ሕገወጥነትን የተጎናጸፈው መንግሥት

The genocidal campaign against the civil society of the people of Tigray has continued with the war and the plundering of the Tigreans' property and the massacre of the Tigrayans. The oppression of the people and the rape of women, mothers in Tigray and so on. It is still happening. This is the angle of injustice in Tigray. What confuses me? Who can be held accountable for all this?

2021-02-13T22:49:00.004+03:00

The genocidal campaign against the civil society of the people of Tigray has continued with the war and the plundering of the Tigreans' property and the massacre of the Tigrayans. The oppression of the people and the rape of women, mothers in Tigray and so on. It is still happening. This is the angle of injustice in Tigray. What confuses me? Who can be held accountable for all this? As a person, I am not a native of Tigray. I am not from Tigray by race or ethnicity. But instead of witnessing these atrocities against the people of Tigray, I wished to die. Because once we die mentally and physically, we die.

The genocidal campaign against the civil society of the people of Tigray has continued with the war and the plundering of the Tigreans' property and the massacre of the Tigrayans. The oppression of the people and the rape of women, mothers in Tigray and so on. It is still happening. This is the angle of injustice in Tigray. What confuses me? Who can be held accountable for all this? As a person, I am not a native of Tigray. I am not from Tigray by race or ethnicity. But instead of witnessing these atrocities against the people of Tigray, I wished to die. Because once we die mentally and physically, we die.

በትግራይ ህዝብ የሲቪል ማህበራት ላይ እየተፈጸመ ያለው የዘር ማጥፋት ዘመቻ ጦርነትና የትግሬዎችን ሀብት መዝረፍና ንብረት የማውደም ትውልድ ትግራዊያን መጨፍጨፍ ትግራይን ከምድር የማጥፋት ዘመቻ በአብይ አህመድ መንግስትና በኤርትራ መንግሥት ወታደሮች ቀጥሏል። በህዝቡ ለይ እየተፈጸመ ያለው ግፍና የትግራይ ሴቶችን, እናቶችን የአስገድዶ መድፈር ወንጀልም እና ወዘተረፈ። እስካሁን እየተፈጸመ ይገኛል። በትግራይ ላይ የግፍ ጥግ ይህንኑ ይመስላል። እኔን ግራ የገባኝ ለዚህም ሁሉ በህግ አግባብ ተጠያቂ ልሆን የሚችለው ማነው?

LAW AND JUSTICE ሕግ እና ፍትህ

2021-02-08T21:03:00.001+03:00

* This article was originally published here

Woman Charged With Burglary After Seizing Abusive Husband's Guns

2021-01-16T23:57:00.001+03:00

Woman Charged With Burglary After Seizing Abusive Husband's Guns: A Florida Woman is being charged with felony burglary after breaking into her estranged husband's apartment to seize his guns and give them to the police.

ችሎት

2020-12-29T00:15:00.006+03:00

ጥያቄ - አቶ ጆንሰን ስሜቴ የተረጋጋ ነው ብለህ ታምናህ?
መልስ -- አዎ እንደዛ ነበርኩኝ
ጥያቄ --- ምን ያህል ጊዜ ራስህን አጥፍተህ ታውቃለህ?
መልስ --- አራት ጊዜ
ጥያቄ - --ተከሳሽ 3 ልጆች አላት፡፡ ልክ ነው?
መልስ --- አዎ
ጥያቄ --- ከእነዚህ ውስጥ ወንዶች አሉ?
መልስ --- የሉም
ጥያቄ --- ሴቶችስ?
ጥያቄ --- ዛሬ ጠዋት በችሎት መሀላ ስትሰጥ እዛው ፍርድ ቤት ውስጥ ነበርክ?
ጥያቄ-----ስለዚህ እስክትመለስ ድረስ ሄደህ ነበር ማለት ነው?
ጥያቄ ---በዚህ ከተማ ውስጥ ህይወትህን በሙሉ ኖረሃል?
መልስ --- አይ ገና ነኝ፡፡

PROCEDURE IN CASE OF DEFAULT

2020-12-24T23:27:00.000+03:00

Procedure in Case of Default

Art 160-Principle.

(1) The provisions of this Chapter shall apply where the accused fails to appear whether the prosecution is public or private but shall not apply to young offenders.

(2) Where the accused does not appear on the date fixed for the trail and no representative appears satisfactorily to explain his absence, the court shall issue a warrant for his arrest.

(3) Where the warrant cannot be executed, the court shall consider trying the accused in his absence. Where an order to this effect is made the provisions of the following articles shall apply.

Section 1-Failure to appear in public proceedings

Art.161- Conditions for trying accused person in his absence.

(1) Where the accused fails without good cause to appear on the day fixed for the bearing, the court shall record his absence and may direct that he be tried in his absence in accordance with provisions of this Section.

(2) No accused person may be tried in his absence under the provisions of this Section unless he is charged with;

(a) An offence punishable with rigorous imprisonment for not less than twelve years: or

(b) An offence under Art.354-365 penal Code punishable with rigorous imprisonment or fine exceeding five thousand dollars.

Art.162- Publication of summons.

Where the court decides to hear the case in the absence of the accused it shall order the publication of the summons which shall show the date fixed for the hearing. It shall contain a notification to the accused that he will be tried in his absence if he fails to appear.

Art.163. Hearing and judgment.

(1) Where the accused fails to appear after publication of the summons in accordance with Art.162 the case shall continue as in ordinary cases.

(2) The prosecution witnesses shall then be heard and the public prosecutor shall make his final submission.

(3) The court shall give judgment as in ordinary cases.

Art.164- Setting aside of judgment.

An application to set aside the judgment may be made on the conditions laid down in Art.197-202.

JURISDICTION OF COURTS, PUBLIC PROSECUTION DEPARTMENT AND POLICE

2020-12-24T22:54:00.000+03:00

Jurisdiction of Courts, Public Prosecution Department and Police

Jurisdiction of Courts

Art 4. __ Jurisdiction as regards offences.

(1) The courts mentioned in the third column of the First Schedule to this Code shall have jurisdiction to try the offences mentioned in the first and second columns and impose the punishments provided by law.

(2) The Minister may by order published in the Negarit Gazeta alter or vary the first schedule.

Art. 5.___ Persons to be tried.
(1) No young person (Art. 53 penal code) may be tried together with an adult.

(2) No member of the Armed forces my be tried together with a civilian except for an offence which does not come within the jurisdiction of a military court.

Art. 6. __ Area of jurisdiction

Courts shall exercise local jurisdiction in accordance with the provisions of Art. 99-107.

Art. 7 ___ Appellate jurisdiction

Courts shall exercise appellate jurisdiction in accordance with the provisions of Arts. 182.

Chapter 2 Public prosecution Department and police

Art. 8 powers of public prosecution department.

(1) The Advocate General, the Deputy Advocate General and the public prosecutors shall be responsible for carrying out the duties imposed on them under this code.
(2) The public Prosecution department may in the discharge of its duties give the necessary orders and instructions to the police and ensure that the police carry out their duties in accordance with law.

Art. 9 Duties of the police.

The police shall in accordance with the provisions of this code assist the public prosecution department in

(a) Preserving the preventing crime;

(b) Discovering the commission of offences;

(c) Apprehending offenders; and

(d) Prosecuting offences when members of the police are appointed as public prosecutors.

Art. 10 Police public prosecutors.
Where a member of the police force is appointed as a public prosecutor he shall carry out the instructions of the public prosecution department.

REINSTATEMENT

2020-12-23T19:42:00.000+03:00

Reinstatement Art.218. – Application for reinstatement.

(1) Where a convicted person or his legal representative is of opinion that the requirements of Art. 243 and 244 Penal Code are satisfied, he may apply for reinstatement to the court having passed the sentence the cancellation of which is sought.

