These settings include:
- the primary group and the secondary groups the user belong to,
- or the access permissions of the user’s home directory.

These default settings can be changed or adjusted to meet your needs and requirements:

- Please open the YaST User and Group Administration dialog and
- select the Defaults for New Users tab.
- If you want to change the primary group the new users should automatically belong to, select another group from Default Group.
- In order to modify the secondary groups for new users, add or change groups in Secondary Groups. Please note that the group names must be separated by commas.
- If you do not want to use /home/username as default path for new users’ home directories, modify the Path Prefix for Home Directory.
- If you want to change the default permission modes for newly created home directories, please adjust the umask value in Umask for Home Directory.
- Apply your changes with Finish.

In this way you can adjust or change the default settings for the users.

Inodes are data structures on a file system that store basic information about a regular file, directory, or other file system object. They store all attributes of a file system object (like user and group ownership, read, write, or execute permissions), except file name and contents.

It is important to note that openSUSE allows usage of soft and hard quotas.
Soft quotas
Soft quotas usually define a warning level at which users are informed they are nearing their limit.
Hard quotas
Hard quotas define the limit at which write requests are denied. Additionally, grace intervals can be defined that allow users or groups to temporarily violate their quotas by certain amounts.

Enabling Quota Support for a Partition
If you want to configure quotas for certain users and groups, then you have to enable quota support for the respective partition in the YaST Expert Partitioner first.
The quota support can be enabled by going through following steps:

- In YaST, select System > Partitioner and
- click Yes to proceed.
- In the Expert Partitioner, select the partition for which to enable quotas and
- click Edit.
- click Fstab Options and
- activate Enable Quota Support. If the quota package is not already installed, it will be installed if you confirm the respective message with Yes.
- Confirm your changes and leave the Expert Partitioner.

Setting Up Quotas for Users or Groups
It is an easy process to set up the quotas for Users or Groups. This can be achieved by going through following steps:

- In the YaST User and Group Administration,
- select the user or the group you want to set the quotas for and
- click Edit.
- on the Plug-Ins tab, select the quota entry and click Launch to open the Quota Configuration dialog.
- from File System,
- select the partition to which the quota should apply.

It is important to note that the size limits, restrict the amount of disk space. You can eter the number of 1 KB blocks the user or group may have on this partition. You have to specify a Soft Limit and a Hard Limit value.

Additionally, you can restrict the number of inodes the user or group may have on the partition. Below Inodes Limits, enter a Soft Limit and Hard Limit.

You can only define grace intervals if the user or group has already exceeded the soft limit specified for size or inodes. Otherwise, the time-related input fields are not activated. You can specify the time period for which the user or group is allowed to exceed the limits set above.

- confirm your settings with OK.
- click Expert Options > Write Changes Now to save all changes without exiting the User and Group Administration dialog.
- or click Finish to close the administration dialog and to save the changes.
- openSUSE also ships command line tools like repquota or warnquota with which system administrators can control the disk usage or send e-mail notifications to users exceeding their quota.

With quota_nld, administrators can also forward kernel messages about exceeded quotas to D-BUS. I hope that the tutorial guide has proved helpful for you.

These are encrypted with LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup), which results in an image and an image key generated for the user. The image key is protected with the user’s login password. When the user logs in to the system, the encrypted home directory is mounted and the contents are made available to the user.

It is good to note that with YaST, you can create encrypted home directories for new or existing users. To encrypt or modify encrypted home directories of already existing users, you need to know the user’s current login password. By default, all existing user data is copied to the new encrypted home directory, but it is not deleted from the unencrypted directory.

Creating Encrypted Home Directories
Now, let’s see the process of creating encrypted home directories .

- Open the YaST User and Group Management dialog and
- click the Users tab.
- If you want to encrypt the home directory of an existing user,
- select the user and
- click Edit.

If you don’t want to encrypt the home directory of an existing user then:

- click Add to create a new user account and
- enter the appropriate user data on the first tab.
- In the Details tab, activate Use Encrypted Home Directory. As the Directory size is in MB, specify the size of the encrypted image file to be created for this user.
- Apply your settings with OK.
- Enter the user’s current login password to proceed if YaST prompts for it.
- Click Expert Options > Write Changes Now to save all changes without exiting the administration dialog. Or you can click Finish to close the administration dialog and to save the changes.

Modifying or Disabling Encrypted Home Directories
If you want to disable the encryption of a home directory or change the size of the image file at any time, then this is possible. Please follow the steps as below:

- Open the YaST User and Group Administration dialog in the Users view.
- Select a user from the list and
- click Edit.

