<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262</id><updated>2026-04-18T12:12:40.149-07:00</updated><category term="História da América"/><category term="Livros e artigos"/><category term="Curiosidades"/><category term="Arqueologia."/><category term="América Latina"/><category term="Agenda."/><category term="História da América."/><category term="Material didático"/><category term="Bibliografia"/><category term="Dicas"/><category term="História do Brasil;"/><category term="Agenda"/><category term="América Latina."/><category term="Antropologia"/><category term="Atualidades"/><category term="Cursos"/><category term="Divulgação"/><category term="Fontes"/><category term="Resumos"/><category term="Ferramentas de pesquisa"/><category term="Medicina Tradicional."/><title type='text'>Mi LatinoAmerica</title><subtitle type='html'>Vamos descobrir a América Latina juntos!!!&#xa;&#xa;</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>88</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-2152252076650972055</id><published>2015-03-21T21:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2015-03-21T21:58:36.573-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Divulgação"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Livros e artigos"/><title type='text'>QUANDO OS DEMÔNIOS CHEGARAM </title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3-QSQEJtkkNdxfNK5lXAARLU6SqGyPe8Z1UzBlDGHbM-AqiNQI83YLsGxIAzkHrr4jXkPHLDPVvHSqFJiyVrPI3eoyyvfp__N_3PETbOr5vFL0awhjnb0tdMmIRq65Pkfo6cOcDgre3Y/s1600/2b-POMA0281v.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3-QSQEJtkkNdxfNK5lXAARLU6SqGyPe8Z1UzBlDGHbM-AqiNQI83YLsGxIAzkHrr4jXkPHLDPVvHSqFJiyVrPI3eoyyvfp__N_3PETbOr5vFL0awhjnb0tdMmIRq65Pkfo6cOcDgre3Y/s1600/2b-POMA0281v.jpg&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; width=&quot;224&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #eeeeee; color: #6f6f6f; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Produzidos entre 1615 e 1616, desenhos representam feiticeiros e bruxos na América espanhola. (Reprodução / Original da Biblioteca Real de Dinamarca)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Onde o diabo não existe é preciso inventá-lo. Esta foi a estratégia dos religiosos espanhóis para lidar com as crenças dos indígenas peruanos no período da colonização, entre os séculos XVI e XVIII. Os deuses dos índios foram convertidos em seres diabólicos, sacerdotes nativos condenados por bruxaria, e considerados feiticeiros todos aqueles que utilizavam ervas para fins medicinais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ao chegarem à América, os espanhóis difundiram suas próprias crenças nas forças malignas, e não tardaram a acusar de bruxaria os índios que dominavam a arte da cura, da adivinhação e da preparação de filtros do amor. Imbuídos do espírito inquisitorial, passaram a destruir todo e qualquer vestígio de tais práticas consideradas mágicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Como os índios haviam sido convertidos à fé cristã há pouco tempo, suas heresias podiam ser fruto do desconhecimento da religião. Por isso, o rei Filipe II da Espanha determinou, em 1571, que não se usasse o Tribunal da Inquisição para julgá-los. Uma nova instituição foi criada especialmente para fazê-lo: a Extirpação de Idolatrias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Os jesuítas Francisco de Ávila (em 1598), Hernando de Avendaño (em 1617) e José Pablo de Arriaga (em 1621) foram os primeiros e mais importantes “visitadores de idolatrias”. Sua missão era destruir ídolos, relatar casos de idolatria e feitiçaria a fim de extirpá-los e identificar os “feiticeiros” para enviá-los à Casa de Santa Cruz em Lima, onde ficariam encarcerados até que se arrependessem de seus atos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Na maioria dos casos, a Extirpação de Idolatrias usou métodos de tortura, como açoites, a tosa de cabelo ou ter de andar despido numa lhama&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;A tosquia representava uma perda imensurável, pois os cabelos tinham valor de distinção entre os grupos étnicos – homens e mulheres usavam adereços e penteados para assegurar essa diferenciação. O acusado podia ter seus bens confiscados ou ser condenado a trabalho provisório ou definitivo para a Igreja. O confisco de bens significava o empobrecimento de todo o grupo, pois aquelas populações viviam comunitariamente. Um grupo que vivesse da criação de lhamas, alpacas ou vicunhas e cujo rebanho fosse confiscado necessariamente afetaria toda a comunidade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Os religiosos precisaram da ajuda de nativos intérpretes na propagação da fé cristã. Devido às dificuldades em utilizar as terminologias próprias do cristianismo, surgiram as primeiras heresias nos Andes, resultado de uma mescla da visão de mundo indígena com as noções religiosas europeias. A palavra “demônio”, por exemplo, foi traduzida como&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ç&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;upay&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;pelo jesuíta Diego Gonzalez Holguin, enquanto o frade dominicano Santo Thomas fez a diferenciação entre o&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;lli zupay&lt;/em&gt;(anjo bom) e o&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;mana alli zupay&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(anjo mau). A apreensão de Santo Thomas estava mais próxima da interpretação andina, visto que osespanhóis consideravam o demônio a personificação do mal, que poderia se manifestar de forma humana, material ou animal, enquanto os povos andinos acreditavam no demoníaco e no divino associados numa mesma figura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Os espanhóis diferenciavam as acusações de feitiçaria e de bruxaria. Os feitiços seriam meros devaneios de pessoas que, para alcançar determinado objetivo, utilizavam filtros, plantas e objetos especiais. Já a bruxaria era pecado mais grave: consistia em fazer o mal com o auxílio do demônio e estava atrelada ao&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;maleficium&lt;/em&gt;, magia maléfica, descrita na bula papal&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Summis Desiderantes&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;em 1484. A demonização de rituais e crenças já vinha sendo tratada há algum tempo por nomes reconhecidos na época, como Francisco de Vitoria (1539-40), Pedro Ciruelo (1548) e Jean Bodin (1580), e na obra de maior circulação na Europa nesse período sobre o tema,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Malleus Maleficarum&lt;/em&gt;,publicada em 1486 pelos dominicanos Heinrich Kramer e James Sprenger. Esses escritos fomentavam o combate a bruxos e bruxas na Europa, inclusive com o uso de tortura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Desde o início da colonização as idolatrias incorporaram elementos católicos, pois os espanhóis construíram suas igrejas com restos de santuários indígenas e colocaram cruzes onde antes os índios iam levar oferendas. Assim, os nativos prosseguiram cultuando esses locais, não porque os sacerdotes os ensinassem a adorar a casa de Deus e a cruz na qual seu filho morrera, mas porque aquelas pedras que agora serviam de paredes ou base para templos e símbolos cristãos continuavam sendo seus locais sagrados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por meio de castigos e autos de fé – em que objetos ritualísticos e até múmias dos antepassados foram queimados – os sacerdotes fizeram com que os índios acreditassem que os dias de desgraça que viviam, submissos ao domínio espanhol, se deviam ao fato de terem sempre sido idólatras. Os nativos associaram o peso da destruição de sua cultura à ideia de pecado, e sua angústia não se resolvia mediante a confissão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Entre os processos que foram julgados ao longo dos séculos XVII e XVIII, momento áureo das campanhas de extirpação de idolatrias, há vários casos em que os acusados admitiram ter feito pacto com o demônio para obter seus poderes. Essas confissões correspondem mais ao pensamento espanhol do que ao indígena, pois estes desconheciam a personificação do mal em um ser único. Eles eram politeístas e adoravam o Sol, a Lua, a Terra, o Mar e tantos outros elementos da natureza que eram duais – o bem e o mal faziam parte da essência de cada divindade. Por meio de tortura, os visitadores conseguiam as evidências de que necessitavam para condenar o acusado. Foi assim que um grande número de curandeiros confessou ter recebido seus poderes através de pactos demoníacos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Muitos acusados não apenas testificaram o pacto diabólico como confirmaram ter mantido relações sexuais com o demônio. Foi o caso de Inês Carva, que em 1650 afirmou ter falado várias vezes com o diabo e tê-lo recebido em seu leito da mesma maneira que receberia seu esposo. Juana Ycha, outra acusada em processo do mesmo ano, insistiu na sua ligação com o demônio, que lhe teria concedido os ensinamentos sobre curandeirismo e adivinhação. No processo de 1665 contra Maria Sania, a acusação foi de pacto tácito com o Diabo, porque seus poderes de adivinha ultrapassavam os limites humanos, sendo ela considerada uma bruxa conforme as crenças europeias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Essas confissões ocorreram por meio de uma série de longos interrogatórios intercalados por seções de tortura. Os depoimentos se adequavam à demanda dos interrogadores, que usavam intérpretes e faziam referência ao demônio sempre que as acusadas descreviam seus tratos com deidades nativas. A natureza artificial dessas declarações é evidente, na medida em que os deuses indígenas foram demonizados pelos extirpadores de idolatrias. No caso de Juana Icha, o medo de ser queimada fez com que na primeira confissão negasse o pacto explícito com o Diabo, mas tendo assegurado um castigo mais brando, acabou por adaptar o relato às expectativas de quem a interrogou.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Outros processos julgados pelos extirpadores diziam respeito ao prosseguimento da adoração dos antigos ídolos indígenas – como as&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;huacas&lt;/em&gt;, lugares ou objetos sagrados que poderiam representar elementos da natureza ou deidades em forma de animais ou em forma humana, práticas de adivinhação, preparação de bebidas e unguentos para curar ou tirar a vida de alguém e tantos outros rituais para assegurar boas colheitas, saúde e o equilíbrio no mundo andino, todos considerados feitiçaria pelos europeus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Os mais comuns eram os processos de feitiçaria contra curandeiros, herbolários e parteiras, cujo motivo não estava relacionado com as práticas em si, mas com o costume que tinham os índios de fazer oferendas a pedras, aos espíritos das montanhas ou de consultar os deuses nativos. A população no período colonial era extremamente crédula em relação ao sobrenatural e aderia a rituais mágicos para alcançar seus objetivos e escapar dos dilemas do cotidiano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A ação inquisitorial e as campanhas de extirpação de idolatrias não foram suficientes para destruir tais costumes, pois a lógica mental colonial se formou nessa mescla de crenças e se adaptou fazendo uso dos variados elementos culturais para recriar seu próprio pensamento religioso.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ana Raquel Portugal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;é professora da Universidade Estadual Paulista e autora de “A caça às bruxas andinas no século XVII”.&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Huellas de la Historia&lt;/em&gt;, v. 48, 2013.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;border: 0px; color: firebrick; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Saiba Mais - Bibliografia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ESTENSSORO, Juan Carlos. “O símio de Deus”. In: NOVAES, Adauto (org.).&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A outra margem do Ocidente.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1999.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;MELLO E SOUZA, Laura de. “O conjunto: América diabólica”. In: ___.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Inferno Atlântico&lt;/em&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Demonologia e colonização séculos XVI-XVIII.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1993.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;VAINFAS, Ronaldo. “Idolatrias e milenarismos: a resistência indígena nas Américas”.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Estudos Históricos,&lt;/em&gt;v. 5, n. 9, p.29-43, 1992.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nota: Artigo publicado originalmente na Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;http://www.revistadehistoria.com.br/secao/artigos-revista/quando-os-demonios-chegaram&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/2152252076650972055/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2015/03/quando-os-demonios-chegaram.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/2152252076650972055'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/2152252076650972055'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2015/03/quando-os-demonios-chegaram.html' title='QUANDO OS DEMÔNIOS CHEGARAM '/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3-QSQEJtkkNdxfNK5lXAARLU6SqGyPe8Z1UzBlDGHbM-AqiNQI83YLsGxIAzkHrr4jXkPHLDPVvHSqFJiyVrPI3eoyyvfp__N_3PETbOr5vFL0awhjnb0tdMmIRq65Pkfo6cOcDgre3Y/s72-c/2b-POMA0281v.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-5840845731529055378</id><published>2014-04-05T18:22:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2014-04-05T18:22:55.619-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Agenda."/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América."/><title type='text'>CORPORALIDAD Y ALIMENTACIÓN EN EL MUNDO PREHISPÁNICO Y COLONIAL SUDAMERICANO</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitp3viBJQ-4jg5O0k1Y_DDe8qXmU6hKtQ_e1w_OCngtdzsk2rBSTiH4KV0oOe3mpOTx3hyVSZN_GWy968RAmdNqU84yfMsjs3_FQkqwvIU1MGqfmjU_WWnD9IEpMVnfEyteSGCYVd8k8E/s1600/1016899_10152295698163771_276954871_n.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitp3viBJQ-4jg5O0k1Y_DDe8qXmU6hKtQ_e1w_OCngtdzsk2rBSTiH4KV0oOe3mpOTx3hyVSZN_GWy968RAmdNqU84yfMsjs3_FQkqwvIU1MGqfmjU_WWnD9IEpMVnfEyteSGCYVd8k8E/s1600/1016899_10152295698163771_276954871_n.jpg&quot; height=&quot;118&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;PARTICIPEM DE NOSSO SIMPÓSIO!!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Invitación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;IX CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE ETNOHISTORIA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;Colonización, descolonización e imaginarios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;11-14 de noviembre 2014&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;text_exposed_show&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; display: inline; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Arica, Chile&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;www. aricaetnohstoria.cl&lt;br /&gt;ixcongreso.etnohistoria@gmail.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SIMPOSIO&lt;br /&gt;Corporalidad y alimentación en el mundo prehispánico y colonial sudamericano&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(ÁREA TEMÁTICA 7 : Población y vida material hispano indígena)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Coordinadoras:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dra. Liliana Regalado de Hurtado (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú)&lt;br /&gt;lregala@pucp.edu.pe&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dra. Ana Raquel Portugal (Universidade Estadual Paulista)&lt;br /&gt;miauq@hotmail.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Comentarista: Alexandre Varella (UNILA)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lo temas de la alimentación y de la corporalidad forman parte de la historia social y cultural pero se entroncan con otras disciplinas, principalmente con la antropología y, por esa razón, es posible revisarlas juntas o en paralelo desde la perspectiva etnohistórica.&lt;br /&gt;Este simposio no se centrará en la gastronomía sino más bien en el estudio de los sistemas alimentarios y sus componentes así como las prácticas culturales relacionadas con ellos. Serán bienvenidos trabajos que aborden asuntos como necesidades alimenticias, producción de alimentos, su distribución y empleo que incluye su consumo y formas de empleo no solo para la alimentación sino también para prácticas rituales y curativas. Asimismo, se aceptarán ponencias que hagan hincapié en el imaginario relacionado con los productos y otros componentes del proceso alimentario.&lt;br /&gt;En cuanto a la corporalidad se considerarán ponencias que estudien cómo se entendía al cuerpo humano en los periodos prehispánico y colonial, las prácticas culturales asociadas a la corporalidad y de qué manera el entendimiento de la corporalidad era un referente y formaba parte del imaginario para la interpretación de la realidad en sus diferentes aspectos.&lt;br /&gt;Asimismo, se espera contar con trabajos en los que se relacionen temas de la alimentación y la corporalidad.&lt;br /&gt;Los interesados en participar de este Simposio deben enviar sus propuestas de ponencias a alguna de las coordinadoras vía correo electrónico hasta el 31 de mayo incluyendo los datos siguientes:&lt;br /&gt;• Nombre del Simposio&lt;br /&gt;• Título de la ponencia&lt;br /&gt;• Nombre completo del autor o autores de la ponencia, filiación institucional, correo electrónico, dirección domiciliaria y teléfono&lt;br /&gt;• Resumen de la ponencia con una extensión no mayor de 500 palabras.&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/5840845731529055378/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2014/04/corporalidad-y-alimentacion-en-el-mundo.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/5840845731529055378'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/5840845731529055378'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2014/04/corporalidad-y-alimentacion-en-el-mundo.html' title='CORPORALIDAD Y ALIMENTACIÓN EN EL MUNDO PREHISPÁNICO Y COLONIAL SUDAMERICANO'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitp3viBJQ-4jg5O0k1Y_DDe8qXmU6hKtQ_e1w_OCngtdzsk2rBSTiH4KV0oOe3mpOTx3hyVSZN_GWy968RAmdNqU84yfMsjs3_FQkqwvIU1MGqfmjU_WWnD9IEpMVnfEyteSGCYVd8k8E/s72-c/1016899_10152295698163771_276954871_n.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-8355444790250879535</id><published>2014-04-05T18:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2014-04-05T18:15:04.400-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Agenda."/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América."/><title type='text'>RELIGIOSIDADES NATIVAS Y PERSECUCIÓN DE DOGMATIZADORES INDIOS EN HISPANOAMÉRICA COLONIAL</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipugdlg6yZr1JhgUfdmghCU1P6pGsCAuW9hxMTVfm0RyA_WO7KGGwYxx4asKNa4pAKRedEmKFfU3_ndRcP7Er_wRyy5I-qy3SsoKWhEK6HbYilxilIiS89kPdlv9PAXVv8E7RguIV6Bt0/s1600/logo-ica.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipugdlg6yZr1JhgUfdmghCU1P6pGsCAuW9hxMTVfm0RyA_WO7KGGwYxx4asKNa4pAKRedEmKFfU3_ndRcP7Er_wRyy5I-qy3SsoKWhEK6HbYilxilIiS89kPdlv9PAXVv8E7RguIV6Bt0/s1600/logo-ica.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #37404e; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Convidamos todos as participarem de nosso simpósio a se realizar no 55º Congresso Internacional de Americanistas, que ocorrerá de 12 a 17 de julho de 2015 em San Salvador - EL SALVADOR.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;userContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ana Raquel Portugal&lt;br /&gt;Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (FCHS)&lt;br /&gt;Universidad Estatal Paulista &quot;Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brasil&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gerardo Lara Cisneros&lt;br /&gt;Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas&lt;br /&gt;Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parte importante en el proceso de conquista y evangelización de los indios americanos fue la persecución de los dogmatizadores, pues a ellos se atribuyeron muchas de las desviaciones religiosas de los indios. En Hispanoamérica colonial, las autoridades religiosas se mantuvieron muy atentas ante el surgimiento de este tipo de personajes que popularmente recibieron múltiples denominaciones: hechiceros, magos, encantadores, brujos, etc. Para sus perseguidores, los dogmatizadores indios eran resultado de una inspiración demoniaca que buscaba apartar a la población indígena de Dios y la vida cristiana. El Demonio se valía de diferentes estrategias, como introducir engaños a los indios para incitarlos a pecar, o deformar la ritualidad católica a modo de burla.&lt;br /&gt;Sin embargo, estos dogmatizadores siempre fueron una minoría que ejercía una especie de religión paralela o alterna a la que pregonaban frailes. La población india que no pertenecía a la élite iniciada, se movía con cierta libertad entre las enseñanzas del dogmatizador y las de los doctrineros y curas de indios. Ellos eran el escenario en el que se desarrollaba la lucha entre dos formas de explicación y expresión religiosa del mundo: la autóctona y la importada. Las religiosidades coloniales de los indios americanos se auto-construyeron con los restos del andamiaje de las religiones antiguas, y con las formas católicas. Ante los ojos de la ortodoxia católica esto resultó ser idolatría.&lt;br /&gt;La idolatría no era la mera adoración de falsos ídolos, sino la falsa religión que, en su forma más negativa, se traducía como algo demoníaco : una desviación que implicaba el rechazo del Dios único y verdadero a través de la adoración de falsos dioses. En el Antiguo Testamento existen algunas referencias y definiciones sobre idolatría, y se establece un vínculo entre idolatría y otros vicios como la prostitución y la ebriedad. La idolatría es definida como un veneno que puede impregnar la totalidad de las facultades y actividades del ser humano; la idolatría es vista como causa y fin de todos los males. Semejante mal era una falta extrema, que en el caso de los indios americanos era castigada con relativa benignidad por ser éstos, considerados menores de edad. El mayor peligro al que el indio bautizado estaba expuesto era que, tentado por el Demonio, regresara a sus falsas creencias cayendo así en idolatría. Borrar toda supervivencia idolátrica y evitar las mezclas en el culto fue la consigna, y en tanto esto no se lograra, los naturales seguirían siendo considerados cristianos nuevos.&lt;br /&gt;Muchas formas de la ritualidad autóctona se refugiaron al interior de los hogares, en espacios domésticos, privados; recurso necesario ante la fiscalización que los perseguidores de idolatrías emprendieron especialmente entre los siglos XVI y XVII, cuando conquista y evangelización aún eran tiernas en muchas regiones. Esta religiosidad privada fungió como una especie de “anclaje social” a las tradiciones nativas. Era, en efecto una estrategia de supervivencia cultural, que se transformó en un vehículo de transición a medida que el nuevo escenario colonial se afianzó.&lt;br /&gt;Durante el siglo XVI y buena parte del siglo XVII, al interior de las comunidades indias, se enfrentaron dos sistemas de creencias: el cristiano católico y el indígena. Ambos terminaron por empalmarse de manera difícil y forzada imponiéndose el uno al otro. La población indígena terminó por aceptar el catolicismo, pero re-interpretando y re-significando los elementos cristianos desde su particular matriz cultural y conservando importantes segmentos de la cosmovisión local. Por su lado, la Iglesia construyó una estructura teológica, jurídica y material que se concretizó en la persecución de idolatrías, es decir, en el punto de quiebre en el que ambos sistemas religiosos se cruzaban.&lt;br /&gt;Una comparación entre los procesos de extirpación de idolatrías en los diferentes ámbitos coloniales de Hispanoamérica puede arrojar luz sobre la importancia que Corona e Iglesia españolas asignaban a este asunto; además, podremos entender mejor la forma en que las autoridades coloniales (eclesiales y reales) sortearon los retos que los indios les pusieron en sus respectivos contextos, y la manera los diferentes procesos regionales se influenciaron. Por otro lado, también nos ayudará a identificar con mayor claridad las formas y estrategias nativas de aceptación-rechazo-modificación ante la evangelización. La comparación de la historia de la extirpación de idolatrías dentro de los diferentes contextos hispanoamericanos nos brinda la posibilidad de comprender mejor los procesos de asimilación o domesticación de la religión católica por las culturas locales, así como las diferentes posiciones y estrategias que Corona e Iglesia asumieron ante la pertinaz presencia de ritualidades indias “desviadas”. A ello se destinará este simposio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/8355444790250879535/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2014/04/religiosidades-nativas-y-persecucion-de.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/8355444790250879535'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/8355444790250879535'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2014/04/religiosidades-nativas-y-persecucion-de.html' title='RELIGIOSIDADES NATIVAS Y PERSECUCIÓN DE DOGMATIZADORES INDIOS EN HISPANOAMÉRICA COLONIAL'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipugdlg6yZr1JhgUfdmghCU1P6pGsCAuW9hxMTVfm0RyA_WO7KGGwYxx4asKNa4pAKRedEmKFfU3_ndRcP7Er_wRyy5I-qy3SsoKWhEK6HbYilxilIiS89kPdlv9PAXVv8E7RguIV6Bt0/s72-c/logo-ica.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-9163473837001887546</id><published>2013-12-06T11:37:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-12-06T11:37:57.173-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><title type='text'>JESUÍTAS E FEITICEIROS NA SOCIEDADE ANDINA COLONIAL</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #326c99; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;CAPÍTULO DE LIVRO PUBLICADO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;. JESUÍTAS E FEITICEIROS NA SOCIEDADE ANDINA COLONIAL. In: Eunícia Barros Barcelos Fernandes. (Org.). &lt;b&gt;A Companhia de Jesus na América&lt;/b&gt;. 1ed.Rio de Janeiro: PUC-Rio / Contra Capa, 2013, v. , p. 17-30.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/9163473837001887546/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/12/jesuitas-e-feiticeiros-na-sociedade.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/9163473837001887546'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/9163473837001887546'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/12/jesuitas-e-feiticeiros-na-sociedade.html' title='JESUÍTAS E FEITICEIROS NA SOCIEDADE ANDINA COLONIAL'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimwHGEkfnmdQexwZc0won1Vad4eXmk4V9Vb6Bmt3zRz6O4FBQyWKZHFn_rB899nneCBjH6DA8IBgvvFjUaQAD9dkHX8etlda5CPC8zX6QNgGeBcA_RI2t7_ZJKxcb2rygs3inpqi_gTMc/s72-c/IMG_6171+(1).JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-3784398108476696578</id><published>2013-08-25T12:43:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-08-25T12:43:34.808-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="América Latina"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Atualidades"/><title type='text'>DROGAS LÍCITAS OU ILÍCITAS?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1TUG_OUG6744kE9840B1GzFowyKC8PJEN-bZGXJZTWp3sRBA1JUAitH2Rcwxt6ltCO1wiJYjrPh6xZfBQSILSSoMuuu2uV5IpJP3UKkLDJZLjKsNq6qgtUufIYu5ZjFQfTnLhhlG3qSQ/s1600/Bolivianos-hoja-coca.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;190&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1TUG_OUG6744kE9840B1GzFowyKC8PJEN-bZGXJZTWp3sRBA1JUAitH2Rcwxt6ltCO1wiJYjrPh6xZfBQSILSSoMuuu2uV5IpJP3UKkLDJZLjKsNq6qgtUufIYu5ZjFQfTnLhhlG3qSQ/s320/Bolivianos-hoja-coca.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Antes
de tudo, devemos perguntar o que são substâncias psicoativas? As pessoas
geralmente pensam logo nas drogas ilícitas e se esquecem que essas substâncias
fazem parte de nosso cotidiano e a maioria delas é aceita pela sociedade como
alimentos, bebidas e fármacos de ampla utilização no dia-a-dia. O homem utiliza
essas substâncias desde a pré-história e não apenas para fins ritualísticos,
porque realmente grande parte dos psicoativos eram também usados na cura de enfermidades
e na alimentação.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;No
nosso continente, as populações nativas há milhares de anos usam determinadas
plantas em suas festividades religiosas e também no tratamento de doenças, como
é o caso da folha de coca tão utilizada na região andina e que foi
posteriormente assimilada pelos europeus. Hoje quando um turista vai para
lugares de grande altitude, como por exemplo, a cidade de Cuzco, é comum que
lhe ofereçam chá de folha de coca logo que chegue ao hotel. O chá serve para
impedir que o indivíduo sofra do mal da altitude, que pode se manifestar de
diversas formas, entre elas: dores de cabeça, cansaço, náuseas e falta de ar.
No entanto, a mesma folha de coca hoje é utilizada para criar algumas drogas
ilícitas que causam dependência em quem as consome e o tráfico das mesmas gera
grandes riquezas para poucos e muita violência na sociedade.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Sabemos
que em diferentes momentos da história houve a perseguição ao uso de alguns
psicoativos, como é o caso da mirra e da folha de coca, porém foi só a partir
do século XX que essa proibição do uso de determinadas substâncias psicoativas
foi institucionalizada. Primeiro foi o caso do álcool, com a Lei Seca nos EUA
em 1920, depois a guerra contra a maconha, a cocaína entre outras. Hoje o
álcool é consumido livremente, com exceção dos países islâmicos, e embora já
tenha sido usado como remédio, hoje pode ser considerado um gerador de grande
violência. A maconha também já foi usada como remédio e hoje é proibida em
muitos países. Pouco a pouco esse paradigma está mudando e há países que já
legalizaram seu uso, porque a manutenção da coerção contra esse consumo apenas
agrava a situação. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;O
vício existe na sociedade contemporânea e não é só em relação ao uso de
psicoativos ilícitos. Prova disso, é que o Rivotril, conhecido ansiolítico, é o
segundo remédio mais vendido no Brasil e seu uso abusivo também pode ser fatal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;Vinho,
cerveja, chá e até mesmo a famosa junção de dois excitantes, a coca de nosso
continente e a cola da África, que gerou um dos refrigerantes mais consumidos
no mundo, são psicoativos, porém lícitos. Todos provocam o vício e se alguns
têm seus benefícios curativos, no caso dos refrigerantes, sabemos que o seu
consumo leva a morte milhares de pessoas anualmente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;É
importante entender então, que as substâncias psicoativas são consumidas pelo
homem cotidianamente há milhares de anos e se hoje convivemos com o uso abusivo
de algumas e com a violência e mortalidade que isso gera, está na hora de
repensar velhos paradigmas em relação às drogas lícitas e ilícitas, pois todas
têm seu lado positivo e negativo. Cabe elucidar a sociedade a respeito desses
prós e contras para que boas escolhas possam ser feitas e os danos causados por
algumas dessas drogas possam de alguma forma ser minimizados. As campanhas contra
o uso do tabaco com fotografias de pessoas definhando em camas de hospitais não
são agradáveis de ver, mas certamente auxiliam na conscientização dos prejuízos
do tabagismo. A mesma coisa em relação à junção do consumo de álcool e direção
e suas conseqüências. Todos os psicoativos possuem efeitos ambíguos, o uso
terapêutico pode ser de grande eficácia, mas o uso desinformado também pode
causar grandes danos à saúde e à sociedade como um todo. A legalização e a conscientização
sobre o uso de tais substâncias representam um passo para a melhoria de vida na
nossa sociedade.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/3784398108476696578/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/08/drogas-licitas-ou-ilicitas.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/3784398108476696578'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/3784398108476696578'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/08/drogas-licitas-ou-ilicitas.html' title='DROGAS LÍCITAS OU ILÍCITAS?'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1TUG_OUG6744kE9840B1GzFowyKC8PJEN-bZGXJZTWp3sRBA1JUAitH2Rcwxt6ltCO1wiJYjrPh6xZfBQSILSSoMuuu2uV5IpJP3UKkLDJZLjKsNq6qgtUufIYu5ZjFQfTnLhhlG3qSQ/s72-c/Bolivianos-hoja-coca.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-2550884746191858649</id><published>2013-08-03T20:03:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-08-03T20:03:56.455-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Arqueologia."/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Curiosidades"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><title type='text'>A DEUSA IXCHEL E SEU TEMPLO</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxeKQl6lPXzbiO48vRZMDX8WWtOhLNYBto5u1_TdFIsbvg_NhmFE3IIdrPoAOSfUh0WTVRGUI0pi9TqiyZCytXi8f4M1TMMzCLxvM4KAuYoRfU4Ekybuv552fJZEM9xMGY-ljyFVINkyQ/s1600/COZUMEL+043.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxeKQl6lPXzbiO48vRZMDX8WWtOhLNYBto5u1_TdFIsbvg_NhmFE3IIdrPoAOSfUh0WTVRGUI0pi9TqiyZCytXi8f4M1TMMzCLxvM4KAuYoRfU4Ekybuv552fJZEM9xMGY-ljyFVINkyQ/s1600/COZUMEL+043.jpg&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TEMPLO DA DEUSA IXCHEL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;A deusa maia Ixchel possui seu
templo na sagrada Ilha de Cozumel e sempre foi adorada por mulheres que iam de
lugares distantes para reverenciá-la em sua casa. Deusa da lua, do sexo, do
parto, das doenças, da apicultura, da plantação, da água, da escritura e do
tecido, ela é também a mulher do deus sol maia Itzamná Kinich Ahau com quem
teve 13 filhos. Dois deles criaram o mundo e tudo o que nele existe. Ela
aparece representada de três maneiras, como uma jovem mulher, uma mãe ou uma
idosa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq13v6u7Yb5_qD71TrNaKVK7auUrRgsxWHU4glw_-7KiU2xyu2snALz2gemksduspwK69SdeXijrdTVa1y2aaUoxnknd4IDBdT3evYWPCElfwyhl23M7H-3Z6ppY-Vcf8KMyBUqU8rA0o/s1600/ixchel.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq13v6u7Yb5_qD71TrNaKVK7auUrRgsxWHU4glw_-7KiU2xyu2snALz2gemksduspwK69SdeXijrdTVa1y2aaUoxnknd4IDBdT3evYWPCElfwyhl23M7H-3Z6ppY-Vcf8KMyBUqU8rA0o/s1600/ixchel.jpg&quot; height=&quot;249&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;As três representações de Ixchel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O cronista espanhol Diego de
Landa escrevia em 1549 que os povos peregrinavam a Cozumel levando presentes à
deusa, assim como os espanhóis o fizeram a lugares santos. Outros cronistas,
como Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Francisco López de Gómara e Diego López de
Cogolludo também descreveram os diversos assentamentos maias existentes em
Cozumel e sua importância como centro de peregrinação ao santuário da deusa
Ixchel e como importante porto para a economia maia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kana Nah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Hoje o lugar onde está o
templo da deusa Ixchel se chama San Gervasio e é o sítio arqueológico mais
importante de Cozumel. A história desse sítio remonta a 300 d.C., quando foi
construída a acrópole El Ramonal, centro de onde se controlavam os demais
assentamentos da ilha. De 1000 a 1200 d.C., os maias Itzáes dominaram a ilha,
de onde controlavam o comércio entre Yucatán e Ulúa. A partir de 1200 até 1650
d.C., San Gervasio se transformou num dos mais importantes centros de
peregrinação do mundo maia e de intercâmbio comercial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Palácio - San Gervasio&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A estrutura que os arqueólogos
pensam ter sido o santuário da deusa Ixchel é Kana Nah (Casa Alta). Trata-se de
uma edificação de grande dimensão, sem espaço interno, pois o altar cobre quase
toda a superfície. O templo superior era pintado com as cores vermelha, ocre,
azul, verde e preta e a base e a escada possuem em sua decoração pequenos
rostos humanos feitos em pedra. Sua construção ocorreu entre os anos de 1200 a
1650 d.C.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kana Nah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;O culto a essa deusa foi
introduzido em Cozumel pelos maias itzá e alcançou seu apogeu a partir de 1200
d.C. quando foram erigidos os grandes edifícios de San Gervasio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: HELVETIA, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/2550884746191858649/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/08/a-deusa-ixchel-e-seu-templo.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/2550884746191858649'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/2550884746191858649'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/08/a-deusa-ixchel-e-seu-templo.html' title='A DEUSA IXCHEL E SEU TEMPLO'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxeKQl6lPXzbiO48vRZMDX8WWtOhLNYBto5u1_TdFIsbvg_NhmFE3IIdrPoAOSfUh0WTVRGUI0pi9TqiyZCytXi8f4M1TMMzCLxvM4KAuYoRfU4Ekybuv552fJZEM9xMGY-ljyFVINkyQ/s72-c/COZUMEL+043.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-3708076268559237776</id><published>2013-05-19T11:26:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-19T11:26:02.053-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fontes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Material didático"/><title type='text'>BIBLIOGRAFIA SOBRE RELIGIÃO NA AMÉRICA ESPANHOLA (BIBLIOTECA BRITÂNICA)</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;pagetitle&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; margin: 0px 0px 0px 106px; padding: 0px 0px 10px 52px;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcf9V0r9RSL5DQKPjx3hjozmFzd0TWiC6v2ELlzhrfKK7ll8a3nxM_ab-hMcROB7S5C60ilUxPlxcwk2kK2OleMyyh3DRAGUnkMTuVGAH6_yYynOr_hV7SjfKJf4QsaejrnJ7XGL1pY0/s1600/guadalupe.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcf9V0r9RSL5DQKPjx3hjozmFzd0TWiC6v2ELlzhrfKK7ll8a3nxM_ab-hMcROB7S5C60ilUxPlxcwk2kK2OleMyyh3DRAGUnkMTuVGAH6_yYynOr_hV7SjfKJf4QsaejrnJ7XGL1pY0/s1600/guadalupe.jpg&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe - México&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Pesquisando na internet encontrei essa preciosidade da Biblioteca Britânica e que certamente ajudará muito aos pesquisadores que trabalham com religião no período colonial da América espanhola.&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html&quot;&gt;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Libros religiosos coloniales (in Spanish)&lt;/h1&gt;
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El propósito del presente artículo no es otro que poner en manos del lector&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;una lista clasificada de libros sobre religión impresos en Hispanoamérica en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;y actualmente conservados en la British Library.&lt;/div&gt;
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Se excluyen: pleitos en los que participan religiosos; documentos sobre diezmos, rentas, etc.; sermones fúnebres y natalicios; y libros impresos fuera de América. Los títulos se citan de forma abreviada. Las fuentes de este elenco son: Henry Thomas,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Short-title Catalogues of Portuguese and of Spanish-American Books printed before 1601 now in the British Museum&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(London: Bernard Quaritch, 1926); antes en&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Revue Hispanique&lt;/em&gt;, 65 (1925), 265-315; V. F. Goldsmith,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;A Short Title Catalogue of Spanish and Portuguese Books 1601-1700 in the Library of the British Museum (The British Library - Reference Division)&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Folkestone: Dawsons, 1974); más los otros catálogos de la British Library. Los presentes registros pueden servir para remitir al lector a los catálogos de los que proceden. Por lo tanto se han respetado las normas de catalogación: así se explica el uso de algunos encabezamientos en inglés. Se han empleado las abreviaturas siguientes: en el pie de imprenta,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;M&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Ciudad de México) y&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;L&lt;/em&gt;(Lima, antiguamente Ciudad de los Reyes); en las notas,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sp&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(lengua española) y&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Mex&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(lengua &quot;mexicana&quot;);&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;imperf.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;indica un ejemplar imperfecto. Agradecemos a nuestras colegas Alison Hill y Soraya García-Merino su ayuda.&lt;/div&gt;
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Libros impresos en México, Perú, Chile, Cuba, Ecuador y Guatemala, 1543/4 - 1800&lt;/h2&gt;
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Barry Taylor y Geoffrey West, The British Library&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link13&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Agustinos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link41&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Arte de predicar&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link46&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Arzobispos de México&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link10&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Biografías de religiosos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link14&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Capuchinos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link15&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Carmelitas descalzas&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link45&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Cartas apostólicas&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link2&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Catecismos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link16&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Clarisas&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link17&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Cofradía de Nuestra Señora del Carmen&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link44&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Colegios religiosos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link18&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Compañía de María&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link54&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Concilios y sínodos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link3&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Confesionarios&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link21&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Congregación de la Purísima&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link19&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Congregación de Nuestra Señora de Covadonga&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link20&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Congregación de Propaganda Fide&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link22&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Congregación de San Pedro&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link8&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Culto mariano&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link37&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Derecho canónico&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link4&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Doctrina cristiana&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link23&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Dominicos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link42&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Evangelización&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link24&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Franciscanos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link7&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Hagiografías&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link5&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Himnos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link11&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Historia eclesiástica&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link43&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Iglesias, catedrales&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link36&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Inquisición&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link25&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Jesuitas&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link6&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Manuales de rito&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link26&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Mercedarios&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link8&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Milagros&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link38&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Mística y meditación&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link47&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Obispos de Arequipa&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link48&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Obispos de Cuba&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link50&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Obispos de Guadalajara&lt;/a&gt;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link51&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Obispos de La Paz&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link52&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Obispos de Puebla&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link53&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Obispos de Quito&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link49&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Obispos del Ecuador&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link4&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Obras de devoción&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link27&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Orden de Belén&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link28&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Orden de la Caridad&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link29&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Orden de la Inmaculada Concepción&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link30&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Orden de San Juan de Dios&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link31&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Orden de San Salvador&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link32&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Orden Real y Militar de Nuestra Señora de la Merced&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link33&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Ordenes mendicantes&lt;/a&gt;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link12&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Ordenes religiosos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link34&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Real Congregación del Alumbrado y Vela Continua del Santísimo Sacramento&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link39&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sermones en castellano&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link40&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Sermones en lenguas amerindias y bilingües&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link35&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Servitas&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link37&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Teología &quot;culta&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link9&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Vidas y cultos de santos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;|&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelplang/spanish/hispcoll/colrelbkblspanish/hispcolbk.html#link5&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Villancicos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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El libro en la Colonia&lt;/h2&gt;
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Sobre el tema del libro en la Colonia, pueden servir de orientación los siguientes estudios:&lt;br /&gt;Goic, Cedomil,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Historia y crítica de la literatura hispanoamericana, I:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Epoca colonial&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Barcelona: Crítica, 1988)&lt;br /&gt;Gómez Canedo, Lino,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La educación de los marginados durante la época&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;colonial&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(México: Porrúa, 1982)&lt;br /&gt;Leonard, Irving A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Books of the Brave: being an account of books and of men in the Spanish conquest and settlement of the sixteenth-century New World&lt;/em&gt;, 2nd ed, with a new introduction by Rolena Adorno (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992)&lt;br /&gt;Millares Carlo, Agustín, &quot;Bibliotecas y difusión del libro en Hispanoamérica colonial: intento bibliográfico&quot;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Boletín Histórico&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Caracas), 22 (enero 1970), 25-72&lt;br /&gt;Mohler, Stephen C., &quot;Publishing in Colonial Spanish America: an overview&quot;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Inter-American Review of Bibliography&lt;/em&gt;, 28 (1978), 259-73&lt;br /&gt;Solano, Francisco de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Las voces de la ciudad: México a través de sus&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;impresos (1539-1821),&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;Colección Biblioteca Historia de América, 9 (Madrid: CSIC, 1994)&lt;/div&gt;
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Bibliografía reciente sobre religión colonial&lt;/h2&gt;
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Está fuera del ámbito del presente artículo ofrecer una evaluación de la investigación reciente sobre el tema de la religión en la Colonia. Damos a continuación una breve lista de estudios que se han aprovechado de los libros coloniales.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Arrachés au Diable&quot;: l&#39;évangelisation de l&#39;Amérique espagnole&lt;/em&gt;, núm. especial de&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions&lt;/em&gt;, 77 (janvier-mars 1992)&lt;br /&gt;Baudot, Georges,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La pugna franciscana por México&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(México: Alianza Editorial Mexicana, 1990)&lt;br /&gt;Burkhart, Louise M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989)&lt;br /&gt;Martini, Mónica Patricia,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;El indio y los sacramentos en Hispanoamérica colonial: circunstancias adversas y malas interpretaciones&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Buenos Aires: PRHISCO-CONICET, 1993)&lt;br /&gt;Megged, Amos,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Exporting the Catholic Reformation: Local Religion in Early-Colonial Mexico&lt;/em&gt;, Cultures, Beliefs and Traditions, 2 (Leiden: Brill, 1996)&lt;br /&gt;Muriel, Josefina,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La cultura femenina novohispana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(México: UNAM, 1982)&lt;/div&gt;
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Libros religiosos coloniales de la British Library: Procedencia&lt;/h2&gt;
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En su inmensa mayoría, los libros que se relacionan a continuación fueron adquiridos por compra para la biblioteca del British Museum (desde 1973 la British Library) en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Muy pocos formaban parte de los fondos fundacionales, ni de los legados importantes posteriores. Constan, por ejemplo, solamente tres libros procedentes de la biblioteca del bibliófilo Thomas Grenville: Pedro, de Cordova,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Dotrina christiana para instrucion de los indios&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1544) G.11725; Mexico, Provincial Council,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Concilios provinciales, primero y segundo, celebrados en la..ciudad de Mexico...en los años 1555 y 1556&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1769) G.19896; Mexico, Provincial Council,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Concilium Mexicanum Provinciale III, celebratum Mexici anno MDLXXXV&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1770) G.19897.&lt;/div&gt;
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En efecto, la mayoría de los libros religiosos coloniales que hoy posee la British Library proceden de no más de tres importantes subastas de impresos mexicanos. En 1869 se subastó en Leipzig la biblioteca del bibliófilo José María Andrade (1807-1883), que iba a formar parte de la Biblioteca Imperial de México. Así se adquirió el primer libro existente editado en México: Zumárraga, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Dotrina breve de las cosas que pertenecen a la fe&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;catholica&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1543/44) C.37.e.8. El mismo año se verificó en la casa londinense de Puttick &amp;amp; Simpson la venta de los libros del padre Agustín Fischer (1825-1887), famoso traficante de libros. De allí proviene Juan, de la Anunciación,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon. Nica motenehua tenonotzal-macktiliztli...Aqui se contiene un sermon para publicar la sancta bulla&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1575) C.37.f.21. Once años más tarde, en la misma casa, se subastaron los libros que habían formado la valiosísima biblioteca del erudito y político, José Fernando Ramírez (1804-1871), entre ellos: Augustinians,&lt;em&gt;Ordinarium ordinis heremitarum...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1556) C.36.e.2; Molina, A. de,&lt;em&gt;Confessionario breve&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1565) con&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Confessionario mayor&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1565) C.36.e.3. El Museo aprovechó las oportunidades que ofrecieron estas tres subastas para asentar la base de sus fondos mexicanos. Los impresos peruanos, en cambio, se adquirieron por compras individuales, y no demuestran la misma riqueza.&lt;/div&gt;
