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Concrete paver are recommended to be placed over sand cushion. Sand placed on existing soil may result in intermixing of dissimilar soils, that can lead to settlement of paver.

Laying Typar between existing soil and sand cushion provides a separation to ensures and preserve the function of sand layer.

Typar stabilization and reinforcement function improves the load carrying capacity of the concrete pavers. With high initial modulus, Typar provides tensile strength and complement the bearing capacity of existing soil.

Issues

Concept

Projects

PAF Pakistan Airforce Museum

Freight Connection Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. Terminal

Pochatok Market, Odessa, Ukraine

Odessa National Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, Ukraine

Mall at Ukrain

Separation
In geotextile applications, separation is defined as: “The preventing from intermixing of adjacent dissimilar soils and/or fill materials by the use of a geotextile or a geotextile-related product”5 .

The main application areas of a geotextile used as a separator are in road and railway projects. The use of the geotextile preserves and improves the integrity and function of the different materials. Two mechanisms occur when an aggregate base is laid over a soft subsoil and a vertical load is applied:

Firstly, the geotextile prevents the loss of aggregate into the soft subgrade (Fig. 4). An engineering adage describes this very well:
“10 kilos of stone placed on 10 kilos of mud results in 20 kilos of mud”. The geotextile separates and confines the aggregate base course, so that a higher degree of compaction can be obtained with subsequent higher bearing capacity.
Technical Handbook

Residenctial Project

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Road Drainage Systems with Typar Geotextile: to manage surface and ground water for road network, subsurface drains are built with a permeable conduit such as corrugated plastic, geonet, tubing, tile, stone, pipe or any combination installed beneath the ground surface to collect and/or convey drainage water to an outlet.

Effective subsurface drains are essential to prevent the harmful and destructive force of uncontrolled water. Most infrastructure failures in applications such as highways, airfields, railroads, parking lots, buildings, retaining structures, mines and dams are attributed to the harmful effects of uncontrolled water.

TYPAR® subsurface drains are simple to design and inexpensive to construct. TYPAR filters water flowing to the drain and minimizes soil particles from passing, reducing the chance of system clogging and ground settlement. TYPAR are available in a wide variety of opening sizes, the appropriate grade can be selected depending on the soil particle in critical applications.

TYPAR is recommended in all subsurface drains to provide a separator to prevent intermixing of the drainage aggregate materials with the subgrade soil and therefore protect the drainage system from clogging.

Drainage Problem without Typar Geotextile

Drainage with Typar Geotextile

Installation Guideline

• The base and side walls of the trench should be as free of irregularities as possible (holes, roots, etc.). Lay Typar® parallel to the trench and anchor the edges of the fabric.
• Do not drag the fabric in the mud. This will result in the deposit of a large amount of fine particles on the surface of Typar® thus creating an impervious film.
• Off-load the drainage aggregates carefully to avoid the fabric being dragged towards the bottom of the trench.
• Do not use over-large stones to fill up the trench. Gravel of max. size 2 cm is required to ensure good fabric-to-soil contact.
• Compact the aggregate and enclose it withTypar® before backfilling to the top of the trench.
• Overlap lengths of Typar® by at least 30 cm.

Concept

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To improve pull-off strength and reinforce for use in various products including plaster, paints, epoxy and coatings, 3mm cut length polypropylene fibres are now available.

Multi-Purpose Applications

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Erosion control is defined as: “The use of a Typar product to prevent soil or other particle movements at the surface of a slope.

The erosion process is part of the geological cycle, a natural phenomenon, wherein water and wind are particularly aggressive factors causing soil erosion. A geotextile is used as part of an erosion-control system to protect the soil (marine embankment slopes, riverbanks, bed protection) from this influence. Depending on the water’s force (flow rate, wave action, tidal surges) and the characteristics of the soil, the effects can be devastating (e.g. landslides).

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Macro structural synthetic fibres are an engineered polypropylene fibre used for structural reinforcement in concrete, temperature and shrinkage control. Macro fibres are used as a replacement for steel mesh and steel fibre reinforcement for following applications.