(2) The application shall be in writing and shall give reasons. It shall be accompanied by such documents as are necessary to enable the court to ascertain whether the conditions laid down in Art. 243 and 244 Penal Code are fulfilled.

Art.219. – Procedure and decision.

(1) The application shall be decided on by the court sitting in chambers. Prior to making its decision, the court may order such inquiries to be made or further documents to be produced as it thinks fit.
(2) Where the application is allowed, the provisions of Art. 245 Penal Code shall apply and the court shall order the entry of the sentence which it has cancelled to be deleted from the reinstated person’s police record.

(3) Where the application is dismissed, the provisions or Art. 246 Penal Code shall apply.

(4) Any decision under this Article shall be in writing and shall give reasons. The decision shall be read out in open court, and shall be published in a newspaper.

(5) No appeal shall lie from any decision of any court under this Article.

PROCEDURE INCASES CONCERNING YOUNG PERSONS

2020-12-23T19:38:00.011+03:00

Procedure incases Concerning Young Persons

Art.171- Principle.

Criminal case concerning young persons shall be tried in accordance with the provisions of the Chapter.

Art.172-institution of proceedings.

(1) In any case where a young person is involved. He shall be taken immediately before the nearest Woreda Court by the police, the public prosecutor, the parent or guardian or the complainant.

(2) The court shall ask the person bringing the young person to state the particulars and the witnesses, if any, of the alleged offence or to make a formal complaint, where appropriate, and such statement or complaint shall be recorded . The court may give the police instructions as to the manner in which investigations should be made.

(3) Where the accusation relates to an office punished with rigorous imprisonment exceeding ten years or with death (Art.173 penal Code) the court shall direct the public prosecutor to frame a charge.

(4) Where the case requires to be adjourned or to be transferred to a superior court for trial, the young person shall be handed over to the care of his parents, guardian or relative and in default of any such person to a reliable person who shall be responsible for ensuring his attendance at the trial The witnesses shall be bound over to appear at the trial.

Art.173-Summunig of young person’s guardian.

Where the young person is brought before the court and his parent, guardian or other person in loco parentis is not present, the court shall immediately inquire whether such person exists and shall summon such person to appear without delay.

Art.174-Young person may be assisted by counsel.

The court shall appoint an advocate to assist the young person where;

(a) No parent, guardian or other person in loco parentis appears to represent the young person, or

(b) The young person is young is charged with an offence punishable; with rigorous imprisonment exceeding ten years or with death.

Art.175-Removal of young person from chambers.

Where any evidence or comments are to be given or made which it is undesirable that the young person should hear, he shall be removed from the chambers while such evidence or comments are being given or made.

Art.176-Hearing

(1) Where the young person is brought before the court all the proceedings shall be held in chambers. Nobody shall be present at any hearing except witnesses, experts, the parent or guardian or representatives of welfare organizations. The public prosecutor shall be present at any hearing in the High Court.

(2) All proceedings shall be conducted in an informal manner.

(3) The accusation or complain under Art.172 (2) or the charge under Art.172(3) shall be read out to the young person and he shall be asked what he has to say in answer to such accusation or charge.

(4) If it is clear to the court from what the accused says that he fully understands and does not admits the accusation or charge, the court shall record what the young person has said and may convict him immediately.

(5) If it is clear to the court from what the accused says that he fully understands and does not admit the accusation or charge, the court shall inquire as to what witnesses should be called to support such accusation or charge. The young person, his representative or advocate may cause any witnesses to be summoned.

(6) All witnesses shall be examined by the court and may thereupon be cross examined by the defence. All depositions shall be recorded.

(7) When the evidence is concluded, the defence may sum up and there—after the court shall give judgment.

Art.177-Judgment.

(1) The judgment shall specify the provisions of the law on which it is based. Where the young person is found not guilty, he shall be acquitted and set free forthwith. Where he is found guilty, the court shall impose the appropriate measure or penalty under Art.162. et seq. Penal Code.

(2) The court may call before it any person or representative of any institution with a view to obtaining information concerning the character and antecedents of the young person so as to arrive at a decision which is in the best interest of the young person.

(3) After these persons have been heard, the defence may reply and call his witnesses as to character, who shall be interrogated by the court and thereupon the defence shall address the court as to sentence.

(4) Judgment shall be given as in ordinary cases. The court shall explain its decision to the young person and warm him against further misconduct.

Asdrt.178-Order which may be made against parents and guardians.

Where it thinks fit the court may warn, admonish or blame the parents or other person legally responsible for the young person where it appears that they have failed to carry their duties.

Art.179-Cost of upkeep of young person in certain circumstances.

(1) The parents or other person legally responsible for the care of a young person may be ordered to bear all or part of the cost of his upkeep and training where owing to their failure to exercise proper care and guardian ship the court has ordered the young person to be sent to the care of another person or to a corrective or curative institution.

(2) The scope and duration of such obligation shall be specified in the judgment.

Art.180-Variation or modification of order made in respect of young person.

Any court which has sentenced a young person to a measure may at any time of its own motion or on the application of the young person, his legal representative or the person or institution to which he was entrusted, vary or modify such order if the interest of the young person so requires.

EXECUTION OF SENTENCES

2020-12-23T19:38:00.009+03:00

Execution of Sentences General Provisions

Art.203. – Principle.

(1) Any court having passed a sentence in a criminal case shall issue the necessary warrants or orders requiring the appropriate authorities to carry out or supervise the carrying out of the sentence in accordance with the provisions of this Book.

(2) Nothing in this Article shall affect the provisions of Art. 188.

Art.204. – Warrant in respect of person sentenced to deas

(1) Where any person is sentenced to death, the presiding judge shall by warrant under his hand in the form prescribed in the Third Schedule to this Code order such person to be detained until the pleasure of His Imperial Majesty shall be made known.

(2) Where the sentence is confirmed, it shall be carried out in accordance with the conditions laid down in the order of confirmation

(3) Where the sentence is commuted, the order of commutation shall be sufficient authority for carrying into effect the terms of such order.

Art.205. – Warrant in respect of person sentenced to loss of liberty.

(1) Where any person is sentenced to arrest, imprisonment of internment, the presiding judge shall by warrant under his hand in the form prescribed in the Third Schedule to this Code order the sentence to be carried out.

(2) Such warrant shall be sufficient authority for the officer in charge of the prison and all other persons to carry out the sentence described in the warrant.

Art.206. – Execution may be postponed in certain cases.

Where a person who has been sentenced to arrest or simple imprisonment not exceeding one year is:

(a) a pregnant woman; or

(b) the sole support of his family,

and such person is not likely to be a danger to public security, the court may postpone the execution of the sentence for a period not exceeding six months on production of guarantors for his good behaviour.

Art.207. – Warrant in respect of person sentenced to flogging.

Where any person is sentenced to be flogged for an offence under Art. 635 (3) or 637 (1) Penal Code, the presiding judge shall by warrant under his hand in the sixteenth form prescribed by the Third Schedule to this Code order that the sentence be carried out in accordance with Art. 120A Penal Code by such person and at such place as shall be specified in the warrant.

Art.208. – Warrant in respect of irresponsible persons.

Where any person is found to be not fully responsible for his acts and the court decides that he be confined or treated in accordance with the provisions of Art. 134 or 135 Penal Code, the presiding judge shall by warrant under his hand in the fifteenth form prescribed in the Third Schedule to this code order that the accused be remanded to a suitable institution for confinement or treatment

Art.209. – Recovery of fines.

(1) Fines shall be recovered on the order of the court by the execution officer in accordance with the provisions of Art. 91,171, (1), 703 and 710 Penal Code.

(2) Where a fine or any part thereof has not been recovered, the execution officer shall refer the matter to the court and thereupon the court shall make the appropriate orders for execution or for the fine to be converted into labour, arrest or simple imprisonment in accordance with the provisions of Art. 92, 94, 96, 171 (2) and 709 Penal Code.

