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Interesting Human Brain Facts

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 24 May 2010 10:57:00 +0000

Brain is the central organ of the human body. It is extremely complex and sophisticated. The functions of the brain were found by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks in 400 BC. It was Hippocrates who first discovered that brain played an important role in sensation and intelligence. Nowadays, everyone understand the importance of having the brain, but most of us don’t know much about it, so here are some interesting facts for you.

(image credits: jepoirrier)

1) There are no pain receptors in the brain, so the brain can feel no pain.

2) The human brain is the fattest organ in the body and may consists of at least 60% fat.

3) Neurons develop at the rate of 250,000 neurons per minute during early pregnancy.

4) Humans continue to make new neurons throughout life in response to mental activity.

5) Alcohol interferes with brain processes by weakening connections between neurons.

6) Altitude makes the brain see strange visions – Many religions involve special visions that occurred at great heights. For example, Moses encountered a voice emanating from a burning bush on Mount Sinai and Muhammad was visited by an angel on Mount Hira. Similar phenomena are reported by mountain climbers, but they don’t think it’s very mystical. Many of the effects are attributable to the reduced supply of oxygen to the brain. At 8,000ft or higher, some mountaineers report perceiving unseen companions, seeing light emanating from themselves or others, seeing a second body like their own, and suddenly feeling emotions such as fear. Oxygen deprivation is likely to interfere with brain regions active in visual and face processing, and in emotional events.

7) Reading aloud and talking often to a young child promotes brain development.

8 ) Information travels at different speeds within different types of neurons. Not all neurons are the same. There are a few different types within the body and transmission along these different kinds can be as slow as 0.5 meters/sec or as fast as 120 meters/sec.

9) The capacity for such emotions as joy, happiness, fear, and shyness are already developed at birth. The specific type of nurturing a child receives shapes how these emotions are developed.

10) The left side of your brain (left hemisphere) controls the right side of your body; and, the right side of your brain (right hemisphere) controls the left side of your body.

11) Children who learn two languages before the age of five alters the brain structure and adults have a much denser gray matter.

12) Information can be processed as slowly as 0.5 meters/sec or as fast as 120 meters/sec (about 268 miles/hr).

13) While awake, your brain generates between 10 and 23 watts of power–or enough energy to power a light bulb.

14) The old adage of humans only using 10% of their brain is not true. Every part of the brain has a known function.

15) A study of one million students in New York showed that students who ate lunches that did not include artificial flavors, preservatives, and dyes did 14% better on IQ tests than students who ate lunches with these additives.

16) For years, scientists believed that tinnitus was due to a function within the mechanics of the ear, but newer evidence shows that it is actually a function of the brain.

17) Every time you recall a memory or have a new thought, you are creating a new connection in your brain.

18) Memories triggered by scent have a stronger emotional connection, therefore appear more intense than other memory triggers.

19) Each time we blink, our brain kicks in and keeps things illuminated so the whole world doesn’t go dark each time we blink (about 20,000 times a day).

20) Laughing at a joke is no simple task as it requires activity in five different areas of the brain.

21) The average number of thoughts that humans are believed to experience each day is 70,000.

22) There are two different schools of thought as to why we dream: the physiological school, and the psychological school. While many theories have been proposed, not single consensus has emerged as to why we dream. Some researchers suggest that dreams serve no real purpose, while other believe that dreaming is essential to mental, emotional and physical well-being. One theory for dreaming suggests dreams serve to clean up clutter from the mind.

23) The Hypothalamus part of the brain regulates body temperature much like a thermostat. The hypothalamus knows what temperature your body should be (about 98.6 Fahrenheit or 37 Celsius), and if your body is too hot, the hypothalamus tells it to sweat. If you’re too cold, the hypothalamus makes you start shivering. Shivering and sweating helps get your body’s temperature back to normal.

