Movie:The Astronaut Farmer

2008-07-06T03:18:00.000-07:00

Title: The Astronaut Farmer
Quality: DVDRip-XviD
Year: 2007

Directed by: Michael Polish
Genre: Adventure / Drama
Runtime: 104 min
Country: USA
Starring: Billy Bob Thornton, Virginia Madsen, Bruce Willis, Bruce Dern, Tim Blake Nelson...

Synopsis:

From the time he was a child, Charles Farmer had only one goal: to be an astronaut. Earning his degree in aerospace engineering and joining the Air Force as a pilot, Farmer was a natural for NASA's astronaut training program and was well on his way when a family situation forced him to drop out. But Farmer was not a man to let anything stand in the way of a dream. He spent the next decade and every cent he had building his own rocket in a barn on his ranch in Story, Texas, working toward the day when he could triumphantly launch it into space. By himself. Sharing his vision are his wife Audie and their children daughters Sunshine and Stanley, and 15 year old Shepard, already a budding engineer and eager to serve as "mission control" on the big day.

Watch:
(click the links below to watch movie)
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Part 6

5th yr: Aircraft Design 1,W Estimates

2008-07-03T04:39:00.000-07:00

AIRCRAFT DESIGN 1

(note: click on the pictures if they are partly hidden.)

Chapter 1: Aircraft Preliminary Sizing

Required for initial aircraft sizing:

1. Payload and type of payload

2. Range and/or loiter requirements

3. Cruise speed and altitude

4. Field length for take-off and landing

5. Fuel reserves

6. Climb requirements

7. Maneuvering requirements

8. Certification base i.e. experimental, FAR 23, FAR 25, military

Aircraft design parameters to define for Chapter 1:

Gross Take-off Weight, W_TO
Empty Weight, W_E
Mission Fuel Weight, W_F
Maximum Required Take-off Thrust, TTO/Take-off Power, P_TO
Wing Area, S and Wing Aspect Ratio, A
Maximum Required Lift Coefficient (Clean), C_Lmax
Maximum Required Lift Coefficient for Take-off, C_LmaxTO
Maximum Required Lift Coefficient for Landing, C_LmaxL

Evolution of a Mission Specification and its relation to Preliminary Sizing and Design

I. Estimating Take-off Gross Weight, W_TO, Empty Weight, W_E, and Mission Fuel Weight, W_F

Method for Rapid Estimation of W_TO,W_E, W_F

Applicable to:

Homebuilt Propeller Driven Aircrafts
Single Engine Propeller Driven Airplanes
Twin Engine Propeller Driven Airplanes
Agricultural Airplanes
Business Jets
Regional Turbopropeller Driven Aircrafts
Transport Jets
Military Trainers
Fighters
Military Patrol, Bomb and Transport Aircrafts
Flying Boats, Amphibious and Float Aircrafts
Supersonic Cruise Airplanes

Where:

W_OE/OWE is the airplane operating weight, empty

W_F is the mission fuel weight

W_PL is the payload weight

W_{OE =}W_E + W_tfo + W_crew

Where:

W_E = empty weight

W_tfo = weight of all unusable fuel and oil

W_crew= weight of the crew required to operate the airplane

Sometimes,

W_E = W_ME + W_FEQ

Where,

W_ME = manufacturers empty weight

W_FEQ = fixed equipment weight, this includes: avionics equipments, air conditioning equipment, auxiliary power unit (APU), furnishings and interiors, other equipments essential in the operation of the aircraft.

Steps in determining W_TO,W_E, W_F:

Determine the mission payload weight, W_PL
Guess a likely value of take-off weight, W_TOguess
Determine the mission fuel weight W_F
Calculate the tentative value for W_OE from:W_{OE tent}= W_TOguess- W_F -W_PL
Calculate a tentative value for W_E from: W_{E tent} = W_{OE tent} - W_tfo- W_crew

Note: at this stage W_TO, = 0.05% or more of the take-off weight, is often neglected.

6. Find the allowable value of W_E

7. Compare the values of W_Etent and for W_E as obtained from steps 5 and 6. Next, make and adjust to the value of W_TOguess and repeat steps 3 through 6. Continue this process until the values of W_Etent and W_E agree with each other to within 0.5%.