In order to disable the encryption,

- switch to the Details tab and
- disable Use Encrypted Home Directory.

In order to enlarge or reduce the size of the encrypted image file for this users,
- change the Directory Size in MB.
- apply your settings with OK.
- enter the user’s current login password to proceed if YaST prompts for it.
- Click Expert Options > Write Changes Now to save all changes without exiting the User and Group Administration dialog.
- Or click Finish to close the administration dialog and to save the changes.

Using Fingerprint Authentication
If the system includes a fingerprint reader, then you can use biometric authentication in addition to standard authentication via login and password. After registering their fingerprint, users can log in to the system either by swiping a finger on the fingerprint reader or by typing in a password.

It is good to know that fingerprints can be registered with YaST

- Automatic Login and Passwordless Login
If you use KDE or GNOME desktop environment you have an opportunity to configure Auto Login for a certain user as well as Passwordless Login for all users. Auto login causes a user to become automatically logged in to the desktop environment on boot. This functionality can only be activated for one user at a time. Login without password allows all users to log in to the system after they have entered their username in the login manager.

If you want to activate auto login or login without password, access these functions in the YaST User and Group Administration with Expert Options > Login Settings.
- Enforcing Password Policies
On any system with multiple users, it is a good idea to enforce at least basic password security policies. Users should change their passwords regularly and use strong passwords that cannot easily be exploited. For local users, proceed as follows:

- Configuring Password Settings
If you want to configure the password settings then
- Open the YaST User and Group Administration dialog and
- select the Users tab.
- Now select the user for which to change the password options and
- click Edit.
- Switch to the Password Settings tab.

It is important to note that if you want to make the user change his password at next login, activate Force Password Change.

- How to enforce a password rotation.
In order to enforce password rotation, set a Maximum Number of Days for the Same Password and a Minimum Number of Days for the Same Password.

- How to remind a user
If you want to remind the user to change his password before it expires, set a number of Days before Password Expiration to Issue Warning.

- How to restrict a period of time
In order to restrict the period of time the user can log in after his password has expired, change the value in Days after Password Expires with Usable Login.
You can also specify a certain expiration date for a password. Enter the Expiration Date in YYYY-MM-DD format.

If you are happy with the changes that you are applying then just Apply your changes with OK.

Prerequisites for creating a xPUD Live USB (Persistent)
It is important to note the prerequisites for creating a xPUD live USB. These are below:

- Windows PC to perform conversion
- xPUD ISO
- 128MB or larger USB flash drive (Fat32 formatted)
- XPUSB.exe (contains the files to do the conversion)

Create a Live USB XPUD Flash Drive
Now, letr’s go through the process of creating a live USB XPUD flash drive.
Download and launch USBXP.exe, extracting to your computer. An USBXP folder is automatically created.
- Download and move the xPUD ISO to the USBXP folder on your PC
- Now from the USBXP folder, click USBXP.bat and follow the onscreen instructions
- When the script has finished, restart your PC and set your BIOS or Boot Menu to boot from the USB device, you can now save your changes and reboot
- After the XPUD setup, you can:
*Click Settings > Backup from the xPUD Desktop.
*Make sure Backup to: location is your USB device.
*Click Backup.

If you have followed the guide, you will have now personal Live USB xPUD.

Every user is assigned a user ID (UID) which identifies him in the system. Apart from the users which can log in to your machine, there are also a number of system users for internal use only. Each user is assigned to one or more groups. Similar to system users, there are also system groups for internal use.

User and Group Administration Dialog
If you want to administrate users or groups, then please
- start YaST and
- click Security and Users
- User and Group Management.

Alternatively, start the User and Group Administration dialog directly by running yast2 users & from a command line.

Depending on the set of users you choose to view and modify with the dialog (local users, network users, system users), the main window shows several tabs. The tabs allow a user to execute the different tasks such as managing user accounts, changing default settings, assigning users to groups, etc.

Managing User Accounts
From the Users tab, you can create, modify, delete or temporarily disable user accounts

Changing Default Settings
Local users accounts are created according to the settings defined on the Defaults for New Users tab.

Assigning Users to Groups
Users can be assigned to the groups. Learn how to change the group assignment for individual users in Section 5.5, Assigning Users to Groups.
Managing Groups
From the Groups tab, you can add, modify or delete existing groups.
Changing the User Authentication Method
When your machine is connected to a network providing user authentication methods like NIS or LDAP, you can choose between several authentication methods on the Authentication Settings tab.