24) Approximately 85,000 neocortical neurons are lost each day in your brain. Fortunately, his goes unnoticed due to the built-in redundancies and the fact that even after three years this loss adds up to less than 1% of the total.

25) Differences in brain weight and size do not equal differences in mental ability. The weight of Albert Einstein’s brain was 1,230 grams that is less than an average weight of the human brain.

26) A living brain is so soft you could cut it with a table knife.

27) There are about 100,000 miles of blood vessels in the brain.

28) London taxi drivers ,famous for knowing all the London streets by heart, have a larger than normal hippocampus, especially the drivers who have been on the job longest. The study suggests that as people memorize more and more information, this part of their brain continues to grow.

29) The brain can live for 4 to 6 minutes without oxygen, and then it begins to die. No oxygen for 5 to 10 minutes will result in permanent brain damage.

30) Our brain often fools us. It often perceives things differently from the reality. Look at those pictures. Square A and B are actually the same shade of gray.

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Working Of Operational Amplifier video

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 01 Apr 2010 20:42:00 +0000

Circuit Analysis - Operational Amplifier Tutorial - Effects of Finite Gain -
A video Tutorial of How a Basic Op-Amp works and How to calculate its effective gain to make u understand more easy.And if you find any difficulties just say it.Or if you want to know anyother related videos just ask it via comments!

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A real view of mercury and venus from earth

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 01 Apr 2010 18:37:00 +0000

SUNSET PLANETS: If you haven't looked at the sunset recently, you're missing a good show. Mercury and Venus are converging there for a bright conjunction:

"This is the first time I have seen Mercury," says Anton, who took the picture in Port Provideniya, Chukotka, Russia. "It was very clear and easy to see."

At closest approach on April 3rd and 4th, the two planets will be only three degrees apart--an eye-catching pair. Look before the sky fades to black. Two bright planets framed by deep twilight blue is a beautiful sight indeed.

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Download all education essentials softwares

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 17 Mar 2010 01:00:00 +0000

click here to download Turbo C

Project to collect vital data like blood pressure, body temperature, heart beat, respiration rate etc

Matrix Calculator

Library Management
Student Report Maker

Periodic Table
Payroll Management
Report Card Making
Mix of Many

Diabetes Detection

Telephone Directory
Address Book

Student Information System

Shuffle Game

Telephone Billing System

Snake Game

Banking

Hotel Management

Hotel Reservation

Telephone Billing

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Download Turbo C Software

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 17 Mar 2010 00:45:00 +0000

Still You dont have turbo c software with you??
Just download it here::

Download Turbo C

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Sugar Power For Charging CellPhones

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 14:41:00 +0000

Drinking sugary soda gives you a burst of energy. Some day, sugar might power electronic equipment as well.

That's because scientists have now found a way to turn sugar into electricity. If they can find a way to make the technology work on a large scale, you may some day share your sweet drinks with your handheld video game player or cell phone.

A new technological advance could lead to cell phones that are powered by sweet drinks.

The new strategy involves fuel cells, which are devices that use chemical reactions to produce electrical currents. Manufacturers already make fuel cells that depend on precious metals, such as platinum, to spark those chemical reactions. Precious metals, however, are expensive and hard to get.

For the new study, researchers from St. Louis University used a type of protein called enzymes in place of the metals. In the cells of living things, including people, enzymes are what spark chemical reactions. To keep up the pace that our bodies demand, our cells constantly produce new enzymes as the old ones break down.

Scientists had tried using enzymes in fuel cells before, but they had trouble keeping the electricity flowing. That's because, unlike the enzymes in our cells, the enzymes in fuel cells break down faster than they can be replaced.

To get around this problem, the St. Louis researchers invented molecules that wrap around an enzyme and protect it. Inside this molecular pocket, an enzyme can last for months instead of days.

In the new fuel cells, electricity-conducting materials are attached to wires. The scientists coat each conductor with a layer of wrapped enzymes. Then, they allow a sugary liquid to ooze inside the enzyme pockets.