(3) Where a person has been sentenced in his absence to pay a fine, the provisions of sub-art. (1) shall not apply and the court shall forthwith order that execution be levied on the convicted person’s property.

Art.210. – Payment of costs and compensation.

Where a judgment given by a criminal court contains provisions for the payment of legal costs or compensation, such part of the judgment as contains such provisions shall be executed in the same manner as a civil judgment

Art.211. – Confiscation of property.

(1) Where an order for confiscation of property has been made under Art. 272 Penal Code, the court shall make an order requiring the execution officer to seize such property as is seizable under the provisions of Art. 97 Penal Code and shall specify in such order the property to be seized.

(2) On seizing such property, the execution officer shall hold it until he receives an order from the competent authority requiring him to hand over such property to a person or persons named in such order and on so handing such property, the execution officer shall be given a detailed receipt by such person or persons.

(3) The family of the convicted person may apply to the court for the release of any property wrongly confiscated.

Art.212. – Sequestration of property.

(1) Where a person is sentenced in his absence to have his property sequestrated for an offence as defined in Art. 272 Penal Code, the court shall make an order:

(a) requiring the execution officer to attach such property as may be attached under Art. 98 Penal Code and shall specify in such order the property to be attached; and

(b) appointing a trustee to manage the property and on such appointment the execution officer shall hand over the property to such trustee against a detailed receipt.

(2) The execution officer shall be responsible for ensuring that none of the property mentioned in Art. 97 (3) Penal Code be attached. The family of the convicted person may apply to the trustee for the release of any property wrongly attached.

(3) An order or attachment made under sub-art. (1) shall remain in force until an application for its removal is made to the court by the competent authority and thereupon the court shall order the attachment to be removed and the trustee discharged on submitting proper accounts.

Art.213. – Orders in respect of young persons.

(1) Where an order is made in respect of a young person under Art. 162, 165, 166, 173 or 703 Penal Code, the presiding judge shall sign and send an order to the responsible official, headmaster, director or officer in charge, as the case may be, and such order shall be sufficient authority to deal with young person on the conditions laid down in the order.

(2) Where an order is made in respect of a young person under Art. 163 Penal Code, the presiding judge shall sign and send an order to one of the persons mentioned in Art. 163 Penal Code and such order shall be sufficient authority to deal with the young person on the conditions laid down in the orders.

(3) Where a young person is sentenced to caning under Art. 72 Penal Code, the presiding judge shall cause the young person to be medically examined as to his fitness to undergo corporal punishment and, where he has been found fit, he shall cause the caning to be carried out in a private place by a family elder or such other suitable person as the presiding judge shall appoint, in the presence of himself, the person who has examined the young person and the young person’s parents, relatives or guardian, if any

Art.214. – Compulsory labour, secondary penalties and measures.

Where an order is made under Art. 102, 103, 122, 144, 146, 147, 149-154-158-160, 178, 179, 715, 716, or 718-720 Penal Code, the court shall cause a copy of the operative part of the judgment to be served on the appropriate authorities and require them to carry the order into effect.

Art.215. – Recording of orders for execution

The court shall record any order it may have made with a view to the sentence being executed. A note shall be made of the day on which such order was executed and, where appropriate, of the reasons why such order could not be executed.

PROCEDURE INCASES CONCERNING YOUNG PERSONS

2020-12-23T19:38:00.007+03:00

Procedure incases Concerning Young Persons

Art.171- Principle.

Criminal case concerning young persons shall be tried in accordance with the provisions of the Chapter.

Art.172-institution of proceedings.

(1) In any case where a young person is involved. He shall be taken immediately before the nearest Woreda Court by the police, the public prosecutor, the parent or guardian or the complainant.

(3) Where the accusation relates to an office punished with rigorous imprisonment exceeding ten years or with death (Art.173 penal Code) the court shall direct the public prosecutor to frame a charge.

Art.173-Summunig of young person’s guardian.

Art.174-Young person may be assisted by counsel.

The court shall appoint an advocate to assist the young person where;

(a) No parent, guardian or other person in loco parentis appears to represent the young person, or

(b) The young person is young is charged with an offence punishable; with rigorous imprisonment exceeding ten years or with death.

Art.175-Removal of young person from chambers.

Art.176-Hearing

(2) All proceedings shall be conducted in an informal manner.

(3) The accusation or complain under Art.172 (2) or the charge under Art.172(3) shall be read out to the young person and he shall be asked what he has to say in answer to such accusation or charge.

(6) All witnesses shall be examined by the court and may thereupon be cross examined by the defence. All depositions shall be recorded.

(7) When the evidence is concluded, the defence may sum up and there—after the court shall give judgment.

Art.177-Judgment.

(4) Judgment shall be given as in ordinary cases. The court shall explain its decision to the young person and warm him against further misconduct.

Asdrt.178-Order which may be made against parents and guardians.

Where it thinks fit the court may warn, admonish or blame the parents or other person legally responsible for the young person where it appears that they have failed to carry their duties.

Art.179-Cost of upkeep of young person in certain circumstances.

(2) The scope and duration of such obligation shall be specified in the judgment.

Art.180-Variation or modification of order made in respect of young person.

Section 2 Warrant of arrestArt 52 Principle.

2020-12-23T19:38:00.005+03:00

Section 2. - Warrant of arrest
Art 52 Principle.
(1) Where a warrant is required by law to be issued by a court before a person is arrested the provisions which follow shall apply.
(2) A warrant of arrest shall be in the form prescribed in the Third Schedule to this Code
(3) A warrant of arrest shall remain in force until executed or cancelled by the court which issued it notwithstanding the death, retirement or replacement of the judge having issued the warrant.
Art. 53 issue of warrant.
(1) A warrant of arrest may be issued on the application of any investigating police officer by any court and shall be addressed to the chief of the police in the Taklay Guezat in which it is issued.
(2) A warrant may be issued at any time and on any day of the year
(3) A warrant of arrest may be executed in any part of the Empire by any member of the police.
Art. 54. When warrant of arrest to be issued.
A warrant of arrest shall only be issued where the attendance of a person before the court is absolutely necessary and cannot otherwise be obtained.
Art. 55 Application for warrant in urgent cases.
(1) In cases of urgency the investigating police officer may apply for a warrant by telephone or telegraph.
(2) In such cases the application to the court in question shall be confirmed in writing within 24 hours.

APPLICATION TO SET ASIDE JUDGMENT GIVEN IN DEFAULT

2020-12-23T19:38:00.001+03:00

Application to Set Aside Judgment given in Default

Art.197-Court having jurisdiction.

An application to set aside a judgment given in default may be made by the person sentenced in his absence to the court which passed the judgment.

Art.198- Time and form of application.

An application under this Title shall be made within thirty days from the date on which the applicant became aware of the judgment given in his absence and shall contain the reasons on which he bases his application.

Art.199- Grounds for granting application.
No application under this Title shall be granted unless the applicant can show
(a) That he has no received a summons to appear: or

(b) That he was prevented by force majeure from appearing in person or by advocate.

Art.200- Action upon filing of application.

(1) on the filing of the application, a copy thereof shall be sent to the public prosecutor and the applicant and the public prosecutor shall be informed of the hearing date

(2) Where the applicant, having been duly summoned, fails to appear on the hearing date, the application shall be dismissed.
Art-201-Hearing
(1) The applicant or his advocate shall speak in support of the application and the public prosecutor shall reply. The applicant shall have the right to reply.

(2) The court shall then give its decision on the applications

PROCEDURE IN CASES OF PETTY OFFENCES

2020-12-23T19:37:00.017+03:00

Procedure in Cases of Petty Offences

Art.167-Summoning of accused.

(1) Where a petty offence has been committed, the public or private prosecutor shall apply to the court having jurisdiction to summon the accused to appear.

(2) The application and the summons shall contain the name of the accused, the circumstances of the petty offence committed and the law and articles of the law to be applied.

Art.168-Accused may plead guilty in writing to petty offence.