Filter option
It allow you to define the set of users or groups you want to modify: On the Users or Group tab, click Set Filter to view and edit users or groups according to certain categories, such as Local Users or LDAP Users, for instance (if you are part of a network which uses LDAP). With Set Filter > Customize Filter you can also set up and use a custom filter.
Depending on the filter you choose, not all of the following options and functions may be available from the dialog.

Managing User Accounts
YaST offers to create, modify, delete or temporarily disable user accounts. Do not modify user accounts unless you are an experienced user or administrator and know about the implications.

File ownership uses user ID, not to the user name. After a user ID change, the files in the user’s home directory are automatically adjusted to reflect this change. However, after an ID change, the user does no longer own the files he created elsewhere in the file system unless you manually change the file ownership for those files.

Adding or Modifying User Accounts
Please open the YaST User and Group Administration dialog and click the Users tab. With Set Filter define the set of users you want to manage. The dialog shows a list of users in the system and the groups the users belong to. If you want to modify options for an existing user, then please select an entry and click Edit.
To create a new user account, click Add.
Enter the appropriate user data on the first tab, such as Username (which is used for login) and Password. This data is sufficient to create a new user. By clicking on OK, the system will automatically assign a user ID and set all other values according to the default.

Activate Receive System Mail if you want any kind of system mails to be delivered to this user’s mailbox. This creates a mail alias for root and the user can read the system mail without having to log in as root first.
If you want to adjust further details such as the user ID or the path to the user’s home directory, do so on the Details tab.
If you need to relocate the home directory of an existing user, enter the path to the new home directory there and move the contents of the current home directory with Move to New Location. Otherwise, a new home directory is created without any of the existing data.
To force users to regularly change their password or set other password options, switch to Password Settings and adjust the options.
If all options are set according to your wishes, click OK.
Click Expert Options > Write Changes Now to save all changes without exiting the User and Group Administration dialog. Or click Finish to close the administration dialog and to save the changes. A newly added user can now log in to the system using the login name and password you created.

Disabling or Deleting User Accounts
If you are planning to disable or delete a user account the simply
- open the YaST User and Group Administration dialog and
- click the Users tab.

If you want to temporarily disable a user account without deleting it, then please
- select the user from the list and
- click Edit.
- Activate Disable User Login.

The user cannot log in to your machine until you enable the account again.
If you are planning to delete a user account, then please
- select the user from the list and
- click Delete.

Choose if you also want to delete the user’s home directory or if you want to retain the data.

In this way you can easily disable or delete User Accounts.

I hope that this guide proved helpful for you.

It is a good idea to have a checklist in hand so that all data is ready in hand when you start to configure the Internet access.

The checklist is as provided below:

Direct Internet Connection
When your computer is directly connected to the Internet, the most imortant thing that you need to do its to configure the hardware that is used for this task. This can either be an internal device or an external device. In most cases it is detected automatically.

What you need to do is to enter data provided by your ISP, such as login credentials, gateway, or name server, for example. You should have received a data sheet from your ISP where all the necessary data is listed.
If you have successfully configured your hardware and ISP data, use the NetworkManager for managing the internet connection.
DSL
There are different types of DSL devices available that use different point-to-point protocol (PPP) methods:
- a regular ethernet card connected to the external DSL modem uses PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE).
an internal DSL modem uses PPP over ATM (PPPoATM)
- an internal ADSL Fritz Card uses CAPI for ADSL

The DSL configuration module already contains the data for major ISPs in some countries. If your ISP is not listed, you will need to know how name resolving (DNS) and IP allocation is handled (in most cases this data is received automatically when connecting). Regardless whether you choose an ISP from the list or add a custom provider, you need to enter at least your login and password.

ISDN
If your internal ISDN card is not detected automatically then you will need to know the vendor and the name of the device.

In order to configure the ISDN device you will need the following data:
- ISDN Protocol (depends on your country)
- Area code and phone number.
- Interface type (SyncPPP or RawIP). If unsure, select SyncPPP, because RawIP is only used in connection with certain telephone systems.

In case you got a static IP-address from your provider: local and remote IP-addresses for the dial-in server and the gateway.
The ISDN configuration module already contains the data for major ISPs in some countries. If your ISP is not listed, you will need to know how name resolving (DNS) and IP allocation is handled (in most cases this data is received automatically when connecting). Regardless whether you chose an ISP from the list or added a custom provider, you need to enter at least your login and password.