When the enzymes interact with the sugar molecules in the liquid, chemical reactions release a flow of electrons into the wire. This process produces both water and an electrical current that could power electronic devices.

So far, the new fuel cells don't produce much power, but the fact that they work at all is exciting, says Paul Kenis, a chemical engineer at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

"Just getting it to work," Kenis says, "is a major accomplishment."

Sugar-eating fuel cells could be an efficient way to make electricity. Sugar is easy to find. And the new fuel cells that run on it are biodegradable, so the technology wouldn't hurt the environment.

The scientists are now trying to use different enzymes that will get more power from sugar molecules. They predict that popular products may be using the new technology in as little as 3 years.—

See This Article

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Space Umbrellas to shield Earth From Sun

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 14:31:00 +0000

On a hot, clear day, an umbrella can provide cooling relief from the sun's scorching rays. The same concept might one day help protect Earth from the accumulating heat of global warming.

Miniature flyers with circular sunscreens made of clear plastic would deflect sunlight from Earth. Three solar-reflecting tabs on each flyer direct the spacecraft's course. This illustration shows background starlight blurred into doughnut rings by the film.

R. Angel and T. Connors, University of Arizona

Building a single umbrella big enough to shade the entire planet will never be possible. Instead, astronomer Roger Angel of the University of Arizona wants to launch a trillion tiny sunshields into outer space.

Each mini-umbrella would be a small, light spacecraft, weighing about a gram (0.04 ounces) and carrying a sunshade measuring half a meter (1.6 feet) across. Working together, hordes of the devices could act as a sunscreen for the globe.

Such a sunscreen would stretch across about 100,000 kilometers (62,000 miles) of space. And the pressure of sunlight on attached solar reflectors would keep the little flyers in orbit around Earth at a distance of about 1.5 million kilometers (932,000 miles).

The sunshade would be mostly transparent, or see-through, but it would cut the amount of sunlight reaching Earth by 1.8 percent. This would be enough to reduce the impact of global warming, Angel says.

In Angel's scheme, people on Earth could make the lightweight sunscreens out of transparent film. Each shade would be full of holes like Swiss cheese.

Angel says his plan is a big improvement over previous ideas for shading Earth from the sun. Those scenarios have typically involved large, heavy spacecraft that would need to be built in outer space out of pieces of asteroids or other space rocks.

To reduce the environmental impact of launch, Angel says, astronomers could use magnetic fields instead of rocket fuel for acceleration. He envisions launching 800,000 flyers at a time for a total of 20 million launches over a decade.

Angel thinks that the first launch could happen in just 25 years. And, once the flyers are up there, he says, they would shade the planet for 50 years.

The idea is certainly creative, but critics say there are easier and much cheaper ways to tackle global warming. Covering large areas of ground with white paint, for example, could reflect light back into space and reduce heating. Better yet, by reducing the pollution we create, we can all help keep the planet from heating up.—E. Sohn

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Small but mighty Space Telescope WISE

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 14:24:00 +0000

Anyone on Earth can look up and see the moon or stars, but it takes a telescope to get a glimpse of planets and the other bright and strange things that share our universe. Astronomers are always finding new ways to observe far-off galaxies and study the mysteries of deep space.

							Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer project scientist Peter Eisenhardt stands next to the fully assembled satellite.

That’s why, on December 14, NASA blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Don’t let its small size fool you: WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects in the known universe, including asteroids, faint stars, blazing galaxies and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born.

“I’m very excited because we’re going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven’t seen before,” Ned Wright told Science News. Wright is the scientist who directs the WISE project, which costs about $320 million.

Since arriving in space, the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth, held by gravity in a polar orbit (this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap). Its camera is pointed outward, away from the Earth, and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes. After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.

