Medical Diagnosis and Treatment

Winter Skin Treatment Dry Skin

2012-02-11T02:04:00.000-08:00

Winter Skin Treatment Dry Skin - For many people, the cold clear days of winter bring more than just a rosy glow to the cheeks.

Read the Follows Tips To get Back your Normal Skin :

1.Increase the Use of Moisturize :

You may have found a moisturizer that works just fine in spring and summer, but as Winter goes on you should also bring a change in your Skin routine. Find an Moisturizer with "ointment" Oil base rather than using water base Moisturizers.As the oil will create a good layer posture in your Skin.

2. Protect from Sunscreen

No, sunscreen isn't just for summertime. Winter sun -- combined with snow glare -- can still damage your skin. Try applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen to your face and your hands (if they're exposed) about 30 minutes before going outside. Reapply frequently if you stay outside a long time.

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Natural Face Look For Women

2011-10-02T04:21:00.001-07:00

Natural Look For Women, Putting on makeup can be a daunting task for women who are not really adept at the art of makeup and are not familiar with the right techniques and with picking the right colors for their skin tone and eye color. Common fears include choosing the wrong colors for the skin or colors that do not match the outfit, putting on too little or too much, or botching the makeup altogether. Instead of putting on makeup, there are women who opt for just the ordinary face powder or talcum powder and a dash of lipstick (which may or may not be the right color for their lips either), and then they are done.

Makeup is supposed to enhance the features of our face rather than to cover it, and nothing is more alluring than what is known as the natural look. For those who do not know much about makeup, or know nothing at all, achieving the natural look is pretty easy. The key to doing it is matching the color of your foundation with the tones of your skin, as well as using shades that go well with the undertones of your skin.

A quick tip: when buying foundation, test the match of the product with your skin tone by applying it against your jaw line and letting it on your face for a few minutes. Go ahead and see how it looks like in daylight, rather than in artificial light to see how well it goes with your skin. The perfect foundation for you blends well with the color of your skin, so much that it is hardly noticeable.

If your skin has beige tones. If your skin has beige tones with a touch of peach or pink, the colors you should go for are shades of peach, pink and apricot for your lips and cheeks. Cover up whatever blemishes you have on your skin with a concealer before applying the foundation, and then dust the foundation off with matching loose powder. Make sure that your foundation has SPF because skin like yours burns easily under the sun. Also, try not to put on too much makeup on your face because too much will look harsh on your skin and make you look older. Finish off with a shimmering peach or pink lip gloss.

If your skin has olive tones. If your skin has olive tones, the best way to go is with foundation with warm colors like golden brown. Skin with olive tones is also generally oilier than most, so try to stay away from foundation with shimmer in it to reduce the shine. For a sun-kissed look, apply a touch of bronzer on the apples of your cheeks, the bridge of your nose and a little on your forehead. For your lips, outline it with a nude-colored lip pencil, and then apply clear gloss.

If your skin has yellow tones. If your skin has yellow tones, stay away from ivory or pink for your foundation and stick to warmer hues with a yellow base. Also, avoid using powder foundations; yellow-toned skin tends to get dry and flaky, and so powder foundations will only emphasize this unnecessarily. Finish with a light cream blush, colored pink, on the apples of your cheeks, and a light pink gloss for your lips.

To get a smoother finish on your foundation, apply moisturizer on your skin first as a base. Remember to put on only the right amount of moisturizer and dab off any excess with tissue. Too little moisturizer will make it hard for the foundation to blend, and too much will make your makeup run off your skin.

Puffiness under your eyes Solution

2011-10-02T04:20:00.002-07:00

Puffiness under your eyes

Common causes of this puffiness are lack of sleep and drinking excessive alcohol.

To reduce the puffiness, you can apply a cold compress until the area returns to it's original state.

If alcohol is the culpret, increase your intake of fluids to rehydrate the skin.

Get Rid Of Pimples Easy Steps

2011-10-02T04:20:00.000-07:00

CLEAN! Get Glowing!
Wash your face with a gentle, oil- and fragrance-free cleanser; preferably a nondetergent one labeled pH balanced.
If you have oily skin all over your face, use a cleanser that contains benzoil peroxide or salicylic acid.
Don't scrub - irritated skin (Evangeline Lilly) swells around the pores, which can cause breakouts.
Skip toner unless your face is very oily, otherwise it might dry out the skin.