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Libros religiosos coloniales de la British Library: Catálogo&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link2&quot; name=&quot;link2&quot;&gt;Catecismos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Juan, de la Anunciación,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermonario en lengua mexicana, con un catecismo en lengua mexicana y española&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1577)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.f.13&lt;br /&gt;Lima - Concilio Provincial,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Tercero cathecismo y exposicion de la doctrina christiana por sermones&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp, Quechua &amp;amp; Aymara] (L 1585)&lt;br /&gt;C.53.d.8; C.53.c.26(3)(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Torres Rubio, D. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Arte de la lengua quichua. Nuevamente van añadidos los romances, el cathecismo pequeño...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1619)&lt;br /&gt;C.33.a.50&lt;br /&gt;Pareja, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Catechismo y examen para los que comulgan en lengua castellana y timuquana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1627)&lt;br /&gt;3505.df.30&lt;br /&gt;Avendaño, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermones de los misterios de nuestra santa Fe catolica en lengua castellana, y la general del ynca. Impugnanse los errores particulares que los indios han tenido&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1648?)&lt;br /&gt;C.189.bb.9 (imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Liturgies- Rituals,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Manual breve y forma de administrar los santos sacramentos a los indios [&lt;/em&gt;Con&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Catecismo en lengua mexicana]&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1669)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.d.14&lt;br /&gt;Torres Rubio, D. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Arte de la lengua quichua. Nuevamente van añadidos los romances, el cathecismo pequeño...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1700)&lt;br /&gt;C.33.a.49&lt;br /&gt;Marban, P.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Arte de la lengua moxa, con su vocabulario y cathecismo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1702)&lt;br /&gt;621.a.34&lt;br /&gt;Trent, Council of,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Catechismo romano, traducido en castellano, y&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;mexicano&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1723)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.e.7&lt;br /&gt;Yapuguay, N.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Explicacion de el catechismo en lengua guarani...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Pueblo de Santa María la Mayor 1724)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.f.30&lt;br /&gt;Christian Doctrine,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cathecismo de la Doctrina Christiana traducido en lengua cahita compuesto por un padre de la Compañia de Jesus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1737)&lt;br /&gt;C.33.a.32(2)&lt;br /&gt;Molina, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Doctrina christiana, y cathecismo en lengua mexicana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1744)&lt;br /&gt;621.a.35(2)&lt;br /&gt;Ripalda, G. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Catecismo mexicano&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp &amp;amp; Mex] (M 1758)&lt;br /&gt;3505.aa.82&lt;br /&gt;Miranda, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Catecismo breve en lengua otomi&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1759)&lt;br /&gt;3504.de.39&lt;br /&gt;Febres, A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Arte de la lengua general del Reyno de Chile... a que se añade la doctrina christiana, esto es, Rezo, Catecismo, etc., lo mas en lengua chilena y castellana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1765)&lt;br /&gt;621.a.29&lt;br /&gt;Mexico, Provincial Council,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Catecismo para uso de los parrocos...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1772)&lt;br /&gt;3554.b.10&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link3&quot; name=&quot;link3&quot;&gt;Confesionarios en lenguas amerindias o bilingües; otras obras sobre confesi&amp;amp;oacue;nt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Molina, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Confessionario breve&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp &amp;amp; Mex] (M 1565)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.e.3(1)&lt;br /&gt;Molina, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Confessionario mayor&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp &amp;amp; Mex] (M 1565)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.e.3(2)(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Lima - Concilio Provincial,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Confessionario para los curas de Indios, con la instrucion contra sus ritos, y exhortacion par ayudar a bien morir&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp, Quechua &amp;amp; Aymara] (L 1585)&lt;br /&gt;C.53.c.59; C.53.c.26(2)&lt;br /&gt;Juan Baptista,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Confesionario en lengua mexicana y castellana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1599)&lt;br /&gt;4061.aa.44(1)(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Valdivia, L. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Arte y gramatica general de la lengua que corre en...Chile; confessionario...doctrina...y cathecismo del concilio de Lima...y dos traducciones del&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1606)&lt;br /&gt;C.63.e.3&lt;br /&gt;Alva, B. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Confessionario mayor, y menor en lengua mexicana&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(M 1634)&lt;br /&gt;4402.n.30&lt;br /&gt;Borda, A. de, Practica de confessores de monjas (M 1708)&lt;br /&gt;4061.a.14&lt;br /&gt;Pérez, M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Farol indiano, y guia de curas de Indias. Summa de los cinco sacramentos... Con todos los casos morales que suceden entre indios (Confessionario mexicano)&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1713) [El Confesionario y Sacramento de matrimonio están en español y mexicano]&lt;br /&gt;4061.c.36&lt;br /&gt;Saavedra, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Confessionario breve...en lengua mexicana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1746)&lt;br /&gt;3504.aa.23&lt;br /&gt;Velásquez de Cárdenas y León, C. C.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Breve practica, regimen del confessionario de indios, en mexicano y castellano&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1761)&lt;br /&gt;4061.a.58&lt;br /&gt;Cortés y Zedeño, G. T. de A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Arte, vocabulario, y confessionario en el&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;idioma mexicano&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1765)&lt;br /&gt;12907.bb.15&lt;br /&gt;Vilaplana, H.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Enchiridion canonico-morale de confessario ad inhonesta, et turpia solicitante...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1765)&lt;br /&gt;4071.cc.5&lt;br /&gt;Vilaplana, H.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Centinela dogmatico-moral con oportunos avisos al confessor, y penitente&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1767)&lt;br /&gt;1225.d.21&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link4&quot; name=&quot;link4&quot;&gt;Doctrina cristiana / Obras de devoción&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Zumárraga, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Dotrina breve de las cosas que pertenecen a la fe&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;catholica&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1543/44)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.e.8&lt;br /&gt;Charlier de Gerson, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Tripartito de doctrina christiana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1544)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.e.27&lt;br /&gt;Pedro, de Cordova,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Dotrina christiana para instrucion de los indios&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1544)&lt;br /&gt;G.11725&lt;br /&gt;Christian Doctrine,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Doctrina cristiana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[por J. de Zumárraga] M 1546)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.e.28&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Regla christiana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1547)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.e.25&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Doctrina christiana en lengua española y mexicana, hecha por los religiosos de la orden de Sancto Domingo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1550)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.e.9(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Domingo, de la Anunciación [Juan de Ecija],&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Doctrina christiana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp &amp;amp; Mex] (M 1565)&lt;br /&gt;C.53.c.60&lt;br /&gt;Gilberti, M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Thesoro espiritual de los pobres en lengua de Michuacan&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1575)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.b.8&lt;br /&gt;Juan, de la Anunciación,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Doctrina christiana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp &amp;amp; Mex] (M 1575)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.f.27&lt;br /&gt;Gaona, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Coloquio de la paz y tranquilidad christiana en lengua&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;mexicana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1582)&lt;br /&gt;4402.f.41 (imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Espíndola, N. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Exercicios de desagravios de Christo...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1759)&lt;br /&gt;4400.h.53&lt;br /&gt;Ore, L.G. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Symbolo catholico indiano&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1598)&lt;br /&gt;C.58.e.9&lt;br /&gt;Mijangos, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Espejo divino en lengua mexicana, en que pueden verse los padres, y tomar documento para acertar a doctrinar bien a sus hijos&lt;/em&gt;(M 1607)&lt;br /&gt;4407.g.16&lt;br /&gt;León, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Camino del cielo, en lengua mexicana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1611)&lt;br /&gt;C.38.f.4 (imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Villegas, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Libro de la vida y milagros de Nuestro Señor&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Sp &amp;amp; Aymara) (Juli, 1612)&lt;br /&gt;C.58.d.23&lt;br /&gt;Prado, P. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Directorio espiritual en la lengua española y quichua&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1641)&lt;br /&gt;C.58.a.13&lt;br /&gt;Robert [Bellarmino], St.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Declaracion copiosa de las quatro partes mas essenciales..de la doctrina christiana...traducida..en...inga&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1649)&lt;br /&gt;3504.ee.29&lt;br /&gt;Charles [Borromeo],&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Testamento, o ultima voluntad del alma&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1661)&lt;br /&gt;4404.h.3&lt;br /&gt;Ledesma, C. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Despertador republicano&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1700)&lt;br /&gt;4402.n.32&lt;br /&gt;Zambrano Bonilla, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Arte de la lengua totonaca...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1752) [Incluye&lt;em&gt;Manual de los santos sacramentos&lt;/em&gt;, Sp &amp;amp; Totonaca]&lt;br /&gt;C.58.e.13&lt;br /&gt;Aguirre, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Doctrina christiana, y platicas doctrinales, traducidas en&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;lengua opata&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp &amp;amp; Opata] (M 1765)&lt;br /&gt;3557.dd.2&lt;br /&gt;Agüero, C. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Miscelaneo espiritual en el idioma zapoteco&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1666)&lt;br /&gt;501.g.10&lt;br /&gt;Ximenes y Frías, J. A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Descenso, y humillacion de Dios, para el ascenso, y exaltacion del hombre...Poema heroico&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1769)&lt;br /&gt;11450.aaa.58&lt;br /&gt;Ledesma, C. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Despertador cristiano...noticias theologicas morales&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1700)&lt;br /&gt;4402.n.32&lt;br /&gt;Avila, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Arte de la lengua mexicana, y breves platicas de los mysterios de N. Santa Fee Catholica...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1717)&lt;br /&gt;621.a.35(1)&lt;br /&gt;Molina, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Doctrina christiana, y cathecismo en lengua mexicana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1744)&lt;br /&gt;621.a.35(2)&lt;br /&gt;Calderón, D.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Tiernos afectos de amor...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1784)&lt;br /&gt;11450.d.19&lt;br /&gt;Guadalupe Ramírez, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Breve compendio de lo que debe saber y entender el christiano...Dispuesto en lengua otomi&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1784)&lt;br /&gt;3558.c.19 (imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Bolaños, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La portentosa vida de la Muerte, emperatriz de los&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;sepulcros...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1792)&lt;br /&gt;4411.h.3&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Novena a la dulcisima sangre de nuestro redentor Jesu-Christo, y exercicio de sus siete principales derramamientos para todos los viernes del año&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1795)&lt;br /&gt;1509/3405&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link5&quot; name=&quot;link5&quot;&gt;Himnos, villancicos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;em&gt;Letras de los villancicos que se cantaron en la Santa Iglesia Cathedral de la Ciudad de la Puebla de los Angeles... puestos en metro musico por el Lic. D. Nicolas Ximenes de Zisneros&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1735)&lt;br /&gt;Cup.410.d.70&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Letras de los villancicos que se cantaron en la Santa Iglesia Cathedral de la Puebla de los Angeles...puestos en metro musico por al [sic] Lic. D. Nicolas Ximenes de Zisneros&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla [1735])&lt;br /&gt;Cup.410.f.485&lt;br /&gt;Rivas, Manuel José de la,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Construccion grammatical de los hymnos&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;ecclesiasticos...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1747)&lt;br /&gt;RB.23.a.12854&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link6&quot; name=&quot;link6&quot;&gt;Manuales de rito&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Leuwis, D. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;...Compendio breve...de como se han de hazer las&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;processiones&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1544)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.e.36&lt;br /&gt;--- [otra ed.] (M 1544)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.e.26&lt;br /&gt;Augustinians,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Ordinarium ordinis heremitarum...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1556)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.e.2 &amp;amp; MK.8.f.3(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Manuale sacramentorum secundum usum ecclesie Mexicane&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1560)&lt;br /&gt;MK.8.f.6(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Liturgies - Missals,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cerimonial y rubricas generales, con la orden de celebrar las missas, y avisos para los defectos que acerca dellas pueden acontecer&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1579)&lt;br /&gt;C.52.a.15&lt;br /&gt;P&amp;amp;eaacute;rez Bocanegra, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Ritual formulario...para administrar a los naturales de este reyno los santos sacramentos&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1631)&lt;br /&gt;1219.i.5&lt;br /&gt;Liturgies- Rituals,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Manual mexicano de la administracion de los santos sacramentos...compuesto en lengua mexicana por...Francisco de Lora Baguito&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Sp &amp;amp; Mex) (M 1634)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.b.7&lt;br /&gt;Contreras Gallardo, P. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Manual de administrar los santos sacramentos a los españoles y naturales desta nueva España&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1638)&lt;br /&gt;3477.aa.46&lt;br /&gt;Liturgies- Rituals,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Manual breve y forma de administrar los santos sacramentos a los indios&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1640)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.b.10&lt;br /&gt;López de Solís, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Informe en derecho en favor de las religiones que en esta Nueva España exercen ministerio de curas...Sobre la administracion de santos sacramentos a Españoles, Mestiços, Mulatos, y Negros&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M? 1640?)&lt;br /&gt;12231.t.1(3)&lt;br /&gt;Liturgies- Rituals,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Manual breve y forma de administrar los santos sacramentos a los indios [&lt;/em&gt;Con&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Catecismo en lengua mexicana]&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1669)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.d.14&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Manual summa de las ceremonias de la Provincia de el Santo Evangelio de Mexico...dispuesta ...por el R. P. Fray Isidoro Alphonso de Castaneyra&lt;/em&gt;(M 1703)&lt;br /&gt;RB.23.a.8044&lt;br /&gt;Liturgies- Latin Rite- Rituals,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Manual para administrar a los indios del idioma cahita los santos sacramentos&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp &amp;amp; Cahita] (M 1740)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.b.6&lt;br /&gt;García, B.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Manual para administrar los santos sacramentos...a los indios de las naciones pajalates, orejones...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp &amp;amp; Mex] (M 1760)&lt;br /&gt;4985.de.16&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link7&quot; name=&quot;link7&quot;&gt;Hagiografías&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link8&quot; name=&quot;link8&quot;&gt;Milagros y culto de la Virgen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Rodríguez de León, A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion de las fiestas que a la Inmaculada Concepcion...se hizieron en...Lima&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1618)&lt;br /&gt;4825.bb.27&lt;br /&gt;Cisneros, L. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Historia de el principio, y origen progressos venidas a Mexico, y milagros de la...imagen de N. Sra de los Remedios&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1621)&lt;br /&gt;1369.f.2&lt;br /&gt;Ramos Gavilán, A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Historia del celebre santuario de Nuestra Señora de&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Copacabana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1621)&lt;br /&gt;4744.dd.10&lt;br /&gt;Mexico, City - Congregación de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de el Colegio de S. Pedro y S. Pablo,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Motivos piadosos para adelantar la devocion tierna de los dolores de la SS. Virgen esmerandose en el cordial afecto...a N. Señora&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1623)&lt;br /&gt;861.g.14&lt;br /&gt;Sanchez, M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Imagen de la Virgen Maria...de Guadalupe&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1648)&lt;br /&gt;1225.e.17&lt;br /&gt;Lasso de la Vega, L.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Huei tlamahuiçoltica omonexiti in ilhuicac Tlatóca Çihuapilli Santa Maria totlaçò nantzin Guadalupe in nican huei altepenahuac Mexico itocayocan tepeyacac&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1649)&lt;br /&gt;884.k.35&lt;br /&gt;Río Frío, B. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Centonicum Virgilianum monumentum mirabilis apparitionis purissimae Virginis Mariae de Guadalupe&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1681)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(2)&lt;br /&gt;Sigüenza y Góngora, C. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Triumpho Parthenico que en las glorias de Maria...celebro la Pontificia Academia Mexicana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1683)&lt;br /&gt;4808.bb.32&lt;br /&gt;Florencia, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La milagrosa invencion de un tesoro escondido en un campo que hallo un...cazique, y escondio en su casa...patente ya en el santuario de los Remedios en su admirable imagen de N. Señora&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1685)&lt;br /&gt;859.h.12&lt;br /&gt;Luzuriaga, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Paranympho celeste...milagrosa imagen...de Aranzazu...en Guipuzcoa&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1686)&lt;br /&gt;4745.ee.13&lt;br /&gt;Aguirre, P. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Transito gloriossisimo de N. Sra. la santissima Virgen&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Maria&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1694)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(10)&lt;br /&gt;Castro, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La Octava maravilla, y sin segundo milagro de Mexico, perpetuado en las Rosas de Guadalupe...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1729)&lt;br /&gt;11451.a.11&lt;br /&gt;Mora, J. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Anagrammas en aplauso, y gloria de la Concepcion purissima de Maria...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1731)&lt;br /&gt;11450.aa.5&lt;br /&gt;Cabrera y Quintero, Cayetano de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Escudo de armas de Mexico: celestial proteccion de esta nobilissima ciudad...Maria Santissima, en su portentosa imagen del Mexicano Guadalupe, milagrosamente apparecida...el año de 1531, y jurada su principal Patrona el passado de 1737, en la angustia, que ocasionó la pestilencia...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1746)&lt;br /&gt;1230.f.1&lt;br /&gt;Eguiara y Eguren, J. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La Purificacion triplicada de la Purissima...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1747)&lt;br /&gt;4061.e.45(2)&lt;br /&gt;Loayzaga, M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Historia de la milagrosissima imagen de Nra Sra de&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Occotlan&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1750)&lt;br /&gt;1225.d.20&lt;br /&gt;Florencia, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Zodiaco mariano...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1755)&lt;br /&gt;1232.c.38&lt;br /&gt;Cabrera, M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Maravilla americana y conjunto de raras maravillas, observadas...en la prodigiosa imagen de Nuestra Sra de Guadalupe de Mexico&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1756)&lt;br /&gt;4625.bb.5&lt;br /&gt;Cortés y Noriega, B.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Clypeus fidei, Mavors divina suam advehit secum materiam ad fortissimum construendun [sic] praesidium&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Ex-voto, impreso sobre seda, con el resumen de una tesis sobre derecho canónico dedicada a la Virgen] (M 1757)&lt;br /&gt;Pen.2&lt;br /&gt;Eguiara y Eguren, J. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Maria santissima pintandose milagrosamente en su bellissima imagen de Guadalupe de Mexico...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1757)&lt;br /&gt;4806.d.48(1)&lt;br /&gt;Florencia, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Origen de los celebres santuarios de la nueva Galicia..Noticia cierta de los milagrosos favores que hace la Santissima Virgen...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1757)&lt;br /&gt;4625.aa.18&lt;br /&gt;Torres, C. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon de la santissima Virgen de Guadalupe&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1757)&lt;br /&gt;4806.d.48(2)&lt;br /&gt;Rodríguez, J. M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion juridica de la libertad de la muerte intentada contra la persona del R. P. Fr. A. Picazo...por intercesion de Nra. Sra. en su prodigiosa imagen del Pueblecito, extramuros de la ciudad de Querataro...Con un apéndice en que se da razon del origen de dicha santa imagen, y progressos de su culto&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1769)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bb.15&lt;br /&gt;Lorenzana y Buitrón, F. A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Oracion a Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1770)&lt;br /&gt;4425.g.1(2)&lt;br /&gt;Ruiz, T. A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Succinta descripcion de las fiestas que en esta ciudad de la Puebla se hicieron a la noticia de aver aprobado el Summo Pontífice la fama de santidad...del Ven. ... Sr D. J. de Palafox y Mendoza&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla? 1770?)&lt;br /&gt;9772.f.23(2)&lt;br /&gt;Becerra Tanco, L.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Felicidad de Mexico en la admirable aparicion de la Virgen Maria...de Guadalupe, y origen de su milagrosa imagen&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1780)&lt;br /&gt;4182.a.7&lt;br /&gt;Guevara, M. T. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Visita sin despedida que hizo Maria Santisima de Guadalupe al Reyno...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1781)&lt;br /&gt;4371.b.45(7)&lt;br /&gt;Planccarte, J. A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Flores guadalupanas...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1785)&lt;br /&gt;11450.de.3&lt;br /&gt;Martínez, D.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Piadosos recuerdos y consideraciones de los dolores que padecio la Madre de Dios...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1788)&lt;br /&gt;11450.ccc.33&lt;br /&gt;Bartolache, J. I.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Manifiesto satisfactorio anunciado en la Gazeta de Mexico...Opusculo guadalupano...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sobre una aparición de la Virgen en México] (M 1790)&lt;br /&gt;4823.d.7&lt;br /&gt;Florencia, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Origen del celebre santuario de Nuestra Señora de San Juan, del obispado de Guadalaxara...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1796)&lt;br /&gt;4744.a.16&lt;br /&gt;Carrillo y Pérez, I.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Pensil americano florido en el rigor del invierno, la imagen de Maria Santissima...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1797)&lt;br /&gt;4745.bbb.12&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link9&quot; name=&quot;link9&quot;&gt;Vidas y cultos de santos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Morales, P. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cartas...en la collocacion de las sanctas reliquias que Gregorio XIII les embio (Tragedia intitulada Triumpho de los santos)&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1579)&lt;br /&gt;C.63.a.1&lt;br /&gt;Jesuits,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion de la persecucion...Japon; y de los insignes martyres...&lt;/em&gt;(M 1616)&lt;br /&gt;4767.ccc.3&lt;br /&gt;Dominic [de Guzmán],&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Breve relacion de la milagrosa...imagen de santo&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Domingo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1633)&lt;br /&gt;9771.h.2(6)&lt;br /&gt;Solís y Valenzuela, P. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Panegyrico sagrado en alabanza de...S. Bruno&lt;/em&gt;(L 1646)&lt;br /&gt;4825.c.47(1)&lt;br /&gt;Ignatius, St,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Oracion a N. P. S. Ignacio de Loyola&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1650?)&lt;br /&gt;1882.c.2(234)&lt;br /&gt;Sáenz, D.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La Thomasiada&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Guatemala 1677)&lt;br /&gt;1073.k.14&lt;br /&gt;Florencia, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Descripcion historica...de S. Miguel de las Cuevas&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1683?)&lt;br /&gt;4745.aa.18&lt;br /&gt;Avendaño Suárez de Sousa, P.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon del glorioso abbad S. Bernardo&lt;/em&gt;(M 1687)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(1)&lt;br /&gt;Narváez, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon...en la celebridad de la traslacion del cuerpo de...S. Francisco Xavier&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1694)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(11)&lt;br /&gt;Avendaño, P. de.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon...Sta Barbara&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1697)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(3)&lt;br /&gt;Lisperguer y Solís, M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Compendio historial de la vida de...S. Rita de Casia monja...del orden de N. P. S. Agustin&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1699)&lt;br /&gt;4829.bb.13&lt;br /&gt;Vetancurt, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida...San Josef&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1700)&lt;br /&gt;486.b.26&lt;br /&gt;Oviedo y Herrera Ordóñez, L. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida de Sta Rosa de Santa Maria, natural de Lima&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1729)&lt;br /&gt;11451.bbb.1&lt;br /&gt;Elizalde Itta y Parra, J. M. G. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Dia festivo...San Joachin&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1744)&lt;br /&gt;5107.aaa.44&lt;br /&gt;Escobar, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Voces de Triton sonoro, que da desde la santa iglesia de Valladolid de Mechoacan la incorrupta, y viva sangre del Illmo. Señor Doctor D. Juan Joseph de Escalona, y Calatayud&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1746)&lt;br /&gt;4863.ccc.4&lt;br /&gt;Seguín, P. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Galicia, reyno de Christo Sacramentado...Santiago, principe hereditario de este reyno&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1750)&lt;br /&gt;4625.aaa.5&lt;br /&gt;Benedict XIII,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Declaracion autentica que hizo el...Cardenal Ursini...de los prodigios que ha obrado...el Glorioso San Phelipe Neri...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1754)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(29)&lt;br /&gt;San Vicente, J. M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Labyrinto que compuso D. J. M. de San Vicente para el convite de su comedia intitulada: El Job de la Ley de Gracia, San Eustaquio&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1766)&lt;br /&gt;1865.c.2(34)&lt;br /&gt;Juan, de San Félix,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Compendio de la vida de S. Andres Avelino&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1767)&lt;br /&gt;4826.aaaa.25&lt;br /&gt;Castro, J. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;El triunfo del silencio. Cancion heroica...al glorioso martirio de...San Juan Nepomuceno&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1786)&lt;br /&gt;11450.d.20&lt;br /&gt;Carmona, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Panegirico...del B. Sebastian de Aquino...en la solemne funcion de sus primero cultos&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1792)&lt;br /&gt;4425.g.1(5)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
Otros milagros&lt;/h3&gt;
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Vargas Machuca, B. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Prodigio milagroso del Occidente, el niño credito de Pisco...Francisco [de Soto]&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1667)&lt;br /&gt;4867.b.49&lt;br /&gt;Velasco, A.A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Renovacion por si misma de la soberana imagen de Christo...que llaman de Ytzimiquilpan&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1688)&lt;br /&gt;862.l.10&lt;br /&gt;Velasco. A. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Exaltacion de la divina misericordia en la milagrosa renovacion de la...imagen de Christo Sr Nro crucificado, que se venera en la Iglesia del Convento de Sr S. Joseph de Religiosas carmelitas Descalzas...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1776)&lt;br /&gt;C.108.ppp.7&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link10&quot; name=&quot;link10&quot;&gt;Biografías de religiosos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Valenzuela, B. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Epitome...de la vida...de...Bernardino de Almansa...arçobispo de Santa Fe de Bogota&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1646)&lt;br /&gt;4825.c.47(2)&lt;br /&gt;Vidal, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida...de...Miguel de Omaña de la Compañia de Jesus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1682)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bb.18&lt;br /&gt;Florencia, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida...P. Geronimo de Figueroa...missionero...entre los indios&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1689)&lt;br /&gt;8180.aaa.28&lt;br /&gt;Grijalva, F. X.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta que el P. Francisco Xavier...preposito provincial ...del Peru remitio a los padres rectores...de la Compania de Jesus...noticias de la muerte del P. Diego de Avendaño&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1689)&lt;br /&gt;4866.c.39&lt;br /&gt;Morán de Butrón, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La azucena de Dios...Mariana de Jesus Flores y&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Paredes&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1702)&lt;br /&gt;4864.d.29&lt;br /&gt;Torres, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida exemplar..de la Madre Barbara Josepha de San&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Francisco...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1725)&lt;br /&gt;4986.cc.88&lt;br /&gt;Arjo, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta...de las...virtudes y...muerte de el Padre J. Camargo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1727)&lt;br /&gt;4867.bb.22&lt;br /&gt;Mora, J. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Espejo crystalino de paciencia...en...la...vida...de...Sor Maria Ynes de los Dolores&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1729)&lt;br /&gt;1225.e.14&lt;br /&gt;Salazar, J. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida del v. p. Alonso Messia&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1733)&lt;br /&gt;4865.c.6 (imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Espinosa, I. F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;El peregrino septentrional Atlante; delineado en la vida...del...padre F. A. Margil de Jesus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1737)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.25(1)&lt;br /&gt;Espinosa, I. F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Nuevas empresas del peregrino septentrional Atlante&lt;/em&gt;(M 1747)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.25(2)&lt;br /&gt;Sánchez de Castro, J. G.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida de la V. M. Sor Antonia de la Madre de&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dios&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1747)&lt;br /&gt;4866.de.7&lt;br /&gt;Oviedo y Rivas, J. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida admirable...del...Padre J. Vidal&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1752)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.16&lt;br /&gt;Eguiara y Eguren, J. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida del...Padre Don P. de Arellano y Sessa...&lt;/em&gt;(M 1753)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.24&lt;br /&gt;Faria, F. X. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida...del vble padre Pedro de Velasco&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1753)&lt;br /&gt;486.c.26&lt;br /&gt;Moyora, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion de la vida y virtudes del P. A. Herdoñana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1758)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bb.3&lt;br /&gt;Galluzzi, F. M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida del venerable padre A. Baldinucci...de la Compañia&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;de Jesus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1760)&lt;br /&gt;4867.df.40&lt;br /&gt;Vilaplana, H.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Breve noticia de la...conversion y...vida del Padre Don M.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;de S. Cayetano y Jorganes&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1760)&lt;br /&gt;4986.aa.15&lt;br /&gt;Gandara, S. de la,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta...sobre la vida, y muerte de el Padre Doctor F. X.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Lazcano&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1763)&lt;br /&gt;4986.cc.78&lt;br /&gt;Vilaplana, H.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida portentosa del americano septentrional apostol...Antonio Margil de Jesus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1763)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.31&lt;br /&gt;Braun, B.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta...sobre la apostolica vida...del P. Francisco Hermano&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Glandorff&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1764)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.6&lt;br /&gt;Zevallos, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta del provincial...sobre la apostolica vida, y virtudes del P. F. Konsag insigne missionero de la California&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1764)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.3&lt;br /&gt;Valdés, J. E.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida...de la V. M. Sor Sebastiana Josepha [Maya y Marin] de la SS. Trinidad&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1765)&lt;br /&gt;4826.de.9&lt;br /&gt;Moreno, J. J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Fragmentos de la vida...del...D. V. de Quiroga, primer Obispo...de Michoacan&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1766)&lt;br /&gt;4985.de.21&lt;br /&gt;Rodríguez, J. M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida...del...Fray Sebastian de Aparicio...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1769)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.23&lt;br /&gt;Paredes, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta...de las solidas virtudes, religiosos empleos y santa muerte del P. F. X. de Solchaga&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1770?)&lt;br /&gt;4986.cc.72&lt;br /&gt;Philip, de Jesús, St,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Compendio de la historia de el bienaventurado Felipe&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;de Jesus...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1781)&lt;br /&gt;4824.a.2&lt;br /&gt;Paredes, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta...la vida exemplar de la hermana Salvadora de los&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Santos, india otomi&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1784)&lt;br /&gt;4827.aa.44&lt;br /&gt;--- [otra ed.] (M 1791)&lt;br /&gt;4986.aa.47&lt;br /&gt;Palou, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion historica de la vida...del...Fray J. Serra&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1787)&lt;br /&gt;C.104.d.19&lt;br /&gt;Virgilius Maro, P.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Prospecto de una Eneida apostolica...que celebra la predicacion del V. apostol de Occidente, A. Margil de Jesus, intitulada&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Margileida&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Lat &amp;amp; Sp] (M 1788)&lt;br /&gt;11451.c.52&lt;br /&gt;Aguilera Castro y Sotomayor, J. M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Elogio christiano del B.&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sebastian de Aparicio&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1791)&lt;br /&gt;4425.g.1(6)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link11&quot; name=&quot;link11&quot;&gt;Historia eclesiástica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Burgoa, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Geografica descripcion de la parte septentrional del polo artico...y nueva iglesia de las Indias Occidentales&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1674)&lt;br /&gt;10460.g.15&lt;br /&gt;Vetancurt, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Teatro mexicano&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1698, 97)&lt;br /&gt;9771.f.14&lt;br /&gt;Lima, Sociedad Académica de Amantes de Lima,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Guia politica,&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;eclesiastica y militar del virreynato del Peru&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1793, 95)&lt;br /&gt;PP.2595&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link12&quot; name=&quot;link12&quot;&gt;Ordenes, etc.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link13&quot; name=&quot;link13&quot;&gt;Agustinos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Augustinians,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Ordinarium ordinis heremitarum...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1556)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.e.2 &amp;amp; MK.8.f.3(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Augustinians,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Constitutiones ordinis fratrum eremitarum...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1587)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.b.9&lt;br /&gt;Grijalva. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cronica de la orden de N. P. S. Agustin en...Nueva&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;España&lt;/em&gt;(M 1624)&lt;br /&gt;4785.g.39&lt;br /&gt;Calancha, A. de la,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Coronica moralizada del Orden de San Agustin en el&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Peru,&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;vol. II (L 1653)&lt;br /&gt;493.k.11&lt;br /&gt;Augustine, St,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La sagrada regla del gran doctor de la iglesia N.P. San Agustin. Debaxo de la qual viven sus mongas... Con las constituciones, que guarda el...convento de religiosas agustinas, de la ciudad de&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Popayan...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1756)&lt;br /&gt;1568/1608&lt;br /&gt;Augustine, St.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Regla de N. P. S. Augustin...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1774)&lt;br /&gt;4782.aa.12&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link14&quot; name=&quot;link14&quot;&gt;Capuchinos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Fonsancii, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta familiar...la conquista espiritual del Gran Thibet, y la mission que los padres Capuchinos, tienen alli&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1765)&lt;br /&gt;204.c.30&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link15&quot; name=&quot;link15&quot;&gt;Carmelitas descalzas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Sigüenza y Góngora, C. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Parayso occidental...convento de Jesus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Maria de Mexico&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1684)&lt;br /&gt;1124.k.10&lt;br /&gt;Gómez de la Parra, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Fundacion, y primero siglo del...Convento de...S. Joseph de Religiosas Carmelitas descalzas de la ciudad de la Puebla de&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;los Angeles&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1732)&lt;br /&gt;4785.h.3&lt;br /&gt;Ladrón de Guevara, B.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Manifiesto, que el Real Convento de Religiosas&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;de Jesus Maria...hace...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1771)&lt;br /&gt;4785.k.11&lt;br /&gt;Josefa, de la Providencia,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion del origen y fundacion del Monasterio del Señor San Joaquin de Religiosas Nazarenas Carmelitas&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Descalzas&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1793)&lt;br /&gt;4986.e.3&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link16&quot; name=&quot;link16&quot;&gt;Clarisas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Clare, St,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Primera regla de la fecunda Madre Santa Clara de Assis...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1756)&lt;br /&gt;858.h.4&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link17&quot; name=&quot;link17&quot;&gt;Cofradía de Nuestra Señora del Carmen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Mary, The Blessed Virgin,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sumario de las indulgencias, gracias, y concesiones que los Sumos Pontifices han dispensado a la Cofradia de Nuestra Señora del Carmen&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1797)&lt;br /&gt;4808.a.3&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link18&quot; name=&quot;link18&quot;&gt;Compañía de María&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Azlor y Echeverz, M I.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion historica de la fundacion de este convento de Nuestra Señora del Pilar, compañia de Maria&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1793)&lt;br /&gt;4625.bb.7&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link19&quot; name=&quot;link19&quot;&gt;Congregación de Nuestra Señora de Covadonga&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;&quot;&gt;
Mexico, City of- ,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Congregación de Nuestra Señora de Covadonga, Constituciones de la Congregación de Nuestra Señora de Covadonga&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1785)&lt;br /&gt;4785.ccc.3&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link20&quot; name=&quot;link20&quot;&gt;Congregación de Propaganda Fide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Espinosa, Isidoro Felix de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Chronica apostolica y seraphica de todos los Colegios de Propaganda Fide de esta Nueva España de Missioneros Franciscanos Observantes...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1746-92)&lt;br /&gt;4745.f.2&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link21&quot; name=&quot;link21&quot;&gt;Congregación de la Purísima&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Núñez, A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Distribucion de las obras...conforme al estado de las Señoras Religiosas...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1712)&lt;br /&gt;1225.d.18&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link22&quot; name=&quot;link22&quot;&gt;Congregación de San Pedro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Peter, St, Congregación de San Pedro,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Compendio de las constituciones y reglas de la... Congregación de N. G. P. S. Pedro&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1747)&lt;br /&gt;4785.bb.46&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link23&quot; name=&quot;link23&quot;&gt;Dominicos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;&quot;&gt;
Dominicans,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Acta capituli generalis...Bononiae celebrati&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1567)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.f.3(1)&lt;br /&gt;Dominicans,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Reglas y constituciones de la cofradia de los juramentos ynstituyda por la orden de sancto Domingo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1567)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.e.4&lt;br /&gt;Dominic [de Guzman],&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Acta capituli generalis&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1613)&lt;br /&gt;4784.bbb.1(1) (imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Dominic [de Guzman],&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Provisiones...pro bono regimine provinciarum Indiarum Occidentalium&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1619)&lt;br /&gt;4784.bbb.1(4)&lt;br /&gt;Dominic [de Guzman],&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Acta capituli generalis&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Ulyssiponae&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1619)&lt;br /&gt;4784.bbb.1(3)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Regula et constitutiones pro clericis, conversisque fratribus...ordinis Praedicatorum, Hispano-Latinae...,&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;ed. Emmanuel Varona (M 1731)&lt;br /&gt;1225.e.16&lt;br /&gt;Berdú, G.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Tratado de el Tercer Orden del Glorioso Patriarcha Santo Domingo de Guzman...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1755)&lt;br /&gt;4785.aa.31&lt;br /&gt;Villa Sánchez, Juan de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Justas y debidas honras...a la M. R. M. Maria Anna Agueda de S. Ignacio, primera Priora...del Convento de Religiosas Dominicas de Santa Rosa de Santa Maria&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla [1756])&lt;br /&gt;4986.bb.4&lt;br /&gt;Bellido, Joseph,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida de la V. M. R. M. Maria Anna Agueda de S. Ignacio, primera Priora...del Convento de Dominicas Recoletas...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1758)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.27&lt;br /&gt;Dominicans, Church of, at Civita Vecchia,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Inscriptiones marmori incisae Centum-Cellis et in Ecclesia PP. Dominicanorum expositae. Inscripciones gravadas en marmol...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M? 1765?)&lt;br /&gt;011451.g.20&lt;br /&gt;Aramburu, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Por la Provincia de S. Hipolyto Martyr del Sagrado Orden de Predicadores de Oaxaca...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1771)&lt;br /&gt;5175.i.3(5); 4782.dd.8(9)&lt;br /&gt;Dominicans,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Acta Capituli Provincialis celebrati in imperiali S. P. N. Dominici Mexicano Conventu&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1774?)&lt;br /&gt;4784.bbb.1(9)&lt;br /&gt;Hidalgo, M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Glorias dominicanas en su...militar tercer orden&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1795)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.30&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link24&quot; name=&quot;link24&quot;&gt;Franciscanos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;&quot;&gt;