The pictures taken by WISE won’t be like everyday digital photographs, however. WISE stands for “Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.” As its name suggests, the WISE camera takes pictures of features that that give off infrared radiation.
Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light that becomes visible in a rainbow, is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree, for example, it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree. When these waves enter the camera through the lens, they’re processed by the camera, which then puts the image together. Voilà! We see a tree.
Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don’t see them, and neither do the eyes of human beings. But we can feel some types of infrared radiation, in the form of heat.

An artist illustrated WISE in space, along with a depiction of infrared radiation behind it.

JPL/NASA

That’s a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can’t. Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light. Asteroids, for example, are giant rocks that float through space — but they absorb most of the light that reaches them. They don’t reflect light, so they’re difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.

Brown dwarfs are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE’s pictures. These objects are “failed” stars — which means they are not massive enough to jump start the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead, brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. They’re so dim that they’re almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spectrum they glow.
These are just a few of the wonders that will show up in a gallery of WISE’s greatest photos. During its mission, WISE will take pictures of hundreds of millions of stars, asteroids, galaxies and brown dwarfs. Not bad for a flying trashcan!

POWER WORDS (adapted from the Yahoo! Kids Dictionary)
infrared The range of invisible radiation that extends from the long wavelength, or red, end of the visible-light range to the microwave range. Invisible to the eye, it can be detected as a sensation of warmth on the skin.
radiation Emission and propagation of energy in the form of rays or waves.
asteroids Small celestial bodies that revolve around the sun, usually with orbits lying between Mars and Jupiter. They’re usually between a few and several hundred miles in diameter.
galaxy Any of numerous large-scale aggregates of stars, gas and dust that constitute the universe, containing an average of 100 billion (1011) solar masses and ranging in diameter from 1,500 to 300,000 light-years.
telescope An arrangement of lenses or mirrors or both that gathers visible light, permitting direct observation or photographic recording of distant objects.

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Making of PCB Final stage

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 14:01:00 +0000

MANUFACTURE OF PCBS - FINAL STAGES

M.Manivasagam

	When removed from the etching solution, the PCB is washed and a PCB eraser is used to remove any film from the tracks. This must be done carefully because the film will prevent good soldering of the components to the PCB. The tracks can be checked using a magnifying glass. If there are gaps in the tracks, sometimes they can be repaired using wire but usually a new PCB has to be etched.

	The last stage is drilling the holes for the components. A small PCB drill is used for this purpose. Again care is needed as a good PCB can be ruined by careless drilling.



	This completed Printed Circuit Board (PCB) has all its components soldered in position. It has been manufactured through the processes described in the information sheets. PCBs manufactured in industry are designed on a computer and then manufactured on an production line controlled by computers. Usually there is very little human contact.


QUESTIONS: 1. Describe the stages involved in the manufacture of PCBs - using simple, labelled diagrams. 2. What safety precautions should you take when using ‘developer’ and the ‘etching solution’ ? 3. Complete the notes on the PCB sequence drawing OR place in order the cards representing each stage of manufacturing a PCB. Then place the correct text box underneath each picture. 4. List the advantages of using electronics / PCB simulation software compared to using a breadboard to test a circuit design. 5. What quality checks should be carried out when manufacturing a printed circuit board (PCB). 6. What material is a PCB?

Making of PCB boards-3

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:59:00 +0000

MANUFACTURE OF PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS

M.Manivasagam

	PHOTO-RESIST BOARD is a piece of glass reinforce plastic. One of the sides is copper clad and this copper has a photosensitive coating. When the plastic film is peeled back this sensitive coating is revealed. After processing this will be the PCB.

	The PCB mask (now on a transparency) is placed underneath the photo-resist board, touching the sensitive surface. Remember the plastic film must be removed. PCB mask and board are then transferred to the UV light Box. You must be careful to ensure that the PCB mask is the right way up, otherwise when the circuit is etched you will discover that the tracks are also the wrong way round.