The accused may return the summons to the court endorsing thereon that he pleads guilty to such offence. Such endorsement shall be dated and signed by the accused. In such a case and without prejudice to the provisions of Art.189 (3), he shall be dispensed with the necessity of appearing in court in answer to the summons.

Art.169- Proceedings and judgment.

(1) On receipt of the summons so endured, the court shall record the plea of guilty and, having ascertained the facts of the case from the prosecutor, shall sentence the accused and send him a copy of the judgment.

(2) Where the court proposed to impose a fine only, it shall do so forth with

(3) Where the court intends to impose a sentence of arrest, compulsory labor, a warning or reproof, it shall summon the accused to appear and shall give the accused an opportunity to defend himself before sentence is passed.

Art.170-procedure where accused appears before the court charge with petty offence.

(1) Where the accused does not endorse on the summons that he pleads guilty, he shall appear on the day and at the time fixed for the hearing.

(2) The prosecutor and the accused shall take such steps as are necessary to secure the attendance of their witnesses, if any.

(3) The procedure shall be oral. The court shall only record the salient part of the evidence of each witness. It shall give judgment orally recording briefly the reasons for its judgment and mentioning the provisions of the law under which judgment is given.

(4) Where the accused fails without good cause to appear in private proceedings the court shall give judgment forthwith.

VARIATION OF ORDERS CONTAINED IN SENTENCES

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Variation of Orders Contained in Sentences
Art.216. – Principle.
(1) Where any order as defined in sub-art. (2) requires to be made, such order shall be made by the court having passed the sentence in relation to which such order is to be made.
(2) The provisions of sub-art. (1) shall apply in cases of:
(a) enforcement of internment (Art. 132 Penal Code); and
(b) revision of orders made in respect of offenders not fully responsible (Art. 136 and 137 Penal Code); and
(c) extension of detention (Art. 140 (2) Penal Code); and
(d) revocation of probation or variation of rules of conduct (Art. 198, 202 (3) and 204 Penal Code); and
(e) conditional release (Art. 131, 207, 209 – 112 Penal Code); and
(f) orders under Art. 124(2) and 156 Penal Code.
(3) Orders made in respect of young persons may be varied in accordance with the provisions of Art. 180 of this Code.
Art.217. – Procedure nd decision
(
The court may, where appropriate, order such inquiries to be made as appear necessary.
(3) The court shall make its decision after having heard all the persons summoned and obtained the required information. Where the person in respect of whom the decision is to be made fails to appear, the court shall make its decision in his absence.
(4) Any statement made and the decision of the court shall be recorded.

(5) No appeal shall lie from a decision under this Article and such decision shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Chapter I of this Book.
1) The court shall not make an order under this Chapter unless an application to this effect is made by the convicted person or his legal representative, the public prosecutor or any person or authority charged with executing or supervising the execution of the sentence.

2) Prior to making its decision, the court shall summon the person in respect of whom the order is to be made and such other person as is likely to give information to assist the court

አቶ ልደቱ አያሌው

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ማን ራሱ ፈንጅ አጥማጅ፤ ማን ራሱ የተጠመደን ፈንጅ ጠቋሚ ፥ ማን ራሱ የተጠመደን ፈንጅ አምካኝ። ማን ራሱ የተጠመደን ፈንጅ ዜና ነጋሪ እንደሆነ፦ የኢትዮጵያ ህዝብ ጠንቅቆ ያውቃል፣ አቶ ልደቱ አያሌው።

APPLICATION TO SET ASIDE JUDGMENT GIVEN IN DEFAULT

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Application to Set Aside Judgment given in Default

Art.197- Court having jurisdiction.

An application to set aside a judgment given in default may be made by the person sentenced in his absence to the court which passed the judgment.

Art.198- Time and form of application.

An application under this Title shall be made within thirty days from the date on which the applicant became aware of the judgment given in his absence and shall contain the reasons on which he bases his application.

Art.199- Grounds for granting application.

No application under this Title shall be granted unless the applicant can sho

(a) That he has no received a summons to appear: or

(b) That he was prevented by force majeure from appearing in person or by advocate.

Art.200- Action upon filing of application

(1) on the filing of the application, a copy thereof shall be sent to the public prosecutor and the applicant and the public prosecutor shall be informed of the hearing date.

(2) Where the applicant, having been duly summoned, fails to appear on the hearing date, the application shall be dismissed.

Art-201-Hearing

(1) The applicant or his advocate shall speak in support of the application and the public prosecutor shall reply. The applicant shall have the right to reply.

(2) The court shall then give its decision on the application.

ስልጣንና ተግባር

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ስልጣንና ተግባር

የአስተዳደር ጉባዔዎች የዳኝነት የስልጣን ክልል (Judicial Jurisdiction) ጠባብና በህግ ተለይተው በተጠቀመጡ ውሱን ጉዳዮች ላይ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው፡፡ በአንጻሩ መደበኛ ፍ/ቤቶች እርስ በርሳቸው የይዘት ቅርበትና ዝምድና የሌላቸውን የተለያዩ የህግ ክፍሎችን የሚመለከቱ ዘርፈ ብዙ ጉዳዮች ላይ የዳኝነት ስልጣን አላቸው፡፡ ጠባብ የሆነው የዳኝነት ስልጣን ልዩ እውቀትን በማጐልበት ረገድ የጐላ አሰተዋጽኦ ያበረክታል፡፡ ለምሳሌ የአሰሪና ሰራተኛ ጉዳይ ወሳኝ ቦርድ የዳኝነት ስልጣን በአሰሪና ሰራተኛ መካከል በሚነሱ የወል የስራ ክርክሮች ላይ ብቻ ነው፡፡^a የታክስ ይግባኝ ኮሚሽን እንዲሁ የግብር አሰባሰብና ጉምሩክን የሚመለከቱ ጉዳዮችን ብቻ የሚያይ ሲሆን የማህበራዊ ዋስትና ይግባኝ ሰሚ ጉባኤ ከጡረታ መብትና ጥቅም ጋር በተያያዘ የዳኝነት ስልጣን አለው፡፡

ምንም እንኳን የጉባዔዎች የዳኝነት ስልጣን በጥቅሉ ሲቀመጥ ጠባብ ቢመስልም በስራቸው ከሚወድቁት ጉዳዮች ብዛትና ከሚነሱት ጭብጦች ዓይነት አንጻር ስልጣናቸው ትንሽ የሚባል አይደለም፡፡ ለአብነት ያህል የማህበራዊ ዋስትና ይግባኝ ሰሚ ጉባኤ ምንም እንኳን የስልጣኑ ክልል የጡረታ መብትና ጥቅም የሚመለከቱ ጉዳዮች ቢሆንም ጉባዔው በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ያለ ማንኛውም ጡረተኛ የሚያቀርበውን ይግባኝ ስለሚሰማ በአይነት ሆነ በቁጥር በርካታ ጉዳዮችን ያስተናግዳል፡፡

ከዳኝነት ስልጣን በተጨማሪ በክርክሩ ሂደት የሚኖረው ስልጣን ከባህርያቱ አንጻር መጠቀስ ያለበት ጉዳይ ነው፡፡ የአስተዳደር ጉባዔ ከፊል የዳኝነት አካል እንደ መሆኑ ከሞላ ጐደል መደበኛ ፍርድ ቤት የሚኖሩትን ስልጣንና ተግባራት ይጋራል፡፡ ስለሆነም በማቋቋሚያ አዋጅ ላይ ተለይቶ በግልፅ ቢመለከትም ባይመለከትም እንደ ማንኛውም ፍ/ቤት ተከራካሪ ወገኖችና ምስክሮች እንዲቀርቡ ወይም ቃላቸውን እንዲሰጡ የማድረግ፣ የመሀላ ወይም የማረጋገጫ ቃል የመቀበል፣ ለክርክሩ በማስረጃነት አስፈላጊ የሆኑ ሰነዶች ከሚመለከተው ሰው ወይም ድርጅት እንዲቀርቡ የማድረግ ብሎም በማናቸውም ድርጅት ውስጥ ገብቶ አስፈላጊ መረጃዎችን የመሰብሰብና ምስክሮችን የመስማት የመሳሰሉ ተግባራትን ለማከናወን ስልጣን አለው፡፡ በተጨማሪም በክርክሩ ወቅት የሚያስተላልፋቸው ትእዛዞችና ውሳኔዎች አስገዳጅ ተፈጻሚነት አላቸው፡፡