Modem
If your modem is not detected automatically, then you need to know whether it is connected to a serial port or to an USB port. It is important to note that not all USB modems and internal modems are supported by openSUSE.

The modem configuration module already contains the data for major ISPs in some countries. If your ISP is not listed, you will need to know its dial-in number and how name resolving (DNS) and IP allocation is handled (in most cases this data is received automatically when connecting). Regardless whether you chose an ISP from the list or added a custom provider, you need to enter at least your login and password.

Cable Modem
Accessing the Internet through the TV cable requires a cable modem. Such a modem is connected to the computer via ethernet cable. Therefore it is only necessary to configure your network card accordingly.

Internet Connection Via Network
If your machine is part of a network which is already connected to the Internet, it is very easy to gain Internet access. What you need to do is just configure your network card and connect your machine to the existing network and you are done. This not only applies to large company networks, but to small home networks as well. Even if the machine you are installing is only connected to a router (e.g. a DSL router) it is already part of a network.

Network
If your network provides DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) check the appropriate check box when setting up the network card and you are done, all parameters needed will be provided by the DHCP server.
In case DHCP is not available, please contact the network administrator for the following details:
Hostname
Name server
Gateway

- Click Software > Software Management to start the YaST package manager.
- In the search field enter the name of the software you want to install
- Press Enter.
- The package is listed in the right frame.
- Select it for installation.
- Click Accept.

It is important to note that you can carry out a search for more packages and then select them for installation at the same time.
When all selected packages are installed, YaST will ask you whether you want to install or remove additional packages. Press No to close YaST.

With GNOME running, please follow the steps as below:
- Click Software
- Choose Software Management to start the YaST package manager.
- In the package search field, please enter the name of the software you want to install
- After finding the software now select it in the main pane
- click Install.

It is important to note that you can carry out a search for more packages and then select them for installation at the same time.

Installing software patterns.
are sets consisting of tools for a specific task. In order to install a pattern, please follow the steps as below:

- From the filter list in the upper left corner, select Patterns.
- You will be able to view various pattern sets as listed
- Click Accept

You can select various patterns If you click on the name of a pattern, you will see the packages it contains, in the right frame. If you activate it, the status markers at the beginning of the line will change: all packages get marked either with the status Keep or Install. If you are interested in knowing the meaning of all the symbols and of font colour changes, which is explained in Help > Symbols.
.
With GNOME running, proceed as follows to install a pattern:
- From the grouping menu in the upper left corner,
- select Patterns. You will be able to view various patterns as provided in the list
- Click Install All to activate it and list the packages for installation.
- Click Apply to install the listed packages.

You can select various patterns if you want to.

It is good to know that YaST can be used to configure a local printer that is directly connected to your machine (normally with USB or parallel port) and to set up printing with network printers. It is also possible to share printers over the network and to add 3rd party drivers (PostScript Printer Description (PPD) files).

In YaST, click Hardware > Printer to start the printer module. By default it opens in the Printer Configurations view, displaying a list of all printers available and configured. This is especially useful when having access to a lot of printers via the network. From here you can also Print a Test Page on the selected printer and configure local printers.

Configuring Local Printers
If an unconfigured local printer is detected, YaST starts automatically to configure it. YaST can configure the printer automatically if the parallel or USB port can be set up automatically and the connected printer can be detected. The printer model must also be listed in the database used during the automatic hardware detection.
If the printer model is unknown or cannot be automatically detected, configure it manually. Please not the possible reasons why a printer is not automatically detected:
• The printer does not identify itself correctly. This may apply to very old devices. Try to configure your printer.
• If the manual configuration does not work, communication between printer and computer is not possible. Please check the cable and the plugs to make sure that the printer is properly connected. If this is the case, the problem may not be printer-related, but rather a USB or parallel port–related problem.

Configuring Manually
To manually configure the printer, select Add in the Printer Configurations view. YaST will load a list of printer drivers—this may take some time. Use the Connection Wizard to specify how the printer is connected to the machine. Then choose a suitable driver and specify a unique name for the printer queue in the Set Name field.

A printer is never used directly, but always through a printer queue. . Each printer queue is assigned to a specific driver, and a printer can have multiple queues. This makes it possible to set up a second queue on a color printer, that prints black only, for example.
For many printer models, several drivers are available. When configuring the printer, YaST defaults to the one marked recommended . If you want a color printer to print only in black and white, it is most convenient to use a driver that does not support color printing
If no driver for your printer is listed, you can try to select a generic driver with an appropriate standard language from the list. Here you can refer to your printer’s documentation to find out which language (the set of commands controlling the printer) your printer understands.