	The lid is shut and the box switched on. The photo-resist board, with PCB mask are left underneath the lid for 2 ½ minutes. The photo-resist board is then placed in a tank filled with developer (using plastic tongs) It is important that the board is only left in the developer for approximately ten seconds.


	When the board is taken out of the developer it must be washed in clean water before transferring to the etching tank. Always use plastic tongs.

	The etchant is held in a ‘bubble etch tank’ and is heated. This solution slowly etches away the unwanted copper, leaving the tracks only. At this stage it is important to keep checking that the PCB is completed (time - 15 to 45 minutes). If it is left in the tank too long the copper tracks will also be removed or damaged.

Click Here For Next Page(Final Stage)

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Making Of PCB boards -2

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:58:00 +0000

CROCODILE TECHNOLOGY TO Make REAL PCB

	Once a circuit has been designed and simulated / tested in Crocodile Technology and any necessary alterations made, the completed circuit is ready for export to ‘real PCB’®. Both Crocodile Technology and Real PCB software must be running at the same time for this to be possible. (Please note: the uptodated version of Crocodile Technology is called Yenka Electronics. This allows the design and conversion of circuits to PCB, in an integrated environment) Circuit Wizard is a very good alternative piece of software that allows the design of circuits and conversion to PCB. The conversion to PCB layout can be achieved through a menu in Crocodile Technology. Real PCB converts the circuit diagram effortlessly to PCB layout and usually with 100% accuracy. Real PCB can also be used to construct a circuit as a PCB layout, from scratch, by selecting components from a series of menus and drawing the tracks connecting them. It can be used by both beginners and experts to produce accurate PCBs. Quality checks can be carried out automatically and the software will also produce a bill for the components used on any PCB. The ‘Pour Copper’ menu changes the final PCB by only removing enough copper so that the tracks can be seen. This means that only the necessary copper is removed to ensure the final circuit works. This extends the life of etchant used in the etchant tank.



Two more ways of presenting the PCB are shown below. The 'artwork' layout is the most likely to be printed out on a transparency, ready for conversion to PCB. The real life layout style shows the PCB with its components. This is useful when arranging the components on the PCB, as the position of each can be check against a real life printed.

When the PCB layout is finished it is printed on a transparency and becomes known as a PCB mask. The PCB mask is transferred to the UV box, which is the next stage in the manufacture of a printed circuit board.




Advantages of using circuit and PCB software: 1. Circuits can be simulated on screen without the need to build a circuit on a breadboard with real components. 2. Errors can be corrected and alterations made to the circuit by simply replacing components from menus. 3. No soldering is needed, simply move components with a mouse. 4. Using simulation software is safer than soldering with hot soldering irons and avoids dangerous fumes being produced whilst soldering. 5. Once a PCB has been designed it can be printed onto transparencies repeatedly, all to the same high quality. 6. PCB layout software is more accurate than drawing a circuit by hand.

CLICK HERE FOR NEXT PCB PAGE

Know How PCB boards are made

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:55:00 +0000

Printed Circuit Boards - Introduction

Friends do you know how PCB boards are made,and what it had in this??Just go through this post.

Electronic circuits in schools and industry are normally manufactured through the use of PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards). The boards are made from glass reinforced plastic with copper tracks in the place of wires. Components are fixed in position by drilling holes through the board, locating the components and then soldering them in place. The copper tracks link the components together forming a circuit. The animation shows the components arranged on the 'component side' of the PCB and as it rotates, the copper tracks are also shown.





The two diagrams below show the track side of a PCB (normally the underneath side) and the component side (normally the top side) of the same circuit. The relay and integrated circuit are ready to be placed in position and soldered.