Franciscans,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Instituta&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1567)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.f.1(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Franciscans,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Estatutos generales de Barcelona para la familia cismontana de la orden de S. Francisco&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1585)&lt;br /&gt;C.53.c.33&lt;br /&gt;Franciscans,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Forma y modo de fundar las cofradias&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;del cordeon de S. Francisco con el sumario de las gracias e indulgencias ( M 1589)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.b.11&lt;br /&gt;Medina, B. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Chronica de la santa provincia de San Diego de Mexico de Religiosos Descalços de N.S.P.S. Francisco en la Nueva-España&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1682)&lt;br /&gt;4784.f.20&lt;br /&gt;Franciscans,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Loquatur ancilla tua...vindicias veritatis&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M? 1695?)&lt;br /&gt;4783.ee.2(1)&lt;br /&gt;Mexico - Franciscans,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Constituciones de la provincia de San Diego de Mexico de los Menores Descalços de...San Francisco&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1698)&lt;br /&gt;4785.dd.14&lt;br /&gt;Aguirre, P. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sentencia apostolica...de la precedencia....de la seraphica descalcez y mas estrecha observancia regular de N. S. P. S. Francisco, en la provincia de San Diego de Mexico, respecto de la Sacratissima Religion de N. P. S. Agustin&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1701)&lt;br /&gt;4071.c.7(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Vázquez, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Chronica de la Provincia del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus de Guatemala de el Orden de...San Francisco&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Guatemala, 1714-16)&lt;br /&gt;484.d.1&lt;br /&gt;Franciscans,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Regla de N. S. P. S. Francisco...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1725)&lt;br /&gt;4061.e.32&lt;br /&gt;López, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Piedra fundamental de la mystica Sion, el Nuevo Convento de Señoras Naturales...Religiosas Descalzas de Corpus Christi...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1727)&lt;br /&gt;4985.de.5(8)&lt;br /&gt;Arlegui, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Chronica de la Provincia de N. S. P. S. Francisco de&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Zacatecas&lt;/em&gt;(M 1737)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.e.10&lt;br /&gt;Abreu, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Verdad manifiesta, que declara ser la jurisdiccion ordinaria de los Commissarios Generales de Nueva España de N.S.P.S. Francisco...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M? 1746?)&lt;br /&gt;4183.k.3(1)&lt;br /&gt;Abasolo, J. A., [Comunicación a los Franciscanos de México, sobre la reducción de misas celebradas] (M 1753)&lt;br /&gt;4183.k.3(1)&lt;br /&gt;Trejo Paniagua, A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Libro de las constituciones de nuestra sagrada Orden Tercera de Penitencia de...S. Francisco...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1760)&lt;br /&gt;4182.g.1(6)&lt;br /&gt;Franciscans,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Cartilla, y doctrina espiritual, para la crianza, y educacion de los novicios, que tomaren el habito en la orden de N. P. S. Francisco&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1775)&lt;br /&gt;RB.23.a.8044&lt;br /&gt;González de Agüeros, P.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Arbol cronologico que manifiesta los comisarios generales de Indias del Orden de San Francisco; y plan de todas las provincias...que existen en las dos Americas&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L? 1789)&lt;br /&gt;1856.d.1(88)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link25&quot; name=&quot;link25&quot;&gt;Jesuitas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Mexico - Congregación de Nuestra Señora en el Colegio de la Compañía de Jesús de México,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Dudas acerca de las ceremonias sanctas de la missa&lt;/em&gt;(M 1602)&lt;br /&gt;3476.b.53; 3478.aa.2&lt;br /&gt;Valdivia, L. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion de lo que sucedio en el reyno de Chile...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L? 1613?)&lt;br /&gt;C.62.i.18(30)&lt;br /&gt;Mexico - Colegio Real de S. Ildefonso,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Fundacion del colegio real de san&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ildefonso&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1618)&lt;br /&gt;4182.g.2(1)&lt;br /&gt;Jesuits,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion de los loables trabajos...que ha tenido la Compañia de Jesus en...Toledo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1647)&lt;br /&gt;4092.i.2&lt;br /&gt;Roxas, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Al Rey Nro. Sor. por la provincia de la Compañia de Jesus de la Nueva España en satisfacion de un libro de...Juan de Palafox y&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Mendoça&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M? 1647)&lt;br /&gt;5125.g.9(11)&lt;br /&gt;--- [otra ed.] (s. l. 1647)&lt;br /&gt;4091.e.42&lt;br /&gt;Florencia, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Historia de la provincia de la compania de Jesus de&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nueva-España&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1694)&lt;br /&gt;C.36.g.5&lt;br /&gt;Oviedo y Rivas, J. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida...de...A. Nuñes de Miranda de la&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Compañia de Jesus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1702)&lt;br /&gt;4986.cc.84&lt;br /&gt;Mata, N. U. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion summaria de la vida...del V. P. Cypriano Baraze de la Compañia de Jesus, muerto a manos de barbaros en la mission de los Moxós...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1704)&lt;br /&gt;1232.c.8&lt;br /&gt;Mora, J. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida..de...J. Nicolas...de la Compañia de Jesus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1726)&lt;br /&gt;4985.de.20&lt;br /&gt;Balthasar, J.A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta de edificacion...vida y apostolicos ministerios del Padre Juan Gumersbac&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1737)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.39&lt;br /&gt;Ansaldo, M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta edificante del H. Augustin de Valenziaga...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1742)&lt;br /&gt;4986.cc.75&lt;br /&gt;Ansaldo, M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Copia augmentada de la carta de edificacion del V. P. Sebastian de Estrada...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1743)&lt;br /&gt;4986.cc.74&lt;br /&gt;Florencia, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Menologio de los varones mas señalados...de la provincia de la Compañia de Jesus de Nueva-España&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1747)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.29; 4783.bbb.27&lt;br /&gt;Rome, Church of, Popes, Benedict XIV, [Begin.]&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Benedictus Papa XIV...&lt;/em&gt;[Carta pontificia en favor de los Jesuitas] (M 1749)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5.(27)&lt;br /&gt;Balthasar, J.A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta de edificacion...vida y religiosas virtudes del V. P.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Domingo e Quiroga&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1751)&lt;br /&gt;4867.bb.24&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Catalogus personarum &amp;amp; domiciliorum, in quibus sub A. R. P. Societatis Jesu Praeposito Generali XVI...Societas Jesu Mexicana...laborat&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1751)&lt;br /&gt;4785.b.19&lt;br /&gt;Villavicencio, J. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida...de...Juan de Ugarte de la Compañia de&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Jesus&lt;/em&gt;(M 1752)&lt;br /&gt;1232.b.11&lt;br /&gt;Venegas, M,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;El apostol mariano representado en la vida del V. P. J. M. de Salvatierra de la Compañia de Jesus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1754)&lt;br /&gt;4985.de.19&lt;br /&gt;Oviedo y Rivas, J. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Elogios de muchos coadjutores de la Compañia de Jesus, que en las quatro partes del mundo han florecido con grandes creditos de santidad&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1755)&lt;br /&gt;4807.cc.35&lt;br /&gt;Galluzzi, F. M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida del venerable padre A. Baldinucci...de la Compañia&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;de Jesus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1760)&lt;br /&gt;4867.df.40&lt;br /&gt;Lazcano, F. X.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Vida exemplar...del...padre J. A. de Oviedo, de la Compañia de Jesus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1760)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.28&lt;br /&gt;García, A. X.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta...vida y...virtudes del P. M. Larrainzar&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1763)&lt;br /&gt;4986.cc.73&lt;br /&gt;Orlans de la Motte, L. F. G. d&#39;, Obispo de Amiens,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta pastoral&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[en favor de los Jesuitas] (M 1764)&lt;br /&gt;4446.de.2(1)&lt;br /&gt;Soria, F. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Soneto&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[sobre los Jesuitas] (M? 1765?)&lt;br /&gt;011451.g.21&lt;br /&gt;Guanajuatan Greatness,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Rasgo breve de la grandeza guanajuateca...dedicacion del sumptuoso templo de la sagrada Compañia de Jesus&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1767)&lt;br /&gt;9930.c.33&lt;br /&gt;Guirior, M. V.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Expresion festiva a la funcion que...Doña Maria Ventura Gurior...hizo al...Apostol de las Indias San Francisco Xavier&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M? 1777?)&lt;br /&gt;11451.bbb.45(72)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link26&quot; name=&quot;link26&quot;&gt;Mercedarios&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Mary, the Blessed Virgin, Convento del Orden de Nuestra Señora de la Merced,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Estado del convento de Goatemala del Orden de Nuestra Señora&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;de la Merced&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Guatemala, 1667)&lt;br /&gt;4071.f.17&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link27&quot; name=&quot;link27&quot;&gt;Orden de Belén&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;em&gt;Regla, y constituciones de la sagrada religion Bethlemitica, fundada en las Indias occidentales por el V. P. Fr. Pedro de San Joseph Betancur&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1751)&lt;br /&gt;4785.ccc.23&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link28&quot; name=&quot;link28&quot;&gt;Orden de la Caridad&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Dias de Arce, J., Libro primero (segundo) del proximo evangelico exemplificado en la vida del Venerable Bernardino Alvares, Patriarca de la Orden de Caridad (M 1651)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.37&lt;br /&gt;--- [otra ed.] (M 1762)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.26&lt;br /&gt;Hippolytus, St., Regla y constituciones que observa la sagrada religion de la Charidad (M 1718)&lt;br /&gt;4061.e.34&lt;br /&gt;Mary, the Blessed Virgin, Convento de Nuestra Señora de la Concepción,&lt;em&gt;Regla y constituciones que han de guardar las religiosas de los Conventos de Nuestra Señora de la Concepción y la Santisima Trinidad de la ciudad de los Angeles&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1773)&lt;br /&gt;1225.d.17&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link29&quot; name=&quot;link29&quot;&gt;Orden de la Inmaculada Concepción&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Mary, the Blessed Virgin, Order of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Regla y ordinaciones de las religiosas de la limpia e Inmaculada Concepcion de la Santissima Virgen...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1758)&lt;br /&gt;699.a.49&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link30&quot; name=&quot;link30&quot;&gt;Orden de San Juan de Dios&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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John [Cidade], of God, St., Churches, Institutions, etc.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Descripcion que haze la...Provincia del Sr S. Raphael del Peru, y...de Chile, del Orden de N. P. S. Juan de Dios...del...estreno del nuevo templo...de la casa matriz...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L? 1759)&lt;br /&gt;4782.g.3&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link31&quot; name=&quot;link31&quot;&gt;Orden de San Salvador&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Bridget, St.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Regla y constituciones de las religiosas de Santa Brigida&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1744)&lt;br /&gt;4783.aaa.17&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link32&quot; name=&quot;link32&quot;&gt;Orden Real y Militar de Nuestra Señora de la Mercced&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Mary, the Blessed Virgin, Royal and Military Order of Our Lady of Mercy,&lt;em&gt;Regla, y constituciones del Orden Tercero del Real y Militar de Nuestra Señora de La Merced&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1752)&lt;br /&gt;4785.aa.14&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link33&quot; name=&quot;link33&quot;&gt;Ordenes mendicantes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Rome - Pius V,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Bulla confirmationis et novae concessionis privilegiorum omnium ordinum mendicantium&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1558)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.f.6&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link34&quot; name=&quot;link34&quot;&gt;Real Congregación del Alumbrado y Vela Continua del Santísimo Sacramento&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Mexico, City of - Real Congregación del Alumbrado y Vela Continua del Santísimo Sacramento,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Indulgencias perpetuas concedidas a los congregantes de la... Real Congregacion del Alumbrado y Vela Continua del Santissimo Sacramento...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1793)&lt;br /&gt;4782.aa.10&lt;br /&gt;Ruiz de Conejares, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon...en la solemne funcion con que se dio principio a la Real Congregación del Alumbrado y Vela Continua del Santisimo Sacramento...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1793)&lt;br /&gt;4424.aaa.56&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link35&quot; name=&quot;link35&quot;&gt;Servitas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 1.1em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;&quot;&gt;
Servites,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Breve relacion del origen...de la...religion de los siervos de Maria...sacados de los anales...de lo que escrivio...Joseph Gaspar Pescara&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1699)&lt;br /&gt;861.g.25&lt;br /&gt;Sartorio, José Manuel,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La felicidad de Mexico en el establecimiento de la V. Orden tercera de Siervos de Maria&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1792)&lt;br /&gt;4424.e.31&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link36&quot; name=&quot;link36&quot;&gt;Inquisición&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Estrada y Escovedo, P. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion sumaria del auto particular de fee&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1646)&lt;br /&gt;4071.bb.13&lt;br /&gt;Inquisition [Mexico],&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion del tercero auto particular de fee&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1648)&lt;br /&gt;490.g.4 (missing)&lt;br /&gt;Bocanegra, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Auto general de la fee&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1649)&lt;br /&gt;493.g.30&lt;br /&gt;Ruiz de Zepeda Martinez, R.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Auto general...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1660?)&lt;br /&gt;4061.e.10&lt;br /&gt;Inquisition [Peru],&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion...del auto publico de fee...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;, ed. J. J. del Hoyo (L 1695)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.e.48&lt;br /&gt;Inquisition, Tribunal of, Mexico,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Compendio de indulgencias concedidas a los ministros...del Santo Oficio...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1730?)&lt;br /&gt;4071.f.12&lt;br /&gt;Peralta Barnuevo Rocha y Benavides, P. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion del auto de&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;fe...12 de julio...1733&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1733)&lt;br /&gt;9930.dd.2(1)&lt;br /&gt;Bermudez de la Torre y Solier, P. J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Triunfos del Santo Oficio Peruano. Relacion de auto...23 de diziembre...1736&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1737)&lt;br /&gt;4745.de.8&lt;br /&gt;Inquisition, Tribunal of, Mexico,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Nos los inquisidores...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Edicto] (M 1738?)&lt;br /&gt;9770.k.2(4)&lt;br /&gt;Inquisition, Tribunal of, Peru,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion del auto particular de Fee...6 de&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;abril de 1761&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1761)&lt;br /&gt;4745.bb.45&lt;br /&gt;Inquisition, Tribunal of, Mexico, [Edicto prohibiendo la circulación de dibujos e historias extravagantes de santos] (M 1768)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(28)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link37&quot; name=&quot;link37&quot;&gt;Teología &quot;culta&quot;; derecho canónico&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Alphonsus [Gutiérrez] a Vera Cruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Recognitio summularum&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1554)&lt;br /&gt;C.38.i.7(1)&lt;br /&gt;Alphonsus [Gutiérrez] a Vera Cruce,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Speculum coniugiorum&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1556, 57)&lt;br /&gt;C.38.f.7&lt;br /&gt;Mexico - Congregación de Nuestra Señora en el Colegio de la Compañía de Jesús de México,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Dudas acerca de las ceremonias sanctas de la missa&lt;/em&gt;(M 1602)&lt;br /&gt;3476.b.53; 3478.aa.2&lt;br /&gt;León Pinelo, D. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Hypomnema apologeticum pro Regali Academia Limensi in Lipsianam periodum...Accedunt dissertatiunculae gymnasticae palaestricae, canonico-legales aut promiscuae&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1648)&lt;br /&gt;731.f.17&lt;br /&gt;Lumbier, R.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Noticia de las sesenta y cinco proposiciones...condenadas por...Inocencio XI&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1684)&lt;br /&gt;3900.cc.1&lt;br /&gt;Franciscans,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Loquatur ancilla tua...vindicias veritatis&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M? 1695?)&lt;br /&gt;4783.ee.2(1)&lt;br /&gt;Torices, Antonius,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Valde undique venerandum...Metropolitanae Ecclesiae Mexicanae capitulum&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1708)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(3)&lt;br /&gt;Eguiara y Eguren, J. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Reflectio exponens vigessimam sextam distinctionem libri tertii sententiarum Magistri...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1725)&lt;br /&gt;8462.bbb.10&lt;br /&gt;Eguiara y Eguren, J. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Praelectio theologica in distinctionem vigessimam libri secundi Magistri Sententiarum&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1747)&lt;br /&gt;4061.e.45(1)&lt;br /&gt;Eguiara y Eguren, J. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Regiae ac Pontificiae Mexicanae Academiae...&lt;/em&gt;[dedicando sus obras teológicas a la Academia] (M 1750?)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(12)&lt;br /&gt;Rodo, J. L. del,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Idea sucinta del probabilismo...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1772)&lt;br /&gt;8467.bbb.18&lt;br /&gt;Sanabria, Mariano,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Theses primae partis theologiae ad mentem Ecclesiae luminaris Augustini parentis&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1776)&lt;br /&gt;731.f.29(9)&lt;br /&gt;Urquinaona, M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Resp. Theses primae partis theologiae ad sensum...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1776)&lt;br /&gt;731.f.29(8)&lt;br /&gt;Ayzinena, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Assertationes sacrae theologiae...propugnandae in...Divi Caroli Guathemalana...Academia...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Guatemala, 1785)&lt;br /&gt;1601/654&lt;br /&gt;Baquíjano y Carrillo, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relectio extemporanea ad explanationem legis Pamphilo XXXIX. D. de Legatis, et Fidei commissis III, etc&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1787)&lt;br /&gt;1238.h.14(1)&lt;br /&gt;Luengo, A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Prospecto de la obra intitulada Isagoges augustinianae...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1789)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(24)&lt;br /&gt;Pantaleón del Aguila, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Thomistica asserta de logica, phisica, et&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;metaphisica...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Guatemala, 1794)&lt;br /&gt;1601/655&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link38&quot; name=&quot;link38&quot;&gt;Mística y meditación&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Izquierdo, S.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Practica de los exercicios espirituales de Nuestro Padre San&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ignacio&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1709)&lt;br /&gt;4223.a.27&lt;br /&gt;John [de Yepes], of the Cross, St.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Monte de las glorias de Dios...exaltacion canonica de...S. Juan de la Cruz&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1729)&lt;br /&gt;4829.dd.11&lt;br /&gt;Ximénez de Bonilla, J. I.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;El segundo quinze de enero de la corte mexicana. Solemnes fiestas, que a la canonizacion del mystico doctor&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;San Juan de la Cruz...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1730)&lt;br /&gt;1232.c.39&lt;br /&gt;Peralta, J. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Las tres jornadas del cielo: via purgativa, iluminativa, i&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;unitiva...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1749)&lt;br /&gt;4403.bbb.22&lt;br /&gt;Bridget, St.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Glorias del sacerdocio reveladas...a Santa Brigida&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1751)&lt;br /&gt;1568/1396&lt;br /&gt;Rosseau, J. B.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Imitacion&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[por Felipe Lledías]&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;de una oda de M. Rousseau, en la que una alma se eleva al conocimiento de Dios por la contemplacion de sus obras&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1800?)&lt;br /&gt;11450.de.4(6)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link39&quot; name=&quot;link39&quot;&gt;Sermones en castellano&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Palafox y Mendoza, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Semana santa; injusticias que intervinieron en&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;la muerte de Christo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1644)&lt;br /&gt;4226.h.23&lt;br /&gt;Martínez de la Parra, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon panegirico, elogio sacro de San Eligio&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1686)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(9)&lt;br /&gt;Avendaño Suárez de Sousa, P. de.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1688)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(2)&lt;br /&gt;Reyes Angel, G. de los,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon al glorioso San Francisco de Borja&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1688)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(12)&lt;br /&gt;Piñero, G.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1689)&lt;br /&gt;4985.de.4(4)&lt;br /&gt;Argüello, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1690?)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(5)&lt;br /&gt;Martínez de la Parra, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon panegyrico a las virtudes...de...San&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Francisco Xavier&lt;/em&gt;...(M 1690)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(8)&lt;br /&gt;Argüello, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon de la dominica septuagessima&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1691)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(6)&lt;br /&gt;Nicolas, de la Trinidad,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon a S. Antonio de Padua&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1691)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(13)&lt;br /&gt;Argüello, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1697)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(7)&lt;br /&gt;Avendaño, Suárez de Sousa, P. de.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1697)&lt;br /&gt;851.k.18(4)&lt;br /&gt;Estrada, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1730)&lt;br /&gt;4824.bbb.2&lt;br /&gt;Escobar, D. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1732)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bb.6&lt;br /&gt;Dallo, M. R.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon panegyrico...en la...fiesta de N.G. Padre Santo&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Domingo de Guzman&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1734)&lt;br /&gt;1560/2507&lt;br /&gt;Dallo, M. R.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon de la gloriosa madre Santa Monica&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1735)&lt;br /&gt;1560/2510&lt;br /&gt;Dallo, M. R.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon moral de la Santa Veronica&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1736)&lt;br /&gt;1560/2506&lt;br /&gt;Salazar, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Llave maestra para abrir el cielo...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1738)&lt;br /&gt;1560/2508&lt;br /&gt;Moreno y Castro, A. F., [Sermón sobre S. Miguel] (M 1750)&lt;br /&gt;4427.aaa.32(2)(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Maldonada Zapata, A. D.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Piadosos unidos ojos... Sermon&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1755)&lt;br /&gt;4985.de.2(1)&lt;br /&gt;Sánchez, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon...reedificacion...del Hospital de San Lazaro de Lima&lt;/em&gt;(L 1758)&lt;br /&gt;1358.i.29(1)&lt;br /&gt;Estrada, J. M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1766)&lt;br /&gt;4427.f.8&lt;br /&gt;Rodríguez, J. M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;El Protector del estado religioso. Oracion panegirica...en la fiesta que anualmente celebra la tercera Orden de...S. Francisco de Mexico a su patron S. Luis rey de Francia&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1766)&lt;br /&gt;4865.bbb.15(3)&lt;br /&gt;Fabián y Fuero, F.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Oracion&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1768)&lt;br /&gt;4425.g.1(1)&lt;br /&gt;Quintela, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Oracion gratulatoria...en la primera funcion, que celebró la Real Congregacion de los Naturales, y originarios del Reyno de&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Galicia...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1769)&lt;br /&gt;4986.bbb.1&lt;br /&gt;Gallegos, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La monarquia dichosa. Oracion panegyrica...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1770)&lt;br /&gt;4424.h.19&lt;br /&gt;Gallegos, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Dechado de la castidad. Oracion...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1771)&lt;br /&gt;4425.aaa.18&lt;br /&gt;Gutierres Coronel, R. J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;El Apostol omnipotente...Sermon&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1771)&lt;br /&gt;4424.aaa.30&lt;br /&gt;Alday y Aspee, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Oracion...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1772)&lt;br /&gt;1568/1831(1)&lt;br /&gt;Alday y Aspee, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Oracion...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1775)&lt;br /&gt;1568/1831(2)&lt;br /&gt;Morfi, J. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La nobleza y piedad de los montañeses demostrada por el Smo. Cristo de Burgos&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1775)&lt;br /&gt;9770.k.2(32)&lt;br /&gt;Martínez de Adame, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1781)&lt;br /&gt;4424.g.23&lt;br /&gt;Calisto, A. J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Quito, 1783)&lt;br /&gt;4424.h.7&lt;br /&gt;Martínez, M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Oracion&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1786)&lt;br /&gt;4424.a.35&lt;br /&gt;Quintana, A. M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon de S. Cosme y S. Damian&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1786)&lt;br /&gt;4424.e.25&lt;br /&gt;Río de Loza, A. J. M. del,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La mayor alma del mundo Aurelio Agustino...&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Sermon panegirico&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1786)&lt;br /&gt;4828.aa.37&lt;br /&gt;Río de Loza, A. J. M. del,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La mas clara idea del mas obscuro misterio: la sagrada Eucaristia. Sermon panegirico&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1789)&lt;br /&gt;4424.e.26&lt;br /&gt;Baez, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon del glorioso patriarca San Pedro Nolasco&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1791)&lt;br /&gt;4424.aaa.5&lt;br /&gt;Quintela, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;La sencillez hermanada con la sabiduria, oracion panegirica...la beatificacion del B. Sebastian de Aparicio...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1791)&lt;br /&gt;4424.aaa.49&lt;br /&gt;Regil Velasco Duque de Estrada Pardo de Verastegui, P.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Oracion panegirica...en la festividad del glorioso Patriarca S. Felipe Neri&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1794)&lt;br /&gt;4424.aaa.50&lt;br /&gt;Flores, F. F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1795)&lt;br /&gt;4424.aaa.23&lt;br /&gt;Sarria y Alderete, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon moral...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1795)&lt;br /&gt;4424.aaa.48&lt;br /&gt;Piñero, G.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Santa Catharina de Sena...predicada en un divino enxerto&lt;/em&gt;(Puebla 1797)&lt;br /&gt;4828.a.39&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link40&quot; name=&quot;link40&quot;&gt;Sermones en lenguas amerindias y bilingües&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Juan, de la Anunciación,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermon. Nica motenehua tenonotzal-macktiliztli...Aqui se contiene un sermon para publicar la sancta bulla&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp &amp;amp; Mex] (M 1575)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.f.21 (imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Juan, de la Anunciacion,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sermonario en lengua mexicana...con un cathecismo en lengua mexicana y española, con el calendario&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1577)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.f.13&lt;br /&gt;Lima - Concilio Provincial,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Tercero cathecismo y exposicion de la doctrina christiana por sermones&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp, Quechua &amp;amp; Aymara] (L 1585)&lt;br /&gt;C.53.d.8; C.53.c.26(3)(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Leon, M. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Primera parte del sermonario del tiempo de todo el año, duplicado en lengua mexicana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1614)&lt;br /&gt;C.38.f.6&lt;br /&gt;Domínguez y Argaiz, F. E.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Platicas de los principales mysterios de nuestra sta. fee... Hecho en el idioma yucateco&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1758)&lt;br /&gt;761.c.7&lt;br /&gt;Paredes, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Promptuario manual mexicano... Contiene quarenta y seis platicas...y seis sermones...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Mex] (M 1759)&lt;br /&gt;4499.cc.14&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link41&quot; name=&quot;link41&quot;&gt;Arte de predicar&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Barzia y Zambrana, J. de&lt;em&gt;, Epistola exhortatoria en orden a que los predicadores evangelicos no priven de la doctrina a las almas en los sermones de fiestas&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1693)&lt;br /&gt;Cup.408.s.24&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link42&quot; name=&quot;link42&quot;&gt;Evangelización&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Lima - Concilio Provincial,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Doctrina christiana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp, Quechua &amp;amp; Aymara] (L 1584)&lt;br /&gt;C.53.c.26(1)(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Lima - Concilio Provincial,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Confessionario para los curas de Indios, con la instrucion contra sus ritos, y exhortacion par ayudar a bien morir&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp, Quechua &amp;amp; Aymara] (L 1585)&lt;br /&gt;C.53.c.59; C.53.c.26(2)&lt;br /&gt;Lima - Concilio Provincial,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Tercero cathecismo y exposicion de la doctrina christiana por sermones&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sp, Quechua &amp;amp; Aymara] (L 1585)&lt;br /&gt;C.53.d.8; C.53.c.26(3)(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Juan Baptista, Franciscan,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Advertencias para los confessores de los&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;naturales&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Sp &amp;amp; Mex) (M 1600-01)&lt;br /&gt;4061.aa.21(imperf); 4061.aa.44(2)(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Arriaga, P. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Extirpacion de la idolatria del Piru&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1621)&lt;br /&gt;C.25.e.5&lt;br /&gt;Jaymes Ricardo Villavicencio, D.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Luz, y methodo de confesar idolatras,&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;y destierro de idolatrias&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla, 1692)&lt;br /&gt;4061.e.28&lt;br /&gt;Castillo, B. del,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Luz y guia de los ministros evangelicos&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1694)&lt;br /&gt;4402.m.29&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link43&quot; name=&quot;link43&quot;&gt;Iglesias, catedrales&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Palafox y Mendoza, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta pastoral del...obispo de la Puebla de los Angeles...a la consacracion del real templo de su catedral&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1649)&lt;br /&gt;4183.bb.31&lt;br /&gt;Torre y Castro, J. de la,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Sacra dedicacion del Templo de la Concepcion Purissima de Maria, que edifico Simon de Aro en el Convento de religiosas del titulo de esse misterio&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1656)&lt;br /&gt;C.183.a.43&lt;br /&gt;Sariñana, I.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Noticia...dedicacion del templo metropolitano de Mexico&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1668)&lt;br /&gt;4744.dd.4&lt;br /&gt;Quilez Galindo, J., [Solicitud de una canongía doctoral en la catedral de Mexico] (M 1707)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(16)&lt;br /&gt;Quiles Galindo, A., [Begin.]&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Señor Fray A. Quiles Galindo...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Sobre la erección de nuevas iglesias en Querétaro] (M? 1715?)&lt;br /&gt;4183.k.3.(6)&lt;br /&gt;Quilez Galindo, J., [Solicitud de una canongía en la catedral de Mexico] (M 1717)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(17)&lt;br /&gt;Rodríguez de Rivas, D., Obispo de Guatemala,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Disertacion canonica sobre los justos motivos que representa el reyno de Guatemala, para que el Consejo se sirva de erigir en metropoli eclesiastica la Sta Iglesia Cathedral de la ciudad de Santiago, su cabez&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M? 1718)&lt;br /&gt;4183.g.4&lt;br /&gt;Gómez de Cervantes, F. X., [Solicitud de una canongía doctoral en la catedral de Mexico] (M 1726)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(19)&lt;br /&gt;Rome, Church of, Clement VII,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Bulla erectionis Sanctae Metroplitanae&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ecclesiae Mexiceae&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1735?)&lt;br /&gt;5017.bb.3; 5061.bb.19; 4125.g.8(7)&lt;br /&gt;--- [otra ed.] (M? 1735?)&lt;br /&gt;4182.g.1(2)&lt;br /&gt;Arias, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;El Predicador Fr. F. de Arias...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[sobre el Nuevo templo de San Elías de la Sagrada Religión del Carmen, San Luis Potosí] (M 1748)&lt;br /&gt;4783.ee.1(1)&lt;br /&gt;[Solicitudes de 17 opositores a canongías magistrales en la Catedral de Puebla] (M 1758-67)&lt;br /&gt;9770.k.2&lt;br /&gt;Colmenares Fernández de Córdova, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;El dia deseado. Relacion de la solemnidad con que se estrenó la Iglesia del Santo Cristo de los&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Milagros...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1771)&lt;br /&gt;4715.e.1&lt;br /&gt;Avila, J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Coleccion de noticias de muchas de las indulgencias plenarias y perpetuas que pueden ganar todos los fieles...que...visitaren en sus respectivos dias las iglesias que se iran nombrando en ellos, de esta Corte de Mexico&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1787)&lt;br /&gt;4182.a.8&lt;br /&gt;Soria, F. J. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Descripcion de las fiestas que hicieron los diputados de Tehuacan...en celebridad de la dedicacion del templo de Nuestra Señora del Carmen...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1788)&lt;br /&gt;9772.bb.17&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link44&quot; name=&quot;link44&quot;&gt;Colegios religiosos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Palafox y Mendoza, J. de, [Reglamentos del &quot;Colegio Seminario de la adbocacion del Glorioso Apostol San Pedro&quot;] (Puebla? 1644)&lt;br /&gt;9770.k.2(1)&lt;br /&gt;Barrasa, J., [Documento relativo al &quot;colegio fundado en la Ciudad de los Reyes, con vocacion de San Pedro Nolasco&quot;] (L? 1665?)&lt;br /&gt;1324.i.1(32)&lt;br /&gt;Espinosa, I. F. de&lt;em&gt;, Chronica apostolica y seraphica de todos los Colegios de Propaganda Fide de esta Nueva España de Missioneros Franciscanos Observantes...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1746-92)&lt;br /&gt;4745.f.2&lt;br /&gt;Sobreviela, M.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion sumaria de los progresos de los misioneros Franciscanos Observantes del Colegio de Propaganda Fide de Santa Rosa de Ocopa...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L? 1790)&lt;br /&gt;4745.f.5; 4745.f.11(6)&lt;br /&gt;Arricivita, J. D.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Chronica serafica...del Colegio de Propaganda Fide de la Santa Cruz de Queretaro...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1792)&lt;br /&gt;4745.f.2&lt;br /&gt;San Juan Hermoso Río de Loza, F. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Constitutiones ecclesiasticae disputandae propugnandaeque in aula reg. et antiq. SS. Petri et Pauli S. Q. Ildefonsi collegii pro hujus statuto adimplendi a...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1792?)&lt;br /&gt;RB.23.a.2659&lt;br /&gt;Arechederreta y Escalada, J. B. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Catalogo de los colegiales del Insigne Viejo y Mayor de Santa Maria de Todos Santos...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1796)&lt;br /&gt;4182.g.2(2)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;strong&gt;Papas&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link45&quot; name=&quot;link45&quot;&gt;[Cartas apostolicas, etc.]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Urbano VIII, [sobre la fundación de un colegio franciscano en Zelaya] (M 1726)&lt;br /&gt;4783.ee.2(5)&lt;br /&gt;Clemente XII&lt;br /&gt;(M? 1732)&lt;br /&gt;9770.k.2(3)&lt;br /&gt;Benedicto XIV (M 1754)&lt;br /&gt;9770.k.2(10)&lt;br /&gt;(M 1749)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(27)&lt;br /&gt;(M 1754)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(29)&lt;br /&gt;(M 1756)&lt;br /&gt;9770.k.2(10)&lt;br /&gt;Clemente XIV&lt;br /&gt;(M? 1770?)&lt;br /&gt;9770.k.2(31)&lt;br /&gt;(M? 1772)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(11)&lt;br /&gt;Pío VI (M 1776)&lt;br /&gt;5125.g.7(20)&lt;br /&gt;Rome, Church of, Popes, Pius VI,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Acta in consistorio secreto habito&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1780)&lt;br /&gt;1608/1106&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link46&quot; name=&quot;link46&quot;&gt;Arzobispos de México&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Vega, F. de la,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Informe que haze el arzobispo de Mexico...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1640)&lt;br /&gt;9771.h.2(14)&lt;br /&gt;Vizarron y Ezquiarreta, J. A. de (M 1747)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(23)&lt;br /&gt;Rubio Salinas, M. J. (M 1756)&lt;br /&gt;4183.aaa.3(3)&lt;br /&gt;Lorenzana y Buitrón, F. A., [Pastoral] (M 1767)&lt;br /&gt;9770.k.2(24)&lt;br /&gt;---&lt;em&gt;Reglas para que los naturales de estos reynos sean felices en lo espiritual y temporal&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1768)&lt;br /&gt;9772.f.23(1)&lt;br /&gt;---[Carta pastoral] (M 1769)&lt;br /&gt;4183.aaa.3(5)&lt;br /&gt;---&lt;em&gt;Cartas pastorales y edictos&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1770)&lt;br /&gt;4445.g.5; 3675.c.7&lt;br /&gt;---&lt;em&gt;Memorial&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1770?)&lt;br /&gt;4183.aaa.3(7); 8285.f.8&lt;br /&gt;---[Edicto] (M 1770)&lt;br /&gt;4183.aaa.3(6)&lt;br /&gt;---[Pastoral] (M 1773?)&lt;br /&gt;5125.g.7(16)&lt;br /&gt;Núñez de Haro y Peralta, I., [7 edictos y cartas pastorales] (M 1773-77)&lt;br /&gt;4183.aaa.3&lt;br /&gt;---&lt;em&gt;Constituciones... para el mejor govierno y direccion de la Real Casa de Señor Joseph de Niños Expositos&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1774)&lt;br /&gt;8285.f.21&lt;br /&gt;---&lt;em&gt;Constituciones... para el mejor regimen y govierno del real Seminario de Instruccion...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1774)&lt;br /&gt;4182.bb.30&lt;br /&gt;---[Carta pastoral] (M 1778?)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(13)&lt;br /&gt;--[6 edictos y cartas pastorales] (M 1779-93)&lt;br /&gt;4183.aaa.4&lt;br /&gt;Mexico, Archbishopric of,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Apendice...los Concilios primero, y segundo mexicanos. (1537. Carta original de los...obispos de mexico, Goatemala,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;y Oaxaca...)&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M? 1790?)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(21)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link47&quot; name=&quot;link47&quot;&gt;Obispos de Arequipa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Abad Yllana, M. (L 1777)&lt;br /&gt;1568/1832(3)&lt;br /&gt;--- (L 1777)&lt;br /&gt;1358.i.34(1)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link48&quot; name=&quot;link48&quot;&gt;Obispos de Cuba&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Morel de Santa Cruz, P. A.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(La Habana 1766)&lt;br /&gt;4445.aa.9&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link49&quot; name=&quot;link49&quot;&gt;Obispos del Ecuador&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Pérez Calama, J,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Edicto&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Quito, 1791)&lt;br /&gt;1358.i.35(1)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link50&quot; name=&quot;link50&quot;&gt;Obispos de Guadalajara&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Rodríguez de Rivas y Velasco, D. (Guadalajara 1768?)&lt;br /&gt;4183.aaa.7(2)&lt;br /&gt;--- (Guadalajara 1769)&lt;br /&gt;4183.aaa.7(3)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link51&quot; name=&quot;link51&quot;&gt;Obispos de La Paz&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Rodríguez Delgado, A. (L 1735)&lt;br /&gt;1358.i.5&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link52&quot; name=&quot;link52&quot;&gt;Obispos de Puebla&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Puebla de los Angeles,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Alegaciones en favor del clero, estado eclesiastico i secular, españoles e indios del obispado de la Puebla...sobre las doctrinas que...removio...su...obispo...don J. de&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Palafox...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla? 1650?)&lt;br /&gt;5107.ff.20; 4071.f.19&lt;br /&gt;Fabián y Fuero, F., (Puebla? 1769)&lt;br /&gt;4783.ee.1(2)&lt;br /&gt;--- (Puebla 1770)&lt;br /&gt;8180.aaa.27&lt;br /&gt;---&lt;em&gt;Coleccion de providencias diocesanas del Obispado de la Puebla de los Angeles&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1770)&lt;br /&gt;5107.ff.14(imperf)&lt;br /&gt;Echeverria y Elgueza, S. J. de (Puebla 1788)&lt;br /&gt;4183.aaa.6(2)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link53&quot; name=&quot;link53&quot;&gt;Obispos de Quito&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Pérez Calama, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Carta apologetica de la sentencia del Sumo Pontifice Benedicto XIV...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1780)&lt;br /&gt;3090.ccc.16&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-size: 1.1em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;link54&quot; name=&quot;link54&quot;&gt;Concilios y sínodos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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Mexico, Provincial Council,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Concilios provinciales, primero y segundo, celebrados en la..ciudad de Mexico...en los años 1555 y 1556&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1769)&lt;br /&gt;5005.d.6; 6.e.7; G.19896&lt;br /&gt;Mexico, Provincial Council,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Concilium Mexicanum Provinciale III, celebratum Mexici anno MDLXXXV&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1770)&lt;br /&gt;5005.d.7; 6.e.6; G.19897&lt;br /&gt;Santiago, Diocese,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Synodo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1691)&lt;br /&gt;5018.aa.18&lt;br /&gt;Concepción, Chile, Diocesis of,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Synodales de Chile&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Concepción 1645) (imperf)&lt;br /&gt;5035.h.3&lt;br /&gt;Catholic Church, Archdiocese of Santiago de Chile, Synod, 1763,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Synodo diocesana, que celebró el ilustrissimo señor doctor don Manuel de Alday y Aspee, obispo de Santiago de Chile...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1764)&lt;br /&gt;C.193.b.1(1)&lt;br /&gt;Catholic Church, Archdiocese of Santiago de Chile, Synod, 1688,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Synodo diocesana, con la carta pastoral convocatoria para ella...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(L 1764)&lt;br /&gt;C.193.b.1(2)&lt;br /&gt;Mexico, Archbishopric of,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Apendice...los Concilios primero, y segundo mexicanos. (1537. Carta original de los...obispos de mexico, Goatemala,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;y Oaxaca...)&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M? 1790?)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(21)&lt;/div&gt;
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Miscelánea&lt;/h3&gt;
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Elias, de San Juan Baptista,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Compendio de las excelencias de la bulla de la sancta cruzada en lengua mexicana&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1599)&lt;br /&gt;C.37.c.54&lt;/div&gt;
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Robles, A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Consistencia de el jubileo maximo de el año santo&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1700)&lt;br /&gt;4071.f.21; 5125.g.7(15)&lt;/div&gt;
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Bermúdez de la Torre y Solier, P. J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Censura...en respuesta a un papel, con que el autor desta obra la remitio a su examen...&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Aprobación del &quot;Poema sacro de la Passion de Nuestro Señor Jesu-Christo&quot; de L. A. de Oviedo y Herrera Ordóñez] (L 1715)&lt;br /&gt;804.b.31(8)&lt;/div&gt;
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Rome, [The City],&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Breve relacion de la procession del santissimo Rosario, hecho en Roma...1716&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Madrid, México y Manila, 1716)&lt;br /&gt;1897.c.20(42**)&lt;/div&gt;
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Gutiérrez Dávila, J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Memorias historicas de la congregacion de el Oratorio de la ciudad de Mexico&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1726)&lt;br /&gt;4783.d.1&lt;/div&gt;
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Vizarrón y Eguiarreta, J. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Fundacion de Capellania de Missas, y Dote para Religiosas perpetuamente annuales&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1743)&lt;br /&gt;5125.g.7(10)&lt;/div&gt;
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Vizarrón y Eguiarreta, J. A. de,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Escuela de Musica en que perpetuamente hallen las Niñas mas desvalidas del Recogimiento, y Casa de San Miguel de Bethlen de esta ciudad de Mexico, dote y titulo para poder ser&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Religiosas&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1746)&lt;br /&gt;4183.h.5(6)&lt;/div&gt;
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Rodríguez de Arizpe, P. J.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Relacion de lo acaecido en la celebridad de el jubileo de el Año santo en esta ciudad...de Mexico&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1753)&lt;br /&gt;4625.b.9&lt;/div&gt;
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Alexo de Orrio, F. X.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Solucion del gran problema de la poblacion de las Americas, en que sobre el fundamento de los Libros sacros se descubre facil camino a la transmigracion...del uno al otro continente&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(M 1763)&lt;br /&gt;10408.bb.7&lt;/div&gt;
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Magan, V., Prior Provincial de San Hypolito Martir de Oaxaca,&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Pastoral a&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;las religiosas&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Puebla 1796)&lt;br /&gt;4183.aaa.6(3)&lt;/div&gt;
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Información&lt;/h2&gt;
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Hispanic Section&lt;br /&gt;The British Library&lt;br /&gt;96 Euston Road&lt;br /&gt;London&lt;br /&gt;NW1 2DB&lt;br /&gt;United Kingdom&lt;/div&gt;
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Tel: +44 (0)20 7412 7569&lt;br /&gt;Fax: +44 (0)20 7412 7784&lt;/div&gt;
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E-mail:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:hisp-enquiries@bl.uk&quot; style=&quot;color: #008fac; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;hisp-enquiries@bl.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/3708076268559237776/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/05/bibliografia-sobre-religiao-na-america.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/3708076268559237776'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/3708076268559237776'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/05/bibliografia-sobre-religiao-na-america.html' title='BIBLIOGRAFIA SOBRE RELIGIÃO NA AMÉRICA ESPANHOLA (BIBLIOTECA BRITÂNICA)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvcf9V0r9RSL5DQKPjx3hjozmFzd0TWiC6v2ELlzhrfKK7ll8a3nxM_ab-hMcROB7S5C60ilUxPlxcwk2kK2OleMyyh3DRAGUnkMTuVGAH6_yYynOr_hV7SjfKJf4QsaejrnJ7XGL1pY0/s72-c/guadalupe.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-2150663497985013284</id><published>2013-05-18T15:00:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-05-18T15:00:38.606-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América."/><title type='text'>FRANCISCO PIZARRO (en español)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX6uotC5b83j_VyeXx0UD0hiT31U1ppkM_wpzwrB7EwhVDNMB0uuOoBGExFUh6M9Rw1Y1UNnGJMdIgyABOYobbSH-W_Va2q34YcYOwhK4k2oIoXOn1bBv49je8VoMf0U51WoV3I-Q77w8/s1600/DSC03270.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX6uotC5b83j_VyeXx0UD0hiT31U1ppkM_wpzwrB7EwhVDNMB0uuOoBGExFUh6M9Rw1Y1UNnGJMdIgyABOYobbSH-W_Va2q34YcYOwhK4k2oIoXOn1bBv49je8VoMf0U51WoV3I-Q77w8/s1600/DSC03270.JPG&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-PE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Hay
una gran dificultad de analizar la vida de Francisco Pizarro, cuyos relatos
biográficos&amp;nbsp;fueron escritos por miembros de la familia, soldados&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ednref3&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;[iii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;google-src-text1&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;compañeros
de aventuras, pero nunca por él como en el caso de Hernán Cortés.&amp;nbsp;Sin embargo, él era muy cuidadoso en sus decisiones y ha
confiado solamente a las personas más cercanas la redacción de las historias en
que el fue protagonista y de la documentación oficial. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-PE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Nacido en Trujillo, en Extremadura -
España - en 1478,&amp;nbsp;Francisco Pizarro tuvo
una infancia humilde, que lo llevó a probar suerte en el Nuevo Mundo en 1502 en
la expedición de fray Nicolás de Ovando, el nuevo gobernador de &lt;span class=&quot;google-src-text1&quot;&gt;La
Española.&lt;/span&gt; Participó en varios viajes a &lt;i&gt;Tierra
Firme&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ednref5&quot;&gt; &lt;/a&gt;y era compañero
de Vasco Núñez de Balboa en el viaje que terminó en el descubrimiento del Mar
del Sur en 1513, donde tuvo las primeras noticias sobre el &lt;i&gt;Tahuantinsuyo&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ednref6&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;[vi]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;google-src-text1&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Pizarro tenía
unos 50 años y fue uno de los hombres más ricos de Panamá cuando se unió con &amp;nbsp;Diego de Almagro y el cura Hernando de Luque&amp;nbsp;para hacer &amp;nbsp;tres
viajes en busca del Levante, es decir, los territorios que estaban al sur de
Panamá.&amp;nbsp;La primera se hizo en 1524, pero se enfrentaron con
varias dificultades y sólo llegaron hasta el norte de Colombia y regresaron a
Panamá. En el segundo viaje en 1526, confirmaron la existencia de la dinastía inca, sin
embargo, serios problemas experimentados, el hambre, las enfermedades, los
ataques de las tribus indígenas y de los 300 hombres que habían salido de
Panamá, la mayoría había perecido, lo que llevó a un famoso episodio en la
conquista.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Estaba en la
isla del Gallo con sus hombres, cuando Pizarro preguntó quién lo acompañara en
el viaje al sur, un lugar de riqueza, y trece hombres se presentaron y fueron
conocidos así como los “&lt;i&gt;Trece de&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;google-src-text1&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;la Fama&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;.