TREAT!
Apply a topical acne treatment containing benzoyl peroxide, glycolic acid, or salicylic acid over your entire face, not just where blemishes have already erupted.
At night, use a drying spot-treatment product and dab oil-free moisturizer on dry areas.
In the morning, apply an oil-free sunscreen gel over the entire face.

CONCEAL!
Use a small makeup brush to dab concealer or cream foundation Evangeline Lilly (in the exact same shade as your skin) directly onto the blemish. Use a fingertip to wipe away excess concealer around the blemish and, if necessary, apply another coat of concealer.
If the makeup becomes cakey, carefully wipe it off and start over. gently brush powder (in the exact same shade as your skin) on top of the concealer.

Tricks Of The Trade:

* If you have oily skin and feel that you need toner, apply it only on the T-zone, and rinse it off afterward (leaving it on can dry the skin turn back the clock). Use a clay mask as often as every three days to absorb excess oil.

* To stop redness and swelling in an emergency situation (job interview, wedding), ask your doctor for a cortisone injection. It calms down a pimple almost instantly.

* If you can't get to your dermatologist (or needles make you squemish), temporarily reduce redness and swelling by dabbing on a drop of drugstore cortisone cream, Preparation H, or Vasocon-A eyedrops.

Beauty White Skin Tips

2011-10-02T04:19:00.000-07:00

Beauty White Skin Tips For Fairer and Glowing Skin,

1-Try To Avoid Anger:It is the most important and really very very effective beauty tip for ever young skin,that is at any kind of critical situation you must ignore your anger and never loose your temper.This thing is not only best way to be friendly but this will give you more regarding to your best skin and make your personality very lovely and pretty.You may think this is not a beauty tip,but it is very effective and most important thing for your youth and beauty which give you more.

2-Sun Screen hp f 15: When ever and what ever the time at day time you must apply sun screen or you may use your day cream with hp f 15 that will protect your skin from UV raises that will cause skin aging and decay that make your skin dead.So please if you want to get glowing and youthful skin then apply day cream having hp f 15 for the better protection of your skin.

3-Drink Lot Of Water:For the fresher skin you need to drink at least 10 to 12 glasses of water to keep your skin regulate.

4-Healthy Diet Including Fresh Fruits And Vegetables:Fresh fruits and vegetables are good source of getting vitamins that are essential for healthy skin so you must add fruits and vegetables in your daily diet so you keep your kin more alive.

5-Massage And Moisturizer:In a week there is need to massage your skin if you are 30 plus in age and under 30 need it after 15 days with gentle hands preferably by professional expert to keep your skin glowing and healthy.

6-Exfoliation:It is the best way to keep your skin more alive and get rid of dead cells from upper layer of your skin so exfoliate your skin after 20 to 25 days regularly.

7-Take Exercise Regularly:Take you exercise regularly along with morning walk to get a healthy body,mind and skin.

8-Don’t Smoke and Avoid Alcohol:If you love yourself then stop smoking and avoid alcohol immediately.This not only spoil your health but also give you an older look and less your amniotic age.

9-Sleep Enough:You must sleep at least eight hours in twenty four hours and best time for sleeping is night,so if you are habitual of late night sleeping then change your life style for the sack of your health and money as Early to Bed Early To Rise Make A Man Healthy,Wealthy And Wise.

Supplements Can Help You:Take some vitamin supplements for the glowing skin and strong body

Anti Precaution Tips For Pimples/Acne

2011-09-25T11:51:00.000-07:00

1. Avoid using oil-based creams, ointments and make-up products.
2. Do not rub, squeeze or pick pustules.
3. Follow sin-care routine scrupulously.
4. Do not use any beauty soaps or moisturisers. Use a medicated soap.
5. Try to have regular sleeping hours. Odd sleeping hours can flare-up all these problems.
6. Supplement your diet with lots of fresh fruits, vegetables, sprouts, and fruit juice.
7. In case of severe acne, consult the doctor.

Acne Precautions to be taken:

Avoid using cosmetics, which contain Vaseline.
Choose non-alkaline soap/face wash.
Do not use any facial cream or other products containing socetyl stearate, isopropyl isostearate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl myristate & sodium chloride. They can cause acne.

Night routine for acne: Remove your make-up with a liquid make-up remover. Wash with soap and water and then apply an anti-pimple/acne cream.