	A circuit such as the one shown opposite can be drawn using software such as ‘Crocodile Technology®’ (now known as Yenka Electronics). This allows individual components such as resistors, integrated circuits and capacitors to be dragged onto the screen and connected together, forming a complete circuit. The finished circuit can then be simulated on screen. If the circuit is not correct it can be altered until it works in the desired way. This allows you to test the circuit on the computer and correct any mistakes or make improvements. This saves time as there is no need to build the circuit with real components.
	Circuits can also be built on a breadboard using real components. This is a time consuming method and often mistakes occur as many components are small and it is easy to connect components incorrectly, causing a circuit to fail. Also, breadboards are prone to damage as the small connections on the boards are quite delicate. Using simulation software such as Crocodile Technology® is recommended as it is a much more reliable and accurate method of testing a circuit.
CLICK HERE FOR NEXT STAGE OF PCB WORK

How to make Temperature Sensor

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:42:00 +0000

A TYPICAL TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Opposite is a simple temperature sensor. It operates in exactly the same way as a light/dark sensor except that it has a component called a thermistor rather than a LDR (Light Dependent Resistor). The thermistor's resistance value changes when the temperature rises or falls. This ‘triggers’ the relay.The preset resistor allows the person using the circuit to alter its sensitivity to changes in temperature..

When are temperature sensors used?

Make a light,dark sensor by yourself

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:41:00 +0000

MAKING A LIGHT / DARK SENSOR

Opposite is a simple light/ dark sensor. This can be connected as an input or switch to another circuit. The sensors has three green wires (1, 2 and 3). Wire 2 should always be connected to one of the inputs. If wire 1 is also connected then the sensor acts as a dark sensor. If wires 2 and 3 are connected to the inputs then sensor operates as a light sensor.The preset resistor allows the person using the circuit to alter its sensitivity to light/dark.

CONSTRUCTING A CIRCUIT USING SIMULATION SOFTWARE

All circuits are drawn on software such as Crocodile Clips. Using this software the individual components can be joined together on the screen. Once the circuit is drawn its operation can be simulated to see if it works. If it fails it can be corrected on the computer screen and tested again.
Using software to test circuit designs saves time as there is no need to physically solder together components. It also saves money as components and materials are not wasted on failed circuits

The circuit is then made into a PCB (Printed Circuit Board). Components are added and soldered in position (See PCB Section of this website). Two views of the same circuit are shown below. How do they differ?

3. Complete the table below by writing some details about the components used in the light/dark sensor circuit.

Parallel Circuits n Working with examples

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:31:00 +0000

Parallel Circuits given in simple easy to understand format,if u have any other questions ask me via comment,r mail.

The circuit below shows three bulbs placed in parallel. This is a parallel circuit. Current can flow through each of the bulbs without first having to flow through any others. If any of the bulbs fail the others will still work as current can still flow through the rest of the circuit.

ANOTHER PARALLEL CIRCUIT

The circuit below is another example of a parallel circuit. When the switch is turned on current flows through the bulb, solenoid and motor simultaneously. This causes the bulb to light, the solenoid to the activated and the motors spindle to rotate, all at the same time.

PICTORIAL DRAWING OF THE SAME PARALLEL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Crocodile Technology © software is very useful when simulating this type of circuit diagram.

Also see how Series Circuits works

QUESTIONS:
1. Draw a simple parallel circuit and explain how it works.
2. Draw the same components but this time arranged as a ‘series’ circuit. How do the two circuits differ?
3. What will happen if one of the components fails in a parallel circuit?

Can u answer for those questions? else reply via comments.

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Series Circuits and How it works with examples

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:27:00 +0000

Series Circuits and its working in simple easy to understand format.

The circuit opposite shows three bulbs placed in series. This is a called a series circuit. Current flows through each of the bulbs in sequence. Current flows through bulb A, then bulb B and finally bulb C. The more bulbs that are added, the less bright they shine. It is possible to added so many bulbs that they do not light at all. This is due to the resistance in each bulb. If any of the bulbs fail, current cannot flow through the circuit and the other components will not work.

