在世贸天阶B1的新华书店，属于王府井书店的分店。中午吃饭后进去溜达，竟然发现还有这书，遂买之。

书，纸张很厚实，封面很质朴，没有广告，文字很多，符合理想中书的形态，想起了以前读书的时光。工作后，收敛一切应对生活压力，对于读书，有的只是怀恋，是不是在国内的都这样呢？唉！

锤子，锤子，Rock-Hammer, Rock-Hammer … …

这一章描述了gnu命令行编辑接口的一些基本的知识。命令行编辑是由Readline库提供的，某些程序会使用这个库，包括Bash。当使用一个交互式的shell的时候，命令行编辑功能默认是开启的，除非在启动shell时使用–noediting选项。当使用-e选项来读取内置的命令时，行编辑也会被使用 (参见 Bash Builtins)。默认的设置是，这些行编辑命令与emacs相似。当然也有vi风格的行编辑接口。行编辑在任何时候均可以启用，只需要使用-o emacs 或 -o vi选项来设置内置命令 (参见 Bash Builtins)，或者通过+o emacs或+o vi选项来禁用此功能。

• 介绍与表示符:本文用到的一些表示符号
• Readline交互: 编辑行命令的最小集
• Readline初始化文件: 从用户的角度来定制Readline
• Bindable Readline Commands: A description of most of the Readline commands available for binding
• Readline vi Mode: A short description of how to make Readline behave like the vi editor.
• Programmable Completion: How to specify the possible completions for a specific command.
• Programmable Completion Builtins: Builtin commands to specify how to complete arguments for a particular command.

8.1 介绍

The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent keystrokes.

The text C-k is read as `Control-K’ and describes the character produced when the <k> key is pressed while the Control key is depressed.

The text M-k is read as `Meta-K’ and describes the character produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <k> key is pressed. The Meta key is labeled <ALT> on many keyboards. On keyboards with two keys labeled <ALT> (usually to either side of the space bar), the <ALT> on the left side is generally set to work as a Meta key. The <ALT> key on the right may also be configured to work as a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters.

If you do not have a Meta or <ALT> key, or another key working as a Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <ESC> first, and then typing <k>. Either process is known as metafying the <k> key.

The text M-C-k is read as `Meta-Control-k’ and describes the character produced by metafying C-k.

In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, <DEL>, <ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file (see Readline Init File). If your keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the desired character. The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on some keyboards.

8.2 Readline Interaction

Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with the line, you simply press <RET>. You do not have to be at the end of the line to press <RET>; the entire line is accepted regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.

• Readline Bare Essentials: The least you need to know about Readline.
• Readline Movement Commands: Moving about the input line.
• Readline Killing Commands: How to delete text, and how to get it back!
• Readline Arguments: Giving numeric arguments to commands.
• Searching: Searching through previous lines.

8.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials

In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character.

Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can type C-b to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with C-f.

When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters to the right of the cursor are `pushed over’ to make room for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled back’ to fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.

C-b

Move back one character.

C-f

Move forward one character.

<DEL> or <Backspace>

Delete the character to the left of the cursor.

C-d

Delete the character underneath the cursor.

Printing characters

Insert the character into the line at the cursor.

C-_ or C-x C-u

Undo the last editing command. You can undo all the way back to an empty line.

(Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key be set to delete the character to the left of the cursor and the <DEL> key set to delete the character underneath the cursor, like C-d, rather than the character to the left of the cursor.)

8.2.2 Readline Movement Commands

The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other commands have been added in addition to C-b, C-f, C-d, and <DEL>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.

C-a

Move to the start of the line.

C-e

Move to the end of the line.

M-f

Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and digits.

M-b

Move backward a word.

C-l

Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.

Notice how C-f moves forward a character, while M-f moves forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.

8.2.3 Readline Killing Commands

Killing text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it away for later use, usually by yanking (re-inserting) it back into the line. (`Cut’ and `paste’ are more recent jargon for `kill’ and `yank’.)

If the description for a command says that it `kills’ text, then you can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) place later.

When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a kill-ring. Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so that when you yank it back, you get it all. The kill ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line. Here is the list of commands for killing text.

C-k

Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.

M-d

Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by M-f.

M-<DEL>

Kill from the cursor the start of the current word, or, if between words, to the start of the previous word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by M-b.

C-w

Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than M-<DEL> because the word boundaries differ.

Here is how to yank the text back into the line. Yanking means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.

C-y

Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor.

M-y

Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if the prior command is C-y or M-y.

8.2.4 Readline Arguments

You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the start of the line, you might type ‘M– C-k’.

The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta digits before the command. If the first `digit’ typed is a minus sign (‘-’), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give the C-d command an argument of 10, you could type ‘M-1 0 C-d’, which will delete the next ten characters on the input line.

8.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History

Readline provides commands for searching through the command history (see Bash History Facilities) for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: incremental and non-incremental.

Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the search string. As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far. An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to find the desired history entry. To search backward in the history for a particular string, type C-r. Typing C-s searches forward through the history. The characters present in the value of the isearch-terminators variable are used to terminate an incremental search. If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <ESC> and C-J characters will terminate an incremental search. C-g will abort an incremental search and restore the original line. When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the current line.

To find other matching entries in the history list, type C-r or C-s as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search and execute that command. For instance, a <RET> will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found the current line, and begin editing.

Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two C-rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, any remembered search string is used.

Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.