የእነዚህ ባህሪያት መኖር ከመደበኛ ፍ/ቤት ጋር በተያያዘ ለሚነሱ ሁለት ጭብጦች የጠራ መልስ ይሰጠናል፡፡ የመጀመሪያው በክርክር ሂደት ፍ/ቤት የመድፈር ውጤትን ይመለከታል፡፡ የአስተዳደር ጉባዔ በያዘው ጉዳይ ላይ በክርክር ወቅት የፍ/ቤት መድፈር ወንጀል በተፈጸመ ጊዜ እንደ መደበኛ ፍርድ ቤት ወዲያውኑ ቅጣት ማስተላለፍ ይችላል? ለሚለው ጥያቄ ዳኝነታዊ የሆነው ባህርዩ አዎንታዊ መልስ ይሰጠናል፡፡ በወንጀል ህግ አንቀጽ 449 ላይ የተመለከተው ፍ/ቤትን የመድፈር ወንጀል ከሚያቋቁሙት ህጋዊ ክፍሎች መካከል በድንጋጌው ላይ ከተመለከቱት ድርጊቶች መኖር በተጨማሪ ድርጊቱ በፍ/ቤት፣ ምርመራ ወይም የዳኝነት ስራ በሚከናወንበት ወቅት መሆን አለበት፡፡ የአስተዳደር ጉባዔ በከፊልም ቢሆን ዳኝነታዊ ስልጣን ያለው የዳኝነት አካል እንደመሆኑ የጉባዔው ዳኛ ላይ ማፌዝ፣ መዛት፣ መሳደብ ወይም በማናቸውም መንገድ ስራውን ማወክ የፍ/ቤት የመድፈር ወንጀል ነው፡፡ ስለሆነም ድርጊቱ በተፈፀመ ጊዜ ዳኛው ወዲያውኑ በጥፋተኛው ላይ ቅጣት ሊወስንበት ይችላል፡፡

በሁለተኛነት ተያይዞ የሚነሳው ጭብጥ በጉባዔ ፊት ሀሰተኛ ቃል ወይም ምስክርነት መስጠት በወንጀል የማስቀጣቱ ሁኔታ ነው፡፡ በወንጀል ህግ አንቀጽ 425 እና 453 ላይ ተከራካሪ ወገን የሚሰጠው ሀሰተኛ ቃል እና ሀሰተኛ የምስክርነት ቃል፣ አስተያየት ወይም ትርጉም በመደበኛ ፍ/ቤት ፊት ብቻ ሳይሆን የዳኝነት ነክ ስልጣን ባለው አካል ፊት የተፈፀመ ከሆነ በወንጀል ያስቀጣል፡፡ ምንም እንኳን የወንጀል ህጉ በግልፅ ስለ አስተዳደር ጉባዔ ባያወራም ‘የዳኝነት ነክ ስልጣን ያለው አካል’ ከፊል የዳኝነት ስልጣን ያለውን የአስተዳደር ጉባዔን እንደሚጨምር ግልፅ ነው፡፡

PROCEDURE IN CASES OF PETTY OFFENCES

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Procedure in Cases of Petty Offences

Art.167-Summoning of accused.

(1) Where a petty offence has been committed, the public or private prosecutor shall apply to the court having jurisdiction to summon the accused to appear.

(2) The application and the summons shall contain the name of the accused, the circumstances of the petty offence committed and the law and articles of the law to be applied.

Art.168-Accused may plead guilty in writing to petty offence.

Art.169- Proceedings and judgment.

(2) Where the court proposed to impose a fine only, it shall do so forth with

Art.170-procedure where accused appears before the court charge with petty offence.

(1) Where the accused does not endorse on the summons that he pleads guilty, he shall appear on the day and at the time fixed for the hearing.

(2) The prosecutor and the accused shall take such steps as are necessary to secure the attendance of their witnesses, if any.

(4) Where the accused fails without good cause to appear in private proceedings the court shall give judgment forthwith

PRELIMINARY INQUIRY AND COMMITTAL FOR TRIAL

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Preliminary Inquiry and Committal for Trial

Art.80.—Principle.

(1) Where any person is accused of an offence under Art. 522 (homicide in the first degree) or Art. 637 (aggravated robbery) a preliminary inquiry shall be held under the provisions of this Book.

Provided that nothing in this Article shall prevent the High Court from dispending with the holding of a preliminary inquiry where it is satisfied by the public prosecutor that the trial can be held immediately.

(2) Where any person is accused of any other offence triable only by the High Court no preliminary inquiry shall be held unless the public prosecutor under Art. 38 (b) so directs.

(3) The provisions of this Book shall not apply to offences coming within the jurisdiction of the High Court which have been committed by young persons.

Art.81.—Court having jurisdiction.

(1) Without prejudice to the provisions of Art. 99-107, the preliminary shall be held before the Woreda Guezat Court within whose area of jurisdiction the offence was committed.

Art.82.—Procedure.

(1) All preliminary inquiries shall be held in the manner provided by the following Articles.

(2) An adjournment may be granted on the conditions laid down in Art. 94.

Art.83.—Opening of preliminary inquiry.

(1) Where the public prosecutor decides under Art. 80 (2) that a preliminary inquiry shall be held, he shall send a copy of his decision to the Woreda Guezat Court having jurisdiction and, where appropriate, to the public prosecutor acting before such court.

(2) The court shall fix the day on which the inquiry shall be held and cause to be summoned such witnesses as the prosecutor may wish to call in support of the prosecution.

(3) The case for the prosecution shall be conducted by the public prosecutor acting before the committing court.

Art.84.—Taking evidence for prosecution.

(1) Where the accused person appears or is brought before it, the court shall require the prosecutor to open his case and to call his witnesses

Art.85.—Accused asked whether he wishes to make a statement.

(1) After the witnesses for the prosecution have been heard and their evidence recorded, the court shall ask the accused whether he wishes to make a statement in answer to the charge.

(2) He shall be informed that the preliminary inquiry does not constitute a trial and that the decision as to his guilt or innocence will be taken by the High Court and not by the committing court.

(3) He shall be informed that he is not bound to say anything but that any statement he may wish to make will be taken down in writing and may be put in at his trial.

Art.86.—Statement of accused.

(1) If the accused elects to make no statement, he shall forthwith be committed for trial before the High Court.

(2) If the accused elects to make a statement, such statement shall be taken down in writing, read over to him, signed by the accused and kept in the file.

Art.87.—Additional witnesses.

The court may at any time call any witness whose testimony it thinks necessary in the interests of justice, notwithstanding that the prosecutor has not applied for such witness to be summoned.

Art.88.—Recording of evidence.

Evidence shall be recorded in accordance with Art. 147 and the evidence of each witness shall be recorded on separate sheets of paper.

Art.89.—Committal for trial.

(1) After the statement, if any, of the accused has been taken down, the court shall commit the accused for trial before the High Court without specifying the charge or charges on which he is committed for trial.

(2) Such charge or charges shall be specified in the charge framed by the public prosecutor in accordance with Art. 109-122 of this Code.

(3) The court shall then require the accused to give a list of the witnesses he wishes to call at his trial together with their addresses.

Art.90.—Bond of witnesses.

(1) All witnesses who have given evidence at the preliminary inquiry shall execute before the committing court bonds binding themselves to be in attendance before such court and on such date as they shall be summoned to appear.