ANOTHER SERIES CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The circuit (right and left) is another example of a series circuit. When the switch is turned on current flows through the bulb first, then the solenoid and last the motor. This causes the bulb to light, the solenoid to be activated and the motor’s spindle to rotate. However, the more components that are added in series means the less current is available for all. Eventually, each component will fail to work as too much current is being drained from the circuit.

How Incandescent Lamps works in gif-1

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:23:00 +0000

Bulbs have been used in electronics for along time and they are used in a wide range of circuits. Almost everyone has used a torch and if you look closely at the light source, it is more than likely that it is a bulb. In more recent years bulbs have been slowly replaced by LEDs as these are brighter, much more reliable, cheaper, energy efficient and have a much longer working life. They are also available in a range of colours. However, bulbs are still popular.

Look closely at a typical torch bulb. It basically consists of glass ‘bulb’, inside which is a filament made from a metal called tungsten. The glass bulb holds a gas called Argon or Nitrogen or Krypton, which increases the working life of the filament.

When current passes through the filament it illuminates brightly, giving out bright light.

Some bulbs such as the example opposite have a screw thread which means the bulb can be unscrewed from its holder and replaced, once the filament fails.

The ‘conductor’ at the bottom of this example bulb carries the current, allowing it to pass through the filament.

A number of symbols can be used to represent a bulb. Three typical symbols are shown opposite. These are often seen in examinations and consequently it is important to know them.

Two versions of the same circuit are shown below. The conventional circuit diagram (on the left) shows the filament bulb lighting brightly when the switch is turned on. The current flows through the filament, causing light to be emitted.
In the pictorial circuit diagram on the right the components are shown as pictures rather than symbols.

This basic circuit has a battery as the electrical ‘source’ and a filament bulb. The bulb is called the ‘load’ as it does all the work in the circuit (ie. it lights).

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Switches and its working in gif-3

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:20:00 +0000

Some common switches are shown on this information sheet. Basically switches bring contacts together in different ways but they do the same switching job.

Typical Switch Symbols

MICRO-SWITCH

Micro-switches can be very small. Usually they include a small arm which when pressed clicks. They are very useful and can be found on many machines - used a safety switches. For example, if the 'lid' of a drilling machine is opened to change the pulley speeds, a micro-switch is released ensuring that all power is turned off. These switches can be very useful in school projects

TILT SWITCH

One of the most common types of tilt switch uses a ‘blob’ of mercury in a small tube. When the tube is tilted the mercury runs down and forms a bridge across the two contacts turning the switch on. This type of switch is used in warning systems that alert people to an excessive angle of tilt, e.g. for drivers of farm vehicles.

PRESSURE PAD / SWITCH

This is a soft flexible switch available in many sizes. It consists of two flexible conductive foil sheets separated by a thin felt, paper or foam layer. If pressure is applied the conductive surfaces touch and the switch is ‘on’

Switches and its working in gif-2

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:18:00 +0000

Some common switches are shown on this information sheet. Basically switches bring contacts together in different ways but they do the same switching job.

Typical Switch Symbols

TOGGLE SWITCH

These are available in miniature and standard sizes. The advantage of the toggle switch is that they can be extended and operated by a lever.

SLIDE SWITCH

Can be stiff to operate and does not operate smoothly. Available in a range of sizes.

REED / MAGNETIC SWITCH

This is a thin glass tube that contains two thin strips of metal (the reeds). When a magnet is brought close to the glass tube, the reeds move together and make contact and the switch is turned on. The reeds open again when the magnet is removed. Reed switches are common in alarm systems, for example, in door frames. When the door is closed the magnet keeps the switch on. When the door is opened the alarm system senses the broken contact and goes off.

The top animation shows the reed switch with its glass 'surrounding' tube. The animation below shows the reed switch with the glass removed so that the two metal strips can be seen.

Switches and its working with its image

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:15:00 +0000

SWITCHES - 1

Some common switches are shown on this information sheet. Basically switches bring contacts together in different ways but they do the same switching job.