El tercer viaje comenzó en 1531 con más de 180
hombres, 30 caballos y 3 barcos.&amp;nbsp;La
presencia de caballos denota, segundo Lavalle (2005), que el objeto de la
expedición era no sólo explotar el Perú, antes bien, vencerlo militarmente, por
lo que la artillería también se ha reforzado&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ednref8&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;[viii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;google-src-text1&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;Después de haber fundado la primera ciudad española en el Perú, San Miguel de
Tangarará, seguió a Cajamarca a donde llegó el 15 de noviembre de 1532. El Inca Atahualpa se encontraba en un campamento en
las afueras de Cajamarca y por lo tanto, Pizarro envió a Hernando de Soto, acompañado
por 24 hombres y pensó ser más prudente aumentar la cuota, a lo que envió
también &amp;nbsp;a su hermano, Hernando, con más
hombres. El&amp;nbsp;plan de Pizarro era repetir la estrategia aplicada por Hernán Cortés y capturar
la cabeza del &lt;i&gt;Tahuantinsuyo,&lt;/i&gt; lo que sucedió al día siguiente, ya que
Atahualpa fue invitado por los españoles para regresar a Cajamarca y aprovechándose
de los límites de la plaza principal de la ciudad, Pizarro lo encarceló y
después lo ha condenado a muerte
para que nadie se enterase de la cantidad de oro y plata que se entregó para
recuperar su libertad&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ednref10&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;[x]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;google-src-text1&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Se
quemó el pelo del Inca y luego lo ataron a un poste y garrotearon. El cuerpo estuvo expuesto
hasta el día siguiente y cuando la noticia se difundió varios servidores y
mujeres se han suicidado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-PE&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Con
la muerte del Inca, los españoles siguen a conquistar el Cuzco, la capital del Tahuantinsuyo.&amp;nbsp;En los cuarenta años que siguieron a la
conquista, el mundo indígena ha sufrido guerras y Manco Cápac II, medio hermano
de Atahualpa, se rebeló y estableció la sede del nuevo estado en Vilcabamba,
desde donde empezaron los ataques contra los españoles&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;_ednref12&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoEndnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: none;&quot;&gt;[xii]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;google-src-text1&quot;&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Sin embargo, los
españoles siguieron dominando y después de hacer que desaparezca la redistribución
del Estado, extendieron las viejas formas de impuestos que requerían de los
indios, no sólo el trabajo sino también los productos. El siglo XVI
tuvo un gran significado para la población indígena, porque su mundo social, político
&amp;nbsp;y religioso se ha cambiado profundamente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/2150663497985013284/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/05/francisco-pizarro-en-espanol_18.html#comment-form' title='3 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/2150663497985013284'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/2150663497985013284'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/05/francisco-pizarro-en-espanol_18.html' title='FRANCISCO PIZARRO (en español)'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX6uotC5b83j_VyeXx0UD0hiT31U1ppkM_wpzwrB7EwhVDNMB0uuOoBGExFUh6M9Rw1Y1UNnGJMdIgyABOYobbSH-W_Va2q34YcYOwhK4k2oIoXOn1bBv49je8VoMf0U51WoV3I-Q77w8/s72-c/DSC03270.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-6932588253709564909</id><published>2013-04-02T13:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-04-02T13:29:16.520-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ferramentas de pesquisa"/><title type='text'>FERRAMENTAS DE PESQUISA IV</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI9R66eqhWh6XTxm5arkXR_35kjlJvLOiqIcNk6iQOhduADHxdbYnub3dsK0JAIot-2pxzLhYrQQP10SvmjuGnNs_70cg0dpFFpGzsQoAk3YRGkXBoAtimCBCTyQ9h3mMet7X5OPiQtvg/s1600/CORDILLERAS+DEL+ACONCAGUA.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI9R66eqhWh6XTxm5arkXR_35kjlJvLOiqIcNk6iQOhduADHxdbYnub3dsK0JAIot-2pxzLhYrQQP10SvmjuGnNs_70cg0dpFFpGzsQoAk3YRGkXBoAtimCBCTyQ9h3mMet7X5OPiQtvg/s1600/CORDILLERAS+DEL+ACONCAGUA.jpg&quot; height=&quot;226&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Compartilho mais algumas
ferramentas para pesquisar história medieval, moderna e da América. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Fonte: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;&quot;&gt;Scholars of Medieval
&amp;amp; Early Modern Iberia: Interdisciplinary Network&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/6932588253709564909/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/04/ferramentas-de-pesquisa-iv.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/6932588253709564909'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/6932588253709564909'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/04/ferramentas-de-pesquisa-iv.html' title='FERRAMENTAS DE PESQUISA IV'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI9R66eqhWh6XTxm5arkXR_35kjlJvLOiqIcNk6iQOhduADHxdbYnub3dsK0JAIot-2pxzLhYrQQP10SvmjuGnNs_70cg0dpFFpGzsQoAk3YRGkXBoAtimCBCTyQ9h3mMet7X5OPiQtvg/s72-c/CORDILLERAS+DEL+ACONCAGUA.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-6464023902505225292</id><published>2013-03-28T14:13:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-03-28T14:13:34.944-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="América Latina"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Curiosidades"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Medicina Tradicional."/><title type='text'>O USO DE PLANTAS MEDICINAIS DESDE A ANTIGUIDADE AMERICANA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O homem usa as plantas
em processos curativos há pelo menos 10 mil anos na Mesopotâmia, Egito, China,
Índia, Grécia, Roma e no continente americano. Nas culturas americanas a doença
se associava a questões mágico-religiosas e por isso, a cura necessariamente se
dava pela junção do conhecimento terapêutico dos curandeiros, que normalmente
utilizavam elementos da natureza em seus preparos, com rituais específicos associados
a crenças religiosas e superstições.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Com a chegada dos
europeus ao continente americano, o conhecimento sobre a&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 28px;&quot;&gt;farmacopeia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;local foi
relatado por religiosos e marinheiros sem grande formação, mas que permitiram
que a Europa tomasse contato com plantas e medicamentos antes desconhecidos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Os primeiros cronistas a
descreverem as principais plantas com utilidade medicinal foram o José de
Acosta e Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo e também o médico Nicolás Monardes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;As primeiras plantas a
serem consideradas medicinais foram a quina, a curare e a coca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A quina, originária do
antigo Peru, é um importante febrífugo e também antisséptico, tônico, diurético,
vermífugo e foi e é muito usada para tratamentos de paludismo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Já a curare é uma planta
da Amazônia, cujo extrato foi muito usado pelos indígenas nas pontas de suas
flechas em caça ou conflitos, devido a seu efeito paralisante. Trata-se de uma
substância utilizada pela medicina como relaxante muscular ou anestésico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;E a coca, também oriunda
dos Andes, desde tempos pré-incaicos era utilizada como anestésico local,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 28px;&quot;&gt;anti-inflamatório,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; analgésico, cicatrizante e para evitar fome e o cansaço,
entre outras funções.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Durante o período
anterior à chegada dos europeus as plantas medicinais eram preparadas em forma
de infusão para serem bebidas ou extraíam delas o suco. Também ferviam as partes
duras, como os talos, ou cozinhavam as plantas a serem utilizadas, mas
devidamente cortadas em pedaços bem pequenos. Algumas eram usadas para fazer&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 36px;&quot;&gt;emplastros&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;ou&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;unguentos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;e outras consumidas como saladas ou transformadas em pós.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Esse conhecimento fitoterápico
vem avançando até nossos dias e a medicina tradicional é cada vez mais
respeitada, inclusive contando com a promoção da Organização Mundial de Saúde,
que fomenta a identificação de novos medicamentos elaborados a partir de
plantas medicinais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/6464023902505225292/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/03/o-uso-de-plantas-medicinais-desde.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/6464023902505225292'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/6464023902505225292'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/03/o-uso-de-plantas-medicinais-desde.html' title='O USO DE PLANTAS MEDICINAIS DESDE A ANTIGUIDADE AMERICANA'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3IcBlN4miCr0dz-ETU7pTsjw5T-H4HiKzvznJozL4bzs4vkjH5wb1oU9kKobdg6n9ngoRnqExO0H0afoAI9TYFcJ5zIK5256H8aXp6vMkKalIAzVgfjR9ldeM4Wm4wkWnc-8kJYFmIOY/s72-c/Quina+2.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-5639881396712334062</id><published>2013-02-22T18:49:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-02-22T18:49:46.155-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Livros e artigos"/><title type='text'>A INQUISIÇÃO CRUZA O OCEANO</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;Section1&quot;&gt;

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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiet0yl4Z3d1eMneriL-nLxIw14UMIT8sVEYKJ9QjRCBSlJxidm7BFhNH-IxWFGcV3W0KkSm1qx77ORaxKCu1fAvjJzDGKH_oVONb9C4KPPOZhS9jpl-79_zyzL6h5EtaI98PSWbWsw2fk/s1600/Museo+de+la+inquisici%C3%B3n.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiet0yl4Z3d1eMneriL-nLxIw14UMIT8sVEYKJ9QjRCBSlJxidm7BFhNH-IxWFGcV3W0KkSm1qx77ORaxKCu1fAvjJzDGKH_oVONb9C4KPPOZhS9jpl-79_zyzL6h5EtaI98PSWbWsw2fk/s1600/Museo+de+la+inquisici%C3%B3n.jpg&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Museu da Inquisição - Lima - Peru&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrRsTmJs5rmfyleoffWnSvpEj3aCReGE6JkP1cQmnqgX03hcB2m5ELWjpjULKA2hPiyLPXqAMrLIglDQLrGNrI_hquM1yux8Cfb4j02iOMXXobc1vDmYhOB2Rnz5HZ58Ql4pP_dtSJ_vc/s1600/museo-de-la-inquisicion-1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrRsTmJs5rmfyleoffWnSvpEj3aCReGE6JkP1cQmnqgX03hcB2m5ELWjpjULKA2hPiyLPXqAMrLIglDQLrGNrI_hquM1yux8Cfb4j02iOMXXobc1vDmYhOB2Rnz5HZ58Ql4pP_dtSJ_vc/s1600/museo-de-la-inquisicion-1.jpg&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sala do Tribunal - Museu da Inquisição - Lima - Peru&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
conquistadores espanhóis, apesar de pertencerem à Idade Moderna, estavam
imbuídos das categorias medievais, como a preocupação com a alma e o fanatismo
religioso, o espírito de aventura e sua tendência a realizar-se em horizontes
estranhos e embora tenham vindo para a América em busca de ouro, ambição do
homem moderno, não deixaram de lado a ortodoxia escolástica. Esses homens que
cruzaram o Atlântico trouxeram em seu imaginário medos, crenças, bruxos e
demônios com os quais povoaram o Novo Mundo. Corroborando as idéias de Jacques
Le Goff (1994) e de Cornelius Castoriadis (1982) podemos afirmar que o
imaginário não pode ser examinado como algo estático, visto que se origina de
imagens verbais, mentais e visuais que são socialmente construídas. O
imaginário está atrelado ao universo social e político e por isso, em nossa
análise de processos inquisitoriais e de idolatrias provenientes do Arcebispado
de Lima pudemos perceber como as crenças demoníacas e as práticas mágicas
estavam, não só relacionadas com a necessidade de interpretar o mundo
sobrenatural, mas também representaram o modo de mostrar insatisfação com o
sistema colonial por parte dos grupos populares e as tensões sociais do
cotidiano, onde Estado e Igreja precisavam manter seu poder e a coesão da sociedade.
Essas manifestações faziam parte de um aparato cognitivo simbólico há muito
difundido. Vários escritores se dedicaram a elaborar obras que explicassem a
presença do mal personificado em figuras demoníacas, necessariamente
acompanhadas de bruxos e bruxas, fiéis seguidores das artes maléficas. Entre
eles, podemos destacar os dominicanos Heinrich Kramer e Jakob Sprenger (1487),
que escreveram um manual para identificar e castigar bruxas, que contavam com o
auxílio do Demônio e a permissão divina para realizar seus malefícios. Assim, o
medo das forças diabólicas foi transposto para a América pelos espanhóis
quinhentistas, que tinham familiaridade com o sobrenatural, o desconhecido e
temido mundo das trevas e seus personagens fantásticos. Nesse contexto
cristalizou-se a idéia de bruxaria, que tinha a participação de magos,
feiticeiros e bruxos conspirando contra os cristãos e, por isso, a prática de
magia, adivinhação e curandeirismo foi sendo associada a heresia pelos
religiosos e isso se consolidou no imaginário europeu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjfFKx32JmI933wRYTrTGfGmqYzSE6EtInX8LVooob_qaBzyiUznK972IIiY-lZ5dxpOeADNyAomcZsBc8NYYTPB979Wbg2PNJNiiR9gKbdVbQsHUSpO5rLjMrc9D197n7cFw8LZy4E8M/s1600/francesco-maria-guazzo-08.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjfFKx32JmI933wRYTrTGfGmqYzSE6EtInX8LVooob_qaBzyiUznK972IIiY-lZ5dxpOeADNyAomcZsBc8NYYTPB979Wbg2PNJNiiR9gKbdVbQsHUSpO5rLjMrc9D197n7cFw8LZy4E8M/s1600/francesco-maria-guazzo-08.jpeg&quot; height=&quot;257&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Figura de Francesco Maria Guazzu&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
medo do desconhecido, do mar e dos monstros marinhos acompanhou esses homens
que cruzaram o oceano (DELUMEAU, 1989), que traziam também a obrigação de
propagar a fé católica e perseguir aqueles que conspirassem contra a
cristandade. Chegando à América, não hesitaram em matar, saquear e conquistar,
material e espiritualmente, os povos aqui encontrados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Para
que o domínio fosse completo, esses homens preocuparam-se em compreender os
signos do “outro”, a linguagem, costumes e tudo mais que pudesse proporcionar
poder e sucesso em suas investidas de conquista (TODOROV, 1988). Assim,
apareceram as primeiras descrições da sociedade andina, seus grupos étnicos,
formas de subsistência, religiosidade, esta última, equiparada aos modelos
demonológicos europeus. Os responsáveis pelo espaço sagrado desses povos foram
transformados em bruxos e feiticeiros (SOUZA, 1993, p.28), como poderemos
comprovar na descrição do cronista Polo de Ondegardo:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 4.0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Otro gênero de hechizeros auía entre los Índios, permitidos por los Ingás
en cierta manera, que son como brujos. Que toman la figura que quieren y van
por el ayre en breue tiempo, mucho camino; y ven lo que passa, hablan con el
demonio, el qual les responde en ciertas piedras, ó en otras cosas que ellos
veneran mucho (1571, p.29).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Percebe-se que os elementos simbólicos familiares
aos europeus foram utilizados para interpretar as crenças nativas e por isso,
bruxos voavam e davam sinais de lealdade ao demônio. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Iniciou-se a partir do século XVI no vice-reinado do
Peru a onda persecutória contra a bruxaria e manifestações malignas que
deveriam ser suprimidas, atingindo todo aquele que atentasse contra a
cristandade, fosse protestante, cristão-velho ou novo, ou até mesmo indígena
neófito na fé cristã. Muito embora a partir da Real Cédula de 1571 de Felipe
II, os índios não pudessem ser processados pela Inquisição, mesmo assim, foram
perseguidos e ficaram sobre a alçada das autoridades civis ou episcopais. Para
esse fim, foram criadas as campanhas de extirpação de idolatrias, que tinham
por objetivo terminar com todos os ídolos e rituais indígenas, visto que estes
contradiziam o cristianismo, ao adorarem criaturas no lugar do Criador, o Deus
cristão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt; (DUVIOLS, 1986, p.XXVII). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Isso simbolizou a tentativa de cristianizar o
imaginário indígena, em que seus deuses foram transformados em demônios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt; (GRUZINSKI, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1991). Seguindo o modelo demonológico da Inquisição
européia, perseguiram-se também aqueles que praticavam malefícios, sendo
acusados de bruxaria. A demonização dos deuses andinos foi a forma que
os sacerdotes encontraram para interpretar o desconhecido e fazer com que os
indígenas se afastassem dessas crenças, incutindo neles noções, como a do
pecado. Nos documentos dos séculos XVI, XVII e XVIII, aparecem as
representações desse mundo multifacetado, em que figuras do bem foram
convertidas em seres diabólicos, indivíduos que conheciam o efeito medicinal
das ervas, eram tidos por feiticeiros e sacerdotes foram convertidos em bruxos.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
grandes extirpadores de idolatrias, Francisco de Ávila (1598?), Hernando de
Avendaño (1617) e Jose de Arriaga (1621), foram os que mais propagaram esse
discurso demonológico nos Andes. Seus discursos influenciaram cronistas
indígenas, como Garcilaso de &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;LA VEGA&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;la
 Vega&lt;/st1:personname&gt; (1609), Guaman Poma de Ayala (1615) e, sobretudo, Joan
de Santa Cruz Pachacuti (1613), visto que sua &lt;b&gt;Relación&lt;/b&gt; pode ser definida
como um instrumento de conquista espiritual do passado, ou seja, de conquista e
colonização do passado andino. Seu discurso reflete uma visão que rejeita seu
passado cultural e mental em troca de um passado importado (DUVIOLS, 1992,
p.93).&lt;sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
Inquisição se instalou no Novo Mundo com a finalidade de coibir o judaísmo ou
qualquer heresia que pudesse afastar espanhóis e europeus do cristianismo, mas
quando os religiosos se depararam com as religiões nativas e na impossibilidade
de utilizar o Tribunal do Santo Ofício para coibir tais “idolatrias”, lançaram
mão da Visita de Idolatria, que nada mais era que uma instituição análoga e
paralela à Inquisição, que tomou baixo à sua jurisdição o caso dos índios
idólatras (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;QUEREJAZU LEWIS, 1995, p.49).
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Por
tudo isso, percebemos que as concepções de bruxaria e demonologia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 21px; line-height: 31px;&quot;&gt;europeias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;foram transladadas à América espanhola, mesmo sabendo que na Espanha a
Inquisição deu pouca importância ao aspecto demonológico e foi relativamente
branda em relação à perseguição da bruxaria e outros delitos mágicos, devido ao
ceticismo dos inquisidores em relação à bruxaria, que era vista como mera
superstição (HENNINGSEN, 1994) e também à intolerância religiosa em relação aos
judeus (TREVOR-ROPER, 1981). Aqui na América a bruxaria associada ao pacto
demoníaco passou a fazer parte do imaginário e foi utilizada como forma de
expressar os atritos sociais existentes no cotidiano da sociedade colonial do
vice-reinado do Peru, o que pode ser vislumbrado em processos contra indivíduos
acusados de serem feiticeiros e/ou de terem algum pacto com o demônio pelo
tribunal inquisitorial ou, no caso dos indígenas, pelos mecanismos judiciais da
“extirpação de idolatrias” na região do Arcebispado de Lima entre os séculos
XVI e XVIII. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Llulla layqha, umu, hechiceros y brujos mentirosos - Gumana Poma de Ayala&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9BqI1MoHzO_XWnv6rMjcqtAez42Z543O2kl3uxRw8dKdQVsR1_1r9Y3n7o_dmMThVasdM8UeSzMFhUsAm7VL1wmBg-pRQfjadaTr7fuk2vkdtmpylEj_39pCOV2RRiZF3tCh0PoUdWak/s1600/Pont%C3%ADfices,+walla+wisa,+layqha,+umu....jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9BqI1MoHzO_XWnv6rMjcqtAez42Z543O2kl3uxRw8dKdQVsR1_1r9Y3n7o_dmMThVasdM8UeSzMFhUsAm7VL1wmBg-pRQfjadaTr7fuk2vkdtmpylEj_39pCOV2RRiZF3tCh0PoUdWak/s1600/Pont%C3%ADfices,+walla+wisa,+layqha,+umu....jpg&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; width=&quot;226&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pontífices, walla wisa, layqha, umu, hechicero - Guaman Poma de Ayala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
Tribunal do Santo Ofício de Lima se dedicou à perseguição dos praticantes das
artes mágicas e entre os muitos casos, podemos citar o de Ana Castañeda,
reincidente, penitenciada nos autos de 1592 e 1612, pois foi condenada a
primeira vez por usar feitiços e invocar os demônios com misturas de coisas
sagradas e profanas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; e,
na segunda vez, pela acusação novamente de pacto demoníaco e de continuar a praticar
a arte da magia e tendo admitido todas as acusações, recebeu 200 açoites e foi
desterrada perpetuamente do distrito da Inquisição&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Também a mulata Ana de Almansa, denunciada por diversas testemunhas em 1629,
foi acusada de praticar conjuros e de possuir pacto com o demônio, pois tinha
fama de ser maga, quiromante e supersticiosa. Reconheceu seus delitos, mas não
o pacto demoníaco. Saiu no auto de fé em 1631 e recebeu a condenação de 100
açoites e dez anos de desterro&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Em 1762, Lorenza Vilchez foi acusada de ter pacto com o demônio. O processo
tratou-se de uma longa relação de testemunhos, em que mestiços, índios e
brancos, afirmaram que ela era adivinha e não bruxa, porque tinha a capacidade
de encontrar coisas desaparecidas e também de descobrir feitiços e
desmanchá-los. Porém, essa mulher que já tinha cinquenta anos, confessou sua
total ignorância sobre a doutrina cristã e que mantinha relações com o demônio,
pois este lhe aparecia sempre como um homem gentil. Os inquisidores sempre
relacionaram as mulheres ao encanto da bruxaria e depois que ela confessou o
pacto expresso com o demônio, eles pediram a Lorenza que abjurasse e a
reconciliaram&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Esses
processos nos permitem perceber a crença nas práticas mágicas nessa sociedade
colonial, inclusive com a participação do demônio. Mulheres e homens tidos por
feiticeiros eram procurados para resolver problemas de saúde, achar objetos
perdidos, para realizar vinganças pessoais e, sobretudo, para atrair o sexo
oposto (ESTENSSORO FUCHS, 1997, p.418).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Já
no caso da Extirpação de Idolatrias, o pacto com o Diabo tinha um papel
relativamente restrito. Segundo&amp;nbsp; Nicholas
Griffiths, em vários processos de práticas mágicas aparece a acusação de pacto
satânico, porém isso se deu devido à existência de desvio religioso no universo
de Deus, o que fazia necessária uma explicação abstrata para dissipar o
incômodo filosófico que essas atividades provocavam. As intrigas do Diabo eram
uma boa desculpa para as imperfeições daqueles que já não podiam alegar
ignorância da verdadeira fé. Mas, as teorias demonológicas estavam confinadas
ao campo da especulação e não se pretendia que fossem um guia para a realidade
concreta dos índios. De qualquer forma, serviam ao propósito de aterrorizar o
acusado que se recusasse a cooperar com os pesquisadores e continuasse a insistir
na realidade de seus poderes. Na cosmovisão espanhola somente uma explicação
podia justificar esses poderes reais: o pacto com o demônio e as consequências
disso eram terríveis. Parecia mais razoável considerar tais práticas nativas
como meros enganos, especialmente quando os indígenas eram vistos pelos
extirpadores como tontos e incompetentes (1998, p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;.165)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Para
exemplificar esse tipo de conduta, podemos citar o processo de 1662 de Pedro
Guamboy, que foi forçado pelo visitador Juan Sarmiento de Vivero a confessar
que havia sido enganado pelo Diabo e de que sua prática curativa era feitiçaria.
Guamboy afirmou ter visto o Diabo diversas vezes e tinha convicção em seus
poderes mágicos de tirar a vida de pessoas e também de conseguir que homens e
mulheres se casassem graças ao uso de ervas que ele conhecia. Acabou condenado
por acreditar nesses devaneios e não pelo pacto com o demônio. María Inés, que
foi acusada no mesmo processo, também foi chamada a atenção pelo fato de fazer
com que outras pessoas acreditassem em seus poderes de adivinha e de fazer o
mal por meios ocultos&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Também o índio Domingo Guaman Iauri foi acusado em 1662 pelo mesmo visitador de
idolatrias de ser “bruxo”, pois usava ervas, pós, gordura de lhama, coca, entre
outras coisas, visto que como “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;indio
incapas el Demônio” o fez cair em semelhantes erros&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Isso
demonstra o ceticismo de alguns extirpadores em relação às crenças demoníacas
dos indígenas, o que não significa que todos tenham agido dessa forma. Houve
religiosos que realmente acreditaram na ação do Inimigo, como no caso do
processo de 1665 contra Maria Sania, índia natural do povoado de Santo Domingo
de Cochalaraos, em que esta foi acusada de pacto tácito com o Diabo porque seus
poderes de adivinha ultrapassavam os limites humanos&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Também foram comuns os processos de feitiçaria contra curandeiros, herbolários,
parteiras, cujo motivo não estava relacionado com as práticas em si, mas com o
costume que tinham os índios de fazer oferendas a pedras, aos espíritos das
montanhas ou de consultar as deidades nativas, como foi o caso de Diego Pacha&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
Francisca Mayguay&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
entre outros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Muitas
foram as causas para a perseguição de bruxos e bruxas no Arcebispado de Lima no
período colonial. Entre elas, temos o fato de que a sociedade via os feiticeiros
como aqueles que conseguiam através de suas técnicas ocultas remediar situações
que escapavam ao controle das pessoas comuns. Os feiticeiros cientes de seu
poder exploravam essa situação a seu favor. A forma encontrada para combater
esse poder foi através da Inquisição e dos tribunais ordinários com o resgate
das artes maléficas associadas ao pacto diabólico, insuflado pelo espírito da
Contra-Reforma. Era necessário minimizar essa transgressão aos cânones da
ortodoxia, que também simbolizava perigo à solidez do Estado. Podemos afirmar
que essa foi uma solução para algumas tensões existentes na sociedade, usando
para isso o imaginário coletivo de medo do diabo e dos bruxos para, entre
outras coisas, desviar a atenção das falhas da Igreja e do Estado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguu0RdOle0po7QRIW1auXH8TGJ7XxwVyxDTrrTGiiE44CSYJQp8Oo3uQmZgZdM_EDapnV6ucaPncsKfrhr03q2E3TFiIV9vtcXrQDaWNbm0R-fvs0tC0_dU8WoXk9Km3eHT8i73WvuAy8/s1600/48319914db5ed_Fiesta-La-TiranaMapache-WEB.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguu0RdOle0po7QRIW1auXH8TGJ7XxwVyxDTrrTGiiE44CSYJQp8Oo3uQmZgZdM_EDapnV6ucaPncsKfrhr03q2E3TFiIV9vtcXrQDaWNbm0R-fvs0tC0_dU8WoXk9Km3eHT8i73WvuAy8/s1600/48319914db5ed_Fiesta-La-TiranaMapache-WEB.jpg&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Nos
processos inquisitoriais é possível descortinarmos crendices, medos, o pouco
conhecimento existente sobre medicina, o temor ao sobrenatural e também o
caráter conspiratório de tais acusações, visto que grande parte dos réus
pertencia a grupos mais pobres e as motivações para tais processos, por vezes,
tinham relação com questões políticas ou econômicas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;No
caso dos indígenas, o combate às idolatrias passou necessariamente pela
dificuldade em lidar com uma cultura tão diferente e desconhecida para o
espanhol. Com o passar do tempo, percebe-se que a tônica não estava mais ligada
às dificuldades do processo de alteridade, e sim, aos interesses econômicos e
políticos de certos visitadores e até mesmo de autoridades étnicas. Após
sofrerem com a repressão cultural, indígenas se apropriaram desses mecanismos
de controle à disposição dos setores dominantes da sociedade colonial e
passaram a fazer uso deles para alcançarem seus próprios objetivos. Foram
inúmeros os casos de visitas de idolatrias ocorridas após a denúncia por parte
de grupos étnicos com relação aos abusos cometidos pelos religiosos (ACOSTA,
1982). Muitos sacerdotes se apropriavam de produtos indígenas sem pagá-los&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
ou exploravam em damasia sua força de trabalho&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
e quando os indígenas os processavam, por vezes, iniciava-se uma visita de
idolatrias na região à qual pertencia o grupo acusador.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Por
outro lado, há vários processos orquestrados por &lt;i&gt;curacas &lt;/i&gt;(chefes locais) para alcançarem seus próprios objetivos,
como por exemplo, disputas por poder local contra outros &lt;i&gt;curacas&lt;/i&gt; ou até mesmo contra &lt;i&gt;encomenderos.
&lt;/i&gt;Nesse caso, a presença ou cumplicidade de um extirpador de idolatrias podia
ser o pretexto para iniciar uma denúncia por bruxaria (PUENTE LUNA, 2007,
p.20).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Toda
essa preocupação dos espanhóis em controlar as superstições e extirpar as
heresias está atrelada ao medo do desconhecido e, sobretudo, porque para eles o
encontro com outras culturas foi bastante inquietante. Como afirmou Gustav
Henningsen, a crença nas bruxas é uma espécie de mitificação dos grupos
socialmente marginalizados (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;1983, p.349)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
e a comprovação disso encontramos nos processos inquisitoriais e de idolatrias
que analisamos que em geral tratam de acusações contra brancos pobres,
mestiços, negros, índios, que são “intermediários culturais” (VOVELLE, 1991, p.
207-224), pois transitam entre diversos mundos, na fronteira entre a cultura
popular e de elite. Normalmente os acusados de bruxaria eram feiticeiros,
curandeiros, envenenadores ou aqueles que de alguma forma violassem as
convenções sociais e que por isso, deveriam ser castigados numa tentativa de
fazê-los retornar à ordem social. Todos eles partilhavam o mesmo discurso, a
mesma prática harmonizadora das agruras coloniais e eram os responsáveis por
interpretar os sinais do além, fossem eles positivos ou negativos para o mundo
dos vivos. Esse &lt;i&gt;homo magus &lt;/i&gt;era “capaz
de compreender, penetrar e inflectir o complicado jogo de forças ocultas que se
faz sentir tanto no nível horizontal (entre os homens) como no vertical (entre
os homens e o universo)”(BETHENCOURT, 2004, p.163). Por outro lado, houve
várias acusações de bruxaria ou de pacto demoníaco que estavam atreladas a
disputas políticas ou econômicas, a desventuras humanas, como doenças, morte,
problemas climáticos, a confrontos entre religiosos, entre outros, e muitas
vezes os acusadores “vítimas dos ardis mágicos ou demoníacos” que encontramos
nos processos, eram em realidade os agressores iniciais. Não é coincidência de
que na maioria dos processos as ações mágicas partam dos grupos populares contra
a elite, o que demonstra ser possível detectar no âmbito desses processos as
tensões sociais do cotidiano colonial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7lJJ21X3wUNfHevskVvbHkrzlvFRbbcY7wYtEgZP7aTeWXIzMFdDfvqT8aGCRhO0rI8lh6yn-jQBv-zXzh1N8N7ij4zAoPmVKXvHNl4hOADyILlVd0kesgol__f65ZGJH8hYlZ1hfQU4/s1600/DSC02836.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7lJJ21X3wUNfHevskVvbHkrzlvFRbbcY7wYtEgZP7aTeWXIzMFdDfvqT8aGCRhO0rI8lh6yn-jQBv-zXzh1N8N7ij4zAoPmVKXvHNl4hOADyILlVd0kesgol__f65ZGJH8hYlZ1hfQU4/s1600/DSC02836.JPG&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
trabalho aqui apresentado é uma aproximação a esse cotidiano no Arcebispado de
Lima, procurando perceber comportamentos comuns, imaginários entrelaçados e
rusgas sociais que no desenrolar dos séculos foram se transformando,
resistindo, atenuando, adaptando e o somatório dessa interseção cultural nos
permite compreender as características dessa sociedade colonial rica em
crenças, medos e percepções de alteridade oriundas de dois mundos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Podemos
afirmar que a ação inquisitorial e as campanhas de extirpação de idolatrias não
foram suficientes para destruir tais costumes, pois a lógica mental colonial se
formou nessa mescla de crenças e se adaptou fazendo uso dos variados elementos
culturais para recriar seu próprio imaginário religioso. Prova disso, é o
prosseguimento até os dias atuais da crença nos bruxos, no curandeirismo e no
culto a deuses ligados à agricultura e pecuária, que nada mais é do que o
resultado dessa confluência cultural entre europeus, africanos e ameríndios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;MANUSCRITOS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;ARQUIVO ARCEBISPAL DE
LIMA (AAL)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Hechicerías e Idolatrias&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;AAL, Idolatrias, leg.III, exp.14, , 1660.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;AAL, Idolatrias, leg.IV,
exp.5, 1662.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;AAL, Idolatrias, Leg. IV, exp.8, 1662.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;AAL, Idolatrias, leg.IV, exp.24, 1662.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;AAL, Idolatrias, leg.V,
exp.11, 1665.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Capítulos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;AAL, Capítulos, leg.I, exp.9, 1607.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;AAL, Capítulos, leg.II, 1610&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;AAL, Capítulos, leg.III, 1617.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;AAL, Capítulos, leg.IV, 1622.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;ARQUIVO
HISTÓRICO NACIONAL (AHN) - Madri&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;AHN, Inquisición, lib.1028.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;AHN, Inquisición, lib.1029.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;AHN, Inquisición, lib.1030.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;AHN, Inquisición, leg.1656, exp.4., 1762.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;ARQUIVO
GERAL DAS ÍNDIAS (AGI) - Sevilha&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;ARRIAGA, P. José de. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;Extirpación de la idolatría del Pirú. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;In:
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y tradiciones de Huarochiri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt; Manuscrito quechua de comienzos del siglo XVII. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Trad. Gerald Taylor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;Lima, IEP/IFEA, 1987 [1598?].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;TODOROV,
T. &lt;i&gt;A conquista da América&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a
questão do outro&lt;/i&gt;. 2.ed. São Paulo, Martins Fontes, 1988.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;TREVOR-ROPER,
H. R. A obsessão das bruxas na Europa dos séculos XVI e XVII. In:______.&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;Religião,
reforma e transformação social&lt;/i&gt;. Lisboa, Editorial Presença/Martins Fontes,
1981.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;VOVELLE,
Michel. &lt;i&gt;Ideologias e mentalidades&lt;/i&gt;.