Morning routine for acne: Wipe your face with an anti-acne lotion. Let this lotion dry naturally. If you do not want to use an acne lotion, use an astringent or rose water. Apply calamine lotion. This acts like a protective lotion.

Acne Cure Products

All manner of products are on the market, some of them better than others. You should avoid anything too harsh or invasive (cheap blackhead extractors, for instance). Some treatments claim to work directly on the pimple, but the best products are the ones that treat the entire face. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for their recommendations.

CHF and Left Ventricular Dysfunction

2011-07-31T13:29:00.000-07:00

An estimated one-third of preoperative cardiac deaths result from CHF. De-compensated CHF, manifested by an elevated jugular venous pressure, an audible third heart sound, or evidence of pulmonary edema on physical examination or chest radiography, significantly increases the risk of preoperative pulmonary edema (Rought 15%) and cardiac death (2-10%). Elective surgery should be postponed in patients with decompensated CHF until it can be brought under control.

Patients with compensated left ventricular dysfunction are at increased risk for preoperative pulmonary edema.One large study found that patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of < 50% had an absolute risk of 12% for postoperative CHF compared with 3% for patients with an ejection fraction > 50%. Such patients should continue taking all medications for chronic heart failure up to the day of surgery. Patients receiving digoxin and diuretics should have serum electrolyte and digoxin levels measured prior to surgery because abnormalities in these levels may increase the risk of preoperative arrhythmia. Clinicians must be caution not to give too much diuretic, since the volume-depleted patient will be much more susceptible to intraoperative hypo-tension. Preoperative echocardiography or radionuclide angiography to assess left ventricular function should be considered when there is suspicion of left ventricular dysfunction and when the cause of left ventricular dysfunction is in question. The surgeon and anesthesiologist should be made aware of the presence and severity of left ventricular dysfunction so that appropriate decisions can be made regarding perioperative fluid management and intraoperative monitoring.

Hyperthermia Treatment

2011-07-25T10:56:00.000-07:00

Hyperthermia---not mediated by cytokines---occurs when body metabolic heat production or environmental heat load exceeds normal heat loss capacity or when there is impaired heat loss; heat stroke is an example. Body temperature may risk to levels (> 41.1degree C) capable of producting irreversible protein denaturation and resultant brain damage; no diurnal variation is observed.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare and potentially lethal idiosyncratic reaction to major tranquilizers, particularly haloperidol and fluphenazine; however, it has also been reported with the atypical neuroleptics ( such as olanzapine or risperidone). Serotonin syndrome resembles neuroleptic malignant syndrome but occurs within hours of ingestion of agents that increase levels of serotonin in the central nervous system, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, meperidine, dextromethorphan, bromocriptine, tramadol, lithium, and psychostimulants (such as cocaine, methamphetamine, and MDMA). Clonus and hyperreflexia are more common in serotonin syndrome whereas "Lead pipe" regidity is more common in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Neuroleptic malignant and serotonin syndromes share common clinical and pathophysiologic features to malignant hyperthermia of anesthesia.

Treatment

Discontinuation of the offending agent is mandatory. Treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome includes dantrolene in combination with bromocriptine or levodopa. Treatment of serotonin syndrome includes administration of a central serotonin receptor antagonist- cyproheptadine or chlorpromazine- alone or in combination with a benzodiapine. In patients for whom it is difficult to distinguish which syndrome is present, treatment with a benzodiazepine may be the safest therapeutic option. Regardless of cause, alcohol sponges, cold sponges, ice bags, ice-water enemas, and ice baths can also help lower body temperature.

How to treat and Reduce Fever

2011-07-25T06:48:00.000-07:00

Fever as a symptom provides important information about the presence of illness---particularly infections---and about changes in the clinical status of the patient. The fever pattern, however, is of marginal value for most specific diagnoses except for the relapsing fever of malaria, borreliosis, and occasional cases of lymphoma, especially Hodgkin disease. Furthermore, the degree of temperature elevation does not necessarily correspond to the severity of the illness. In general, the fer-bile response tends to be greater in children than in adults.In older persons, neonates, and in persons receiving certain medications (eg, NSAIDs or corticosteroids), a normal temperature or even hypothermia may be observed. Markedly elevated body temperature may result in profound metabolic disturbance. High temperature during the first trimester of pregnancy may cause birth defects, such as encephalopathy. Fever increases insulin requirements and alters the metabolism and disposition of drugs used for the treatment of the diverse diseases associated with fever.