II. Determination of Mission Payload Weight, W_PL,and Crew Weight, W_crew

Mission Payload Weight, W_PLusually consists of passenger and baggage, cargo, military loads such as ammunitions, bombs, external tanks, pods, etc. For passenger in a commercial airplane, an average weight of 175 lbs per person and 30 lbs of baggage is assumed for short to medium distance flights and 40 lbs baggage weight per passenger for long distance flights.

Crew Weight, W_crew is calculated based on the following considerations:

Commercial:

The crew consists of the cockpit crew and the cabin crew. The number of people in each crew depends on the airplane and its mission. It depends also to the total number of passenger carried. http://www.risingup.com/fars/info/part91-533-FAR.shtml states the minimum cabin crew per passengers. An average of 175 lbs and 30 lbs for baggage is a reasonable assumption for flight crews.

Military:

200 lbs is assumed per crew because extra gear carried.

Note: For part 23 aircrafts where owners are also pilots, it is not unusual to have the crew weight as part of the payload.

III. Guessing a Value of Take-off Weight, W_TOguess

A guess of the value is based on similar airplanes by comparing their mission specifications. If no reasonable comparison can be made, the you have to make a wise guess.

IV. Determination of Mission Fuel Weight, W_F

W_F = W_{F used} + W_{F res}

Where:

W_{F used} = fuel actually used during the mission

W_{F res} = fuel reserve required for the mission . Refer to FAR Part 21 for min. reserves

An Example of a Mission Profile

Important: The fuel – fraction for each phase is defined as the ration of end weight to begin weight.

Phase 1: The Engine starts and warms-up. Begin weight is W_TO. End weight is W₁. The fuel-fraction for this phase is by definition: W₁/ W_TO . Refer to the table below for values.

Phase 2: Taxi. W2/W1

Phase 3: Take-off. W3/W2

Phase 4: Climb to Cruise altitude and accelerate to cruise speed. W3/W4. However, sometimes it is desirable to calculate the value from:

For propeller – driven airplanes:

Note: V_cl is in mph. Refer to table 2.2 for guidance.

For Jet airplanes:

E_cl = (1/C_j)_cl (L/D)_cl ln(W3/W4)

Note: For C_j refer to table 2.2 for guidance.

Phase 5. Cruise. W5/W4. This ratio can also be estimated from Breguet’s Range Equation.

For Propeller- Driven Airplanes (Note: Rcr is in statute miles = 5280ft)

For Jet Airplanes (note: Rcr is in nautical miles = 6076 ft, usually provided in mission specifications)

Phase 6: Loiter. W6/W5

Phase 7: Descent. W7/W6

Phase 8: Landing, Taxi, and Shut-down. W8/W7.

Calculate Mission Fuel-Fraction, M_ff

M_ff = (W₁/W_TO)x_i=1ⁱ⁼⁷(W_i+1/ W_i)

W_Fused can now be calculated…

W_Fused = (1 - M_ff) W_TO

Mission fuel weight, W_F, can now be calculated.

W_F = W_Fused + W_{F res}

Finding the Allowable value given W_TO for W_E

The values of A and B are provided below:

WARNING:

The primary structure to which the data above is based is constructed from metallic materials. If you wish to obtain an estimate of WE for an airplane which is to be made of composite materials, be guided with the following:

Determine which airplane components are to be made from composite materials.
Determine an average value for Wcomp/ Wmetal for the new airplane. The allowable value for WE from the data above must now be multiplied by Wcomp/Wmetal.

Keep In Mind: Non-primary structures, such as floors, fairings, flaps, control surfaces, and interior furnishings, have been manufactured from composites for several years back. Claims to saving weight relative from the above data should be made with great caution.

Note:

The weight reduction factors above should be used when changing from 100% conventional aluminum to 100%composite construction.
For lithium-aluminum alloys used in the fuselage, wing, or empennage, a weight reduction of 5 – 10% may be claimed relative to conventional aluminum alloys.

3rd Year: MATERIALS BOOK

2008-07-02T07:18:00.000-07:00

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AE 110: Intro to Aerospace Engineering

2008-07-02T06:08:00.000-07:00

Home Work No. 2
Due date: July 11, 2008

Note: click link to download your homework. Answer only Problem Set No. 2.

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Foil Sim

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Paper Plane Design and Construction Book
- Read this great and informational book about the design and construction of paper airplanes. Lots of examples are presented with easy to follow pictorial instructions.

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