2.ed. São Paulo, Brasiliense, 1991.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; AHN, Inquisición, lib.1028, f.231-233.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; AHN, Inquisición, lib.1029, f.499-507.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;AHN, Inquisición, lib.1030, f.369-373.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;AHN, Inquisición, leg.1656, exp.4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; AAL, Idolatrias, leg.IV, exp.5, f.10-13v
e 57-58v.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;AAL, Idolatrias, leg.IV,
exp.8, f.1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; AAL, Idolatrias, leg.V, exp.11, f.12-16v.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;AAL, Idolatrias, leg.IV,
exp.24, f.1v.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;AAL, Idolatrias, leg.III,
exp.14, f.4.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Exemplos: Processo contra Francisco de Ávila,
AAL, Capítulos, leg.I, exp.9, 1607; Processo contra Luis de Mora y Aquilar,
AAL, Capítulos, leg.III, 1617; Informação promovida por Bartolomé Lobo Guerrero
“acerca de la costumbre que tienen de entrometerse en las jurisdicciones
eclesiásticas” os religiosos doutrinadores, AGI, Lima, leg.301, 1612.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/CAMINHOS%20DA%20HISTORIA/A%20publicar%20na%20Caminhos%20da%20Hist%C3%B3ria%20-%20A%20Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20cruza%20o%20oceano.doc#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Processo contra Diego de
Alvarado, AAL, Capítulos, leg.II, 1610; Processo contra Luis Antonio Luis
López, AAL, Capítulos, leg.IV, 1622.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;OBS: Este artigo está publicado em:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;. A INQUISIÇÃO CRUZA O OCEANO. Caminhos da História (UNIMONTES)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;, v. 14.1, p. 103-114, 2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoTitle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: right; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Os diversos documentos que tratam do processo de
descobrimento, exploração, conquista e colonização do Novo Mundo são conhecidos
pela denominação de Crônicas das Índias e existem três tipos de texto: cartas
relatórios, relações geográficas e crônicas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;As crônicas possuem uma dimensão literária e também
ideológica e são reflexo do pensamento renascentista, mesclado a traços
medievais em que os cronistas tentam assimilar mentalmente a realidade do Novo
Mundo&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
As expedições marítimas, que foram em sua grande maioria, financiadas pelo
setor privado, foram responsáveis também pela produção de milhares de
documentos. Grande parte das crônicas foi gerada como uma obrigação, visto que
o capitão da expedição tinha que descrever para o rei suas atividades e como
eram as novas terras descobertas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Havia outros motivos para a preparação desse tipo de
documentação. Poderiam ser gerados documentos pela vontade própria de entender
e dar a conhecer esse Novo Mundo, bem como, com o intuito de mudar a situação
pessoal, se defendendo de algum processo judicial ou mostrando seus feitos na
esperança de conseguir méritos da coroa&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Dentre esses documentos, havia aqueles de ordem
etnográfica, que foram produzidos por cronistas que dominavam uma ou várias
línguas indígenas, como por exemplo, Toríbio Motolínia&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
Bernardino de Sahagún&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
Diego de Landa&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
Cristóbal de Molina, el cuzqueño&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
Juan de Betanzos&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
e outros. Estes foram os fundadores da etnografia e entenderam a dupla
tragédia, militar e cultural vivida pelos indígenas e os ajudaram com seus
escritos a preservar a memória autóctone.&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Quando se fala em invenção da América,&amp;nbsp; esta representou a necessidade de forjar uma
nova realidade social e cultural nesse Novo Mundo, mundo, não continente nem
terra. A América aparecia como o lugar onde tudo podia ser modificado em
oposição ao velho mundo.&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Isso
originou idéias como as propagadas na obra Utopia de Thomas More&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
que é um exemplo do pensamento humanista. A Utopia era o local onde imperava o
espírito de justiça social, a tolerância religiosa, a educação racional e não
violenta, o cultivo das virtudes cidadãs e instituições democráticas e o
repúdio à violência e às guerras. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Apesar da influência do humanismo nessa época,
poucos eram os cronistas das Índias que sabiam latim, algo essencial a um
verdadeiro humanista. Suas preocupações eram de ordem material e de
sobrevivência e raros foram os que mostraram em seus escritos ecos utópicos.&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Algo sempre presente nas crônicas e que reflete a
tentativa de compreensão do outro, é o processo de alteridade. Todorov,
pesquisador búlgaro, procura mostrar em sua obra que os espanhóis descobriram,
conquistaram e depois procuraram conhecer para poder dominar. Cortez foi um dos
que mais buscou informações sobre o povo que ele almejava subjugar política e
economicamente. Já Las Casas tratou de compreender os povos indígenas para
poder assimilá-los culturalmente&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Os cronistas possuíam diversos fins, mas todos
descreveram e propagaram dados sobre o Novo Mundo, numa tentativa de integração
intelectual desse mundo à mentalidade ocidental. Poucos realmente são os que
chegam a entender o mundo indígena, pois para tal, era necessário conhecer a
língua desses povos.&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;A maioria dos cronistas eram homens de poucas
letras, havendo inclusive, grandes conquistadores que eram analfabetos, como é
o caso de Francisco Pizarro e Diego de Almagro. No entanto, os cronistas liam
muito ou pelo menos aquilo a que tinham acesso na América e tentavam fazer o
melhor que podiam em suas obras. Apesar de terem motivos variados para realizar
suas obras, todos tinham consciência que a historiografia requeria retórica&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
ou seja, que os livros de história deveriam ser redigidos em linguagem culta,
elegante e respeitar a verdade dos fatos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;As Crônicas das Índias são um testemunho vivo do
encontro/desencontro da cultura européia, neste caso, a espanhola, com as
culturas indígenas que habitavam o Novo Mundo. Quando nos referimos ao encontro desses mundos diferentes e que mudaram
o curso de suas histórias devido a essa aproximação cultural, não podemos
deixar de mencionar as tendências que constituíram o processo de aculturação,
bem como, os resultados desse cruzamento cultural ocorrido no início do século
XVI. Percebemos que além da queda e desestruturação do Império dos Incas, a
conquista espanhola significou o despojo de seus meios de produção e a
impossibilidade de voltar a organizá-los ao seu modo. Significou também a
desarticulação das estruturas e houve a aculturação religiosa ou sincretismo,
visto que esses povos eram muito religiosos e viam no aparato eclesiástico
europeu grande similitude com o deles próprios. Houve a desarticulação da
organização social andina, que podemos exemplificar com nosso objeto de estudo,
o &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Os espanhóis ao descreverem o mundo andino, tinham
uma visão etnocêntrica, pois tinham valores e juízos pré-estabelecidos, dessa
forma era difícil captar o caráter social das instituições andinas. Não é de se
estranhar, que a princípio não tenham entendido o significado do &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt;, enquanto estrutura de parentesco.
O povo andino, por sua vez, passa a integrar-se ao mecanismo da aculturação,
entendido aqui como um processo de adaptações e resistência.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Segundo os historiadores Clarke Simon e Nicholas
Cooper que estudaram áreas conquistadas pelos romanos, o processo vivido pelos
grupos autóctones foi de continuidade do que havia sido desenvolvido no período
pré-romano e quando da chegada dos romanos houve a adoção e adaptação de seus
traços culturais dentro da cultura nativa&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
O mesmo aconteceu em relação aos grupos étnicos andinos, que viveram um
processo de interação recíproca com os europeus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Quando examinamos contatos entre culturas
diferentes, percebemos que o mais usual é que ocorra uma fusão cultural em que
é freqüente o predomínio de uma cultura sobre a outra, depois de um processo
sempre complicado em que a recepção de elementos culturais implica seleção de
uns, o repúdio a outros e ainda a modificação dos demais. O resultado é uma
mescla sempre complexa e às vezes difícil de interpretar. Ocorrem também
fenômenos de resistência, que podem ser de cunho seletivo em relação a
determinados elementos culturais ou de resistência total&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
O que podemos perceber é que se faz necessário entender de que modo os grupos
étnicos andinos modificaram seus valores e tradições frente aos ocidentais.
Através da análise das crônicas podemos interpretar as transformações ocorridas
durante o período colonial desde a conquista do &lt;i&gt;Tahuantinsuyu.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Esses textos são resultantes do processo de
alteridade vivido entre culturas distintas e por isso, representam as práticas
culturais do século XVI em que os grupos étnicos andinos foram forçados a
alterar seu modo de vida diante do novo, o que não significa que se subjugaram
aos espanhóis. Quando mencionamos que os cronistas indígenas possuíam um
discurso aculturado, temos em mente a representação discursiva de seu mundo de
acordo com suas necessidades de sobrevivência&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Prova disso, são as crônicas de Titu Cusi, Guaman Poma de Ayala e Garcilaso de &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;la Vega&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;la Vega&lt;/st1:personname&gt; que alertam para os
danos causados pelos conquistadores espanhóis manipulando o discurso de modo a
alcançar seus interesses, que podiam ser pessoais ou coletivos. A colaboração
com os europeus, por vezes, significou uma forma de resistência sem o uso da
violência. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Conforme
Serge Gruzinski demonstrou, as mudanças culturais ocorridas nesse período
propiciaram possibilidades de reorganização dos grupos indígenas diante do
vazio provocado pelo sistema colonial&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Percebemos então, que no caso andino, não houve a
passagem da cultura indígena à cultura ocidental, e sim, o processo inverso, em
que a cultura indígena integrou os elementos europeus. Como os incas estavam
acostumados a produzir excedente econômico e a pagar tributo, os espanhóis
aproveitaram o sistema preexistente para controlar a mão-de-obra. Para isso,
contavam com a ajuda de chefes locais, que mantinham como antes, a ligação
entre senhores e súditos. Foi essa administração indireta que favoreceu a manutenção
das tradições indígenas, apesar da ação espanhola em sentido contrário através
da evangelização e das reduções&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
que em verdade desde o momento inicial da conquista, eram um instrumento para
justificar suas pretensões políticas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Os documentos indígenas são resultantes dessa mescla, em que por um lado há a
influência da ‘aculturação’, pois os cronistas retratam sua cultura com visão
ocidentalizada, mas por outro, fazem uma apologia ao mundo andino&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Tais relatos originam-se da confluência de discursos
representativos de culturas distintas. A utensilagem mental&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
do espanhol, só lhe permitia reproduzir aquilo que via de acordo com seus
próprios traços culturais. O indígena que passou pelo processo de aculturação,
não apagou de sua memória a própria cultura, apenas passou a filtrá-la sob
influência dos modelos europeus. Ao analisarmos documentos do século XVI e
XVII, que tratam a história andina no período incaico e colonial até à época de
Toledo, estamos lidando com um conjunto de informações que são a representação
desse mundo indígena, aos olhos de europeus e de mestiços e autóctones
influenciados por traços culturais espanhóis. Os textos resultantes dessa
confluência cultural representam uma nova realidade, que acabará por ser
assimilada e sociabilizada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoTitle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Podemos concluir, que as crônicas
espanholas e indígenas resultam dessas práticas culturais vividas no século
XVI, que expressam distintos processos adaptativos e até de resistência. A tão
aclamada vitória espanhola sobre os Incas, reflete a tragédia vivida por esse
povo, que teve seu mundo transformado. As crônicas fornecem-nos representações
da história do descobrimento e conquista do Peru, bem como, todo o período de
colonização. Como já abordamos na primeira parte desta pesquisa, as crônicas
refletem discursos distintos de grupos que se encontraram numa fronteira
intercultural&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
que permite sua transposição, mas em que estes dificilmente perdem suas
próprias características. O processo de alteridade e de aculturação, bem como
as representações do mundo indígena, se originam nessas fronteiras discursivas,
onde o discurso espanhol e autóctone se encontram ou divergem, mostrando as
imagens desses dois mundos em contato. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoTitle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3SNNLepKiK6LidLC4clC0x2JGCOeZ2SI8RYt4Z5nrjZIYbKgjna3JSmeLq_cEG2QWYKv9ECPFzNEF1Awcko4V5pYMB647oe2O7zHBSXmJ23vK3ViN_wKrnRTgFM0R0CIhmsEjDB8wSWs/s1600/DSC01025.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3SNNLepKiK6LidLC4clC0x2JGCOeZ2SI8RYt4Z5nrjZIYbKgjna3JSmeLq_cEG2QWYKv9ECPFzNEF1Awcko4V5pYMB647oe2O7zHBSXmJ23vK3ViN_wKrnRTgFM0R0CIhmsEjDB8wSWs/s1600/DSC01025.JPG&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; width=&quot;240&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Genealogia dos Incas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoTitle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoTitle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; tab-stops: list 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mitos
de origem&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Homens ávidos por riquezas chegaram às terras
incaicas imbuídos de um espírito conquistador e não mediram esforços para
submeter essa população. As crônicas surgidas ao longo desse período de
conquista e colonização, principalmente durante o primeiro século, representam
o processo de alteridade vivido por esses povos e são um importante acervo
etnográfico que nos permite conhecer melhor o mundo indígena dessa região da
América. Antes de aprofundarmos nossas análises sobre a representação do ayllu
durante o século XVI, conheceremos alguns traços culturais e a história do povo
Inca expressos em crônicas e documentos diversos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;Cieza de León e Francisco de Ávila relataram ter ouvido
dos incas que em tempos anteriores à sua presença nessa terra, houve um dilúvio
que matou quase todos os seres humanos e o mundo esteve em vias de desaparecer.
Alguns homens e mulheres se salvaram porque se esconderam em cavernas em
montanhas bem altas e depois que a tormenta passou, daí saíram e começaram a
multiplicar-se, repovoando a terra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;Depois disso, como esses homens viviam como feras, sem
religião, nem ordem, sem plantar as terras e andavam nus, o Deus Sol se apiadou
deles e mandou à terra seu filho e sua filha para que os doutrinassem e os
ensinassem a cultivar a terra, criar animais, viver em casas e povoados e lhes
predicassem leis para que soubessem viver como homens racionais e não como
bestas. Assim, o Deus Sol colocou seus filhos no lago Titicaca e lhes disse
para irem por onde quisessem e onde parassem para comer ou dormir, sempre
fincassem no chão a varinha de ouro que levavam com eles. Onde esta vara
afundasse de um só golpe, deveriam fundar um novo povoado. Depois de reduzir o
povo que vivia nas redondezas a serviço do Deus Sol, deveriam mantê-los em
ordem e justiça e tratá-los sempre com piedade. Os filhos do Sol assim fizeram e
no local onde a vara de ouro afundou, criaram Cuzco&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;, cidade que se tornaria a capital do Tahuantinsuyu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;Esse é um dos mitos da origem dos Incas, que nos conta
Garcilaso com grandes pormenores, porém Cieza de León relata uma versão um
pouco diferente. Segundo ele, os homens também viviam em grande desordem,
quando saíram de Pacarec Tampu, uma caverna que se localiza próximo a Cuzco,
três homens e três mulheres. Os homens que daí saíram se chamavam Ayar Uchu,
Ayar hache arauca (Ayar Cachi) e Ayar Manco. As mulheres eram Mama Huaco, Mama
Cora e Mama Rahua. Saíram vestidos de reis e um deles tinha uma atiradeira de
ouro e nela posta uma pedra. Como era muito forte e com suas pedras derrubava
até montanhas, provocou a inveja de seus irmãos e assim estes convenceram Ayar
Cachi a voltar à caverna, onde o encarceraram. Prosseguiram suas andanças sem
Ayar Cachi e onde chegavam fundavam novos povoados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;Semelhante a essa história, é a outra versão exposta por
Garcilaso, que também descreve os irmãos Ayar como sendo fundadores do
Tahuantinsuyu. Este diz que eram quatro homens e quatro mulheres, todos irmãos.
Sairam de Paucartampu e os primeiros irmãos Manco Capac e Mama Ocllo, fundaram
Cuzco, que na língua dos incas significa umbigo. Os incas descenderam desse
casal, pois foram eles que subjugaram as nações vizinhas a Cuzco e os ensinaram
a ser homens. Garcilaso questionou a importância dos outros irmãos Ayar, mas
não obteve resposta contundente, aludindo tal resultado ao mundo de fábulas
inventadas por esses povos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;O vocabulário cristão encontrado em todos os discursos
dos cronistas, espanhóis ou não, por vezes, tendeu a transformar a história
oral incaica numa espécie de catecismo, que mesclado às noções administrativas
espanholas, criou uma nova representação da sociedade indígena.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;Esses discursos espelham a luta de alteridade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt; vivida nos primeiros tempos de conquista, bem como a
incompreensão da sociedade andina por parte dos espanhóis. Um exemplo disso é a
dualidade de governo incaico e que os cronistas tiveram dificuldade &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em expressar. As&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em expressar. As&lt;/st1:personname&gt; únicas
alusões ao poder dual são as que aparecem nos mitos dos irmãos Ayar,
sucintamente abordados anteriormente e que conforme os estudos de Rostworowski,
Duviols e Zuidema, comprovam a dualidade do poder incaico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ao
tratar dos grandes chefes incas, os cronistas não se eximem de comentários
preconceituosos, visto que rebaixar a autoridade destes era uma forma de
legitimar o poder espanhol sobre os mesmos. Para Sarmiento de Gamboa, os Incas
foram tiranos que governaram o Peru desde 565 da era cristã até 1533, quando
chegaram os espanhóis e implantaram o poder real em nome de Carlos V&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Manco
Capac foi o primeiro chefe do Tahuantinsuyu e Mama Ocllo, sua esposa. Garcilaso
nos conta, que Manco Capac mandou fundar mais de cem povoados na região do
Paucartampu, próxima a Cuzco e esse foi o início de toda a conquista. Ele não
relata a cronologia incaica, pois ao que parece, nem eles sabiam ao certo,
visto ser uma história antiga demais para ser guardada de memória&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;É
possível supor, que no início da conquista incaica ainda imperasse o sistema
matriarcal, conforme os relatos de Guaman Poma de Ayala. Ele se refere à Mama
Huaco como sendo uma mulher muito bonita e feiticeira, que no começo dos tempos
se casou com seu próprio filho, Manco Capac Inga. Ela falava com as huacas e
com os demônios e dela saíram todos os futuros chefes Incas. Foi muito amiga do
povo e governava mais que o seu marido Manco Capac Inga sobre toda a cidade de
Cuzco e jurisdição. Todos a obedeciam e respeitavam, pois fazia milagres com a
ajuda de demônios&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Esse
relato nos remete a finais do século XVI, período em que se instalou a
Inquisição &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em Lima. Mulheres&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em Lima.
 Mulheres&lt;/st1:personname&gt; ditas bruxas começaram a ser perseguidas. Na
verdade, estas não passavam de simples curandeiras, que conheciam plantas
medicinais e que por isso, eram muito respeitadas em suas comunidades. Temendo
o poder que estas mulheres tinham junto aos curacas (chefes locais), os quais
sempre recorriam a elas em busca de conselhos, a máquina administrativa da
coroa espanhola facultou a perseguição das mesmas, utilizando para tal, a
Igreja. Começaram a aparecer então as histórias normais de um discurso
inquisitorial, ou seja, bruxas são as maiores aliadas do diabo e conhecem o
poder das plantas para produzir malefícios a outrem&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
A perseguição não se restringiu às mulheres, pois homens também foram acusados
de serem dogmatizadores e feiticeiros, pelo mesmo motivo acima afirmado&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn31&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref31&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Guaman Poma, enquanto indígena cristianizado, escreveu sua crônica dentro dos
modelos religiosos assimilados e de acordo com a realidade que estava vivendo,
não podendo deixar de mencionar o poder do demônio nas mais variadas
circunstâncias da história incaica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
discurso aculturado do mestiço Garcilaso de &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;la Vega&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;la Vega&lt;/st1:personname&gt; traz à tona uma série de conceitos alheios
ao mundo andino, quando este ao descrever o mandato de Manco Capac, trata em
minúcia o momento em que o mesmo resolve apresentar o seu testamento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Manco
Capac reinou cerca de 30 anos, não se sabe ao certo. Perto de sua morte, chamou
seus filhos, sua esposa Mama Ocllo Huaco e suas esposas secundárias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;&quot;Llamó
asimismo a los más principales de sus vasallos y por vía de testamento les hizo
una larga plática, encomendando al príncipe heredero y a sus demás hijos el
amor y beneficio de los vasallos, y a los vasallos la fedelidad y servicio de
su Rey y la guarda de las leyes que les dejaba, afirmando que todas las había
ordenado su padre el Sol. Con esto despidió a los vasallos, y a los hijos hizo
en secreto otra plática, que fue la última, en que les mandó siempre tuviesen
en la memoria que eran hijos del Sol, para respetar y adorar como a Dios y como
padre&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn32&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref32&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Para
Garcilaso, o natural era utilizar vocábulos próprios da cultura espanhola, que
tinha por características a vassalagem devida a príncipes e reis, coisa que era
distinta entre os incas. Os povos submetidos pelo povo inca não lhes deviam
vassalagem, conforme o antigo modelo feudal europeu, eram sim, inseridos em um
processo de reciprocidade e redistribuição controlado pelos chefes do
Tahuantinsuyu. Poré, ele escreveu para espanhóis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
genealogia incaica traçada por alguns cronistas, não demonstra a dualidade de
poder existente, visto que só conheciam o poder monárquico. Por isso, inumeram
os Incas dinasticamente, começando por Manco Capac, que foi sucedido por seu
filho Sinchi Roca e sucessivamente até Atahualpa. Betanzos, que foi um dos
cronistas a esboçar uma lista dos Incas, nem sequer menciona a Huascar, que no
momento da conquista, compartilhava o poder com seu irmão Atahualpa&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn33&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref33&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
As lutas entre os dois irmãos ficaram amplamente conhecidas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn34&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref34&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
sendo um dos argumentos explicativos da derrota incaica diante da pequena
quantidade de espanhóis que submeteram Atahualpa e o seu povo em Cajamarca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
cronistas dão por encerrada a história da &quot;dinastia incaica&quot;, que
governou e doutrinou os povos andinos, a partir do momento em que chegaram os
espanhóis. Não compreenderam o sistema político andino, pois era demasiadamente
difícil para homens com mentalidade de fins do medievo, assimilarem o novo, o
diverso, sem realizar comparações com seus próprios modelos, o que os privou de
uma factível interpretação do outro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdxjXR3wCLn-2vfjsKUP3bzSMeKDhXnXFXXoKplBulrAFIHQnC_yBE2VkydFusSnnYLMJznDh4jg1lampwo-A1Ju2-4i3adXsp-qx6ankxd4dtQDsvVvF8cLsO43aAjtm9Gw3qTpe-B3Q/s1600/DSC01030.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdxjXR3wCLn-2vfjsKUP3bzSMeKDhXnXFXXoKplBulrAFIHQnC_yBE2VkydFusSnnYLMJznDh4jg1lampwo-A1Ju2-4i3adXsp-qx6ankxd4dtQDsvVvF8cLsO43aAjtm9Gw3qTpe-B3Q/s1600/DSC01030.JPG&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; width=&quot;240&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Um Império construído pela reciprocidade e redistribuição&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;No
período inicial de expansão, a reciprocidade foi responsável pelo rápido
crescimento do Tahuantinsuyu, pois o soberano inca presenteava seus vizinhos,
que viviam organizados em ayllus, e em troca recebia força de trabalho. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;Isso significa que &quot;la autoridad no se ejercía
directamente, sino a través de la reciprocidad y de la &lt;b&gt;minka&quot;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn35&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref35&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
Inca tinha que &quot;rogar&quot; ajuda aos curacas de outras etnias e dar-lhes
mulheres, objetos sagrados, coca etc; para isso precisava ter uma grande
quantidade de bens para oferecer&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn36&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref36&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Isso
aumentou a produção agrícola e de gado, proporcionando o excedente tão
necessário para a manutenção das ligações recíprocas com outras etnias. No
artigo &lt;b&gt;La guerre et les rebéllions dans
l&#39;expansion de l&#39;État inka&lt;/b&gt;, John Murra mencionou a importância, para a
expansão inca, dos casamentos entre o Inca e as filhas de chefes locais&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn37&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref37&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
Tahuantinsuyu expandiu-se rapidamente através do sistema de reciprocidade
inicial, que tinha por objetivo adquirir força de trabalho. Segundo Craig
Morris, uma das razões que permitiu o incrível crescimento do Tahuantinsuyu
repousa justamente sobre o feito de que numerosos aspectos de sua economia
ficavam inseridos na estrutura sócio-política primitiva mesmo enquanto a
autoridade central se fazia cada vez mais secularizada, militarizada e
centralizada. Os Incas conseguiram manter - pelo menos de uma maneira fictícia
– os laços pessoais e rituais que estão na base de todo o sistema de relações
recíprocas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn38&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref38&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;No
começo do desenvolvimento incaico, a reciprocidade regulava as relações entre
os senhores da área cuzquenha. O poder do Inca era limitado, não podia
simplesmente mandar, necessitava pedir aos outros chefes étnicos que o
ajudassem a realizar as tarefas importantes para o crescimento do domínio inca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
estudo da reciprocidade aplicada ao incário pode ser dividido em duas etapas: a
reciprocidade durante o período de expansão inca e, depois, quando o
Tahuantinsuyu está consolidado. Na última etapa, a reciprocidade aparece ligada
à redistribuição.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Segundo
Marcel Mauss, na reciprocidade as prestações e contra-prestações são feitas de
uma forma sobretudo voluntária, por presentes, embora sejam, no futuro,
rigorosamente obrigatórias, sob pena de guerra privada ou pública&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn39&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref39&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;No
período inicial da expansão inca, ocorria essa troca de presentes por trabalho.
Porém, quando o Tahuantinsuyu cresceu, esse tipo de reciprocidade tornou-se
impraticável, pois o Inca não podia mais ir de aldeia em aldeia
&quot;rogar&quot; ao chefe local por seu apoio, oferecendo-lhe presentes e
festas para tal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
soberanos incas, para libertarem-se do cumprimento das regras estabelecidas
pelo sistema de reciprocidade inicial, pelo menos no que tange às etnias
rebeldes, valeram-se dos yanas para solucionar seus problemas. Os yanas eram
pessoas retiradas de seus ayllus de origem para cumprir tarefas e trabalhos e
que não entravam nas tarefas comunais de suas parcialidades e povoados&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn40&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref40&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Quando
um grupo étnico não se submetia a Cuzco, então o soberano inca colocava no
lugar do chefe local um yanacona de sua confiança. Desse modo, não necessitava
manter a reciprocidade com essa etnia, já que os yanas estavam fora do sistema
de &quot;rogos&quot;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Apesar
de ter representado uma situação incômoda para os soberanos incas, a
reciprocidade foi fundamental para a manutenção de seu poder e para o
crescimento do Tahuantinsuyu&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn41&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref41&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Quando
o domínio incaico se estabeleceu por grandes extensões de terra, foi necessário
fazer diversas obras, como: centros administrativos, depósitos, estradas e
outras construções para facilitar a reciprocidade e, também, a redistribuição
de bens dentro do Tahuantinsuyu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Karl
Polanyi&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn42&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref42&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
foi o primeiro pesquisador a trabalhar com a noção de economia redistributiva,
ao analisar as economias antigas e a organização econômica de grupos étnicos
não-ocidentais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;John
Murra, em sua tese de doutorado, &lt;b&gt;La
organización económica del Estado Inca&lt;/b&gt;, defendida em 1955 e publicada em espanhol
pela primeira vez em 1978&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn43&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref43&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
expõe suas idéias sobre a economia incaica, baseando-se na noção de
redistribuição, conforme os dados de Polanyi&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn44&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref44&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
e também, na de reciprocidade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;Al caracterizar
el sistema económico inca como redistributivo, le atribuimos al estado el papel
principal en el intercambio de bienes. El estado recibía la mayor parte del
excedente de la producción campesina y de los artesanos a su servicio, y a su
vez redistribuía la mayor parte de estos productos entre diversos segmentos de
la población, de acuerdo con una lógica estatal&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn45&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref45&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
estudos de Murra&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn46&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref46&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;
&lt;/sup&gt;permitiram perceber que o Tahuantinsuyu não se fundamentou em um poder
totalitário e, sim, numa organização baseada na reciprocidade e na
redistribuição.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBlockText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;El
Tawantinsuyu se fue convirtiendo de esta manera en un organismo capaz de
organizar una redistribución de bienes y servicios a cambio de la entrega de la
energía humana de la población, organizada de tal modo que dicha energía puede
ser considerada como suplementaria, y no afectaba el acceso directo a los
recursos por las unidades étnicas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn47&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref47&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[47]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Conforme
a análise de Maurice Godelier, antes do domínio inca, as relações de produção
de uma etnia baseavam-se nos laços de parentesco. Quando o Tahuantinsuyu
integrou todos os grupos étnicos ao seu sistema econômico recíproco e
redistributivo, as relações de produção passaram a basear-se em relações
político-religiosas, representadas pelo Inca, filho do deus Sol&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn48&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref48&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
Estado Inca, para satisfazer as necessidades de sua produção, fez uso das
tradicionais relações de reciprocidade dentro do ayllu, fornecendo, para tal,
os utensílios e as sementes necessárias e fazendo com que as pessoas
trabalhassem em trajes de festa, com música e cantos, conforme seus rituais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;As antigas relações de parentesco e as antigas
relações políticas aldeãs e &lt;b&gt;tribais, sem
mudarem de forma nem de estrutura, tinham a partir de então mudado de função&lt;/b&gt;,
uma vez que estavam encarregadas de fazer funcionar um novo modo de produção&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn49&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref49&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Para
que esse sistema funcionasse era realmente necessário que o trabalho fosse
ritualmente solicitado pela autoridade local, por isso, não é de se estranhar
que habitantes de Chucuito ao serem interrogados pelo visitador Garci&amp;nbsp; Diez de San Miguel sobre o que davam a seus &lt;i&gt;curacas&lt;/i&gt;,
responderam que em um determinado período não plantaram suas terras, porque não
lhes haviam pedido&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn50&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref50&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
território inca expandiu-se em tempos de Pachacutec, Tupac Yupanqui e Huayna
Capac, seja por meio da reciprocidade ou das armas. De acordo com Maria
Rostworowski, nos locais mais afastados, onde não era conhecido o costume
andino da reciprocidade, as etnias resistiram ao domínio incaico por meio de
batalhas sangrentas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn51&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref51&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Os cronistas ao tratarem desse assunto basearam-se em sua própria experiência
na conquista dos Andes, não retratando as noções que regiam as relações entre
os homens andinos, diferentes das utilizadas pelos europeus no século XVI.
Assim, as crônicas nos fornecem versões das conquistas incaicas que são
discutíveis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Na
época do domínio de Huascar, não restava muito que conquistar, mas coube-lhe
enfrentar seus opositores, ou seja, elementos da nobreza incaica que queriam
seu irmão Atahualpa no poder. Houve diversos enfrentamentos entre os dois
Incas, mas Atahualpa acabou vencendo, como verificaremos mais detalhadamente a
seguir.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Conforme
a periodização de Waldemar Espinoza Soriano, Pachacutec foi o soberano de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1438 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1438 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; 1471; Tupac Yupanqui
de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1471 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1471 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt;
1493; Huayna Capac de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1493 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1493 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt;
1527; Huascar de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1527 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1527 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt;
1532 e Atahualpa de 1532 a 1533&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn52&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref52&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Estes incas foram responsáveis pela expansão e formação do Tahuantinsuyu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVFcjGd8bTp7G5nei1Q_qBADV1Rix4I96cRADSdk_mzozCC5QmUkEjBd44PG6tjrhNoeeHFPwoYhRcPosui2dc84wOuJ6_uJuQuG57oiH5gEcTmMMXtwKyIVAxAcE9Z39D_x82IWWKa-k/s1600/DSC01096.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVFcjGd8bTp7G5nei1Q_qBADV1Rix4I96cRADSdk_mzozCC5QmUkEjBd44PG6tjrhNoeeHFPwoYhRcPosui2dc84wOuJ6_uJuQuG57oiH5gEcTmMMXtwKyIVAxAcE9Z39D_x82IWWKa-k/s1600/DSC01096.JPG&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Templo do Sol - Pachacamac&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sociedade inca&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
sociedade inca teve como uma das principais características a dualidade que se
manifestou na divisão existente nos grupos étnicos e nas regiões do
Tahuantinsuyu. Esse sistema dual originou-se nas relações de parentesco e uma
de suas funções era fazer funcionar a reciprocidade&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn53&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref53&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Os cronistas estabeleceram as dinastias incaicas em seqüência, porque concebiam
o poder individual, favorecendo os incas de Hanan, visto que estes estavam no
poder quando da invasão espanhola. Muito embora, nas crônicas não apareça
especificada a dualidade, sempre se mencionam pares de &lt;i&gt;curacas&lt;/i&gt; das
diversas regiões do &lt;i&gt;Tahuantinsuyu&lt;/i&gt;. Eles representavam as metades de seu
sistema organizativo, &lt;i&gt;Hanan&lt;/i&gt; (de cima) e &lt;i&gt;Hurin&lt;/i&gt; (de baixo). Em
alguns documentos administrativos, por exemplo, nas visitas coloniais, a
dualidade dos &lt;i&gt;curacas&lt;/i&gt; aparece demonstrada, como no caso dos Lupaca&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn54&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref54&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
e na Visita de Acari de 1593&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn55&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref55&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
dualidade entre os soberanos cuzquenhos fazia parte do processo de seleção para
ascender ao poder&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn56&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref56&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Porém, os cronistas apresentaram a transmissão do poder entre os incas segundo
o modelo europeu. Dessa maneira podemos entender porquê os cronistas
descreveram uma sucessão dinástica, na qual o filho mais velho recebia por
herança o poder do pai falecido, de acordo com o modelo de monarquia
hereditária. Incorporaram à história dos incas os conceitos de legitimidade e
primogenitura, bases do sistema europeu de transmissão de propriedade e também
de poder real ou senhorial, mas diferentes ou até inexistentes entre os incas.
O sistema de herança do governo mediante primogenitura de tidpo europeu não se
encontra na região andina, conforme o resultado de pesquisas sobre o sistema de
parentesco andino, baseado no regime de família extensa. John H. Rowe mostrou
que as crônicas generalizavam, quando afirmou a existência de um sistema de
designação de sucessores entre os homens andinos, mesmo sem uma regra detalhada
para tal&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn57&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref57&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
estrutura social no Tahuantinsuyu era composta pela elite governante e
administrativa, pelos sacerdotes, mercadores, artesãos, pescadores, hatun runa,
mitmaq, yanas, acllas e piñas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
soberano do Tahuantinsuyu recebia a denominação de Sapa Inca&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn58&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref58&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
e juntamente com as panacas ou ayllus reais formava a aristocracia incaica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
Inca era considerado sagrado, visto ser descendente do deus Sol. Desse modo,
seu poder não era apenas político, mas também religioso. Ele era responsável
pela manutenção das relações de reciprocidade e redistribuição com os grupos
étnicos anexados ao Tahuantinsuyu. Além disso, intervinha nos conflitos de tais
grupos, comportando-se como se fosse o senhor local, mas de nível superior.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;No
início da expansão, o Inca contraía casamento com mulheres de outras etnias,
visando a reciprocidade baseada em laços de parentesco. Depois, passou a ter
como esposa principal a Coya, que pertencia à sua própria panaca. As esposas
secundárias pertenciam a diversos grupos étnicos incorporados ao Tahuantinsuyu.
A poligamia era admitida entre a elite&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn59&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref59&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
Inca contava com a ajuda de um corpo administrativo para organizar as tarefas
estatais regionais. O tocricuc era o governador incaico em uma determinada
região; o Michiq foi identificado pelos cronistas como tenente de gobernador; o
Tucuyricuc era um funcionário que atuava como um inspetor do Inca e que viajava
pelas diferentes regiões do Tahantinsuyu, recolhendo informações e resolvendo
conflitos locais; finalmente, o Quipucamayoq foi identificado como o
especialista no manejo dos quipus ou instrumento com fins contáveis&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn60&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref60&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
senhores dos grupos étnicos, os curacas, foram de grande importância para a
organização do Tahuantinsuyu, pois assumiam dupla função ao atuarem como
administradores do sistema local em nível do ayllu e ao representarem o poder
intermediário entre o Estado&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn61&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref61&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Inca e seu ayllu, com a finalidade de satisfazer a rede estatal de
abastecimento. O curaca&amp;nbsp; era a personagem
encarregada do governo local, tendo como uma de suas funções a de canalizar
parte do excedente da produção do ayllu para fins de provisão social. Inclusive
ao incorporar-se distintos senhorios, etnias e outros ao Estado Inca, o curaca
local mantinha suas faculdades de centralizador dos recursos comunitários, mas
convertendo-se&amp;nbsp; em sujeito das
disposições cuzquenhas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn62&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref62&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Conforme
a análise de Maria Rostworowski, os Incas no início foram simples curacas e ao
formarem o Tahuantinsuyu estabeleceram sua organização interna sobre a já
existente, ou seja, sobre o modelo de curacazgos. As macro-etnias funcionaram
como núcleos redistributivos locais&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn63&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref63&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Segundo
essa pesquisadora e conforme demonstramos acima houve um sistema dual nos
curacazgos, pois cada grupo anexado ao Tahuantinsuyu enviava um senhor para
Cuzco, assegurando a fidelidade de sua etnia ao poder incaico. No curacazgo
ficava outro curaca que orientava as tarefas do ayllu em relação ao Estado&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn64&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref64&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Os curacas desempenharam um papel primordial no funcionamento da organização do
Tahuantinsuyu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
sacerdotes eram importantes na sociedade incaica, pois detinham o conhecimento
mítico e faziam previsões do futuro falando com as huacas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn65&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref65&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
com os mortos&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn66&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref66&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
e sacrificando animais para obterem respostas. Havia uma hierarquia religiosa,
mas a autoridade máxima era o &lt;i&gt;Villac Umu&lt;/i&gt;, que era responsável pelo
templo do Sol em Cuzco, o Coricancha&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn67&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref67&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Nenhum ato importante era realizado em Cuzco sem consultar a callpa&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn68&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref68&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
ou seja, retirava-se o coração ainda palpitante de um animal para nele ler-se
os augúrios. Os ichuri, em Cuzco, cumpriam funções de confessores e os socyac
prediziam o futuro através de grãos de milho. Os ritos e cerimônias para a Lua
e a terra estavam sob a responsabilidade da Coya ou rainha e das mulheres da
elite cuzquenha&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn69&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref69&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Na
costa peruana havia um grupo especializado em praticar o intercâmbio e a troca.
Esses &quot;mercadores&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn70&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref70&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
não utilizavam moeda, só troca de produtos e os que mais desenvolveram essas
funções foram os de Chincha e os da costa norte). Os &quot;mercadores&quot; de
Chincha - costa sul - navegavam até o norte (atual Equador), levando cobre para
intercambiar por mullu, conchas vermelhas, que foram objeto especial de troca
pelo seu caráter sagrado, sua grande demanda e por só se encontrar em águas
tíbias e não no litoral peruano, banhado por uma corrente fria&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn71&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref71&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[71]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
&quot;mercadores&quot; da região costeira equatoriana chamavam-se
&quot;mindala&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn72&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref72&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[72]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
e trocavam diferentes produtos e suas categorias sociais variavam, pois havia
desde simples mercadores a senhores principais que trocavam roupa de lã. Havia
também funcionários menores que só produziam e trocavam sal&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn73&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref73&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[73]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;.&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Na
costa, o ofício desempenhado tinha grande importância para o modelo organizativo
da região. Cada indivíduo tinha sua especialização e dedicava-se a ela com
exclusividade. Os &quot;mercadores&quot; eram responsáveis pelo intercâmbio de
produtos e os artesãos tinham funções definidas: uns podiam ser ceramistas e
outros especialistas em arte têxtil&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn74&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref74&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[74]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
artesãos destacaram-se não só pelos seus produtos de alta qualidade, mas porque
as suas tarefas eram fundamentais para o funcionamento da reciprocidade, pois o
Inca utilizava os tecidos, as cerâmicas e demais objetos artesanais para
presentear a quem necessitasse agraciar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
costa peruana era rica em fauna ictiológica e os pescadores que viviam
organizados em ayllus perto do litoral, dedicavam-se somente à pesca&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn75&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref75&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[75]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
pescadores não possuíam terrenos agrícolas, mas cultivavam em lagos a totora
para confeccionar seus barcos. Quando tinham peixe em grande quantidade,
salgavam e secavam-no para conservá-lo e trocá-lo por produtos da serra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
hatun runa, &quot;hombre basto, o labrador mitayoc o aldeano que no es de la
ciudad&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn76&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref76&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
era o homem casado que conformava a grande maioria da população andina. Os
hatun runa representavam a força de trabalho do Tahuantinsuyu, pois eles
trabalhavam os campos, eram recrutados para o exército inca e compunham os
grupos de mitmaq e de yanas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn77&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref77&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[77]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Entre
os hatun runa só era permitida a monogamia. O chefe da família cuidava de suas
atividades junto à comunidade e ao Estado. Sua esposa tratava dos afazeres
domésticos, cuidava dos animais, tecia e criava os filhos. Os jovens costumavam
tomar conta do gado da comunidade ou do Estado e podiam ser escolhidos para
serem mensageiros, os chasqui. As adolescentes ajudavam as mães, casavam-se com
jovens da comunidade ou eram escolhidas para integrarem-se às aclla huasi. As
crianças também trabalhavam realizando tarefas mais leves.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
trabalho era muito importante no mundo andino, por isso os idosos e aleijados
eram considerados pobres, por estarem incapacitados de trabalhar
temporariamente ou indefinidamente, tendo que ser sustentados pelo grupo a que
pertenciam. Esse conceito de pobreza difere do utilizado pelos cronistas
espanhóis, que os consideravam pobres porque não tiveram acesso direto à terra
e ao pastoreio&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn78&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref78&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[78]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
mitmaq compunham grupos que foram transplantados, junto com suas famílias e seu
chefe étnico, para outros locais a fim de efetuarem tarefas estatais. Por serem
de confiança do Inca, costumavam ser enviados para locais fronteiriços com o
intuito de facilitarem a incorporação de novas regiões ao Tahuantinsuyu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
mitmaq ficavam longe de seu local de origem, mas mantinham os laços de
parentesco e de reciprocidade com sua região, o que os diferenciou dos yanas,
conforme a afirmação de Maria Rostworowski, pois estes perdiam todos os
vínculos com suas origens&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn79&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref79&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[79]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Quando
os yanas eram extraídos de seu grupo étnico passavam a ser criados de curacas,
do Inca, das panacas, da coya, esposa principal do Inca, ou mesmo do Sol, pois
também trabalhavam no templo do Sol e demais huacas. As acllas eram a parte
feminina do grupo de yanas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn80&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref80&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[80]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;As
acllas eram as meninas retiradas de seus ayllus e, segundo a justificativa do
Inca, selecionadas por sua grande beleza. Na verdade, elas não eram escolhidas
por sua formosura, mas por seus dons, principalmente no que concerne à arte
têxtil. Ao contrário do que julgaram os espanhóis, as aclla huasi&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn81&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref81&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[81]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
não eram conventos, e sim, locais onde se produziam tecidos e chicha, bebida
feita à base de milho fermentado. Também serviam como depósito de mulheres para
o Inca presentear àqueles a quem devia favores, como regia o sistema de
reciprocidade. Nas aclla huasi, também conhecidas como templo das &quot;virgens
do Sol&quot;, as acllas eram divididas conforme suas origens e aptidões&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn82&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref82&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[82]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;As
acllas de sangue inca permaneciam castas e reclusas na aclla huasi, mas as
outras podiam entrar e sair durante o dia e casar-se quando o Inca desejasse.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
prisioneiros de guerra que não admitiam a derrota eram transformados em piña e
tornavam-se criados do Inca. Maria Rostworowski questiona se foram eles que
deram origem à criação dos yanas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn83&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref83&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[83]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
mas Waldemar Espinoza Soriano afirma que os piña eram escravos&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn84&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref84&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[84]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Existem ainda controvérsias em torno desse assunto, mas convém salientar que os
piña, escravos ou não, representavam a última escala social do Tahuantinsuyu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
análise da composição social incaica permite-nos perceber que o Estado inca não
chegou a integrar-se verdadeiramente. A reciprocidade que formou o
Tahuantinsuyu não conseguiu unificar o povo através de sentimentos, porque a
coerção também foi utilizada obrigando, por vezes, ao deslocamento massivo de
etnias para atender aos preceitos estatais&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn85&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref85&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[85]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Essa situação se refletirá no período colonial, quando muitos índios se tornam
aliados dos espanhóis para libertarem-se do domínio inca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYT30TdHXiQUxSN-1zXttkBJXm-JLdSoKSmhbSqQ-x7ZBFGVIyTISkwDi3EpK5u1v3WBepiJDPI6m5iPIX_fc2giDGsLfS-ZLm1hnXLjsEyuEMG0N6qyeZTzM0Uy_CGVzVThHSc5cFbcM/s1600/DSC02826.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYT30TdHXiQUxSN-1zXttkBJXm-JLdSoKSmhbSqQ-x7ZBFGVIyTISkwDi3EpK5u1v3WBepiJDPI6m5iPIX_fc2giDGsLfS-ZLm1hnXLjsEyuEMG0N6qyeZTzM0Uy_CGVzVThHSc5cFbcM/s1600/DSC02826.JPG&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Economia do Tahuantinsuyu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
organização econômica do Tahuantinsuyu, como já vimos, baseava-se no
funcionamento dos sistemas de reciprocidade e redistribuição. A reciprocidade
dava-se dentro dos grupos de parentesco, ou seja, quando indivíduos de ayllus
intercambiavam produtos e serviços&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn86&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref86&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[86]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Na
reciprocidade entre curacas e a coletividade étnica realizavam-se trabalhos
como oferendas às huacas (divindades protetoras) e aos mallquis, que eram as
múmias dos antepassados reais&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn87&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref87&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[87]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
redistribuição ocorria entre as comunidades étnicas e o Estado inca que exigia
trabalho como tributo e em troca entregava benefícios coletivos ou individuais.