Treatment

Most fever is well tolerated. When the temperature is > 40C, symptomatic treatment may be required. A reading over 41C is likely to be hypethermia and thus not cytokine mediated, and emergent management is indicated.

Common Symptom - Cough

2011-07-24T06:07:00.000-07:00

>< General Considerations

Cough adversely affects personal and work-related interactions, disrupts sleep, and often causes discomfort of the throat and chest wall. Most people medical attention for acute cough desire symptom relief; few are worried about serious illness. Cough results from stimulation of mechanical or chemical afferent nerve receptors in the bronchial tree. Effective cough depends on an intact afferent-efferent reflex arc, adequate expiratory and chest wall muscle strength, and normal muscociliary production and clearance.

>< Clinical Findings

In healthy adults, most adults cough syndromes are due to viral respiratory tract infections.
Additional features of infection such as fever, nasal congestion, and sore throat help confirms that diagnosis. Dyspnea (At rest or with exertion) may reflect a more serious condition, and further evaluation should include assessment of oxygenation (pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas measurement), airflow (peak-flow or spectrometry), and pulmonary parenchymal disease (chest radiogeraphy). The timing and character of the cough have not been found to very useful in establishing the cause of acute cough syndromes, although cough-variant asthma should be considered in adults with prominent nocturnal cough, and persistent cough with phlegm increases the patient's likelihood of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Prevention of Substance Abuse: Alcohol

2011-07-23T14:54:00.000-07:00

Substance abuse is a major public health problem in the United States, The lifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse if approximately 18% whereas the lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependence is near 13%. Rates appear to be higher in men, whites, and younger and unmarried individuals. Approximately two-thirds of high school seniors are regular users of alcohol. Alcohol dependence often coexists with other disorders as well as with mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. Underdiagnosis and treatment of alcohol abuse is substantial, both because of patient denail and lack of detection of clinical clues. Treatment rates for alcohol dependence have slightly declined over the last several years.Only a quarter of alcohol dependent patients have ever been treated.

As with cigarette use, clinicians identification and counseling about alcoholism may improve the chances of recovery.About 10% of all adults seen in medical practices are problem drinkers. An estimated 15-30% of hospitalized patients have problems with alcohol abuse of dependence, but the connection between patients' presenting complaints and their alcohol abuse is often missed. The CAGE test is both sensitive and specific for chronic alcoholism.However it is less sensitive in detecting heavy or binge drinking in elderly patients and has been criticized for being less applicable to minority groups or to women. Others recommend asking three questions: (1) How many days per week do you drink (frequency)? (2) On a day when you drink, how many drinks do you have in one day (quantity)? (3) On how many occasions in the last month did you drink more than five drinks (binge drinking)? The alcohol use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) consists of questions on the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption, on alcohol dependence symptoms, and on alcohol-related problems. The AUDIT questionnaire is a cost-effective and efficient diagnostic tool for routine screening of alcohol use disorders in primary care settings. Choice of therapy remains controversial. However, use of screening procedures and brief intervention methods can produce a 10-30% reduction in long-term alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. However, brief advice and counseling without regular follow-up and reinforcement cannot sustain significant long-term reductions in unhealthy drinking behaviors.

Cancer Prevention and Treatment

2011-07-23T14:17:00.000-07:00

Primary Prevention

Mortality rates of cancer have begun to decrease in the past 2 years; part of this decrease results from reductions in tobacco use, since cigarette smoking is the most important preventable cause of cancer. Preventive health examinations and preventive gynecologic examinations are among the most common reasons for ambulatory care visits, although the use and content of these types of visits remains controversial. Primary prevention of skin cancer consists of restricting exposure to ultraviolet light by wearing appropriate clothing and use of sunscreens. In the past 2 decades, there has been a threefold increase in the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma and a fourfold increase in melanoma in the United States. Persons who engage in regular physical exercise and avoid obesity have lower rates of breast and colon cancer. Prevention of occupationally induced cancers involves minimizing exposure to carcinogenic substances such as asbestos, ionizing radiation, and benzene compounds. Chemo-prevention has been widely studied for primary cancer prevention. Hepatitis B vaccination can prevent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and screening and vaccination programs may be cost-effective and useful in preventing HCC in high-risk groups such as Asians and Pacific Islanders. The use of HPV vaccine to prevent cervical cancer is discussed above in the Prevention of Infectious Disease section.