(2) Any witness who refuses to execute the bond may be kept in custody until the trial or until he binds himself

Art.91.—Record to be forwarded to registrar.

(1) When the accused is committed for trial, the committing court shall send the original record and the exhibits (if any) to the registrar of the High Court. Any exhibit which from its bulk or otherwise cannot conveniently be forwarded to the registrar of the High Court may remain in the custody of the police.

(2) A list of all exhibits showing which of them are forwarded with the record and which remain in the custody of the police shall be sent to the registrar of the High Court with the record.

(3) The registrar of the High Court shall be responsible for making copies of the record and sending one to the public prosecutor and one to the accused.

Art.92.—Contents of record.

(1) The record shall contain the following particulars:-

(a) The serial number of the case; and

(b) The date of the commission of the offence; and

(c) The date of the accusation, if any; and

(d) The name and address of the accuser, if any; and

(e) The name, address occupation and age, if known, and nationality of the accused; and

(f) The offence shown and, where appropriation, the value of the property in respect of which or the special status of the person against whom the offence was committed; and

(g) The date of the warrant of arrest, if any, or on which the accused was first arrested; and

(h) The date on which the accused was first brought before a court; and

(i) The name of the prosecutor and, where appropriate, of the advocate for the defense; and

(j) The date of and reasons for any adjournment that may have been granted; and

(k) The date on which the preliminary inquiry was completed; and

(l) All statements made in the course of the preliminary inquiry, including those which may have been made by the accused; and

(m) the list of defense witnesses.

(2) The same particulars shall appear in the copy of the proceedings sent to the public prosecutor and the accused.

Art.93.—Accused may be remanded.

Without prejudice to the provisions of this Code relating to release on ball the committing court may order that the accused be kept on remand until the trial.

WARRANT OF ARREST

2020-12-23T19:07:00.001+03:00

Warrant of arrest Art 52 Principle.

(1) Where a warrant is required by law to be issued by a court before a person is arrested the provisions which follow shall apply.
(2) A warrant of arrest shall be in the form prescribed in the Third Schedule to this Code
(3) A warrant of arrest shall remain in force until executed or cancelled by the court which issued it notwithstanding the death, retirement or replacement of the judge having issued the warrant.
Art. 53 issue of warrant.
(1) A warrant of arrest may be issued on the application of any investigating police officer by any court and shall be addressed to the chief of the police in the Taklay Guezat in which it is issued.
(2) A warrant may be issued at any time and on any day of the year
(3) A warrant of arrest may be executed in any part of the Empire by any member of the police.
Art. 54. When warrant of arrest to be issued.
A warrant of arrest shall only be issued where the attendance of a person before the court is absolutely necessary and cannot otherwise be obtained.
Art. 55 Application for warrant in urgent cases.
(1) In cases of urgency the investigating police officer may apply for a warrant by telephone or telegraph.
(2) In such cases the application to the court in question shall be confirmed in writing within 24 hours.

የኢ-አድሎአዊነት መርህ

2020-12-23T18:55:00.001+03:00

የኢ-አድሎአዊነት መርህ

ከአድልኦ የፀዳ ፍርድ (The rule against bias) የሚለው መርህ በኮመን ሎው አገራት በስፋት የዳበረ መሰረተ ሀሳብ ሲሆን በአጭሩ ሲገለጽ አንድ ሰው በራሱ ጉዳይ ራሱ ከሳሽ ራሱ ዳኛ መሆን የለበትም እንደማለት ነው፡፡ ኢ-አድሎአዊነት አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ራሱን የቻለ የተፈጥሮ ፍትህ መርህ ተደርጐ ቢጠቀስም በተግባር ሲታይ ግን በመሰማት መብት ውስጥ የሚጠቃለል የፍትሐዊ ስነ-ስርዓት አንድ አካል ነው፡፡ አንድ ሰው በአስተዳደር ጉባዔ (Administrative Tribunal) ፊት ቀርቦ የመሰማት እድል ሊሰጠው ይገባል ሲባል በውስጠ ታዋቂነት ፍ/ቤቱ ከአድልኦ የፀዳ እንደሆነ ግምት በመውሰድ ነው፡፡

ፍርደ ገምድል ያልሆነ፤ ያልተዛባ ውሳኔ መኖር ህዝቡ በፍትህ ስርዓቱ ላይ ያለውን አመኔታ የሚያንፀባርቅ እንደመሆኑ ተፈፃሚነቱም /በተለይ በኮመን ሎው አገራት/ እጅግ ጥብቅ ነው፡፡ ከዚህ ጋር በተያያዘ የታወቁት የእንግሊዝ ዳኛ ሎርድ ሄዋርት እንዲህ ብለው ነበር፡፡

ፍትህ መሰራቱ ብቻ በቂ አይደለም፡፡ ፍትህ ሲሰራ ጭምር በማያጠራጥርና ግልጽ በሆነ አኳኋን መታየት መቻል አለበት፡፡

የዳኛው ልጅ ‘ቀማኛ’ ተብሎ በአባቱ ፊት ችሎት ሲቀርብ በእርግጥም በህጉ መሰረት ጥፋተኛ ላይሆን ይችላል፡፡ ጥፋተኛ ካልሆነ መለቀቁ ፍትህ ነው፡፡ ግን ለማንም አይመስልም፡፡ ፍትህ ሲሰራ አይታይምና፡፡ ዋናው ቁም ነገር ዝምድና፤ የገንዘብ ጥቅም ወይም ሌላ ምክንያት በዳኛው ውሳኔ አሰጣጥ ላይ ተጽእኖ አለማድረጉ አይደለም፡፡ እነዚህ ሁኔታዎች እስካሉ ድረስ ዳኛው ምንም ያህል ንፁህና ጻድቅ ሰው ቢሆን እንኳን በችሎት ላይ ተቀምጦ ሲያስችል አመኔታ ያጣል፡፡ የኢ-አድሎአዊነት መርህ ዋና አላማ ውሳኔ ሰጭው አካል የተዛባ ፍርድ እንዳይሰጥ ብቻ ሳይሆን ምናልባትም ራሱም ሳያውቀው እንኳን በንፁህ ህሊናው ላይ ተፅእኖ ሊያደርሱ ከሚችሉ ሁኔታዎች ነጻ ሆኖ ዳኝነት እንዲሰጥ ለማስቻል ነው፡፡

ይህ የኢ-አድሎአዊነት መርህ በተለይ በመደበኛ ፍ/ቤት፣ በአስተዳደር ጉባኤ እና ዳኝነታዊ ውሳኔ በሚሰጡ የአስተዳደር መ/ቤቶች ጥብቅ ተፈጻሚነት አለው፡፡ ውሳኔ ሰጪው አካል በያዘው ጉዳይ በህሊናው ላይ ተፅእኖ ሊያመጣ የሚችል ሁኔታ መኖሩን በተረዳ ጊዜ ራሱን ከውሳኔ ሰጪነት ማግለል አለበት፡፡ ይህ ባልሆነበት ጊዜ በቂ ጥርጣሬ ያደረበት ወገን አቤቱታ አቅርቦ ዳኛው እንዲቀየርለት ማመልከት ይችላል፡፡ ሁኔታው መኖሩ የታወቀው ውሳኔ ከተሰጠ በኋላ ከሆነ የዛ ውሳኔ እጣ ፈንታ ዋጋ አልባ መሆን ነው፡፡

አድሎአዊ ውሳኔ ተሰጥቷል የሚባለው የውሳኔ ሰጭው ህሊና የተዛባ እንደሆነ ነው፡ ለመሆኑ የሕሊና መዛባት ምን ማለት ነው.