Typical Switch Symbols


KEY SWITCH
	This switch is available in different forms. They provide limited security as a key is required to ‘switch’ them on and off.



PUSH SWITCH
	These can be ‘push to make’ (push the switch to allow the circuit to work) or ‘push to break’ (push the switch to turn off the circuit).
ROCKER SWITCH
	This switch is common on many electrical devices. For example they are found on computer units for turning them on and off.

Know How Battery and led working

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 13:09:00 +0000

Many pupils are scared of electronics as they look at the books in the library. These are often very complex as very few have been written for beginners. This can put off people from learning about electronics and circuits. Everywhere we look there are examples of electronics, ranging from a simple radio to a hi-tech digital television. However complex looking an electronic device may be, they are all based on simple components gathered together in circuits.

Batteries come in all shapes and sizes. They store electrical charge and as we all know when they are put into an electronic device such as a portable radio, they provide the power. The usual battery sizes are seen opposite. These are the type used in school projects and range from 1.5 volts to 9 volts.
School projects are powered by batteries because they are safe, easily bought and safe.

QUESTION

This shows one of the most simple circuits. When the switch is pressed, the LED (further information below) lights. Resistors are used in circuits because LEDs can be destroyed by voltages over 3 volts. Why do you think the circuit opposite does not have a resistor to protect the LED ?

ANSWER

Each battery is 1.5 volts. The two batteries are connected in ‘series’, they are both linked positive to negative and this gives us a total of 3 volts. Therefore, the LED is safe from damage.

THE LED

Light Emitting Diodes (LED) are very rugged, they last a very long time and they are an optical source. (A LIGHT SOURCE)
LEDs produce red, green, yellow, or orange light. They are used in a range of products. Can you name any ?
Infrared LEDs are also available although light from this type cannot be seen by the human eye. These are used in security devices.
LEDs are part of the diode family, consequently they must be connected the right way round or current will not pass through. They are usually protected by a resistor. (See DIODE information sheet).

A SELECTION OF THE MOST POPULAR COLOURS

ENLARGED LED - NOTICE THE LONG AND SHORT LEG

Also Know How Swiches Works

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Electronics Components and Symbols-3

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 12:56:00 +0000

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND SYMBOLS - 3

There are a large number of symbols which represent an equally large range of electronic components. It is important that you can recognise the more common components and understand what they actually do. A number of these components are drawn below and it is interesting to note that often there is more than one symbol representing the same type of component. (Check all your information sheets in the electronics section for more symbols).

Electronics Components and its symbols-2

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 12:54:00 +0000

There are a large number of symbols which represent an equally large range of electronic components. It is important that you can recognise the more common components and understand what they actually do. A number of these components are drawn below and it is interesting to note that often there is more than one symbol representing the same type of component. (Check all your information sheets in the electronics section for more symbols).

Electronics Components and its woking in gif

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 16 Mar 2010 12:49:00 +0000

Google launched Translated Search to its Users

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 14 Mar 2010 10:25:00 +0000

Google Adds Translated Search To Its Search Engine.Search results are different depending on the search engine the user utilizes. The language plays another important role. A search for Berlin Sightseeing and Berlin Sehenswürdigkeiten will yield two (very different) sets of results. This is especially relevant if the search targets a region or country where the people are speaking a different language than the one that the searcher speaks.Searchengineusers who search in their own language are then left with information that are either provided by people who also speak their language which does not necessarily need to be the best information available.One was able to overcome this before by translating the search text into the language first and perform the search for the translated text afterwards. This usually leads to additional translating as the search result pages are also in that language then.Withthe announcement ofGoogleTranslated Search comes a much needed improvement in this area. Google will be rolling out the translated search feature in the coming days which will then be accessible in thesearchoptionson the results pages.Even better is the fact that Google will not onlytranslatethe search phrase but also the search results making it acompletesolutionto search for results in a foreign language. Except to see the translated search option appear in the left sidebar in the coming days.

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