- Screening and Early Detection

Screening has been shown to prevent death from cancers of the breast, colon, and cervix. Current cancer screening recommendations from the United States Preventive Services Task Force.

The appropriate form and frequency of screening for breast cancer is controversial.A large randomized trial of breast self-examination conducted among factory workers in shanghai found no benefit. A systematic review performed for the United States Preventive Services Task Force found that mammography was moderately effective in reducing breast cancer mortality for women 40-74 years of age. The absolute benefit was greater for older women and the risk of of false-positive results was high for all women. Digital mammography is more sensitive in women with dense breasts and younger women; however, studies exploring outcomes are lacking. Several organizations, including the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute, recommend routine mammography screening, and changes in screening guidelines appear to impact women's belief about how frequently they should obtain screening.

Screening for cervical cancer with a Papanicolaou smear is indicated in sexually active adolescents and in adult womens every 1-3 years. Screening for vaginal cancer with a Papanicolaou smear is not indicated in women who have undergone hysterectomies for benign disease with removal of the cervix---except in diethylstilbestrol (DES)-exposed women . Women over age 70 who have had normal results on three or more previous Papanicolaou smears may elect to stop screening.

Observational clinical trials have revealed that chest CT is significantly more sensitive that chest radiography in identifying small asymptomatic lung cancers; however, there is no clear evidence that screening for lung cancer reduces mortality. Randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of low-dose CT (LDCT) on lung cancer mortality are underway.

Prevention of Overweight and Obesity

2011-07-23T13:38:00.000-07:00

Obesity is now a true epidemic and public health crisis that both clinicians and patients must face. Normal body weight is defined as a body mass index (BMI), calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the height in meter squared, of < 25 kg/m2; overweight is defined as a BMI = 25.0-29.9 kg/m2, and obesity as a BMI > 30 kg/m2. Over the last several years, the prevalence of obesity in the US population, the prevalence of obesity in the US population has increased dramatically. Among US adults, rates of obesity have risen from 15.9% in 1995 to 26.7% in 2008. Among men, the prevalence of obesity increased significantly between 1995 (16.5%) and 2008 ( 27.4%). A similar trend was seen among women between 1995 (14.7%) and 2008 (25.6%). There is a significant variation in rates of obesity by race. Between 2006 and 2008 blacks (35.7%) had 51% greater prevalence of obesity and Hispanics (28.7%) had 21% greater prevalence when compared with non Hispanic whites (23.7%). This trend has been linked both to declines in physical activity and to increased caloric intake in diets rich in fats and carbohydrates.

Adequate levels of physical activity appear to be important for the preventation of weight gain and the development of obesity. Despite this, only 49% of Americans are physically active at a moderate level, and 20% at at a more vigorous level.In addition, only 3% of Americans meet four of the five recommendations for the intake of grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and meat of the Food Guide Pyramid. Only one of four Americans eats the recommended five or more fruits and vegetables per day.

Prevention of overweight and obesity involves both increasing physical activity and dietary modification to reduce caloric intake. Clinicians can help guide patients to develop personalized eating plans to reduce energy intake, particularly by recognizing the contributions of fat, concentrated carbohydrates, and large portion sizes. Patients typically underestimate caloric content, especially when consuming food away from home. Providing Patients with caloric and nutritional information may help address the current obesity epidemic. To prevent the long-term chronic disease sequelae of over weight or obesity, clinicians must work with patients to modify other risk factors, eg, by smoking cessation and strict glycemic and blood pressure control.

Clinicians seem to share a general perception that almost no one succeeds in long-term maintenance of weight loss. However, research demonstrates that approximately 20% of overweight individuals are successful at long-term weight loss (defined as losing greater than 10% of initial body weight and maintaining the loss for greater than 1 year).The development and implementation of innovative public health strategies is essential in the fight against obesity, Lessons learned from smoking cessation campaigns may be helpful in the battle against this significant public health concern

Prevention of Osteoporosis

2011-07-23T11:44:00.000-07:00

Osteoporosis, characterized by low bone mineral density, is common and associated with an increased risk of fracture, The lifetime risk of an osteoporotic fracture is approximately 50% for women and 30% for men. Osteoporotic fractures can cause significant pain and disability. As such, research has focused on means of preventing osteoprosis and related fractures, Primary prevention strategies include calcium suplementation, vitamin D supplementation, and exercise programs. A 2007 systematic review and meta analysis found that calcium supplementation of 1200 mg per day or more ( with or without vitamin D) could decrease fracture risk for adults ( mainly women were studied) over age 50.
Vitamin D supplements alone do not appear to reduce fracture risk.