በጥሬ ትርጉሙ ሲታይ ማንኛውም ነገር በቀጥታ ሆነ በተዘዋዋሪ ውሳኔ ሰጭው በነጻ ህሊናው ተመርቶ ሊሰጥ ይችል ከነበረው ውሳኔ በተቃራኒ የተለየ ውሳኔ ላይ ያደረሰ ከሆነ ህሊናው ተዛብቷል ብለን መናገር እንችላለን፡፡ ህሊና ከተዛባ የክርክሩ ውጤት (ማለትም ውሳኔው) ጉዳዩ ከመመርመሩ በፊት ድምዳሜ ተደርሶበታል፡፡ ዳኛው ከከሳሽ ወይም ተከሳሽ ጉቦ ከተቀበለ ፍርዱ ለማን እንደሚሰጥ አስቀድሞ ታውቋል፡፡ በዚህ መልኩ የሚሰጥ ፍርድ በተዛባ ህሊና የተሰጠ አድሎአዊ ፍርድ ነው፡፡

የተዛባ ህሊና ከምንጩ አንፃር በተለያየ መንገድ ይገለጻል፡፡ በዋነኛነት ከሚጠቀሱት መካከል የሚከተሉት ይገኙበታል፡፡

ስለ ጋብቻ አፈጻጸም

2020-12-23T18:42:00.005+03:00

ስለ ጋብቻ አፈጻጸም

አንቀጽ ፩ ልዩ ልዩ የጋብቻ አፈፃፀም ሥርዓቶች

፩. ጋብቻ በአንድ የክብር መዝገብ ሹም ፊት ሊፈጸም ይችላል፡።

፪. በዚህ አንቀጽ ንዑስ አንቀጽ (1) የተጠቀሰው ቢኖርም፤ ጋብቻ በተጋቢዎቹ ሃይማኖት ወይም ባህል መሠረት ሊፈፀም ይችላል፡፡

አንቀጽ ፪ በክብር መዝገብ ሹም ፊት የሚፈፀም ጋብቻ

ጋብቻ በክብር መዝገብ ሹም ፊት ተፈፀመ የሚባለው አንድ ወንድ እና አንዲት ሴት ጋብቻ ለመፈፀም ተስማምተው በክብር መዝገብ ሹም ፊት በመቅረብ ፈቃዳቸውን ሲገልጹና የክብር መዝገብ ሹሙም ይህንኑ ፈቃዳቸውን ሲቀበል ነው፡፡

አንቀጽ ፫ በሃይማኖት ሥርዓት መሠረት የሚፈፀም ጋብቻ

ጋብቻ በሃይማኖት ሥርዐት መሠረት ተፈጸመ የሚባለው፤ አንድ ወንድና አንዲት ሴት በሃይማኖታቸው ወይም ከሁለቱ በአንዳቸው ሃይማኖት መሠረት የሚፀና ጋብቻ ለማቋቋም የሚያስፈልገውን ሥርዓት ሲፈጽሙ ነው፡፡

አንቀጽ ፬ በባህል ሥርዓት መሠረት የሚፈፀም ጋብቻ

ጋብቻ በባህል ሥርዓት መሠረት ተፈፀመ የሚባለው፤ አንድ ወንድ እና አንዲት ሴት በሚኖሩበት አካባቢ ባህል ወይም በሁለቱ ተጋቢዎች ወይም ከሁለቱ ተጋቢዎች በአንዳቸው ባህል መሠረት የሚፀና ጋብቻ ለማቋቋም የሚያስፈልገውን ሥርዓት ሲፈጽሙ ነው፡፡

አንቀጽ ፭ ከኢትዮጵያ ውጭ ስለሚፈፀም ጋብቻ

በተፈፀመበት አገር የጋብቻ አፈፃፀም ሕግ መሠረት ከኢትዮጵያ ውጭ የተፈፀመ ጋብቻ የሕዝብን ሞራል እስካልተቃረነ ድረስ በዚህ ሕግ ተቀባይነት ይኖረዋል፡፡

ጋብቻ ለመፈፀም መሟላት ያለባቸው ሁኔታዎች።

አንቀጽ ፮ ፈቃድ

የሚፀና ጋብቻ ተፈፀመ የሚባለው ተጋቢዎቹ ለመጋባት ነፃና ሙሉ ፈቃዳቸውን ሲሰጡ ብቻ ነው፡፡

አንቀጽ ፯ ዕድሜ

፩. ወንዱም ሆነ ሴቷ አሥራ ስምንት ዓመት ሳይሞላቸው ጋበቻ መፈፀም አይችልም።

፪. በዚህ አንቀጽ ንዑስ አንቀጽ (፩) የተደነገገው ቢኖርም፤ ከባድ ምክንያት ሲያጋጥም ተጋቢዎቹ ወይም ከተጋቢዎቹ የአንዳቸው ወላጆች ወይም አሳዳሪ በሚያቀርቡት ጥያቄ መሠረት የፍትሕ ሚኒስትሩ ከመደበኛው የጋብቻ ዕድሜ ከሁለት ዓመት ያልበለጠ ጊዜ በመቀነስ እንዲጋቡ ሊፈቅድ ይችላል፡፡

አንቀጽ ፰ የሥጋ ዝምድና

፩. በቀጥታ የሥጋ ዘመዳሞች (በወላጆችና በተወላጆች) መካከል ጋብቻ መፈፀም ክልክል

፪. ወደ ጎን በሚቆጠር የሥጋ ዝምድና፣ አንድ ወንድ ከእህቱ ወይም ከአክስቱ እንዲሁም አንዲት ሴት ከወንድሟ ወይም ከአጎቷ ጋር ጋብቻ መፈፀም የተከለከለ ነው፡፡

አንቀጽ ፱ የጋብቻ ዝምድና

፩. በቀጥታ የጋብቻ ዘመዳሞች መካከል ጋብቻ መፈጸም ክልክል ነው፡፣

፪. ወደ ጎን በሚቆጠር የጋብቻ ዝምድና፣ ባል ከሚስቱ እህት ወይም ሚስት ከባሏ ወንድም ጋር ጋብቻ መፈፀም ክልክል ነው፡፡

አንቀጽ ፲ በሕግ ያልተረጋገጠ ልጅነት

የአንድ ሰው ተወላጅነት በሕግ መሠረት ያልተረጋገጠ ቢሆንም እንኳን በማኅበረሰቡ ዘንድ በተወላጅነት የሚታወቅ ከሆነ በዚህ ሕግ በአንቀጽ ፰ እና ፱ እንደተመለከተው ጋብቻን ለማስከልከል በቂ ነው፡፡

አንቀጽ ፲፩ በጋብቻ ላይ ጋብቻ

ማንኛውም ሰው አስቀድሞ በጋብቻ የተሳሰረ ከሆነ፣ ይኸው ጋብቻው ፀንቶ ባለበት ጊዜ ሌላ ጋብቻ መፈፀም አይችልም፡፡

አንቀጽ ፲፪ ጋብቻን በእንደራሴ መፈጸም የማይቻል ስለመሆኑ

፩. ጋብቻ ሲፈፀም ሁለቱም ተጋቢዎች ጋብቻውን በሚፈፀምበት ጊዜ በግንባር ተገኝተው ፈቃዳቸውን መስጠት አለባቸው፡፡

፪. በዚህ አንቀጽ ንዑስ አንቀጽ (፩) የተደነገገው ቢኖርም፣ ከባድ ምክንያት መኖሩን እና በእንደራሴ አማካይነት ጋብቻውን ለመፈፀም የሚፈልገው ተጋቢ ፈቃዱን በማያሻማ ሁኔታ የገለፀ መሆኑን የፍትሕ ሚኒስትሩ ሲያረጋግጥ ጋብቻው በእንደራሴ ሊፈፀም ይችላል፡፡