Esse trabaho era conhecido por mita&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn88&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref88&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[88]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Conforme as palavras de Nathan Wachtel, podemos concluir que na sociedade inca
a reciprocidade caracteriza a vida econômica das comunidades rurais e que a
redistribuição provém da organização estatal&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn89&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref89&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[89]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
organização desses sistemas de reciprocidade dividiu as populações em &quot;&lt;b&gt;Wamanis, waranquas, llactas, pachacas&lt;/b&gt; y
&lt;b&gt;ayllus&lt;/b&gt;, que en correspondencias más
o menos semejantes pueden ser entendidas como provincias, etnias, pueblos,
clanes y familias extendidas, respectivamente&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn90&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref90&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[90]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
As llactas, as pachacas e os ayllus encontravam-se organizados em metades para
facilitar a reciprocidade. Esse sistema dual facilitou a organização da
economia incaica, pois as llactas estavam divididas em hanan (de cima) e hurin
(de baixo) e em allauca (direita) e ichoc (esquerda), o que beneficiava a
distribuição das funções produtivas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
inexistência de dinheiro e comércio no mundo andino foi substituída pela
reciprocidade e redistribuição que ajudaram a organizar a economia e a estrutura
social incaica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;Conforme
afirma Billie Jean Isbell, &quot;la reciprocidad es el &#39;hilo&#39; que mantiene
unidos: parentesco, jerarquía social y cosmovisión&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn91&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref91&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[91]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Completamos essa idéia salientando
mais uma vez a importância da reciprocidade na estruturação econômica incaica,
porque foi através desse sistema que os incas conseguiram expandir seu
território e formar o Tahuantinsuyu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
terra era o elemento mais importante para a população andina, mas durante o
domínio inca foi repartida em terra do Inca, do Sol e do povo. Blas Valera
colocou que a propriedade se justificava pelo trabalho comum e particular que
havia de ser empregado para plantá-la&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn92&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref92&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[92]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Por isso, era tão grande o apego à terra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
terra do Inca era trabalhada pelo povo em sistema de mita e a produção servia
para abastecer os depósitos administrativos, também chamados de tambos. Esses
produtos eram utilizados para sustentar a elite, os exércitos e o excedente
faziam parte dos bens a serem redistribuídos. O serviço rotativo prestado pelos
camponeses, a mita, também foi utilizado para efetuar as tarefas produtivas na
terra do Sol&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn93&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref93&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[93]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
hatun runa ou homem comum, ao casar-se, recebia um tupu para o sustento de sua
família. Maria Rostworowski num estudo sobre os sistemas de medições no mundo
andino concluiu que um &lt;b&gt;tupu&lt;/b&gt; foi o
lote de terra suficiente para a subsistência de um casal sem filhos&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn94&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref94&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[94]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
Estado Inca dividia, dessa maneira, a terra destinada à população do
Tahuantinsuyu. Cada família recebia seu pedaço de terra para plantar e criar
animais, tirando daí o seu sustento. O tamanho da área territorial que o Estado
tomava para si de cada grupo étnico variava, pois de acordo com as palavras de
Polo de Ondegardo, isso se dava em conformidade com a natureza das terras e de
sua população. As terras dedicadas ao culto eram cultivadas e administradas
separadamente e o produto da colheita armazenado em depósitos próprios&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn95&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref95&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[95]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Quanto
ao direito à terra, havia uma hierarquia a ser respeitada, articulada ao
sistema de parentesco que determinava as terras a serem distribuídas de acordo
com cada unidade doméstica. Os direitos dos &lt;i&gt;curacas&lt;/i&gt; podiam estar
articulados à sua ancestralidade ou ainda, oriundos de recompensas oferecidas
pelos chefes incas, como demonstra Polo de Ondegardo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;...esta
propriedad no la podia tener sino fuese por merçed Del ynga la qual haçia
algunas vezes por servicios que le haçian...&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn96&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref96&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[96]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;Não sabemos se essas terras doadas pertenciam aos
domínios estatais ou aos grupos locais, mas era certo que fossem produzidas
pela linhagem daquele que as recebia, compartilhando assim da colheita. O
Estado inca concedia terras, mas também as tomava no caso de rebeliões, pois a
perda dos meios de subsistência era o pior dos castigos. Os cronistas sempre
confundiram as terras Incas com as estatais. As primeiras eram cultivadas para
subsistência dos chefes incas e sua parentela e também para as múmias e seus
servidores&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn97&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref97&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[97]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
e as estatais para manutenção do exército e do sistema de reciprocidade e
redistribuição.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;Sintetizando, para nossa pesquisa é importante entender
que o direito à terra nos Andes estava relacionado com o sistema de parentesco,
ou seja, todo grupo ligado por consangüinidade a um determinado &lt;i&gt;curaca&lt;/i&gt;
possuía suas próprias terras de cultivo, seus pastos e suas reservas de água.
As fronteiras dessas terras eram conhecidas por todos e em geral estavam
representadas por montanhas, rios e outras barreiras naturais. Porém, havia &lt;i&gt;ayllus
&lt;/i&gt;que possuíam terras dispersas entre as montanhas e a costa, até mesmo para
ter acesso a produtos de regiões diferentes. Percebemos então, que a concepção
de território nos Andes possui muitas particularidades. Para exemplificarmos
temos o caso dos &lt;i&gt;ayllus&lt;/i&gt; de Acari, que tinham suas terras dispersas não
só no Vale de Acari, como também no vale vizinho de Yauca&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn98&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref98&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[98]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;Na serra meridional, o sistema de enclaves significou o
domínio dos senhores étnicos serranos sobre os habitantes do litoral e até
mesmo da selva. Essa descontinuidade territorial foi mais comum na serra por
possuírem mais espaço disponível, já que os vales da costa peruana estavam
entrecortados por desertos. Outro exemplo desse sistema de domínio territorial
encontramos na Visita de Cajamarca de 1571-1572. O Senhorio de Cajamarca era
uma macro-etnia que possuía cinqüenta e duas &lt;i&gt;pachacas&lt;/i&gt;, termo que parece
ser sinônimo de &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt; na região norte da serra&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn99&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref99&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[99]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Cada &lt;i&gt;pachaca&lt;/i&gt; possuía seu território disperso e entrelaçado com
territórios de outros grupos. Longe da concepção européia de fronteira, essa
distribuição atendia à necessidade de diminuição dos riscos na agricultura
andina, que estava sujeita a granizo, pragas, secas ou excesso de chuva. Assim,
se perdessem uma colheita teriam acesso a outras e nunca ficariam desprovidos
de sustento&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn100&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref100&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[100]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;Sendo a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; agricultura a base da economia
incaica, foram desenvolvidas técnicas que aumentaram a produtividade dos
campos. Os andenes ou terraços agrícolas artificiais já eram conhecidos por
povos pré-incaicos, mas foram utilizados em larga escala pelos incas, pois
permitiam uma grande produção agrícola.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;John
Murra desenvolveu a hipótese de que as sociedades andinas puderam aumentar sua
produção através do controle vertical de um máximo de pisos ecológicos, pois
podiam obter produtos da costa e da serra sem necessitarem afastar-se por muito
tempo de seu lugar de origem&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn101&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref101&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[101]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Os incas desenvolveram diversas técnicas de irrigação que beneficiavam o
regadio dos locais de plantio. Para adubar a terra, utilizaram esterco de llama
ou alpaca, na serra, e na costa o guano (esterco de aves) e cabeças de peixe.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
transporte dos produtos agrícolas era feito por animais, como a llama, pelas
estradas que ligavam todos os pontos do Tahuantinsuyu. Ao longo dos caminhos
havia locais de descanso, os tambos, que além de servirem para o armazenamento
de produtos, também eram um tipo de pousada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Para
controlar a produção no Tahuantinsuyu, os incas utilizavam o quipu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;El quipu consta
de una cuerda principal - sin nudos - de la cual se desprenden otras,
generalmente anudadas, y de diversos colores, formas y tamaños; (...) En los
tiempos de los incas los quipus fueron utilizados así para fines contables...&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn102&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref102&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[102]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
criação de gado também foi de grande importância para a economia inca.
Criavam-se, principalmente, llamas e alpacas, além de outros animais de menor
porte. A carne da llama, quando animal velho, era transformada em charque, o
qual se conservava por muito tempo. Mas, a principal utilidade da llama era
servir como animal de carga. Sua lã também era aproveitada para cofeccionar
tecidos. Da alpaca aproveitava-se a lã e a carne, que era muito consumida. Os
rebanhos do Inca e do Sol destinavam-se à redistribuição, enquanto os das
comunidades serviam para a subsistência do próprio grupo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Os
incas dedicavam-se também à mineração, principalmente de ouro e prata. Assim
como existia a mita têxtil para produzir tecido em grande quantidade, também
havia a mita mineira, quando um determinado número de pessoas era levado aos
locais de extração para trabalhar em prol do Estado. Os metais preciosos eram
levados para Cuzco para serem armazenados nos depósitos estatais, utilizados
como decoração ou para serem redistribuídos pelo Inca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A
redistribuição, ao contrário do que possa parecer, não ocorria porque o Estado
tinha fins humanitários, e sim, porque este necessitava de excedentes para
investir na reciprocidade que garantia o domínio inca sobre as demais etnias. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;John Murra argumenta:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;...la
redistribución tiene poco que ver con &#39;economías de bienestar&#39;. La mayor parte
de lo almacenado se gastaba e invertía allí donde la autoridad creía más
conveniente. En este sentido, el Estado Inca funcionaba como un mercado:
absorvía la productividad &#39;excedente&#39; de una población autosuficiente y
&#39;trocaba&#39; este excedente en la alimentación del ejército, de quienes servían en
la &#39;mita&#39; o en la de la familia imperial, tratando, de paso, de ganarse la
lealtad de los beneficiados&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn103&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref103&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[103]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Como
vimos, a reciprocidade ocorria através das prestações de serviço a nível
comunitário, ayni e minka e a redistribuição baseava-se na mita. Esses sistemas
regiam a economia incaica, porém havia diferenças entre os modelos econômicos
da serra e da costa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;La existencia
de estos dos modelos de organización tan distintos, el costeño y el serrano,
pueden sugerir el hecho que en el área andina precolombina hubo dos sistemas
socio-económicos debido en parte a las diferencias ecológicas. En la costa la
división laboral por oficios y por parcialidad dio lugar a un pincipio de
intercambio comercial, mientras en la sierra una economía agrícola de tipo
redistributivo estuvo basada en una explotación de enclaves verticales
multiétnicos&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn104&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref104&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[104]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Quando
o Tahuantinsuyu se formou foi indispensável contar com a força de trabalho dos
diversos grupos étnicos anexados aos domínios incas através da reciprocidade. A
posse da terra centralizou o poder na figura do Inca, o que propiciou o
controle de toda a produção necessária para a redistribuição. Dessa maneira, as
bases da economia incaica, a reciprocidade e a redistribuição, prosseguiram
funcionando tanto nos &lt;i&gt;ayllus&lt;/i&gt;, como em relação ao Estado, beneficiando,
em parte, a integração do território inca, já que algumas etnias prosseguiram
insatisfeitas ante o domínio incaico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaa7GFlMjuVYkK4Y3XStpzsF9QV14oi92W7RLxrNkuruqg4Frb4UB90X5OkstkBuTUt4bMtSi-rCMAPVKpVTo5KLvG3X_LZQb154PLYHgXbjtZPqA6EMnDNG4hC_cAxa8K-kPBxBimKqs/s1600/DSC03264.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaa7GFlMjuVYkK4Y3XStpzsF9QV14oi92W7RLxrNkuruqg4Frb4UB90X5OkstkBuTUt4bMtSi-rCMAPVKpVTo5KLvG3X_LZQb154PLYHgXbjtZPqA6EMnDNG4hC_cAxa8K-kPBxBimKqs/s1600/DSC03264.JPG&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Francisco Pizarro&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoTitle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.45pt; tab-stops: list 53.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Realidade e ficçao: a
conquista do Peru nas crônicas&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Depois
de termos conhecido um pouco do mundo pré-hispânico, passaremos a analisar
crônicas que nos fornecem imagens da conquista espanhola. Como crônicas são uma
mescla de história e literatura, de verdade e mentira, de realidade e ficção,
temos então um material de difícil manejo, devido a essa fina linha que separa
o mundo real do imaginário.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Quando
tratamos de rever a história da conquista do Peru à luz de algumas crônicas
escritas nos séculos XVI e XVII, sabemos que os homens que as redigiram estavam
no preâmbulo da idade média e moderna e que possuíam uma série de modelos de
respeito às normas locais de autoridade e às ortodoxias doutrinais, bem como
uma predisposição ao novo e à aventura, própria de uma consciência moderna&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn105&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref105&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[105]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Sendo assim, seus escritos eram o resultado de uma mescla de informações
culturais. Isso se estende aos cronistas indígenas e mestiços, visto serem
homens que passaram pelo processo de aculturação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ao
cruzarem o Atlântico, esses homens envoltos de características mentais do
medievo europeu, conjecturaram sobre o novo espaço territorial encontrado e
houve quem concluísse que a América era a continuação das Índias orientais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;Las Casas tentou provar isso, argumentando que a
fertilidade e felicidade encontrada nesse novo espaço eram a mesma que havia na
verdadeira Índia, conforme o escrito de antigos historiadores. Ele colocou, que
San Isidoro no livro XIV, 3º capítulo das Etimologias, relatou que a Índia era
terra muito fértil, com muita gente, árvores que nunca perdiam as folhas e que
davam frutos duas vezes ao ano e que abundava em metais e pedras preciosas,
sendo estas características encontradas no novo continente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn106&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref106&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[106]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;Tentando entender esse mundo desconhecido, houve quem
procurasse explicar a presença humana na América de modo coerente, como o fez
Acosta, especialmente no que diz respeito ao Peru. Para ele, essa gente chegou
por mar ou por terra, por acaso ou por determinação própria e não através de cavalo
com asas, como cogitaram os apreciadores de fábulas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn107&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref107&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[107]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Francisco
Pizarro e Diego de Almagro, acompanhados de 350 soldados saíram da Espanha em
busca das Índias, ouro, prata e todas as riquezas que se poderíam encontrar
nessas novas paragens. Não tiveram medo, envolvidos que estavam pelo sonho de
adquirir ouro e prata&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn108&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref108&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[108]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;&quot;Aventurando
sus vidas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;Han hecho lo no
pensado,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;Hallar lo nunca
hallado,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;Ganar tierras
no sabidas, &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;Enriquecer
nuestro Estado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;Ganaros tantas
partidas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;De gentes antes
no oídas,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;Y también, como
se ha visto,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD;&quot;&gt;Hacer
convertirse a Cristo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tantas ánimas perdidas&quot;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn109&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref109&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[109]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ao
contrário dos espanhóis, os habitantes do Tahuantinsuyu não se regozijaram com
a chegada desses homens ambiciosos. Antes desse nefasto momento, já os
feiticeiros e sacerdotes haviam visto nas entranhas de animais sacrificados,
que coisas terríveis estavam por acontecer. Quando Huayna Capac estava em
Quito, recebeu a informação de que havia perto de Tumbez monstros marinhos e
homens com barbas, que andavam no mar em grandes casas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn110&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref110&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[110]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Houve
também quem dissesse que eram viracochas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn111&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref111&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[111]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
tais homens de barbas negras ou ruivas e de belos trajes, que se locomoviam em
grandes animais com pés de prata&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn112&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref112&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[112]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Certo é, que tais homens deuses ou monstros, foram os responsáveis pelo massacre
de grande parte da população andina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
encontro de Pizarro com Atahualpa em 1532 começou com uma tentativa de
reciprocidade, tão conhecida pelos incas e terminou &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em guerra. O&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em guerra. O&lt;/st1:personname&gt; motivo para o
início da batalha sangrenta, segundo Xerez, foi o fato de Atahualpa ter jogado
a bíblia sagrada ao chão. Ofendido, o Frei Vicente Valverde, queixou-se a
Pizarro, que imediatamente ordenou o ataque. Atahualpa foi prontamente
capturado e o alvoroço foi tremendo, índios correram para todos os lados,
fugindo dos tiros de arcabuzes e das patas dos cavalos e outros ficaram
paralizados pelo terror. A grande maioria das pessoas que se encontrava na
praça de Cajamarca, pereceu aí mesmo&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn113&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref113&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[113]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Pizarro solicitou um resgate imensurável pela liberdade de Atahualpa, resolveu
condená-lo à morte, mesmo depois de ter recebido todo o montante de ouro e
prata que havia exigido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Atahualpa
sabendo de sua sentença roga a Pizarro por sua vida.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 3.0cm; margin-right: 3.0cm; margin-top: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;“Me maravillo de ti, oh capitán, que, porque habiéndome
prometido por tu fe y dándote el rescate prometido, no solamente me quitarías
las cadenas y me pondrías en libertad, sino que abandonarias mi país, ahora,
cuando has conseguido el rescate prometido por mi libertad, me has sentenciado
a muerte. Si Filippillo&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn114&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref114&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[114]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
te ha dicho que he tramado mataros a los barbudos, no ha dicho la verdad,
porque nunca llegue a pensar tal cosa.Te ruego, pues, que me dejes vivir,
porque contra ti nunca he pensado ni cometido nada que me haga merecedor de la
muerte. Y si no te fías de mí, envíame a España ante el Emperador, a quien
ofreceré gran cantidad de oro y de plata. Si, por el contrario, me matas, te
aseguro que mis vasallos eligirán otro Rey que os matará a todos los barbudos.
Manteniendome con vida, sin embargo governaré el país en paz y no habrá nadie
que se atreva a moverse”&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn115&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref115&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[115]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 3cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
pedido de Atahualpa não foi levado em conta, pois Pizarro estava resolvido a
solucionar todos os seus problemas, pondo fim à vida do Inca. Atahualpa foi
retirado da prisão e ao som de trompetas levado para a praça, onde o amarraram
a um pau. Enquanto isso, um religioso ía consolando-o e predicando-lhe, por
meio de um intérprete, os ensinamentos da fé cristã. Estando ele condenado a
morrer na fogueira, nos últimos instantes pediu para ser batizado, a que foi
prontamente atendido e por isso, conseguiu morrer garroteado, livrando-se de
ser queimado vivo. Mesmo assim, depois de cumprida a sentença, ainda lhe
atiraram fogo à roupa para que se queimasse também parte da carne. Seu enterro
foi assistido por Pizarro e seus companheiros, com direito a cruz e demais
aparatos religiosos cristãos, sendo por fim enterrado numa Igreja, como
verdadeiro espanhol&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn116&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref116&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[116]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O
assassinato de Atahualpa significou a desestruturação&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftn117&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref117&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 20.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 20pt;&quot;&gt;[117]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
do mundo andino e a conquista espanhola em termos gerais, demonstrou como a
falta de cochecimento do outro pode gerar um desencontro cultural de
conseqüências desastrosas.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;A derrota incaica frente a tão poucos espanhóis, até hoje
é difícil de ser explicada. As descrições do massacre ocorrido em Cajamarca nos
mostram a debilidade de milhares de homens diante de alguns cavalos, tiros de
arcabuzes e coisas aterrorizantes para quem nunca tinha lutado dessa maneira.
Por mais que tomemos em conta esses dados, não é possível entender essa
indiscritível carnificina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Explicações
possíveis para tal tragédia podem estar relacionadas com o fato de os espanhóis
não terem atacado desde o princípio, pois fizeram o que para os incas era
usual, estabeleceram um sistema de reciprocidade, mediante a troca de presentes
e mercadorias diversas. Por tanto, estabelecido esse sistema e não tendo sido
atacados, não haveria porquê se prevenir contra os espanhóis, logo o fator
surpresa foi contundente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Helvetica&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Em
relação ao momento exato do ataque, em que milhares de índios atordoados diante
do aprisionamento de seu chefe, sucumbiram quase sem reação, nos leva a crer
que a verticalidade do Tahuantinsuyu seja um dos fatores de tal apatia diante
do perigo. Para os incas, o seu chefe era como um deus e, portanto, o
responsável por todos os atos e aspirações. Desprovidos de seu deus, esses homens
ficaram absolutamente perdidos, visto não estarem acostumados a tomar
iniciativas individuais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; MIGNOLO, Walter. Cartas,
crónicas y relaciones del descubirmiento y la conquista. In: MADRIGAL, L. Íñigo
(Coord.). &lt;b&gt;Historia de la literatura
hispanoamericana&lt;/b&gt;. Madrid: Cátedra, 1982, pp.57-116.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; Ver ELLIOTT, J. H. . &lt;b&gt;El viejo mundo y el nuevo&lt;/b&gt;. Madrid:
Alianza Editorial, 1984.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; Como exemp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;lo,
podemos citar Diego de Landa, que sofreu um processo judicial na Espanha, em
virtude das arbitrariedades praticadas contra os índios e espanhóis &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em Yucatán. Para&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em Yucatán. &lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Para&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; tal, redige a &lt;b&gt;Relación de las cosas de Yucatán&lt;/b&gt;.
México: Porrúa, 1966.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; MOTOLINIA, Toribio. &lt;b&gt;Historia de los indios de Nueva España. &lt;/b&gt;Barcelona:
Juan Gili, 1914.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; SAHAGÚN, Berbardino de. &lt;b&gt;Historia general de las cosas de Nueva
España&lt;/b&gt;. México: Porrúa, 1985.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; “La interculturalidad no apunta
pues a la incorporación del otro en lo proprio, sea ya en sentido religioso,
moral o estético. Busca más bien la transfiguración de lo proprio y de lo ajeno
com base en la interacción&amp;nbsp; y en vistas a
la creación de un&amp;nbsp; espacio común&amp;nbsp; compartido determinado por la con-vivencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;La
meta de la con-vivencia no debe confundirse en ningún caso com la
“pacificación” de las (conflictivas) controversias entre las diferencias,
mediante la reunión de las mismas en una totalidad superior que se las apropria
y armoniza”&amp;nbsp; FORNET-BETANCOURT, Raúl. &lt;b&gt;Transformación intercultural de &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;la Filosofía. Bilbao&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;la Filosofía&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;Bilbao&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;: Desclée, 2001, p.47.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; CIEZA DE LEÓN, 1985, v.2,
pp.3-5; Ávila, 1987,&amp;nbsp; pp.75-79.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; GARCILASO DE &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;la Vega&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;LA VEGA&lt;/st1:personname&gt;, 1991, v.I, pp.39-42.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; CIEZA DE LEÓN, &lt;b&gt;Op. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;.,1985, v.2, pp.13-15.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; GARCILASO DE &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;la Vega&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;LA VEGA&lt;/st1:personname&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Op. Cit&lt;/b&gt;., 1991,
v.I, pp.46-48.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; TODOROV,&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;Op. Cit.,&lt;/b&gt;1983.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO,
María. &lt;b&gt;Historia del Tahuantinsuyu&lt;/b&gt;.
2.ed. Lima: IEP,1988a; DUVIOLS, Pierre. Algunas reflexiones acerca de las tesis
de la estructura dual del poder incaico. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;Historica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;. v.IV, n.2, dic,
p.183-196, Lima, 1980, pp.183-196; ZUIDEMA, R. Tom. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The ceque system of &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Cuzco&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;. The social
organization of the capital of the Inca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Leyden&lt;/st1:place&gt;:
Brill, 1964.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA, 1988, p.171.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; GARCILASO DE &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;la Vega&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;LA VEGA&lt;/st1:personname&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Op. Cit., &lt;/b&gt;1991,
v.I, pp.44-46.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Luna, sol y brujas&lt;/b&gt;; género y clases en los Andes prehispánicos y
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn35&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref35&quot; name=&quot;_ftn35&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO, Idem, 1988a, p.62; &lt;b&gt;Minka &lt;/b&gt;- origina-se do verbo: &lt;i&gt;Minccacuni.
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Rogar a alguno que me ayude prometiendole
algo&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;GONZALEZ HOLGUÍN, Diego. &lt;b&gt;Vocabulario de la lengua general de todo el Perú llamada qquichua o del
Inca&lt;/b&gt;. 3.ed. Lima: UNMSM, 1989 [1608], p.240.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn36&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref36&quot; name=&quot;_ftn36&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt; &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Es de suponer que a medida que se ampliaban las conquistas, el número
de curacas unidos al Inca por reciprocidad y por lazos de parentesco fue
aumentando, lo que dio como resultado una afluencia cada vez mayor de fuerza de
trabajo al Cuzco&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO, &lt;b&gt;Op. Cit&lt;/b&gt;., 1988a, p.65. Ver
BETANZOS, Juan de. Suma y narración de los Incas. In: &lt;b&gt;Crónicas peruanas de interés indígena&lt;/b&gt;. Madrid: BAE, 1968, p.65.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn37&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref37&quot; name=&quot;_ftn37&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&quot;...l&#39;Inka acceptait les filles de ses nouveaux alliés dans
son harem. Ce système de gouvernement &amp;lt;&amp;lt;indirect&amp;gt;&amp;gt;, ainsi que l&#39;établissement
de liens de parenté entre l&#39;État et les seigneuries locales, facilitèrent
l&#39;expansion de l&#39;État...&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; MURRA, John. La
guerre et les rebéllions dans l’expansion de l’État inka. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Annales&lt;/b&gt;; économies, sociétés,
civilisations. 33e année, n.5-6, sep-déc, Paris, 1978, p.929.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn38&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref38&quot; name=&quot;_ftn38&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; Idem, 1978,&amp;nbsp; p. 945.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn39&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref39&quot; name=&quot;_ftn39&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;MAUSS, Marcel. &lt;b&gt;Sociologia e
antropologia&lt;/b&gt;. São Paulo: EPU/EDUSP, 1974, v.II, p.45.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn40&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref40&quot; name=&quot;_ftn40&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO,
María. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;Reflexiones so&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;bre la reciprocidad andina. &lt;b&gt;Revista del Museo Nacional&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;Tomo XLII, Lima, 1976, p.346.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn41&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref41&quot; name=&quot;_ftn41&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; Idem, op. cit., 1988a, pp.70-71.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn42&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref42&quot; name=&quot;_ftn42&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; POLANYI, Karl et al.&lt;b&gt;Trade and markets in the Early Empires&lt;/b&gt;.
&lt;st1:state w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Illinois&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;: The
Free Press Glencoe, 1957.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn43&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref43&quot; name=&quot;_ftn43&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; MURRA, John. &lt;b&gt;La organización económica del Estado Inca&lt;/b&gt;.
3.ed. Mexico: Siglo XXI Editores, 1983.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn44&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref44&quot; name=&quot;_ftn44&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[44]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; POLANYI, &lt;b&gt;Op. Cit&lt;/b&gt;., 1957.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn45&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref45&quot; name=&quot;_ftn45&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[45]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; Idem, 1983, p.198.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn46&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref46&quot; name=&quot;_ftn46&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[46]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; MURRA, John. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Formaciones económicas y
políticas del mundo andino&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;Lima: IEP, 1975 e John Murra. op. cit., 1983.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref48&quot; name=&quot;_ftn48&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[48]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; GODELIER, Maurice. &lt;b&gt;Horizontes
da antropologia&lt;/b&gt;. 2.ed. Lisboa: Edições 70, 1977, pp.336-337.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref49&quot; name=&quot;_ftn49&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[49]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; Idem, 1977, p.333.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn50&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref50&quot; name=&quot;_ftn50&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[50]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; DIEZ DE SAN MIGUEL, Garci.&lt;b&gt; Visita hecha en la provincia de Chucuito
en el año 1567;&lt;/b&gt; documentos regionales para la etnología y etnohistoria
andinas. Lima: Ediciones de &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;la Casa&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;la
 Casa&lt;/st1:personname&gt; de &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;la Cultura&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;la
 Cultura&lt;/st1:personname&gt;, 1964 [1567], pp. 111 e 117.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn51&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref51&quot; name=&quot;_ftn51&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[51]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO. &lt;b&gt;Op.
Cit.,&lt;/b&gt; 1988a, pp.116-122.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn52&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref52&quot; name=&quot;_ftn52&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[52]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; ESPINOZA SORIANO, Waldemar. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Los incas;
economia, sociedad y Estado en la era del Tahuantinsuyu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;. 2.ed. Lima: Amaru, 1990, p.111&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn53&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref53&quot; name=&quot;_ftn53&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[53]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt; &quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;El dualismo se manifestaba en la
organización de los ayllus o grupos de parentesco, que aparecen agrupados en
&#39;parcialidades&#39; hanan o urin, alaasa o masaa, uma o urco, allauca o ichoc, en
distintos lugares de los Andes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;. Dichos términos pueden ser entendidos como alto-bajo,
derecha-izquierda, masculino-femenino, dentro-fuera e, incluso, cerca-lejos y
delante-detrás&quot; PEASE, Franklin. &lt;b&gt;Los
Incas&lt;/b&gt;. 2.ed. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 1992a, p.103.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn54&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref54&quot; name=&quot;_ftn54&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[54]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; DIEZ DE SAN MIGUEL, Garci. &lt;b&gt;Op.
Cit., &lt;/b&gt;1964.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn55&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref55&quot; name=&quot;_ftn55&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[55]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; VISITA DE ACARI. &lt;b&gt;Historia y
Cultura&lt;/b&gt;. Museo Nacional de Historia, Lima, n.7, 1973 [1593].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn56&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref56&quot; name=&quot;_ftn56&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[56]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&quot;En los primeros tiempos del Incario, la herencia del poder
recaía sobre um hijo del gobernante y en caso de alguna emergencia la decisión
la tomaba un consejo de dignatarios. Los varios candidatos trataban de atraer
hacia sí la ayuda de sus parientes. No existió la primogenitura ni la bastardía
como sustento de la legitimidad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;En teoría todos
los hijos de un soberano tenían iguales derechos a la &lt;b&gt;mascapaicha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Una consecuencia de este
sistema hereditario fueron las intrigas, rebeliones y violentas eliminaciones
de los candidatos. En un esfuerzo por suprimir las luchas, se dio inicio
durante el gobierno de Inca Roca al correinado, es decir a la asociación del
hijo elegido al gobierno del padre. El corregente compartía las tareas
administrativas y militares, pero su nombramiento podía ser revocado por el
inca. En los últimos gobiernos el sistema se fortaleció con la sucesión del
&quot;más capaz&quot; de los hijos de la &lt;b&gt;coya&lt;/b&gt;,
la única reina de entre las muchas mujeres del inca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Por último, en un mayor esfuerzo
por eliminar a los candidatos se estableció durante el cogobierno de Tupac
Yupanqui, el matrimonio incestuoso con una hermana, hecho que reforzaba el derecho
del heredero por ser el hijo de la hermana del inca&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO, María. &lt;b&gt;Ensayos de historia andina: élites, etnías, recurso&lt;/b&gt;. Lima:
IEP/BCRP,&amp;nbsp; 1993, pp.38-39.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn57&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref57&quot; name=&quot;_ftn57&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[57]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; ROWE, John H. Inca Culture at the
time os the spanish Conquest. In: STEWARD, H. Julian.  &lt;b&gt;Handbook of South American
Indians&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;st1:state w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;New York&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;:
Cooper Square Publishers INC, 1963, p.247.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn58&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref58&quot; name=&quot;_ftn58&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[58]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; Sapa inca -&lt;i&gt; &quot;de sapa:
grande. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Inca principal sobre los demás&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO, &lt;b&gt;Op.
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cit.,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; 1988a, p.299.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn59&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref59&quot; name=&quot;_ftn59&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[59]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; &quot;&lt;i&gt;Un buen sapainca cumplía sus deberes religiosos para que los dioses
nunca le negaran sus dones. De hecho era un sacerdote, aunque él ya no ejercía
ese cargo oficialmente, bien que intervenía en la designación de los sumos
sacerdotes. Cabalmente por eso se le creía que hablaba con las divinidades y
consultaba a otros oráculos para dictar sus decisiones&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp; SOLANO, Francisco et al. &lt;b&gt;Proceso histórico al conquistador&lt;/b&gt;. Madrid: Alianza Editorial,
1988,&amp;nbsp; p.314.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn60&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref60&quot; name=&quot;_ftn60&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[60]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; PEASE,&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;Op.Cit.,&lt;/b&gt; 1992a, p.115.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn61&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref61&quot; name=&quot;_ftn61&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[61]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; Estado - &lt;i&gt;&quot;Desde el punto de vista antropológico, como político, y tal como
lo define Kelsen, &#39;el Estado es una sociedad políticamente organizada bajo un
ordenamiento coercitivo&#39;. Es exacta la definición del célebre jurista, puesto
que al decir &#39;políticamente organizada&#39; se está refiriendo a sociedades cuya
organización&amp;nbsp; incluye varios linajes,
clanes o tribus, y la organización &#39;política&#39; empieza con la unión, dominio o
cooperación de grupos distintos por encima de los lazos de parentesco; y al
decir &#39;coercitivo&#39; alude a la característica fundamental del Estado señalada
por Max Weber, quien lo definió como &#39;la asociación humana que reclama para sí,
con éxito, el monopolio legítimo de la fuerza física&#39;. Como quiera que se lo
interprete el Estado está relacionado con el poder político y con el control de
los excedentes de la producción&#39;&lt;/i&gt; Fernando Silva-Santisteban. Desarrollo
tecnologico, ideologia y espacios de poder en el Peru antiguo. In: CURATOLA,
Marco, SILVA-SANTISTEBAN, Fernando (Eds.). &lt;b&gt;Historia
y cultura del Peru&lt;/b&gt;. Lima: UL/MN, 1994, pp.296-297.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn62&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref62&quot; name=&quot;_ftn62&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[62]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; VARÓN GABAI, Rafael. &lt;b&gt;Curacas y encomenderos&lt;/b&gt;; acomodamiento
nativo en Huaraz – Siglos XVI y XVII. Lima: P.L. Villanueva, 1980, p.10.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn63&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref63&quot; name=&quot;_ftn63&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[63]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Op. Cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;., 1988a, p.199.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn64&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref64&quot; name=&quot;_ftn64&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[64]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; Idem, 1988a, p.183.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn65&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref65&quot; name=&quot;_ftn65&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[65]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Huaca - &lt;i&gt;&quot;o
guaca, templo del ídolo o el mismo ídolo&quot;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/i&gt;ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ
CANSECO. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Op.
Cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;., 1988a, p.296.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn66&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref66&quot; name=&quot;_ftn66&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[66]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; CABELLO DE VALBOA, Miguel. &lt;b&gt;Miscelânea Antártica&lt;/b&gt;. Lima: UNMSM,
1951 [1586], pp.287 e 288.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn67&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref67&quot; name=&quot;_ftn67&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[67]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;i&gt;Este,
llamado Coricancha (&#39;recinto de oro&#39;) o Intihuasi (&#39;casa del Sol&#39;), era el más
antiguo, el más sagrado y el más rico de todos los templos del
Tahuantinsuyu...&quot; &lt;/i&gt;CURATOLA et
al. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Op. Cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;., 1994, p.255.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn68&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref68&quot; name=&quot;_ftn68&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[68]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; Callpa - &lt;i&gt;&quot;Las fuerças y el poder y las potencias del alma, o cuerpo&quot;&lt;/i&gt;
GONZALEZ HOLGUIN. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Op.
Cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;., 1989 [1608],
p.44.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn69&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref69&quot; name=&quot;_ftn69&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[69]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Op. Cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;., 1988a, pp.206-208.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn70&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref70&quot; name=&quot;_ftn70&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[70]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&quot;...&lt;i&gt;estos
especialistas fueron llamados por los españoles como &#39;mercadores&#39;...&quot;&lt;/i&gt;
Idem, 1988a, p.208.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn71&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref71&quot; name=&quot;_ftn71&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[71]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO,
María. &lt;b&gt;Costa peruana prehispánica&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;2.ed. &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Lima&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;: IEP, 1989, p.286.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn72&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref72&quot; name=&quot;_ftn72&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[72]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; SALOMON, Frank. Systèmes politiques
verticaux aux marches de l’empire inca. &lt;b&gt;Annales&lt;/b&gt;;
économies, sociétés, civilisations. 33e année, n.5-6, sep-déc, &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Paris&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;, 1978, p.974.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn73&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref73&quot; name=&quot;_ftn73&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[73]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Op. Cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;., 1989, pp.288-289.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn74&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref74&quot; name=&quot;_ftn74&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[74]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;i&gt;Los
artífices gozaron en el incario de una situación particular, y si bien
trabajaban para el Estado, sólo lo hacían en sus oficios, sin tomar parte en la
&lt;b&gt;mita&lt;/b&gt; guerrera o agraria&lt;/i&gt;&quot;
ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO, &lt;b&gt;Op. Cit.&lt;/b&gt;, 1988a, p.212.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn75&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref75&quot; name=&quot;_ftn75&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[75]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&quot;A diferencia
de los hábitos europeos, las playas o caletas pertenecían a un determinado
ayllu y nadie podía pescar fuera de su proprio y conocido territorio. Tenían
los pescadores sus turnos o mitas establecidas para entrar al mar, de ahí que
sorprendiera a los españoles el número de hombres dedicados a beber o bailar
cuando no pescaban&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO, María. Estructuras políticas y
económicas de la costa central del Perú precolombino. &lt;b&gt;Revista Histórica&lt;/b&gt;. Tomo XXXI, Lima, 1978b, pp.211-212.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn76&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref76&quot; name=&quot;_ftn76&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[76]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; GANZALEZ DE HOLGUIN, &lt;b&gt;Op.
Cit.&lt;/b&gt;, 1989 [1608], p.155.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn77&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref77&quot; name=&quot;_ftn77&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[77]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup&gt; &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;i&gt;La
entrada a la mayoría de edad y a la situación de &lt;b&gt;hatun runa&lt;/b&gt; se establecía con el matrimonio. Es entonces que la
pareja adquíria su lugar en el ayllu, y junto con ello asumía sus
responsabilidades&lt;/i&gt;&quot; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Op. Cit&lt;/b&gt;., 1988a, p.218.&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn78&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref78&quot; name=&quot;_ftn78&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[78]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; &quot;De esta manera se nos aclara una vez más el significado
prehispánico de la pobreza: el estar físicamente impedido de realizar una
actividad para el sustento propio, tanto con respecto a labores personales,
como comunitarios&quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;VARON GABAI, &lt;b&gt;Op. Cit.&lt;/b&gt;.,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; 1980, pp.24-25.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn79&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref79&quot; name=&quot;_ftn79&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[79]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO, &lt;b&gt;Op.