Screening for osteoprosis on the basic of low bone mineral density is also recommended for women over age 60, based on indirect evidence that screening can identify women with low bone mineral density and that treatment of women with low bone density with bisphosphonates is screening for osteoporosis in younger women and in men has not been established. In addition, real-world adherence to pharmacologic therapy for osteoporosis is low: one-third to one-half of patients do not take their medication as directed.

Chemoprevention

2011-07-23T10:57:00.000-07:00

Regular use of low-dose aspirin (810325mg) can reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction in men. Low-dose aspirin reduces stroke but not myocardial infarction in middle-aged women. Based on its ability to prevent cardiovascular events, aspirin use is cost-effective for men and women who are at increased cardiovascular risk, which can be defined as 10-year risk over 10%.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce the incidence of colerectal adenomas and polyps but may also increase heart disease and gastrointestinal bleeding, and thus are not recommended for colon cancer prevention in average risk patients. Antioxidant vitamin (vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene) supplementation produced no significant reductions in the 5-year incidence of---or mortality from---vascular disease, cancer, or other major outcomes in high-risk individuals with coronary artery disease, other occlusive arterial disease, or diabetes mellitus.

Prevention of Hypertension and Treatment

2011-07-22T07:00:00.000-07:00

Over 43 million adults in the United States have hypertension, but 31% are unaware of their elevated blood pressure; 17% are aware but untreated; 29% are being treated but have not controlled their blood pressure (still greater than 140/90 mm Hg); and only 23% are well controlled.In every adult age group, higher values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure carry greater risks of stroke and congestive heart failure. Systolic blood pressure is a better predictor of morbid events than diastolic blood pressure. Home monitoring is better correlated with target organ damage than clinin-based values. Clinicians can apply specific blood pressure criteria, such as those of the Joint National Conference, along with consideration of the patient's cardiovascular risk, to decide at what levels should be considered in individual cases.

Primary prevention of hypertension can be accomplished by strategies aimed at both the general population and special high-risk populations. The latter include persons with high-normal blood pressure or a family history of hypertension, blacks, and individuals with various behavioral risk factors such as physical inactivity; excessive consumption of salt, alcohol consumption, weight loss, and regular exercise. Potassium supplementation of potassium, calcium, magnesium, fish oil, or fiber; macro nutrient alteration; and stress management.

Improved identification and treatment of hypertension is a major cause of the recent decline in stroke deaths, Because hypertension is usually asymptomatic, screening is strongly recommended to identify patients for treatment. Despite strong recommendations in favor of screening and treatment, hypertension control remains suboptimal. An intervention that included patient education and provider education was more effective than provider education alone in achieving control of hypertension, suggesting the benefits of patients participations.

Lipid Disorders (Cholesterol) Treatment

2011-07-21T15:29:00.000-07:00

Lipid Disorders Treatment

Higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) lvels are associated with an increased risk of CHD. Cholesterol lowering therapy reduces the relative risk of CHD events, with the degree of reduction proportional to the reduction in LDL cholesterol achieved. The absolute benefits of screening for-and treating-abnormal lipid levels depend on the presence and number of other cardiovascular risk factors.

If other risk factors are present, cardiovascular risk is higher and the benefits of therapy are greater. Patients with diabetes mellitus or known cardiovascular disease are at still higher risk and have larger benefits from reduction in LDL cholesterol.