注：

本文翻译自《Bash Reference Manual》的第八章《Command Line Editing》
http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html

以前还是学生的时候，很渴望到Linux大的发行版公司，如Redhat, Novell, Ubuntu等工作。毕业来京之后，时常参加BLUG，还有Gnome.Asia Summit，认识了Alex Lau (BLUG主席，那时他还不认识我)，曾想，要是能到Alex手下搞Linux多爽啊，感觉梦想很近，也很遥远。

毕业三年，今天，来到Novell，加入Alex的小组，但此刻的心情却很奇怪。

柴大姐说，想好了再做决定。Joanna说，今天的决定决定着明天的人生。

感谢彬，感谢泛舟，感谢柴大姐，感谢Joanna，感谢Alex，还有这几年陪伴的Fedora老朋友Yuan Yijun, Kaio, gcell, 嘉佑…

Novell对面，是中央电视台的大裤衩和火灾楼，讽刺啊…

上次7点多去挂号，那个队伍啊，赶上毛主席纪念堂了，遂果断离开。这次电话预约到了焦晨副主任医师，余家阔教授实在是挂不上。13号，到了快11点才看上，拍片瞬间完成(膝盖拍片的毕竟人少)，吃完午饭拿了片子，12点多回去一看，焦晨大夫还在坐诊，且还有好几个加号的还在等待，晕。

从片子上看，没有硬性损伤，最后诊断为髌骨关节病，软骨损伤，处方是硫酸氨基葡萄糖胶囊(维固力)(0.25 x 20粒/盒)，还给了《膝关节损伤后的静蹲联系方法》，告知目前不要爬山和楼梯等，但是还可以跑步，欣慰啊，能跑步我就满足了！

附髌骨关节炎解释：

髌骨俗称为“膝盖骨”或“哨兵盖”，与股骨间形成髌股关节，在膝关节屈伸活动中，髌骨应按股骨髁前面的关节面的轨迹 上下滑动，若由于膝关节反复屈伸、扭转，使关节面不断相互撞击、摩擦，时间长了就引起了磨损性损伤，引起所谓的髌股关节病变。轻者常诊断为髌骨软化症、重 者为髌股关节炎。秋冬季是该病的高发季节，好发于田径、登山运动员以及舞蹈演员、工厂的翻砂工、煤矿工人等需要膝关节过度负荷和反复屈伸职业的人群，其原 因可由于慢性的关节面的机械性损伤、过度使用、由于肥胖体重的增加关节负荷和女性停经前后雌激素水平降低等因素有关。初期患者常自觉膝痛或膝盖疲软无力， 以上下楼梯最为明显，尤以下楼最困难，休息后症状消失，活动则加重。由于病变所至的髌骨软骨面的高低不平，出现病症时，在膝关节屈伸活动时髌骨下会发出摩 擦的响声。此时如不及时治疗，病变可由单纯的髌骨软化和髌股关节扩散到整个膝关节，出现膝部肌肉萎缩、大腿变细、膝关节积液肿胀等。

患者两腿分开，两脚之间的距离比肩膀稍宽，身体保持直立位，不能向前倾，此时双膝开始弯曲下蹲。双膝弯曲角度根据患者身体情况和肌肉力量不同而不同。如果 患者身体情况好，大腿肌力好，下蹲角度可以达到屈膝90度，如果患者身体虚弱，大腿肌肉弱，双膝轻度屈膝即可，这时半蹲位置较高，患者较省力，可以以后随 着锻炼的进行，大腿肌力的增加，再增加屈膝角度。每一个患者再下蹲时都会有一个疼痛的角度，有些蹲到30度疼，有些蹲到60度或40度疼，练习静蹲时最好 避开疼痛角度，如果蹲到30度疼，可以继续向下蹲到60度避开30度的疼痛角度，反之亦然。一次下蹲持续时间每个人差别很大，都是蹲到不能坚持为止。两次 下蹲之间休息一分钟，不要休息时间太长。接着练习第二个静蹲，这样周而复始，连续30分钟位当天的一次静蹲练习。根据自己的身体状况决定练习的次数。每天 练习1－3次。

近来相关部分的一些措施 使这些情况好转很多，特别是电话预约。将自己的就诊卡办理一个电话预约业务，然后预存挂号费，医院会给一个手册，然后就可以电话预约挂好了。手册上有所有 的专家出诊表，以及专家特长等。需要说明一点的就是电话预约有个数限制，专家号半天坐诊的个数是20，电话预约则是5个，普通号多一些。电话预约，也一定要尽早，不然可能没有号了，还会发生打不进去电话的情况(目前设置的是一次能同时接受8个电话)。

眼耳鼻喉的挂号则比其他稍微好挂号一些，都在眼科大楼挂号，而不是门诊大楼，人少很多(虽然也转弯快排到大院了)，早上7点开始挂号时，人不是很多，等到7点半左右，基本上没多少人了，当然，专家号也基本上没有了。我曾经在8点半以后还能挂到耳鼻喉知名专家伍赞群教授的号(18号)，也曾在7点半的时候被告知过伍教授的号已经没了，看运气。一般7点左右到是可以挂到眼耳鼻喉的专家号的。

其他科室的则比较难挂号，都挤在门诊大楼，人太多了。我挂过一次消化科，看病时都到中午了。实在是不能忍受了，就办理了电话预约，主要是为了膝盖挂运动医学科的，运动医学科，给姚明看过病，很多运动员都在这里看病，做手术的，你说会不会很难挂号，特别是专家号？所以只好使用电话预约了，省去早起+排队+可能会挂不到号的情况。运动医学的知名专家，在电话预约的时间刚到时，那是瞬间就没了的，其他的，如非知名专家，副主任医师等，情况会好一些，不过也比较严峻。