አንቀጽ ፲፫ መሠረታዊ ስህተት

፩. በስህተት በተገኘ ፈቃድ ምክንያት የተፈፀመ ጋብቻ አይፀናም፡፡

፪. በስህተት ምክንያት ፈቃድ ተጓደለ የሚባለው ስህተቱ መሠረታዊ ሆኖ ሲገኝ ነው፡፡

፫. በዚህ አንቀጽ ንዑስ አንቀጽ (፪) የተገለፀው አጠቃላይ አነጋገር እንደተጠበቀ ሆኖ የሚከተሉት ሁኔታዎች ሲያጋጥሙ መሠረታዊ ስህተት እንዳለ ይቆጠራል፤

ሀ) በሚያገባው ሰው ማንነት ላይ በመሳሳቱ ምክንያት አገባዋለሁ ብሎ ያላሰበውን ሰው ያገባ ሲሆን፤

ለ) የሚያገባው ሰው ሊድን የማይችል ከባድ በሽታ ወይም ለተወላጆች ሊተላለፍ የሚችል ነዋሪ በሽታ ያለበት መሆኑን ሳያውቅ ያገባው ሲሆን፤

ሐ) ሌላው ተጋቢ የግብረ ሥጋ ግንኙነት መፈፀም የማይችል መሆኑን ባለማወቁ ምክንያት ያገባው ሲሆን፤

መ) ሌላው ተጋቢ ከተመሳሳይ ጾታ ጋር የግብረሥጋ ግንኙነት የመፈጸም ልማድ ያለው መሆኑን ባለማወቅ ምክንያት ያገባው ሲሆን፡፡

አንቀጽ ፲፬ በኃይል ሥራ የተገኘ ፈቃድ

፩. በኃይል ሥራ በተገኘ ፈቃድ ምክንያት የተፈፀመ ጋብቻ አይፀናም፡፣

፪. ፈቃድ በኃይል የተገኘ ነው የሚባለው፣ ፈቃዱን የሰጠው ተጋቢ ራሱን ወይም ከወላጆቹ ወይም ከተወላጆቹ አንዱን ወይም ሌላ ለእርሱ የቅርብ ዘመድ የሆነን ሰው ሊፈፀምበት ከተቃረበ ከባድ አደጋ ለማዳን ሲል ፈቃዱን የሰጠ ሲሆን ነው፡፡

አንቀጽ ፲፭ በፍርድ ስለተከለከለው ሰው ጋብቻ

፩. በፍርድ የተከለከለ ማንኛውም ሰው፣ ፍርድ ቤት ካልፈቀደለት በስተቀር ጋብቻ መፈፀም አይችልም፡፡

፪. ስለዚህ ጉዳይ ለፍርድ ቤት የሚቀርበውን ጥያቄ የተከለከለው ሰው ራሱ ወይም አሳዳሪው ሊያቀርበው ይችላል፡፡

አንቀጽ ፲፮ በብቸኝነት ለመኖር የተወሰነ ጊዜ

፩. አንዲት ሴት አስቀድሞ የነበራት ጋብቻ ከቀረ በኋላ አንድ መቶ ሰማንያ ቀን ካላለፈ በስተቀር እንደገና ከሌላ ሰው ጋር ጋብቻ መፈጸም አትችልም፡፡

፪. በዚህ አንቀጽ ንዑስ አንቀጽ (፩) የተደነገገው ቢኖርም፣ ሴቲቱ አስቀድሞ የነበራት ጋብቻ ከቀረ በኋላ አንድ መቶ ሰማንያ ቀን ሳይሞላ

ሀ) የወለደች እንደሆነ፣ ወይም

ለ) ጋብቻ የምትፈጽመው ከቀድሞ ባሏ ጋር የሆነ እንደሆነ፣ ወይ

ሐ) እርጉዝ አለመሆኗ በሕክምና የተረጋገጠ እንደሆነ፣ ወይም

መ) በብቸኝነት ለመኖር የተወሰነውን ጊዜ እንዳትጠብቅ ፍርድ ቤት የወሰነ እንደሆነ በብቸኝነት ለመኖር ስለተወሰነው ጊዜ የተደነገገው ተፈፃሚ አይሆንም፡፡

ሟችን መበቀል

2020-12-23T18:42:00.001+03:00

ሟችን መበቀል
አንድ ጠበቃ በጣም አርጅቶ ከሞተ በኋላ አንድ ሰው ማንነቱን ደብቆ ጠበቃውን ማናገር እንደሚፈልግ በመግለፅ በተደጋጋሚ ወደ ጠበቃው ቢሮ ስልክ ይደውላል፡፡ የፀሐፊዋ የዘወትር ምላሽ “ይቅርታ ጌታዬ! ሞቷል!” የሚል ነበር፡፡ ሆኖም ደዋዩ መደወሉን አላቋረጠም፡፡ በመጨረሻም በነገሩ ግራ የተጋባችው ፀሐፊ የደዋዩ ድምጽ አንድ መሆኑን ስትረዳ ማን እንደሆነና ለምን በተደጋጋሚ እንደሚደውል ትጠይቀዋለች፡፡
የደዋዩ ምላሽ—-“የሱ ረዳት ነበርኩኝ፡፡ በተደጋጋሚ “ሞቷል!” የሚለውን ቃል ስሰማ እንዴት አንጀቴ ይርሳል መሰለሽ፡፡”

ይግባኝ! ይግባኝ! አሁንም ይግባኝ!

2020-12-23T02:24:00.001+03:00

ይግባኝ! ይግባኝ! አሁንም ይግባኝ!

ከሳሽ ሆነው የቀረቡት ሴት በዕድሜ ጠና ያሉ ናቸው፡፡ ታዲያ በችሎት አንዴ መናገር ከጀመሩ የሚያስቆማቸው የለም፡፡ ፍርድ ቤቱ ውሳኔውን ለእሳቸው እንዲሰጥ ችሎት በቀረቡ ቁጥር መወትወት ስራቸው ነው፡፡ ዳኛው ዕድሜያቸውን ከግምት ውስጥ በማስገባት ያዙኝ ልቀቁኝ ማለት በጀመሩ ቁጥር በቀስታ ለማረጋጋት ይሞክራሉ፡፡ በመጨረሻ መዝገቡ ለውሳኔ ተቀጥሮ ቀጠሮው ሲደርስ ውሳኔው ተነበበና የእኚህ ከሳሽ ክስ ውድቅ ተደረገ፡፡

ከሳሽ እስከ መጨረሻዋ ዐረፍተ ነገር ድረስ በዝምታ እያዳመጡ ነበር፡፡ ዳኛው “መዝገቡ ስለተዘጋ ወደ መዝገብ ቤት ይመለስ” ብለው መዝገቡን ሲከድኑ በፍጹም ያልተዋጠላቸው ከሳሽ ወደ ዋናው ፍሬ ነገርና አቤቱታ ተመልሰው እጃቸውን እያወራጩ እንደገና እንደ አዲስ ክርክር ጀመሩ፡፡ ውሳኔውን የሰጡት ዳኛ ከሳሽን ለማረጋጋት ቢሞክሩም አልሆነም፡፡ ይሄኔ የዳኛው ትዕግስት አልቆ ኖሮ “ይበቃል እንግዲህ! እማማ! ከዚህ በኋላ በዚህ ፍርድ ቤት የሚቀየር ነገር የለም፡፡ በዚህ ውሳኔ ቅር ከተሰኙ ይግባኝ ማለት ይችላሉ” ሲሉ ቁርጣቸውን ይነግሯቸዋል፡፡

በዚህ ጊዜ ከሳሽ ውሳኔው ወዲያውኑ የሚቀየርበት ቀዳዳ የተገኘ መስሏቸው እዛው በቆሙበት ድምፃቸውን ከፍ አድርገው “ይግባኝ! ይግባኝ! ይግባኝ ብያለሁ ይግባኝ!” ሲሉ ዳኛው ሳቃቸውን ጨርሰው ስለይግባኝ ስርዓት ካስረዷቸው በኋላ አረጋግተው ሸኝተዋቸዋል፡፡

ሟችን መበቀል

2020-12-23T01:41:00.001+03:00