Cit&lt;/b&gt;., 1988a, p.221.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn80&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref80&quot; name=&quot;_ftn80&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[80]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; &quot;&lt;i&gt;Acllacuna. Las mujeres religiosas que estauan en recogimento escogidas
para el seruicio de su Dios el Sol&lt;/i&gt;...&quot; GANZALEZ HOLGUIN,&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;Op. Cit.,&lt;/b&gt; 1989 [1608], p.15.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn81&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref81&quot; name=&quot;_ftn81&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[81]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; Aclla Huasi -&lt;i&gt; &quot;casa de escogidas&quot;&lt;/i&gt;
ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO, &lt;b&gt;Op. Cit&lt;/b&gt;., 1988a, p.293.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn82&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref82&quot; name=&quot;_ftn82&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[82]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&quot;...y&lt;b&gt;urac aclla&lt;/b&gt;,
siempre de sangre inca y consagradas al culto, siendo una de ellas considerada
como la esposa del Sol. Seguíam las &lt;b&gt;huayrur
aclla&lt;/b&gt;, generalmente las más hermosas muchachas y de entre ellas el Inca escogía
a sus esposas secundarias. Las &lt;b&gt;paco
aclla&lt;/b&gt; se convertían con el tiempo en las esposas de los curacas y jefes a
quienes el Inca quería agradar; las &lt;b&gt;yana
aclla&lt;/b&gt; eran las muchachas que no destacaban por su rango, ni por su belleza
y cumplían las funciones de servidoras de las demás. (...) las &lt;b&gt;taqui aclla&lt;/b&gt;, elegidas por sus aptitudes
de cantoras, ellas tañían tambores y &lt;b&gt;pincullo&lt;/b&gt;
alegrando las fiestas de la corte&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&quot; Idem,,
1988a, p.227.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn83&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref83&quot; name=&quot;_ftn83&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[83]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;Ibidem., 1988a, p.227.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn84&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref84&quot; name=&quot;_ftn84&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[84]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ESPINOZA SORIANO, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Op. Cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;., 1990, p.293.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn85&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref85&quot; name=&quot;_ftn85&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[85]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; &quot;...&lt;i&gt;Los ayllus se cohesionaban en torno a sus proprias huacas, a sus
señores, con ellos se identificaban los hombres del común y no con los grandes,
lejanos y temibles soberanos&quot;&lt;/i&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Op. Cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;., 1988a, p.233.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn86&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref86&quot; name=&quot;_ftn86&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[86]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; &quot;&lt;i&gt;La reciprocidad se ejercía, entonces, a través de la mutua prestación
de energía humana para la producción comunitaria; a esto llamaron los cronistas
&lt;b&gt;ayni&lt;/b&gt;, considerándolo como una suerte
de ayuda mutua y no como la obligación que era, originada en los lazos del
parentesco&lt;/i&gt;”&amp;nbsp; PEASE,&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;Op. Cit&lt;/b&gt;., 1992a, p.60.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn87&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref87&quot; name=&quot;_ftn87&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[87]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; &quot;A este tipo de tarea corresponde lo que en la época de los
incas se denominaba &lt;b&gt;minka&lt;/b&gt;, forma que
aún se usa en las comunidades andinas para llevar cabo obras de bien
común&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;
Silva-Santisteban,&amp;nbsp; op. cit.,1994, p.307.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn88&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref88&quot; name=&quot;_ftn88&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[88]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; &quot;&lt;i&gt;La mita o prestación de servicios rotativa es un concepto muy andino
que se empleó para efectuar trabajos ordenados cíclicamente en un determinado
momento. Toda obra contenía la idea de mita, de repetición a su tiempo, de ahí
que trabajos muy diferentes fuesen ejecutados bajo el sistema de prestaciones
rotativas&quot;&lt;/i&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO, &lt;b&gt;Op. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;Cit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;., 1988a, p.237. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Ver também: GARCILASO DE &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;la Vega&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;LA VEGA&lt;/st1:personname&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Op. Cit., &lt;/b&gt;1991,
p.261; POLO DE ONDEGARDO, Juan. &lt;b&gt;El mundo de los Incas. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;Madrid: Historia 16, 1990, p.63; CIEZA DE
LEON, &lt;b&gt;Op. Cit., &lt;/b&gt;pp.147 e 148; e outros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn89&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref89&quot; name=&quot;_ftn89&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[89]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; WACHTEL, Nathan. &lt;b&gt;Los vencidos; los indios del Peru frente a
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref104&quot; name=&quot;_ftn104&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[104]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; ROSTWOROWSKI DE DIEZ CANSECO, &lt;b&gt;Op.
Cit&lt;/b&gt;., 1977, p.19.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref105&quot; name=&quot;_ftn105&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[105]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; DURAND, José. &lt;b&gt;La
transformación social del conquistador. &lt;/b&gt;Mexico: Porrúa y Oregón,1953, v.I,
Caps. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;III-VII.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref106&quot; name=&quot;_ftn106&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[106]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; LAS CASAS&lt;b&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;1958&lt;b&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;cap. XXII.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref107&quot; name=&quot;_ftn107&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[107]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; ACOSTA, 1954, I, cap.XVI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref108&quot; name=&quot;_ftn108&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[108]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; GUAMAN POMA DE AYALA, &lt;b&gt;Op.
Cit., &lt;/b&gt;1993, p.284.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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relación de la conquista del &lt;/b&gt;Peru. Madrid: Historia 16, 1985, p.162.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Perú. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Madrid:
Imprenta de Manuel Ginesta, 1882 [1618], &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;cap.XXVIII.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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de &lt;/b&gt;Castro. Lima: PUCP, 1992 [1570].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Nuevo Mundo.&lt;/b&gt; Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1989,&amp;nbsp; p.251 e 252.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn116&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref116&quot; name=&quot;_ftn116&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[116]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; SANCHO DE HOZ, Pero. &lt;b&gt;La
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&lt;div id=&quot;ftn117&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/COL%C3%94MBIA/COL%C3%94MBIA-%20REVIVENDO%20TEMPOS%20INCAICOS.doc#_ftnref117&quot; name=&quot;_ftn117&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;[117]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot;&gt; “...p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;or el
término de ‘desestruturación` entendemos la supervivencia de estructuras
antiguas o de elementos parciales de ellas, pero fuera del contexto
relativamente coherente en el cual se situaban...”&amp;nbsp; WACHTEL, Nathan, &lt;b&gt;Los vencidos; los indios del Peru frente a la conquista española&lt;/b&gt;
(1530-1570). Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1976a, p.135.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;OBS&lt;/b&gt;: Quem quiser conhecer mais sobre o assunto, leia o livro:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel. &lt;b&gt;O ayllu andino nas crônicas quinhentistas&lt;/b&gt;. São Paulo: Editora UNESP, 2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Fotos de acervo próprio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/1251888545076072307/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/02/revivendo-tempos-incaicos_17.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/1251888545076072307'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/1251888545076072307'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/02/revivendo-tempos-incaicos_17.html' title='REVIVENDO TEMPOS INCAICOS'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgdSDsOuJF4p4udq7jY1qQlgsZ3UcNCag7y-pyaRgW2Y8lH8QpPof83vR44JwNu1GcEWHn723ilTymqmnkW86E6a4nbtsY0WdvMvDyLiXplIfp8NBkCmz0kDnVucM2uLSt6XUwcHy1A1s/s72-c/Anita+MP.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-8213175830244783770</id><published>2013-02-05T12:21:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-02-05T14:38:58.444-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Arqueologia."/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Curiosidades"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><title type='text'>GROELÂNDIA, A AMÉRICA INUIT E VIKING</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjrhMBlIJT3rDqVp73EWTzh3Et6UUARsU05iJ4dWkHyVdAvVU6CENPfE-RU4Az7xapAC4WJ6KpJq3OcvyfR-K4i5s5UuUhPaacXNlaxZxt-gHIvfPK2z8YnQM40L0V9nWZJiAL2lbHvLI/s1600/Vikings.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjrhMBlIJT3rDqVp73EWTzh3Et6UUARsU05iJ4dWkHyVdAvVU6CENPfE-RU4Az7xapAC4WJ6KpJq3OcvyfR-K4i5s5UuUhPaacXNlaxZxt-gHIvfPK2z8YnQM40L0V9nWZJiAL2lbHvLI/s1600/Vikings.jpg&quot; height=&quot;212&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Assentamento Viking na Groelândia&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(http://www.spiegel.de)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Groelândia&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(http://the-rioblog.blogspot.com.br)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O que muitos não sabem é
que esse território hoje politicamente ligado à Dinamarca trata-se de parte do
continente americano. Considerada a maior ilha do mundo, a Groelândia pode ser
considerada a primeira parte da América a ser habitada por europeus ainda no
século X. A grande ilha foi habitada por povos antecessores dos modernos Inuit
(esquimós) desde tempos remotos e só no século IX um navegador norueguês chegou
às suas margens, mas não se instalou. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Erik, o Vermelho, e sua
família foram banidos da Noruega sob acusação de terem cometido assassinatos e
foram viver na Islândia até o ano 980, quando novamente tiveram que se mudar
sob acusação de novo assassinato e escolheram a Groelândia para habitar. Ali esses
Vikings fundaram algumas vilas que duraram cerca de 400 anos e desapareceram
devido a fatores climáticos, desgaste dos solos e também por conta da Peste
Negra e da invasão de piratas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Inuit&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(http://www.greenlandexplored.com)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ferramentas Dorset e Thule&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(http://pueblosoriginarios.com)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O povo Dorset já habitava
a Groelândia antes dos Vikings chegarem, mas longe de seus assentamentos. Posteriormente,
por volta do século XII, o povo Thule chegou à região e estas duas culturas representam
os antepassados dos atuais Inuit que lá habitam. Só no século XVI, a Groelândia
foi convertida em dependência dinamarquesa e a conquista de sua autonomia é bem
recente. Portanto, essa grande ilha não só faz parte da placa tectônica do
continente americano, como sua população ártica tem a mesma origem da que
habita o Canadá e sem dúvida, antes de Colombo chegar ao Caribe...os Vikings já
tinham colonizado a América.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;(http://selmawebsite.blogspot.com.br)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;BIBLIOGRAFIA:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;APOLLONIO, Spencer. &lt;b&gt;Lands that hold one spellbound: a story of east Greenland&lt;/b&gt;. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;SEAVER, Kirsten A. &lt;b&gt;The Frozen Echo: Greenland and the Exploration of North America, Ca. A.D.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;TRIGGER, Bruce G., WASHBURN, Wilcomb E. &lt;b&gt;The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas&lt;/b&gt;. V.3, P.1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;VINDING, Niels. &lt;b&gt;Viking discovery of America, 985 to 1008&lt;/b&gt;: the Greenland Norse and their voyages to Newfoundland. NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2005.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/8213175830244783770/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/02/groelandia-america-inuit-e-viking.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/8213175830244783770'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/8213175830244783770'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/02/groelandia-america-inuit-e-viking.html' title='GROELÂNDIA, A AMÉRICA INUIT E VIKING'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjrhMBlIJT3rDqVp73EWTzh3Et6UUARsU05iJ4dWkHyVdAvVU6CENPfE-RU4Az7xapAC4WJ6KpJq3OcvyfR-K4i5s5UuUhPaacXNlaxZxt-gHIvfPK2z8YnQM40L0V9nWZJiAL2lbHvLI/s72-c/Vikings.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-1161910741577894923</id><published>2013-01-29T19:58:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-01-29T20:03:01.788-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Livros e artigos"/><title type='text'>SÍNTESE ANALÍTICA DA CONCEPÇÃO DE AYLLU EM CRÔNICAS DO SÉCULO XVI</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;O artigo abaixo encontra-se publicado na revista impressa Estudos Leopoldenses do Instituto Anchietano de Pesquisas da UNISINOS (Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos) - RS e representa a síntese dos principais resultados alcançados na pesquisa para a dissertação de nosso mestrado defendido em 1995 nessa instituição sob a orientação do querido Prof. Dr. Pedro Ignácio Schmitz.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Instituto Anchietano de Pesquisas - UNISINOS - RS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Prof. Dr. Pedro Ignácio Schmitz - arqueólogo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Referência do artigo acima:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;. SÍNTESE ANALÍTICA DA CONCEPÇÃO DE AYLLU EM CRÔNICAS DO SÉCULO XVI. Estudos Leopoldenses&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;, São Leopoldo, v. 32, n.148, p. 87-101, 1996.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/1161910741577894923/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/01/sintese-analitica-da-concepcao-de-ayllu.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/1161910741577894923'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/1161910741577894923'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/01/sintese-analitica-da-concepcao-de-ayllu.html' title='SÍNTESE ANALÍTICA DA CONCEPÇÃO DE AYLLU EM CRÔNICAS DO SÉCULO XVI'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvc6by0zkhRgccGZhlhnBtszmKhYNGqY98jCiuirPfcfVG2LiCa_OyCmqt43SiAV6IFpJXfcsrrPIONUTYaqFEmy1I8BzZc6DZtL1nyGY3h_gcZrB6s8cTsnN7mcXXxgVZXiy0O1pPRNI/s72-c/anchietano.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-3474728701117068585</id><published>2013-01-29T18:28:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-01-29T18:28:32.887-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="América Latina"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Livros e artigos"/><title type='text'>PERU: ZWEI JAHRE NACH DEM PUTSCH</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyc3MDR_vkWBq3K9nI-MvfhBPLm9ySvnrBBQaah0mjo4s1jvcGD2DattUGNKliiY08CG6Djktwd49462KhGejZSV2KKsnTKPppaim4lRRCobFwnk90AcI27603zkWRelmh118S2U0l0zY/s1600/Artigo+alem%C3%A3o+1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyc3MDR_vkWBq3K9nI-MvfhBPLm9ySvnrBBQaah0mjo4s1jvcGD2DattUGNKliiY08CG6Djktwd49462KhGejZSV2KKsnTKPppaim4lRRCobFwnk90AcI27603zkWRelmh118S2U0l0zY/s1600/Artigo+alem%C3%A3o+1.jpg&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; width=&quot;435&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeIn3GB9fRV8H63QpUvaFnT0Jz6LfKO6CPrf20ywc6LsRRQBwVSCXmcJFT4oadcnljnZ76fXdsGI0ultJmrPrjKbId9B74N43ziCHjfc48hRIS3OK3e1KKWeHQmTZWm_8Umn-F5EcCNug/s1600/Artigo+alem%C3%A3o+2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeIn3GB9fRV8H63QpUvaFnT0Jz6LfKO6CPrf20ywc6LsRRQBwVSCXmcJFT4oadcnljnZ76fXdsGI0ultJmrPrjKbId9B74N43ziCHjfc48hRIS3OK3e1KKWeHQmTZWm_8Umn-F5EcCNug/s1600/Artigo+alem%C3%A3o+2.jpg&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; width=&quot;436&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ARTIGO PUBLICADO EM:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;. PERU: ZWEI JAHRE NACH DEM PUTSCH (GOLPE DE ESTADO). Skt Paulusblatt, Nova Petrópolis, v. 51, p. 23, 1995.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/3474728701117068585/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/01/peru-zwei-jahre-nach-dem-putsch.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/3474728701117068585'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/3474728701117068585'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/01/peru-zwei-jahre-nach-dem-putsch.html' title='PERU: ZWEI JAHRE NACH DEM PUTSCH'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyc3MDR_vkWBq3K9nI-MvfhBPLm9ySvnrBBQaah0mjo4s1jvcGD2DattUGNKliiY08CG6Djktwd49462KhGejZSV2KKsnTKPppaim4lRRCobFwnk90AcI27603zkWRelmh118S2U0l0zY/s72-c/Artigo+alem%C3%A3o+1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-8841094923829627401</id><published>2013-01-21T19:48:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2013-01-21T19:50:40.146-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História do Brasil;"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Livros e artigos"/><title type='text'>O RIO DE JANEIRO OITOCENTISTA</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No início do século XIX,
chegou ao Rio de Janeiro a família real portuguesa e foram abertos os portos
brasileiros. Isso fez com que vários estrangeiros chegassem a essas terras,
curiosos e ansiosos por descobrir esse mundo “exótico” e cheio de diferenças.
Entre eles, diversos artistas que se dedicaram a representar a natureza
brasileira, o cotidiano e os grupos étnicos. Destacaram-se os pintores
franceses Jean Baptiste Debret e Nicolas Antoine Taunay, que chegaram com a
Missão Artística Francesa de 1816, Thomas Ender, um pintor austríaco que chegou
ao Brasil em 1817 e Johann Moritz Rugendas, pintor alemão que veio em 1821.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVn-ypbu90BpMxP8kq_Jp_6AYMwS2_fVPe5J77mJ4l1_EgXTIE_PCdRmiRJ1O0FhIVWY-wQSU2cFvTjxZFX-cZVyDKVKNSFT1dLuf1rvy9vClOi4xqxHW8s-Ry8Sqm87GLcCopMDh5M4o/s1600/LargoPa%C3%A7o-Rio.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVn-ypbu90BpMxP8kq_Jp_6AYMwS2_fVPe5J77mJ4l1_EgXTIE_PCdRmiRJ1O0FhIVWY-wQSU2cFvTjxZFX-cZVyDKVKNSFT1dLuf1rvy9vClOi4xqxHW8s-Ry8Sqm87GLcCopMDh5M4o/s1600/LargoPa%C3%A7o-Rio.jpg&quot; height=&quot;111&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Jean Baptiste Debret. Largo do Paço no
Rio, 1839.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjctkmkP-ElTrYVE4FEu6U5chJRdsDIn2e4sQtTnDBpJapLXwZ80EKyy0X1Qf6LTZge6AMk5vP_H-QooSR3oVt_ZPrqwrIuaoS6NXc6laFxpVACL4V_dKLcIaZpFhwR4tlYICsO1iXqCAc/s1600/06+Palacio+Quinta+da+Boa+Vista+(1).jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjctkmkP-ElTrYVE4FEu6U5chJRdsDIn2e4sQtTnDBpJapLXwZ80EKyy0X1Qf6LTZge6AMk5vP_H-QooSR3oVt_ZPrqwrIuaoS6NXc6laFxpVACL4V_dKLcIaZpFhwR4tlYICsO1iXqCAc/s1600/06+Palacio+Quinta+da+Boa+Vista+(1).jpg&quot; height=&quot;141&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;v:shape alt=&quot;Palácio da Quinta da Boa Vista - Rio&quot; id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_4&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot; style=&quot;height: 165pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 372pt;&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Jean Baptiste Debret. Palácio Quinta da
Boa Vista, 1816.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Segundo Jean Baptiste
Debret, a cidade do Rio de Janeiro teve seus edifícios públicos melhorados
devido à presença da Corte&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, mas Thomas Ender achou-a
de arquitetura rude, embora tivesse alguns belos conjuntos e fosse muito
pitoresca. Para ele, as ruas eram apertadas, mal calçadas e sua iluminação era
feita à base de azeite de baleia. A população bastante ruidosa, alegre, de
todos os matizes, enchia as ruas de cores, cores estas, que estavam não só na
pele, mas nas vestes, nas casas, no céu, nas matas, na terra e tudo cintilando
à luz forte do sol dos trópicos&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Helvetica Neue&#39;, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Thomas
Ender. &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #f9f9f9;&quot;&gt;Panorama da cidade do Rio de Janeiro,
vista do terraço do Morro da Conceição, 1817.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Esse lado bonito da cidade
contrastava com a imundície das ruas e a pobreza do povo. John Mawe chamou a
atenção sobre a insalubridade da atmosfera, que favorecia as epidemias. O fato
de haver grande importação de escravos africanos, segundo ele, que eram
transportados em péssimas condições, fazia com que já desembarcassem enfermos,
contribuindo para a disseminação de doenças&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Mesmo assim, o Rio de
Janeiro atraía os viajantes estrangeiros que ficavam inebriados logo que
chegavam à entrada da Baía de Guanabara, local onde costumavam parar antes de
aportar para poderem vislumbrar a paisagem carioca com grandes montanhas
entrecortadas por belas enseadas. Prova disso, é a carta escrita por Charles
Darwin a sua irmã Caroline, em que descreveu a magnífica vista que pode
contemplar de seu navio quando chegava à cidade do Rio de Janeiro em 1832&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Nicolas Antoine Taunay. Entrada da baía
e da cidade do Rio a partir do terraço do convento de Santo Antônio em 1816,
1816.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O porto do Rio de Janeiro
era considerado o mais bem localizado do mundo para o comércio geral realizado
com a Europa, América, África, Índias Orientais e os Mares do Sul, e conforme
palavras de John Mawe parece ter sido criado pela natureza para constituir o
elo de união entre o comércio dessas grandes regiões do globo&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Depois do porto, o local
mais notável e freqüentado do Rio de Janeiro era sem dúvida a famosa Rua
Direita, hoje chamada Primeiro de Março. Era bela e comprida e pelo seu
movimento percebia-se o quanto era importante o comércio nessa cidade. O
historiador Afonso Taunay refere-se a ela como a viela onde os transeuntes
apinhavam-se apesar do forte calor do meio-dia, que nem por isso atrapalhava o
movimento comercial&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No Rio de 1843, havia apenas
um lugar de recreio, o Passeio Público, parque assaz bonito, com certos ares de
jardim botânico. Taunay conta-nos ainda sobre a realidade do Hospital dos
Lázaros em São Cristóvão e dos dois hospícios localizados na Praia Vermelha. O
primeiro era limpo e encerrava sessenta doentes, dos quais metade eram
mulheres. Já os hospícios estavam super lotados e tinham capacidade para apenas
80 pacientes cada um deles. Taunay achou curioso que a maioria desses alienados
fossem negros&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Por precaução contra os
crimes, o Rio de Janeiro era bem iluminado até distâncias consideráveis nos
arrabaldes. Depois das nove horas da noite a nenhum negro se permitia circular
pelas ruas sem permissão escrita por seu respectivo senhor. Quando algum era
encontrado sem o tal papel, a polícia o encarcerava logo, raspava-lhe a cabeça
a navalha e mantinha-o preso até que o proprietário viesse retirá-lo da prisão
mediante o pagamento de cinco mil réis de multa. O homicídio e a impunidade
freqüente do crime eram velhos flagelos brasileiros, causando aos europeus
péssima impressão&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A chegada de muitos
estrangeiros ao Rio fez com que crescesse o número de mendigos nas ruas e
alguns recém-chegados tinham que se resignar aos mais sórdidos empregos. Só
aqueles que vinham a chamado do governo brasileiro tinham direito a lotes,
víveres e alguns recursos para começarem vida nova, e por isso, era
absolutamente desaconselhável emigrar sem trazer algum dinheiro&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge42zSCsWKNiD9g120ibravdOQUh6ZUNAI2ZEtFww8ELy5xISoSpTgdm1hFYyQL1zhE_0Ae0wF2fsMIk-JVFZBngGdV6mRcfhpul4XyEaSASgn-zwyC972sloEhmtv19TCo-qGoslzadY/s1600/lavadeiras.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge42zSCsWKNiD9g120ibravdOQUh6ZUNAI2ZEtFww8ELy5xISoSpTgdm1hFYyQL1zhE_0Ae0wF2fsMIk-JVFZBngGdV6mRcfhpul4XyEaSASgn-zwyC972sloEhmtv19TCo-qGoslzadY/s1600/lavadeiras.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Johann Moritz Rugendas. Lavadeiras do
Rio de Janeiro, 1835.&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Os estrangeiros que chegaram
no século XIX eram em sua maioria cientistas e artistas, por isso, davam grande
importância à educação e ao cuidado estético. Debret é o primeiro a perceber
que as mulheres cariocas apenas aprendiam os afazeres domésticos e as artes
manuais. Recitavam as preces de cor e calculavam de memória, pois não sabiam
escrever nem fazer as operações. Foi só a partir de 1820 que a educação começou
a tomar verdadeiro impulso e os meios de ensino multiplicaram-se de tal maneira
que de ano para ano algumas mulheres puderam manter correspondência em várias
línguas e apreciar a leitura como na Europa&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Esteticamente, os cariocas
deixavam a desejar, conforme as palavras de Taunay, que nos conta que esses
homens e mulheres deixavam crescer imensos cabelos negros e infelizmente, no
caso das mulheres, estas os traziam trançados e levantados, configurando
desgraçados penteados, que lhes iam mal à delicadeza do rosto&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Os viajantes que eram
médicos também deviam ficar bastante indignados com algumas práticas de
barbeiros cariocas, que eram homens de sete instrumentos, na verdadeira acepção
da palavra, porque além da tesoura e da navalha, manejavam instrumentos próprios
da odontologia e da rústica medicina. Com seus grossos boticões arrancavam
dentes a frio, num tempo em que a anestesia longe estava de ser utilizada e
substituíam os poucos médicos existentes na arte de sangrar os doentes e
aplicar-lhes sanguessugas, expostas nas próprias barbearias em redomas de
vidro, vivas e famintas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Momentos lúdicos, como uma
ida ao Teatro, também podiam transparecer a falta de higiene que grassava
naqueles tempos e que espantava nossos viajantes cientistas. Nos intervalos da
peça, as pessoas comiam peixe frito sentindo bem vivo o cheiro dos “tigres”
jogados ao mar à noite pelos escravos, pois bem longe estava ainda o tempo dos
esgotos&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O Rio de Janeiro aos olhos
dos viajantes estrangeiros era uma cidade cheia de contradições, bonita por
natureza, mas fonte inesgotável de análises críticas. Esses homens imbuídos de
seus próprios referenciais culturais, por vezes, demonstraram grande
preconceito contra negros e mulatos e grande admiração pelas belezas naturais
dessa cidade. Não podemos esquecer que seus relatos enfáticos correspondiam à
retórica própria da literatura de viagem da época, em que o objetivo era
alcançar sucesso no mercado editorial europeu. Não por isso, tais relatos se
tornam menos importantes para conhecermos um pouco mais sobre o cotidiano da
cidade do Rio de Janeiro oitocentista, pois a estranheza que tais viajantes
vivenciaram os fez mais atentos a detalhes que passavam despercebidos à
população local, tornando esse tipo de fonte valiosa para os estudos sobre o
cotidiano carioca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;FONTES,
BIBLIOGRAFIA E ACERVOS ICONOGRÁFICOS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Acervo do Instituto Cultural Itaú (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.itaucultural.org.br/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;http://www.itaucultural.org.br&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Acervo Brasiliana USP (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brasiliana.usp.br/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;http://www.brasiliana.usp.br&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;BURKHARDT, Frederick
H., SMITH, Sydney (Orgs). &lt;b&gt;The
Correspondence of Charles Darwin&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;DEBRET, Jean Baptiste. &lt;b&gt;Viagem pitoresca e histórica ao Brasil&lt;/b&gt;. São Paulo: Martins, 1940.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;FERREZ, Gilberto. &lt;b&gt;O
velho Rio de Janeiro através das gravuras de Thomas Ender&lt;/b&gt;. São Paulo:
Edições Melhoramentos, s.d..&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;GERSON, Brasil. &lt;b&gt;História
das ruas do Rio de Janeiro&lt;/b&gt;. Rio de Janeiro: Souza, 1954.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;MAWE, John. &lt;b&gt;Viagens ao interior do Brasil
principalmente aos distritos de Ouro e do Diamante&lt;/b&gt;. Rio de Janeiro. Zélio
Valverde, 1944.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;RUGENDAS, Johann Moritz. &lt;b&gt;Viagem pitoresca através do Brasil&lt;/b&gt;. São
Paulo: Círculo do Livro, s.d. [1835].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;TAUNAY, Afonso d’Escragnolle. &lt;b&gt;Rio de Janeiro de antanho: impressões de viajantes estrangeiros&lt;/b&gt;.
São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1942.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; DEBRET, 1940, p.10.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; ENDER in FERREZ, s.d.,p.9.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; MAWE, 1944, p.106.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Carta de 1832. In: BURKHARDT,
SMITH,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background: white; color: #222222; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1985&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;p.219.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; MAWE, Op. Cit., 1944, p.107.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
TAUNAY, 1942, pp.32 e 266.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Idem, pp.228 e 238.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Ibidem, p.356 e 380.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Ibidem, p.381.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; DEBRET, Op. Cit., 1940, p.17.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; TAUNAY, Op. Cit., 1942, p.89.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
GERSON, 1954, p.47.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ENVIADOS/HISTORIK/O%20RIO%20DE%20JANEIRO%20OITOCENTISTA.docx#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Idem, p.27.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;OBS: Artigo originalmente publicado em:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;. O RIO DE JANEIRO OITOCENTISTA. Revista Historik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;, V.3, n.7, 2013, pp.1-6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.revistahistorik.com/descargas/O_Rio_de_Janeiro_oitocentista.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.revistahistorik.com/descargas/O_Rio_de_Janeiro_oitocentista.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/8841094923829627401/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/01/o-rio-de-janeiro-oitocentista.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/8841094923829627401'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/8841094923829627401'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/01/o-rio-de-janeiro-oitocentista.html' title='O RIO DE JANEIRO OITOCENTISTA'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVn-ypbu90BpMxP8kq_Jp_6AYMwS2_fVPe5J77mJ4l1_EgXTIE_PCdRmiRJ1O0FhIVWY-wQSU2cFvTjxZFX-cZVyDKVKNSFT1dLuf1rvy9vClOi4xqxHW8s-Ry8Sqm87GLcCopMDh5M4o/s72-c/LargoPa%C3%A7o-Rio.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-5239822160310027388</id><published>2013-01-14T13:56:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-01-14T13:58:06.389-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Antropologia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Livros e artigos"/><title type='text'>CONTRIBUCIONES DE LA ETNOHISTORIA PARA LA COMPRESION DE LA RECIPROCIDAD INCAICA Y GUARANI</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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Fonte:&amp;nbsp;http://blog.maisestudo.com.br/top-10-2/&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Para quem quiser acessar esse meu texto publicado no Peru há anos atrás, basta clicar no link abaixo e será remetido ao SCRIBD onde poderá lê-lo online mesmo. Boa leitura!!!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://pt.scribd.com/doc/94139887/Contribuciones-de-la-etnohistoria-para-la-comprension-de-la-reciprocidad-incaica-y-guarani-por-Ana-Marques-Da-Cunha&quot;&gt;http://pt.scribd.com/doc/94139887/Contribuciones-de-la-etnohistoria-para-la-comprension-de-la-reciprocidad-incaica-y-guarani-por-Ana-Marques-Da-Cunha&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/5239822160310027388/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/01/contribuciones-de-la-etnohistoria-para.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/5239822160310027388'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/5239822160310027388'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/01/contribuciones-de-la-etnohistoria-para.html' title='CONTRIBUCIONES DE LA ETNOHISTORIA PARA LA COMPRESION DE LA RECIPROCIDAD INCAICA Y GUARANI'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYdss7tQgGO61IBKzz_suszp5PPWEwx65pU98qQJyfmUvuOCon53B9Fwuq6rrMMljU-ppNKjUfnJn_JMwLMwW3HHxLnO1pWUtT_LNlwec0E0kBJukLd2sWuz_H4i5tUed_fUy0QnETobk/s72-c/guarani.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-5220753738531981816</id><published>2013-01-13T16:52:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-01-13T16:52:26.756-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Livros e artigos"/><title type='text'>ACADEMIA.EDU: MAIS UM LOCAL ONDE DISPONIBILIZO ALGUNS DE MEUS TRABALHOS PUBLICADOS</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;li class=&quot;bio&quot; style=&quot;border-top-color: rgb(244, 244, 244); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;label style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #494848; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; width: 110px;&quot;&gt;About:&lt;/label&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;profile_about_text&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 374px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;complete_text&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Professora da graduação e pós-graduação em História na UNESP/Franca, bem como, integrante do Conselho Diretor do Centro de Documentação e Apoio à Pesquisa Histórica. Possui graduação em História pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (1990), mestrado em História pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (1995), doutorado em História pela Universidade Federal Fluminense (2003), pós-doutorado pela UFRuralRJ (2005) e pós-doutorado pela Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (2011). Tem experiência na área de História, com ênfase em História da América, atuando principalmente nos seguintes temas: povos indígenas, crônicas, jesuítas, religiosidade andina e colonial, bruxaria, inquisição e extirpação de idolatrias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;1 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388736/ARTE_OU_ARTESANATO_INDIGENA&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ARTE OU ARTESANATO INDÍGENA?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388736&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;1 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388731/ENFOQUE_CRITICO_DA_ARQUEOLOGIA&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ENFOQUE CRÍTICO DA ARQUEOLOGIA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388731&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422142,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388731,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422142/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422142/download_file&quot; id=&quot;26303de0-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.doc)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;1 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388723/REPRESENTACOES_CRONISTICAS_DOS_SACRIFICIOS_HUMANOS_EM_TEMPOS_INCAICOS&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;REPRESENTAÇÕES CRONÍSTICAS DOS SACRIFÍCIOS HUMANOS EM TEMPOS INCAICOS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388723&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422138,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388723,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422138/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422138/download_file&quot; id=&quot;2633b810-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388714/CULTURA_VISUAL_PARA_ALUNOS_COM_NECESSIDADES_EDUCACIONAIS_ESPECIAIS&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;CULTURA VISUAL PARA ALUNOS COM NECESSIDADES EDUCACIONAIS ESPECIAIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388714&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388702/A_COMUNIDADE_RURAL_NOS_REINOS_ESPANHOIS&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A COMUNIDADE RURAL NOS REINOS ESPANHÓIS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388702&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422131,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388702,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422131/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422131/download_file&quot; id=&quot;263a5750-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2388695&quot; id=&quot;work_2388695&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388695/UM_PILOTO_ANONIMO_DESCOBRIU_A_AMERICA&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;UM &#39;PILOTO ANÔNIMO&#39; DESCOBRIU A AMÉRICA?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388695&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422126,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388695,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422126/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422126/download_file&quot; id=&quot;263d9700-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2388676&quot; id=&quot;work_2388676&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388676/O_LEGADO_ARABE_NO_BRASIL&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O LEGADO ÁRABE NO BRASIL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388676&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422115,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388676,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422115/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422115/download_file&quot; id=&quot;26415610-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2388667&quot; id=&quot;work_2388667&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388667/FEITICARIA_BRUXARIA_E_O_PACTO_DEMONIACO&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;FEITIÇARIA, BRUXARIA E O PACTO DEMONÍACO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388667&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422111,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388667,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422111/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422111/download_file&quot; id=&quot;2644e660-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.doc)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2388628&quot; id=&quot;work_2388628&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388628/MITOS_E_FATOS_NAS_CRONICAS_DA_CONQUISTA_DO_ANTIGO_PERU&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;MITOS E FATOS NAS CRÔNICAS DA CONQUISTA DO ANTIGO PERU&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388628&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422087,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388628,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422087/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422087/download_file&quot; id=&quot;2648adb0-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2388582&quot; id=&quot;work_2388582&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;2 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388582/HERNAN_CORTES_E_FRANCISCO_PIZARRO_HISTORIA_E_MEMORIAS&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;HERNÁN CORTÉS E FRANCISCO PIZARRO: HISTÓRIA E MEMÓRIAS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388582&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422066,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388582,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422066/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422066/download_file&quot; id=&quot;264bfe60-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2388566&quot; id=&quot;work_2388566&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388566/O_JESUITA_ANONIMO_E_A_PARODIA_DEMONIACA&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O JESUÍTA ANÔNIMO E A PARÓDIA DEMONÍACA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388566&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422048,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388566,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422048/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422048/download_file&quot; id=&quot;264e3390-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2388558&quot; id=&quot;work_2388558&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;2 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388558/A_INQUISICAO_CRUZA_O_OCEANO&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A INQUISIÇÃO CRUZA O OCEANO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388558&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422039,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388558,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422039/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422039/download_file&quot; id=&quot;26505c40-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.doc)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2388367&quot; id=&quot;work_2388367&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388367/DA_TEOCRACIA_AO_APARECIMENTO_DO_ESTADO&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;DA TEOCRACIA AO APARECIMENTO DO ESTADO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388367&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422003,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388367,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422003/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422003/download_file&quot; id=&quot;266957d0-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.docx)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2388327&quot; id=&quot;work_2388327&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388327/HISTORIA_E_HISTORIOGRAFIA_DO_AYLLU_ANDINO&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;HISTÓRIA E HISTORIOGRAFIA DO AYLLU ANDINO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388327&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422012,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388327,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422012/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422012/download_file&quot; id=&quot;266c7ef0-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;1 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388309/O_AYLLU_MESTICO&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O AYLLU MESTIÇO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388309&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422008,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388309,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422008/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422008/download_file&quot; id=&quot;267095d0-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2388239&quot; id=&quot;work_2388239&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388239/OS_DESENHOS_DO_CRONISTA_GUAMAN_POMA_DE_AYALA_E_A_DISCUSSAO_DA_ALTERIDADE&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;OS DESENHOS DO CRONISTA GUAMAN POMA DE AYALA E A DISCUSSÃO DA ALTERIDADE&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388239&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30421988,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388239,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30421988/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30421988/download_file&quot; id=&quot;26735e90-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.doc)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2388226&quot; id=&quot;work_2388226&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388226/DIALOGANDO_COM_CRONISTAS_QUINHENTISTAS_A_REPRESENTACAO_DO_AYLLU_ANDINO&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;DIALOGANDO COM CRONISTAS QUINHENTISTAS: A REPRESENTAÇÃO DO AYLLU ANDINO&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388226&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30421986,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388226,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30421986/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30421986/download_file&quot; id=&quot;2675ab50-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2388219&quot; id=&quot;work_2388219&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388219/A_INQUISICAO_ESPANHOLA_E_A_BRUXARIA_ANDINA_EVANGELIZACAO_E_RESISTENCIA&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;A INQUISIÇÃO ESPANHOLA E A BRUXARIA ANDINA: EVANGELIZAÇÃO E RESISTÊNCIA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388219&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388804/ESTUDO_CRITICO_DAS_FONTES_SOBRE_O_AYLLU_NO_SECULO_XVI&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;ESTUDO CRÍTICO DAS FONTES SOBRE O AYLLU NO SÉCULO XVI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388804&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422288,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388804,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422288/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422288/download_file&quot; id=&quot;267deb30-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2388398/O_AYLLU_ANDINO_NAS_CRONICAS_QUINHENTISTAS&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;O AYLLU ANDINO NAS CRÔNICAS QUINHENTISTAS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2388398&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30421880,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2388398,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30421880/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30421880/download_file&quot; id=&quot;26836850-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;works_section&quot; data=&quot;{:name=&amp;gt;&amp;quot;CHAPTERS&amp;quot;}&quot; id=&quot;section_351755&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #494848; font-size: 11px; font: inherit; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;section_heading&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-color: rgb(233, 233, 233); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; color: #606d77; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px 0px 3px; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;section_name pjax_with_scroll&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal/CHAPTERS&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #606d77; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;CHAPTERS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;order action_link owner_only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #3e424c; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;pjax_with_scroll&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal/CHAPTERS#reorder&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #3e424c; font-size: 11px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-indent-left&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Reorder&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;add action_link owner_only&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #3e424c; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: bottom;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;pjax_with_scroll&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal/CHAPTERS#add&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #3e424c; font-size: 11px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-plus&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 2px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Add Document&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;works&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 11px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2389089&quot; id=&quot;work_2389089&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;0 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2389089/EL_AYLLU_EN_LAS_CRONICAS_QUINIENTISTAS&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0066cc; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;EL AYLLU EN LAS CRÓNICAS QUINIENTISTAS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2389089&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422396,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2389089,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422396/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422396/download_file&quot; id=&quot;26860760-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work clearfix&quot; data-work_id=&quot;2389084&quot; id=&quot;work_2389084&quot; itemscope=&quot;itemscope&quot; itemtype=&quot;http://schema.org/CreativeWork&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-transition: box-shadow 0.2s ease-in-out; border-bottom-color: rgb(202, 202, 202); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 13px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;right-icons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; float: right; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;views&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;views_count_widget&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; title=&quot;1 views&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;views_count_icon icon icon-dark icon-eye-open&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;views_count&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;i class=&quot;icon icon-dark icon-file attachment-icon&quot; style=&quot;background-image: none !important; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font: inherit; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;header&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;title_link&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/2389084/IMAGEM_ARTE_E_ENSINO_DE_HISTORIA&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #0858a8; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; font: inherit; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;IMAGEM, ARTE E ENSINO DE HISTÓRIA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;title_more_link&quot; data-container=&quot;#work_2389084&quot; data-hide=&quot;.title_more_link&quot; data-more-link-behavior=&quot;true&quot; data-show=&quot;.summary, .metadata, .taggings, .work_buttons, .work_controls&quot; href=&quot;http://unesp.academia.edu/AnaPortugal#&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #878787; display: inline; font-size: 10px; font: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: initial; top: -1px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;work_buttons&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;download work_button&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-size: 12px; font: inherit; margin: 4px 5px 7px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a class=&quot;button green doc_download&quot; data-download=&quot;{&amp;quot;attachment_id&amp;quot;:30422393,&amp;quot;asset_id&amp;quot;:2389084,&amp;quot;redirect_to&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;/attachments/30422393/download&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;always_allow_download&amp;quot;:false}&quot; href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/attachments/30422393/download_file&quot; id=&quot;26888580-4011-0130-7eb2-22000a91d051&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-appearance: none; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: rgb(102, 154, 78) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.04em; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration: initial; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Download&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;light&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;(.pdf)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/5220753738531981816/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/01/academiaedu-mais-um-local-onde.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/5220753738531981816'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/5220753738531981816'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2013/01/academiaedu-mais-um-local-onde.html' title='ACADEMIA.EDU: MAIS UM LOCAL ONDE DISPONIBILIZO ALGUNS DE MEUS TRABALHOS PUBLICADOS'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-6539381387066275331</id><published>2012-12-24T12:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-12-24T12:05:22.869-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bibliografia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História do Brasil;"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Livros e artigos"/><title type='text'>DOIS LIVROS A SEREM LANÇADOS BREVEMENTE</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel (Org.) ; OLIVEIRA, Lélio
Luiz de (Org.) ; SILVA, Márcia P. da (Org.).&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;NAÇÃO
E IDENTIDADE NA AMÉRICA&lt;/b&gt;. 1. ed. São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial, 2012. 116p .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel
(Org.) ; OLIVEIRA, Lélio Luiz de (Org.).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;BRASIL
E PORTUGAL: REFLEXÕES SOBRE REPÚBLICA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;. 1. ed. São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial,
2012. 268p.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;As duas obras resultam dos
Colóquios organizados pelo Departamento de História da UNESP de Franca durante
a gestão da Profa Ana Raquel Portugal e do Prof. Lélio Luiz de Oliveira,&amp;nbsp;período
em que foi efetivado o convênio entre os Departamentos de História da UNESP e
da Universidade do Porto - Portugal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;O intercâmbio de docentes
para a participação em eventos promovidos pelos referidos departamentos, bem
como, a publicação dos trabalhos apresentados deve-se ao auxílio da
PRÓ-REITORIA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO da UNESP, que sempre incentivou a
internacionalização do Departamento de História da UNESP/Franca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Um agradecimento especial a todos que
prestigiaram esses eventos como conferencistas, organizadores, ouvintes e
viabilizadores das obras acima mencionadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 18px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/6539381387066275331/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2012/12/dois-livros-serem-lancados-brevemente.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/6539381387066275331'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/6539381387066275331'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2012/12/dois-livros-serem-lancados-brevemente.html' title='DOIS LIVROS A SEREM LANÇADOS BREVEMENTE'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifIt2EBHgmJa_moNLsRH8GJ7rkgjbDZ-cTGj76BZ3kFGy1v1a3K3RQlhdJSD_d1UCJHt2bWuAdnNQ76NCrd8PT0SQuxSy71vH6sNAaG0VR4bH-EVkjMBI4laktCU_YtVh0LPlpLL2ubtA/s72-c/epub_logo_color1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-2625793737735076625</id><published>2012-11-27T07:58:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-11-27T07:58:15.300-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Livros e artigos"/><title type='text'>MITOS E FATOS NAS CRÔNICAS DA CONQUISTA DO ANTIGO PERU</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh37ITGUY9h8DPgpwb146zXPTJutfm-ncpVhPkxdbHBBqXnnhuCox87Utwj3SRx-QUaqqIhr7cLqf97u4WVEY8N2wkfwjS5PqCyCh6U7IFE-lW-qqTt2gcvvNEKOrX7x45An0mh-RhSqWk/s1600/The+Flowering+Terraces.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh37ITGUY9h8DPgpwb146zXPTJutfm-ncpVhPkxdbHBBqXnnhuCox87Utwj3SRx-QUaqqIhr7cLqf97u4WVEY8N2wkfwjS5PqCyCh6U7IFE-lW-qqTt2gcvvNEKOrX7x45An0mh-RhSqWk/s1600/The+Flowering+Terraces.jpg&quot; height=&quot;233&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Flowering Terraces&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Patricia Henricy Cruzalegui &amp;nbsp;- pintora naif peruana&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; As crônicas são uma mescla de
história e literatura, de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;verdade e mentira, de realidade e ficção e por isso,
sabemos que é um material de difícil manejo, devido a essa fina linha que
separa o mundo real do imaginário.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Quando tratamos de rever a história
da conquista do&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Peru à luz de algumas crônicas escritas nos séculos XVI e XVII,
não temos a pretensão de utilizá-las como provas cabais dos fatos aí relatados.