Benefits

• Increase concrete compressive strength
• Macro fibres replace steel mesh and rebar in flooring
• Easy to finish
• Safer and lighter to handle than steel
• Upto 50% price reduction in comparison
• Flexural strength greater then steel mesh
• Reduce spalling at high temperatures
• Stabilize embankment face with macrofibre shotcreting
  

Applications

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Cement concrete tiles are durable and provide a non-slip surface. Cement concrete tiles are manufactured by in using wet casting methodology, resulting in dense wear resistant tiles. Available in rich colors including shades of grey, terracotta and beige.

English Biscuit Manufacturers

Habib University

Civil Hospital Jacobabad

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Design of concrete pavements has remained the same for decades, however with the traffic and axle loads on pavements have continued to multiply. In concrete pavement, critical stresses are developed due to the combined effect of flexural stresses due to wheel load and positive temperature differential leading to initiation of cracks.

Adding fibers to concrete improves flexural fatigue strength, toughness, impact strength and load carrying capacity. Designer engineers in Pakistan started use of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) on large projects from 2005 including Lucky Cement at Nooriabad.

Based on the success at Lucky Cement, consultants have started specifying FRC to make the pavement more durable and resistant to cracking. FRC replaces temperature distribution steel in pavement resulting in major cost saving.

Projects

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Concrete has micro cracking at the interface of aggregate and cement paste (A. M. Neville). Marine concrete is exposed to harsh environment of high winds laden with moisture, salts and fine sand that results in corrosion and surface erosion. To improve concrete durability, US Navy recommends micro reinforcement with fibrillated polypropylene fibres (UFGS-03 31 29, February 2010). Addition of fibres provide the following benefits:

• • Maintains concrete cover over primary reinforcement to protect against corrosion.
  • Reduce water penetration in concrete.
  • Provide lasting secondary reinforcement in concrete.
  • Inhibits plastic settlement cracking.
  • Control plastic shrinkage cracking up to 80%.
  • Lowers water migration in concrete and control bleeding.
  • Improve flexural properties of concrete up to 30%.
  • Resist impact/shatter forces up to 14 times more than plain concrete.
  • Increase abrasion resistance significantly.
  • Provide fatigue endurance in fibre reinforced concrete not available in plain concrete.
  • Improve fire resistances of concrete.

Issues

Projects

Recommendation of Fibrillated Fibre

Fibrillated Fibre Reinforced Concrete Recommended by US Navy
Reference Document
Marine Concrete Specifications
Design Manual Civil Engineer Division-3
Source: https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/DOD/UFGS/UFGS%2003%2030%2000.pdf

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Railway track is areas with soft soils and high ground water levels are susceptible to settlement and requires regular maintenance for track alignment and safe transportation. Typar SF below ballast provides stabilization and separation to reduce impact of dynamic loading.

• Typar SF avoids ballast contamination by pumping effect due to dynamic loading.
• It allows better compacting and aggregate saving.
• Typar SF retains soil particles without clogging.
• It ensures longer service life.

Separation
In geotextile applications, separation is defined as: “The preventing from intermixing of adjacent dissimilar soils and/or fill materials by the use of a geotextile or a geotextile-related product”5 .

The main application areas of a geotextile used as a separator are in road and railway projects. The use of the geotextile preserves and improves the integrity and function of the different materials.

Firstly, the geotextile prevents the loss of aggregate into the soft subgrade (Fig. 4). An engineering adage describes this very well:
“10 kilos of stone placed on 10 kilos of mud results in 20 kilos of mud”. The geotextile separates and confines the aggregate base course, so that a higher degree of compaction can be obtained.

Secondly, the contamination of the aggregate base by the subgrade soil is prevented and a reduction of the bearing capacity avoided. The migration of fine soil particles into the clean aggregate occurs especially under dynamic loading and can be
described as a “pumping effect”. The fines act as a lubricant between the coarse aggregate particles and can so substantially reduce the shear strength of the aggregate.

Also, an uncontaminated aggregate will continue to effectively perform in its drainage function as well as maintain a higher resistance to frost-heave effects.

Technical Handbook

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