The printer is now configured with the default settings and ready to use. Click Finish Add to return to the Printer Configurations view. The newly configured printer is now visible in the printers list.

Adding Drivers with YaST
If your printer does not appear in the Assign Drivers dialog when adding a new printer, the PPD (PostScript Printer Description) file for your model is not available. To manually add a PPD file from the local file system or an FTP or HTTP server, choose Add Driver.
Get PPD files directly from your printer vendor or from the driver CD of the printer

Fine-tuning a Local Printer Configuration
In order to adjust the default settings for paper size, resolution, media source and others, choose a printer from the list in the Printer Configurations view and click Configure. In the window for modifying the respective printer queue, you can make detailed adjustments by opening All options for the Current Driver. If you have access to more than one printer queue, you can specify whether this should be the Default Printer. You may also alter the generic printer Description and the Location description here.

For many printer models, several drivers are available. When configuring the printer, YaST defaults to the one marked recommended as a general rule. See the Driver section in the dialog for all drivers available. The currently chosen is marked as Current Driver.

Normally it is not necessary to change the driver—the one chosen by YaST should produce the best results. However, if you want a color printer to print only in black and white, it is most convenient to use a driver that does not support color printing, for example. If you experience performance problems with a PostScript printer when printing graphics, it may help to switch from a PostScript driver to a PCL driver (provided your printer understands PCL).

Configuring Printing via the Network with YaST
Network printers are not detected automatically. They must be configured manually using the YaST printer module. Depending on your network setup, you can print to a print server (CUPS, LPD, SMB, or IPX) or directly to a network printer (preferably via TCP). Access the configuration view for network printing by choosing Printing via Network from the left pane in the YaST printer module.
- Using CUPS
In a Linux environment CUPS is usually used to print via the network. The simplest setup is to only print via a single CUPS server which can directly be accessed by all clients.

- Using Print Servers other than CUPS
If your network offers print services via print servers other than CUPS, start the Connection Wizard and choose the appropriate Connection type. Ask your network administrator for details on configuring a network printer in your environment.

Sharing Printers Over the Network
Printers managed by a local CUPS daemon can be shared over the network and so turn your machine into a CUPS server. Usually you share a printer by enabling CUPS’ so called browsing mode. If browsing is enabled, the local printer queues are made available on the network for listening remote CUPS daemons. It is also possible to set up a dedicated CUPS server, that manages all printing queues and can directly be accessed by remote clients. In this case it is not necessary to enable browsing.

To share your printer, open the Share Printers view in the YaST printer module. Select Allow Remote Access and configure your CUPS daemon to be accessible For Computers Within the Local Network. To enable the browsing mode, also check Publish Printers by Default Within the Local Network. Then specify the network interface(s) that should be used by the CUPS server. If you enable more than one interface, you can also enable or disable the browsing mode on a per interface base. Apply the settings with OK and allow to restart the CUPS server.

- Click Add to open a dialog in which to select a sound card vendor and model.
- Refer to your sound card documentation for the information required.
- have your choice and click Next.
- In the Sound Card Configuration dialog, please choose the configuration level in the first setup screen: Quick automatic setup

You do not need to go through any of the further configuration steps and no sound test is performed. The sound card is configured automatically.

- Normal setup
Adjust the output volume and play a test sound.
Advanced setup with possibility to change options
- Customise all settings manually.
Enable Configure joystick, if you need to configure a joystick. Click Next to continue.

In Sound Card Volume, test your sound configuration and make adjustments to the volume. You should start at about ten percent to avoid damage to your hearing or the speakers. A test sound should be audible when you click Test.

If you cannot hear anything, increase the volume. Press Next > Finish to complete the sound configuration. If you want to change the configuration of a sound card, go to the Sound Configuration dialog, select a displayed Card Model and click Edit. Use Delete to remove a sound card altogether. Click Other to customize one of the following options manually:
- Volume
Use this dialog is for setting the volume.
- Start Sequencer
For playback of MIDI files, check this option.
- Set as Primary Card
Click Set as Primary Card if you want to adjust the sequence of your sound cards. The sound device with index 0 is the default device and thus used by the system and the applications.
The volume and configuration of all sound cards installed are saved when you click Finish. The mixer settings are saved.