Evidence for the effectiveness of statin-type drugs is better than for the other classes of lipid-lowering agents or dietary changes specifically for improving lipid levels. Multiple large randomized, placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated important reductions in total mortality, major coronary events, and strokes with lowering levels of LDL cholesterol by statin therapy for patients with known cardiovascular disease. Statins also reduce cardiovascular events for patients with diabetes mellitus. for patients with no previous history of cardiovascular events or diabetes, the 2009 JUPITER trial showed that statins reduce coronary events relatively similarly for both men and women

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Cigarette Smoking Causes and Care

2011-07-21T14:09:00.000-07:00

Cigarette smoking remains the most important cause of preventable morbidity and early mortality. In 2000, there were an estimated 4.8 million premature deaths in the world attributable to smoking. 2.4 million in developing countries and 2 million in industrialized countries.More than three-quarters (3.8 Million) of these deaths were in men.The Leading causes of death from smoking were cardiovascular diseases (1.7 million deaths), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (1 million deaths),

and lung cancer (0.9 million deaths), Cigarettes are responsible for one in every four deaths in the United States, Fortunately. US smoking rates are declining. Currently, 20% of US adults and 21.6% of adolescents in 12th grade are smokers.

Nicotine is highly addictive, raises brain levels of dapamine, and produces withdrawal symptoms on discontinuation.

Smokers die 5-8 years earlier than never-smokers. They have twice the risk of Fatal heart Disease, 10 times the risk of lung cancer, and several times the risk of cancers of mouth, throat, esophagus, pancreas, kidney, bladder, and cervix;a twofold greater risk of fractures of the hop, wrist and vertebrae; four times the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease and a twofold increase in contaracts.

Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

2011-07-19T07:00:00.000-07:00

Cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, represent two of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Several risk factors increase the risk for coronary disease and stroke.These risk factors can be divided into those that are modifiable (eg, lipid disorders, hypertension, cigarette, smoking) and those that are not (eg, gender, age, family history of early coronary disease).Impressive declines in age-specific mortality rates from heart disease and stroke have been achieved in all age groups in North America during the past two decades, in large part through improvement of modifiable risk factors: reductions in cigarette smoking, improvements in lipid levels, and more aggressive detection and treatment of hypertension.
This section considers the role of screening for cardiovascular risk and the use of effective therapies to reduce such risk.

Prevention of Infectious Diseases

2011-07-19T05:41:00.000-07:00

Much of the decline in the incidence and fatality rates of infectious diseases is attributable to public health measures - especially immunization, improved sanitation, and better nutrition.

Immunization remains the best means of preventing many of infections diseases. In the United States, childhood immunization has resulted in near elimination of measles. mumps, rubella, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. Hemophiliacs influenza type b invasive disease has been reduced by more than 95% since the introduction of the first conjugate vaccines.

However, substantial vaccine-preventable morbidity and mortality continue to occur among adults from vaccine-preventable diseases, such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, influenza, and pneumococcal infections. For example, in adults in the United States, there are an estimated 50,000-70,000 deaths annually from influenza, hepatitis B, and invasive pneumo-coccal disease.

Influenza vaccination is recommended for adults age 50 and older, and it has been documented that annual influenza immunization with inactivated vaccine (administered intramuscularly) prevents cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality in persons with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Rates of influenza vaccination have increased. Self reported rates of influenza vaccine coverage in adults older than 65 years increased from 30% in 1989 to 71% in 2008. However, vaccination rates were higher for non-Hispanic whites compared with other ethnic minority groups.

The Advisory Committe on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that clinicians should review each adult's immunization status at age 50; asses risk factors that would indicate a need for pneumoccal vaccination and annual influenza immunizations; re immunize at age 65 those who received an immunization against pneumococcus more than 5 years before; ensure that all adults have completed a primary diptheria-tetanus immunization series, and administer a single booster at age 50; and asses the post vaccination serologic response to hepatitis B vaccination in all recipients who have ongoing risks of exposure to blood or body fluids (eg. Sharp injuries, Blood Splashes).

Strategies have also been proposed to improve influenza, pneumococcal polysaccharide, and hepatitis B vaccination. Strategies to enhance vaccination in general include increasing community demand for vaccination; enhancing acces to vaccination services; and providier- or system based interventions, such as reminder systems, increasing reports of pertussis among US adolescents, adults, and their infant contacts have stimulated vaccine development for older age groups. A Safe and effective tetanus-diphtheria 5-component acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) is available for use in adolescents and in adults younger than 65.

A Recombinant protein in hepatitis E vaccine has been developed that has proven safe and efficacious in preventing hepatitis' E among high risk populations ( such as those in Nepal). both hepatitis A vaccine and immune globulin provide protection against hepatitis A; however, administration of immune globulin may provide a modest benefit over vaccination in some settings.