Sabemos que os homens que as redigiram estavam no preâmbulo da idade média e
moderna e que possuíam uma série de modelos de respeito às normas locais de
autoridade e às ortodoxias doutrinais, bem como, uma predisposição ao novo e à
aventura, própria de uma consciência moderna&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 150%;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. Sendo assim, seus escritos eram o resultado
de uma mescla de informações culturais. Isso se estende aos cronistas indígenas
e mestiços, visto serem homens que foram alfabetizados e cristianizados pelos
espanhóis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjqtuvMbN0Em4u4HwOjaHqjd2mG7PwuAl-5GPTTt-koYJXk3Nfa27nvut3R5YFiL_xEpaShaImoRD78U5C0-M17rBUQxLXq8uOwzYshEYzUSwmEs9T2URql-bjWw98sfIvFtWeOA20xRI/s1600/The+Potato+Sowers.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjqtuvMbN0Em4u4HwOjaHqjd2mG7PwuAl-5GPTTt-koYJXk3Nfa27nvut3R5YFiL_xEpaShaImoRD78U5C0-M17rBUQxLXq8uOwzYshEYzUSwmEs9T2URql-bjWw98sfIvFtWeOA20xRI/s1600/The+Potato+Sowers.jpg&quot; height=&quot;259&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Potato Sowers -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Patricia Henricy Cruzalegui&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O &lt;i&gt;Mundus Novus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Ao cruzarem o Atlântico, esses
homens envoltos de&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;características mentais do medievo europeu, conjeturaram
sobre o novo espaço territorial encontrado e houve quem concluísse que a
América era a continuação das Índias orientais.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Las Casas tentou provar isso, argumentando que a
fertilidade e felicidade encontrada nesse novo espaço era a mesma que havia na
verdadeira Índia, conforme o escrito de antigos historiadores. Ele colocou, que
San Isidoro no livro XIV, 3º capítulo das Etimologias, relatou que a Índia era
terra muito fértil, com muita gente, árvores que nunca perdiam as folhas e que
davam frutos duas vezes ao ano e que abundava em metais e pedras preciosas,
sendo estas características encontradas no novo continente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Quanto ao povo americano, houve quem dissesse que poderiam
ser ofiritas (descendentes do patriarca bíblico Ofir), porém como os habitantes
dessas novas terras não possuíam uma escrita, não guardaram notícias de tais
tempos tão remotos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Acosta refutou essa idéia, principalmente porque
segundo ele, alguns autores afirmaram ser Ofir o mesmo que Peru, visto que na
Escritura referiam-se a Ofir como local de onde se trazia ouro finíssimo,
pedras muito preciosas e madeira escolhidíssima, igual ao que se encontra no
Peru. Mas, para Acosta essas eram provas insuficientes para afirmar que o Peru
era Ofir, pois se Salomão tivesse estado em terras peruanas, teria deixado mais
evidências&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tentando explicar esse mundo desconhecido, os
cronistas utilizaram toda a sua eloqüência para encontrar Atlântida nas terras
recém descobertas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; e relatar a viagem a mando de Salomão a Ofir, que presumidamente seria
o antigo Peru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. Porém, houve mentes mais sábias, que deixando o mundo mítico de lado,
procuraram explicar a presença humana na América de modo mais realista, como o
fez Acosta, especialmente no que diz respeito ao Peru. Para ele, essa gente
chegou por mar ou por terra, por acaso ou por determinação própria e não
através de cavalo com asas, como cogitaram os apreciadores de fábulas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Way to Marcahuasi -&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Patricia Henricy Cruzalegui&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Mitos genealógicos dos incas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; O mundo incaico possui uma rica
mitologia, porém&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;como seus mitos chegaram a nós por intermédio de crônicas
redigidas por espanhóis ou indígenas, não sabemos até que ponto estes
distorceram o discurso indígena.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cieza de León e Francisco de Ávila relataram ter
ouvido dos incas que em tempos anteriores à sua presença nessa terra, houve um
dilúvio que matou quase todos os seres humanos e o mundo esteve em vias de
desaparecer. Alguns homens e mulheres se salvaram porque se esconderam em
cavernas em montanhas bem altas e depois que a tormenta passou, daí saíram e
começaram a multiplicar-se, repovoando a terra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Depois disso, como esses homens viviam como feras, sem
religião, nem ordem, sem plantar as terras e andavam nus, o Deus Sol se apiedou
deles e mandou à terra seu filho e sua filha para que os doutrinassem e os
ensinassem a cultivar a terra, criar animais, viver em casas e povoados e lhes
predicassem leis para que soubessem viver como homens racionais e não como
bestas. Assim, o Deus Sol colocou seus filhos no lago Titicaca e lhes disse
para irem por onde quisessem e onde parassem para comer ou dormir, sempre
fincassem no chão a varinha de ouro que levavam com eles. Onde esta vara
afundasse de um só golpe, deveriam fundar um novo povoado. Depois de reduzir o
povo que vivia nas redondezas a serviço do Deus Sol, deveriam mantê-los em
ordem e justiça e tratá-los sempre com piedade. Os filhos do Sol assim fizeram
e no local onde a vara de ouro afundou, criaram Cuzco&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, cidade que se tornaria a capital do Tahuantinsuyu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Esse é um dos mitos da origem dos Incas, que nos conta
Garcilaso com grandes pormenores, porém Cieza de León relata uma versão um
pouco diferente. Segundo ele, os homens também viviam em grande desordem,
quando saíram de &lt;i&gt;Pacarec Tampu&lt;/i&gt;, uma caverna que se localiza próximo a
Cuzco, três homens e três mulheres. Os homens que daí saíram se chamavam Ayar
Uchu, Ayar hache arauca (Ayar Cachi) e Ayar Manco. As mulheres eram Mama Huaco,
Mama Cora e Mama Rahua. Saíram vestidos de reis e um deles tinha uma atiradeira
de ouro e nela posta uma pedra. Como era muito forte e com suas pedras
derrubava até montanhas, provocou a inveja de seus irmãos e assim estes
convenceram Ayar Cachi a voltar à caverna, onde o encarceraram. Prosseguiram
suas andanças sem Ayar Cachi e aonde chegavam fundavam novos povoados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Semelhante a essa história é a outra versão exposta
por Garcilaso, que também descreve os irmãos Ayar como sendo fundadores do
Tahuantinsuyu. Este diz que eram 4 homens e 4 mulheres, todos irmãos. Saíram de
Paucartampu e os primeiros irmãos, Manco Capac e Mama Ocllo, fundaram Cuzco,
que na língua dos incas significa umbigo. Os incas descenderam desse casal,
pois foram eles que subjugaram as nações vizinhas a Cuzco e os ensinaram a ser
homens. Garcilaso questionou a importância dos outros irmãos Ayar, mas não
obteve resposta contundente, aludindo tal resultado ao mundo de fábulas
inventadas por esses povos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O vocabulário cristão encontrado em todos os&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;discursos
dos cronistas, espanhóis ou não, por vezes, tende a transformar a história oral
incaica numa espécie de catecismo, que mesclado às noções administrativas
espanholas, distorce a realidade social indígena.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Esses discursos espelham a luta de alteridade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; vivida nos primeiros tempos de conquista, bem como a incompreensão da
sociedade andina por parte dos espanhóis, em que um dos pressupostos principais
era a dualidade de governo e que os cronistas tiveram dificuldade em expressar.
As únicas alusões ao poder dual são as que aparecem nos mitos dos irmãos Ayar,
sucintamente abordados anteriormente e que conforme os estudos de Rostworowski,
Duviols e Zuidema, comprovam a dualidade do poder incaico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Yellow Field -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Patricia Henricy Cruzalegui&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; A dinastia incaica nas crônicas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ao tratar dos grandes chefes incas, os cronistas não
se eximem de comentários preconceituosos, visto que rebaixar a autoridade
destes era uma forma de legitimar o poder espanhol sobre os mesmos. Para
Sarmiento de Gamboa, os Incas foram tiranos que governaram o Peru desde 565 da
era cristã até 1533, quando chegaram os espanhóis e implantaram o poder real em
nome de Carlos V&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Manco Capac foi o primeiro chefe do Tahuantinsuyu e
Mama Ocllo, sua esposa. Garcilaso nos conta, que Manco Capac mandou fundar mais
de cem povoados na região do Paucartampu, próxima a Cuzco e esse foi o início
de toda a conquista. Ele não relata a cronologia incaica, pois ao que parece,
nem eles sabiam ao certo, visto ser uma história antiga demais para ser
guardada de memória&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;É possível supor, que no início da conquista incaica
ainda imperasse o sistema matriarcal, conforme os relatos de Guaman Poma de
Ayala. Ele se refere à Mama Huaco como sendo uma mulher muito bonita e
feiticeira, que no começo dos tempos se casou com seu próprio filho, Manco
Capac Inga. Ela falava com as &lt;i&gt;huacas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[17]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
e com os demônios e dela saíram todos os futuros chefes Incas. Foi muito amiga
do povo e governava mais que o seu marido Manco Capac Inga sobre toda a cidade
de Cuzco e jurisdição. Todos a obedeciam e respeitavam, pois fazia milagres com
a ajuda de demônios&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Esse relato nos remete a finais do século XVI, período
em que se instalou a Inquisição em Lima. Mulheres ditas bruxas começaram a ser
perseguidas. Na verdade, estas não passavam de simples curandeiras, que
conheciam plantas medicinais e que por isso, eram muito respeitadas em suas
comunidades. Temendo o poder que estas mulheres possuíam junto aos &lt;i&gt;curacas&lt;/i&gt; (chefes locais), os quais sempre
recorriam a elas em busca de conselhos, a máquina administrativa da coroa
espanhola facultou a perseguição das mesmas, utilizando para tal, a Extirpação
de Idolatrias. Começaram a aparecer então as histórias normais de um discurso
inquisitorial, ou seja, bruxas são as maiores aliadas do diabo e conhecem o
poder das plantas para produzir malefícios a outrem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. A perseguição não se restringiu às mulheres, pois homens também foram
acusados de serem dogmatizadores e feiticeiros, pelo mesmo motivo acima
afirmado. Guaman Poma, enquanto indígena cristianizado escreveu sua crônica
dentro dos modelos religiosos assimilados e de acordo com a realidade que
estava vivendo, não podendo deixar de mencionar o poder do demônio nas mais
variadas circunstâncias da história incaica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O discurso do mestiço Garcilaso de la Vega, traz à&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;tona uma série de conceitos alheios ao mundo andino, quando este ao descrever o
mandato de Manco Capac trata em minúcia o momento em que o mesmo resolve
apresentar o seu testamento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Manco Capac reinou cerca de 30 anos, não se&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;sabe ao
certo. Perto de sua morte, chamou seus filhos, sua esposa Mama Ocllo Huaco e
suas esposas secundárias. Encomendou ao príncipe herdeiro e seus demais filhos
o amor e benefício para com seus vassalos e aos vassalos a fidelidade e serviço
a seu Rei e a guarda das leis que lhes deixava, visto todas serem ordenadas
pelo seu pai, o Sol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Para Garcilaso, o natural era utilizar vocábulos&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;próprios da realidade espanhola, que tinha por características a vassalagem
devida a príncipes e reis, coisa que era distinta entre os incas. Os povos
submetidos pelo povo inca não lhes deviam vassalagem, conforme o antigo modelo
feudal europeu, eram sim, inseridos em um processo de reciprocidade e
redistribuição controlado pelos chefes do Tahuantinsuyu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A genealogia incaica traçada por alguns cronistas, não
demonstra a dualidade de poder existente, visto que só conheciam o poder
monárquico. Por isso, enumeram os Incas dinasticamente, começando por Manco
Capac, que foi sucedido por seu filho Sinchi Roca e sucessivamente até
Atahualpa. Betanzos, que foi um dos cronistas a esboçar uma lista dos Incas,
nem sequer menciona a Huascar, que no momento da conquista compartilhava o
poder com seu irmão Atahualpa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. As lutas entre os dois irmãos ficaram amplamente conhecidas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, sendo um dos argumentos explicativos da derrota incaica diante da
pequena quantidade de espanhóis que submeteram Atahualpa e o seu povo em
Cajamarca&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Os cronistas dão por encerrada a história da&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;dinastia incaica&quot;, que governou e doutrinou os povos andinos, a
partir do momento em que chegaram os espanhóis. Não compreenderam o sistema
político andino, pois era demasiadamente difícil para homens com mentalidade de
fins do medievo, assimilarem o novo, o diverso, sem realizar comparações com
seus próprios modelos, o que os privou de uma factível interpretação do outro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDbPUKSV8vM3SI23_8t8SKfBk_0wBZ7auxM63BNY8Ime2pI2RyBI-35-T3VARM-kWf6AzlxkQY2dGaNhBM1KE26om3oyPnJPEZG0fFruVhHO6K0fe8oKt1fj2mTc1-uk7Uh0QGKJU2RaY/s1600/Potato+Sellers.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDbPUKSV8vM3SI23_8t8SKfBk_0wBZ7auxM63BNY8Ime2pI2RyBI-35-T3VARM-kWf6AzlxkQY2dGaNhBM1KE26om3oyPnJPEZG0fFruVhHO6K0fe8oKt1fj2mTc1-uk7Uh0QGKJU2RaY/s1600/Potato+Sellers.jpg&quot; height=&quot;244&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Potato Sellers -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Patricia Henricy Cruzalegui&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;1532: o fim
do Tahuantinsuyu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Francisco Pizarro e Diego de Almagro, acompanhados de
350 soldados saíram da Espanha em busca das Índias, ouro, prata e todas as
riquezas que se poderiam encontrar nessas novas paragens. Não tiveram medo,
envolvidos que estavam pelo sonho de adquirir ouro e prata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Ao contrário dos espanhóis, os habitantes do Tahuantinsuyu
não se regozijaram com a possível chegada desses homens ambiciosos. Antes desse
nefasto momento, já os feiticeiros e sacerdotes haviam visto nas entranhas de
animais sacrificados, que coisas terríveis estavam por acontecer. Quando Huayna
Capac estava em Quito, recebeu a informação de que havia perto de Tumbez
monstros marinhos e homens com barbas, que andavam no mar em grandes casas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Houve também quem dissesse que eram viracochas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, tais homens de barbas negras ou ruivas e de belos trajes, que se locomoviam
em grandes animais com pés de prata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. Certo é, que tais homens deuses ou monstros, foram os responsáveis
pelo massacre de grande parte da população andina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O encontro de Pizarro com Atahualpa em 1532 começou
com uma tentativa de reciprocidade, tão conhecida pelos incas e terminou em
guerra. O motivo para o início da batalha sangrenta, segundo Xerez, foi o fato
de Atahualpa ter jogado a bíblia sagrada ao chão. Ofendido, o Frei Vicente
Valverde, queixou-se a Pizarro, que imediatamente ordenou o ataque. Atahualpa
foi prontamente capturado e o alvoroço foi tremendo; índios correram para todos
os lados, fugindo dos tiros e das patas dos cavalos e outros ficaram
paralisados pelo terror. A grande maioria das pessoas que se encontrava na
praça de Cajamarca pereceu aí mesmo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. Pizarro solicitou um resgate imensurável pela liberdade de Atahualpa e
resolveu condená-lo à morte, mesmo depois de ter recebido todo o montante de
ouro e prata que havia exigido. Atahualpa sabendo de sua sentença rogou a
Pizarro por sua vida. O pedido de Atahualpa não foi levado em conta, pois
Pizarro estava resolvido a solucionar todos os seus problemas, pondo fim à vida
do Inca. Atahualpa foi retirado da prisão e ao som de trombetas levado para a
praça, onde o amarraram a um pau. Enquanto isso, um religioso ia consolando-o e
predicando-lhe, por meio de um intérprete, os ensinamentos da fé cristã.
Estando ele condenado a morrer na fogueira, nos últimos instantes pediu para
ser batizado, a que foi prontamente atendido e, por isso, conseguiu morrer
garroteado, livrando-se de ser queimado vivo. Mesmo assim, depois de cumprida a
sentença, ainda lhe atiraram fogo à roupa para que se queimasse também parte da
carne. Seu enterro foi assistido por Pizarro e seus companheiros, com direito a
cruz e demais aparatos religiosos cristãos, sendo por fim enterrado numa
Igreja, como se fosse um verdadeiro espanhol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O assassinato de Atahualpa significou a
desestruturação&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; do mundo andino e a conquista espanhola, em termos gerais, demonstrou
como a falta de conhecimento do outro pode gerar um desencontro cultural de
conseqüências desastrosas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cusco Terraces -&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Patricia Henricy Cruzalegui&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h1 style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Considerações finais&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;A derrota incaica frente a tão
poucos espanhóis,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;até hoje é difícil de ser explicada. As descrições do
massacre ocorrido em Cajamarca nos mostram a debilidade de milhares de homens
diante de alguns cavalos, tiros e coisas aterrorizantes para quem nunca tinha
lutado dessa maneira. Por mais que tomemos em conta esses dados, não é possível
entender essa indescritível carnificina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Explicações possíveis para tal tragédia podem&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;estar
relacionadas com o fato de os espanhóis não terem atacado desde o princípio,
pois fizeram o que para os incas era usual, estabeleceram um sistema de
reciprocidade, mediante a troca de presentes e mercadorias diversas. Por tanto,
estabelecido esse sistema e não tendo sido atacados, não haveria porquê se
prevenir contra os espanhóis, logo o fator surpresa foi contundente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Em relação ao momento exato
do ataque, em que milhares de índios atordoados diante do aprisionamento de seu
chefe, sucumbiram quase sem reação, nos leva a crer que a verticalidade do
Tahuantinsuyu seja um dos fatores de tal apatia diante do perigo. Para os
incas, o seu chefe era como um deus e, portanto, o responsável por todos os
atos e aspirações. Desprovidos de seu deus, esses homens ficaram absolutamente
perdidos, visto não estarem acostumados a tomar iniciativas individuais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Embora saibamos que as crônicas nem sempre fornecem
dados verossímeis, quando as mesmas histórias são repetidas por distintos
homens, podemos crer que tenham algo da realidade vivenciada. Os cronistas do
Peru, como todos os outros, colocaram em seus relatos muito de suas paixões
pessoais, mas também souberam completar seus dados com as informações coletadas
junto aos &lt;i&gt;quipucamayocs&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftn31&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref31&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, fonte etnológica e antropológica de grande importância, que foi salva
do esquecimento por esses homens ávidos por testemunhos de acontecimentos
antigos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Eye of the Condor -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Patricia Henricy Cruzalegui&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Referências
bibliográficas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;ACOSTA, José de. &lt;/span&gt;Historia natural y moral de las Indias&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;. Madrid:
Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, 1954.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;ÁVILA,
Francisco de. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dioses y hombres de
Huarochirí&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 1966.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;BETANZOS,
Juan de. Suma y narración de los Incas. In: &lt;b&gt;Crónicas peruanas de interés indígena&lt;/b&gt;. Madrid: BAE, 1968.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;CABELLO VALBOA, Miguel. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Miscelánea antártica. In: &lt;b&gt;Obras&lt;/b&gt;. Quito: Editorial Ecuatoriana,
1945, v.1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;CIEZA DE
LEÓN, Pedro. &lt;b&gt;El señorio de los incas&lt;/b&gt;.
Lima: IEP, 1967.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;DURAND, José. &lt;/span&gt;La transformación social del conquistador&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;.
México: Porrúa y Obregón, 1953, v.I, cap.III-VII.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;DUVIOLS,
Pierre. Algunas reflexiones acerca de las tesis de la estructura dual del poder
incaico. &lt;b&gt;Historica&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;V.IV, n. 2, dic., pp.183-196, Lima, 1980.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;GARCILASO
DE LA VEGA, Inca. &lt;b&gt;Comentarios reales de
los incas&lt;/b&gt;. Caracas: Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1976, 2 V.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;GUAMAN POMA
DE AYALA, Felipe. &lt;b&gt;Nueva coronica y buen
gobierno&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Caracas: Biblioteca Ayacucho,
1980, 2 V.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;HARTOG, François. &lt;b&gt;O espelho de Heródoto: ensaio sobre a representação
do outro&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG:
1999.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;LAS CASAS, Bartolomé de. &lt;b&gt;Apologética historia sumaria&lt;/b&gt;. Madrid: BAE, 1958.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;LÓPEZ DE GÓMARA, Francisco. Historia general de las
Indias. In: &lt;b&gt;Historiadores primitivos de
Indias&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Madrid: BAE, 1918.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;MONTESINOS, Fernando de. &lt;b&gt;Memorias antiguas, historiales y políticas del Perú.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Lima:
Colección de libros y documentos referentes a la historia del Perú, 1930.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ROSTWOROWSKI
DE DIEZ CANSECO, María. &lt;b&gt;Estructuras
andinas del poder. Ideologia religiosa y política&lt;/b&gt;. 3.ed. Lima: IEP, 1988.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;SANCHO,
Pedro. &lt;b&gt;Relación para S. M. de lo
sucedido en la conquista y pacificación de estas provincias de la Nueva
Castilla. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Lima: CLDRHP, 1917.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA, Pedro. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Historia Indica. In:&lt;b&gt; Obras completas del Inca Garcilaso de la
Vega&lt;/b&gt;. Madrid: BAE, 1960.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;SILVERBLATT,
Irene. &lt;b&gt;Luna, sol y brujas. Género y
clases en los Andes prehispánicos y coloniales&lt;/b&gt;. Cuzco: Centro de Estudios
Regionales Andinos ‘Bartolomé de las Casas’, 1990.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;TITU CUSI YUPANQUI. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Relación
de la conquista del Perú y hechos del Inca Manco II.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Lima: CLDRHP, 1916.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;TODOROV, Tzvetan. &lt;b&gt;A conquista da
América. A questão do outro.&lt;/b&gt; São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1983.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;WACHTEL,
Nathan. &lt;b&gt;Los vencidos. Los indios del
Peru frente a la conquista española (1530-1570)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;XEREZ,
Francisco de&lt;b&gt;. Verdadera relación de la
conquista del Perú&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Badajoz: Arqueros, 1929.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;ZUIDEMA, R. Tom. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;The ceque system of Cuzco. The social organization of
the capital of the Inca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Leyden:
Brill, 1964.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXPYHdhkoTF1-Gq9LnXqczJtjxa4LpsdqgMtybT_F1VxdcFVsKA2Qj0sx2zf7m_xcxjMC2mPKm-wkHxfUMNpy2qHsfee0OpCnzpiXssGdZLX157QnJmzHYUuoGrVzyFz0B9TfWzeuUOqw/s1600/Seeding.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXPYHdhkoTF1-Gq9LnXqczJtjxa4LpsdqgMtybT_F1VxdcFVsKA2Qj0sx2zf7m_xcxjMC2mPKm-wkHxfUMNpy2qHsfee0OpCnzpiXssGdZLX157QnJmzHYUuoGrVzyFz0B9TfWzeuUOqw/s1600/Seeding.jpg&quot; height=&quot;163&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Seeding -&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Patricia Henricy Cruzalegui&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Durand, 1953, v.I, Caps. III-VII.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Las Casas&lt;b&gt;,
&lt;/b&gt;1958&lt;b&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;cap. XXII.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Cabello Valboa, 1945, II, cap.6.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Acosta, 1954, I, CapXIII.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Gómara, 1918, 1ª parte.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Cabello Valboa, 1945, II, cap.16.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn7&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Acosta, 1954, I, cap.XVI.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Cieza de León, 1967, cap.III; Ávila, 1966,
cap.3.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn9&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Garcilaso de la Vega, 1976, v.I, cap.XV.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Império Inca.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Cieza de León, 1967, cap.VI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Garcilaso de la Vega, 1976, v.I, cap.XVIII.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Sobre alteridade ver: Hartog, 1999 e Todorov,
1983.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref14&quot; name=&quot;_ftn14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Rostworowski, 1988; Duviols, 1980,
pp.183-196; Zuidema, 1964.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn15&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Sarmiento de Gamboa, 1960, p.71.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Garcilaso de la Vega, 1976, v.I, cap.XVII.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Seres sagrados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn18&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref18&quot; name=&quot;_ftn18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Guaman Poma de Ayala, 1980, p.121.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn19&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Silverblatt, 1990.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn20&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref20&quot; name=&quot;_ftn20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Garcilaso de la Vega, 1976,
v.I, cap.XXV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn21&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Betanzos, 1968.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn22&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref22&quot; name=&quot;_ftn22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Cieza de León, 1967, caps.LXX, LXXII.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn23&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref23&quot; name=&quot;_ftn23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Las Casas, 1958, cap.CCLXI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn24&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref24&quot; name=&quot;_ftn24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Guaman Poma de Ayala, 1980, pp.372-374.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref25&quot; name=&quot;_ftn25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[25]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Montesinos, 1930, cap.XXVIII.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref26&quot; name=&quot;_ftn26&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Deus inca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Titu Cusi Yupanqui, 1916.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Xerez, 1929.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn29&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref29&quot; name=&quot;_ftn29&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; Sancho, 1917.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn30&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref30&quot; name=&quot;_ftn30&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; “...por el término de ‘desestruturación` entendemos la supervivencia
de estructuras antiguas o de elementos parciales de ellas, pero fuera del
contexto relativamente coherente en el cual se situaban...” &lt;/span&gt;(Wachtel, 1976, p.135).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn31&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/CONGRESSOS/EQUADOR/Mitos%20e%20fatos%20nas%20cr%C3%B4nicas%20da%20conquista%20do%20Antigo%20Peru.doc#_ftnref31&quot; name=&quot;_ftn31&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Quipucamayocs – homens que sabiam utilizar o
quipu, conjunto de cordões coloridos com nós, para guardar as memórias do povo
e para contabilizar a produção econômica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;NOTA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Artigo publicado originalmente e com algumas modificações em:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;. MITOS E FATOS NAS CRÔNICAS DA CONQUISTA DO ANTIGO PERU. História Unisinos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;, v. 14, p. 111-119, 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/2625793737735076625/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2012/11/mitos-e-fatos-nas-cronicas-da-conquista.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/2625793737735076625'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/2625793737735076625'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2012/11/mitos-e-fatos-nas-cronicas-da-conquista.html' title='MITOS E FATOS NAS CRÔNICAS DA CONQUISTA DO ANTIGO PERU'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh37ITGUY9h8DPgpwb146zXPTJutfm-ncpVhPkxdbHBBqXnnhuCox87Utwj3SRx-QUaqqIhr7cLqf97u4WVEY8N2wkfwjS5PqCyCh6U7IFE-lW-qqTt2gcvvNEKOrX7x45An0mh-RhSqWk/s72-c/The+Flowering+Terraces.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-8813227717603828619</id><published>2012-11-23T21:43:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-11-23T21:43:00.303-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><title type='text'>REVISTA NOVA DE HISTÓRIA - UNMSM -PERU</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh3JlS1Uo0h83cYvU6H3VgV0VZkgFWb5xgm3PReenBKFV4ZiRJWld4VGbHPdUz1knH239H8MRa-Yx7bALkUd6WVSJoQo5lsx7L9aFaq9GOXWYsq3S4Ht8RpRt-dKCU-fBF4ICPgHDA5-g/s1600/Heraldos.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh3JlS1Uo0h83cYvU6H3VgV0VZkgFWb5xgm3PReenBKFV4ZiRJWld4VGbHPdUz1knH239H8MRa-Yx7bALkUd6WVSJoQo5lsx7L9aFaq9GOXWYsq3S4Ht8RpRt-dKCU-fBF4ICPgHDA5-g/s1600/Heraldos.jpg&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Sumario&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Presentación del Director de la E.A.P de Historia 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Presentación del Comité Editorial 4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Investigaciones y ensayos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Breve discurrir por la vida de un cronista. Pedro Cieza de León / Manuel Rodríguez Molina 9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;text_exposed_show&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: &#39;lucida grande&#39;, tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
El porqué de la expansión católica en el Nuevo Mundo, según José de Acosta. Una postura en el S. XVI / Cindy López Triveños 19&lt;br /&gt;La muerte acecha: una reflexión sobre el miedo y la seguridad en Lima durante el siglo XVIII / Rafael Pajares Garcia 31&lt;br /&gt;La misión Nordenflycht y el barril de Born en el Perú (Siglo XVIII) / Juvenal Luque Luque 39&lt;br /&gt;Un grupo preciso en un puerto ideal: la presencia inglesa en el Callao. Algunas aproximaciones al establecimiento del protestantismo en el Perú (1840-1879) / Carmen Linares Campos 54&lt;br /&gt;Los trabajadores ferroviarios de Henry Meiggs (1868-1877) / Alejandro Salinas Sánchez 75&lt;br /&gt;Imágenes, indumentaria y familia en Lima a finales del siglo XIX. Una aproximación a su estudio / Melyssa Vergaray Mendoza 88&lt;br /&gt;El gran viaje de lo infinito hacia lo real: la evolución del ideal mítico en las novelas de Manuel Scorza y la vinculación que tienen con nuestra coyuntura / Hipólito Mata Hidalgo 95&lt;br /&gt;Reforma Agraria y Comunidades Campesinas (Perú, 1969-1975): aproximación al proceso de Reestructuración Comunal / Rosa Huayre Cochachin 104&lt;br /&gt;La Independencia en la historiografía del Perú (segunda mitad del siglo XX): anotaciones para una clasificación / Guillermo Fernández Ramos 115&lt;br /&gt;Obama y Humala: ¿Democracia y Nacionalismo? / Cecilia Méndez Gastelumendi 126&lt;br /&gt;Entrevistas&lt;br /&gt;El poder y la producción de la historia. Las paradojas de los estudios subalternos y la crítica poscolonial. Entrevista a Cecilia Méndez Gastelumendi / Manuel Marcos Percca 135&lt;br /&gt;El método en la investigación histórica. Entrevista a Pierre Vilar / Wilfredo Kapsoli Escudero 142&lt;br /&gt;Creación Literaria&lt;br /&gt;Poemas / Antonio Portillo Vento 156&lt;br /&gt;Moderador / Miguel Ccasani Condo 158&lt;br /&gt;Finees y el Pergamino / Elvis Campos Camarena 160&lt;br /&gt;Documentos del Centro de Estudiantes de Historia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Precio de venta: 15 soles&lt;br /&gt;Para ventas comunicarse a&lt;br /&gt;revistaheraldos_Cehis@hotm&lt;wbr&gt;&lt;/wbr&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;word_break&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ail.com o por este medio&lt;/div&gt;
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https://www.facebook.com/REVISTAHERALDOS&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/8813227717603828619/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2012/11/revista-nova-de-historia-unmsm-peru.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/8813227717603828619'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/8813227717603828619'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2012/11/revista-nova-de-historia-unmsm-peru.html' title='REVISTA NOVA DE HISTÓRIA - UNMSM -PERU'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh3JlS1Uo0h83cYvU6H3VgV0VZkgFWb5xgm3PReenBKFV4ZiRJWld4VGbHPdUz1knH239H8MRa-Yx7bALkUd6WVSJoQo5lsx7L9aFaq9GOXWYsq3S4Ht8RpRt-dKCU-fBF4ICPgHDA5-g/s72-c/Heraldos.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-3307314264902419534</id><published>2012-11-23T21:14:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-11-23T21:14:23.171-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Livros e artigos"/><title type='text'>O JESUÍTA ANÔNIMO E A PARÓDIA DEMONÍACA</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD7sibrvXGjX1u1Sn46nEefWmYvVYDTY8jKzFFuYch3bxda0CmMgDQsQTzCEZAu7VfWEduqI5BEQajapFMvqs5X9QGEr0WZrF-sYPn6DHT7ebmUdiDlPnyd21lb_f5guzqmqB_2qIgaP4/s1600/diablada_2_.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD7sibrvXGjX1u1Sn46nEefWmYvVYDTY8jKzFFuYch3bxda0CmMgDQsQTzCEZAu7VfWEduqI5BEQajapFMvqs5X9QGEr0WZrF-sYPn6DHT7ebmUdiDlPnyd21lb_f5guzqmqB_2qIgaP4/s1600/diablada_2_.jpg&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Diablada - Puno - Peru&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;(http://listas.rpp.com.pe/arteycultura/326-la-diablada-punena-y-la-virgen-de-la-candelaria)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Nesse estudo trabalhamos com a diferença de interpretação
histórica e literária e sua importância na análise de crônicas dos séculos XVI
e XVII sobre a história da conquista e colonização do antigo vice-reinado do
Peru, procurando entender o imaginário demonológico dos espanhóis que
participaram e descreveram esse encontro cultural. Para proporcionar uma melhor
compreensão do tema, analisamos parcialmente a crônica do Jesuíta Anônimo
através de uma leitura isotópica mostrando como este cronista fez alusão à
participação de forças diabólicas em atividades contrárias à catequese com o
intuito de persuadir o leitor a crer na benevolência e superioridade da
Companhia de Jesus no processo de evangelização dos povos andinos. Essa obra
exemplifica o encontro de imaginários, em que realidade e ficção se mesclaram
para enaltecer as atividades jesuíticas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Apresentação&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Os historiadores utilizam as crônicas como fontes históricas, mas estas
são discursos, por vezes, impregnados de dados ficcionais, sendo necessário
perceberem-se as &lt;i&gt;fronteiras discursivas &lt;/i&gt;(PORTUGAL, 2001. p.151-160), onde as
narrações de cunho histórico e fictício se encontram para formar um discurso
híbrido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Utilizando a leitura isotópica, enquanto método semiótico, para analisar
um fragmento da crônica espanhola &lt;b&gt;Relacion
de las costumbres antiguas&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;de los naturales del Pirú &lt;/b&gt;do Jesuíta
Anônimo (In BARBA, 1968, p.181-189), procuraremos mostrar como este cronista ao
tratar da evangelização dos povos andinos, embora tenha produzido um texto que
hoje utilizamos como fonte histórica, lançou mão de artifícios, por vezes,
imaginários, para provar a ineficácia das primeiras campanhas religiosas e
valorizar a catequese empreendida pela Companhia de Jesus no século XVI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A permeabilidade das &lt;i&gt;fronteiras
discursivas&lt;/i&gt; permite o encontro e a mistura da realidade com a ficção e a
negociação de discursos culturais distintos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Interpretação histórica e
literária&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A dificuldade de analisar-se um texto histórico, fruto da mescla entre
realidade e imaginação de homens do século XVI, leva-nos a uma discussão há
muito trabalhada pelos críticos literários, que vêem na possibilidade de &lt;i&gt;desconstrução &lt;/i&gt;(DERRIDA, 1972) de um texto um número ilimitado de leituras,
visto que o discurso histórico produz &lt;i&gt;interpretações
&lt;/i&gt;narrativas sobre o passado (WHITE, 1994, p.23-48).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O protagonista desta discussão tem sido Hayden White, que não vê como
problema principal entre a história e a literatura, a oposição entre “verdade”
num texto histórico e “ficcionalidade” numa narrativa literária, e sim, como a
primeira se assemelha à segunda, visto que as técnicas e estratégias são as
mesmas (1994, p.105-106). O autor não nega as fronteiras existentes entre as
duas disciplinas, mas salienta a possibilidade de se avaliar obras
historiográficas, não apenas segundo o critério de veracidade, mas também
analisando sua dimensão literária.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Jacques Derrida, defensor da negação da distinção entre filosofia e
literatura&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/ARTIGO%20da%20RBHR.doc#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, é
um dos chamados desconstrutivistas, que analisam o texto como fenômeno comum a
todas as disciplinas, dando prioridade à retórica frente à lógica para sua
interpretação. A interpretação literária, segundo a teoria de Hayden White,
complementa a análise historiográfica, mas com Derrida, se converte no eixo central.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Essa discussão nos aproxima de nosso tema, que será analisado
realizando-se uma leitura isotópica do trecho de uma crônica do século XVI,
redigida por um jesuíta, que tinha, por um lado, como exemplos literários as
novelas cavalheirescas e por outro, estava imbuído de preceitos religiosos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Os leitores espanhóis estavam acostumados a novelas que narravam seres e
feitos extraordinários e nem sempre era fácil acreditar nas descrições
produzidas pelos cronistas que atravessaram o Atlântico e que tratavam de um
mundo distinto do seu. Desse modo, os cronistas esforçaram-se em provar que
seus escritos eram baseados num conhecimento profundo da realidade no Novo
Mundo, para que seus leitores não os considerassem meros novelistas (KOHUT,
1992, p.38-44). Percebe-se uma necessidade de diferenciar a produção
historiográfica da literária, sendo que os cronistas utilizaram os recursos
literários para escrever suas histórias, bem como, novelistas atuais, usam
recursos historiográficos para fazer literatura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Cronistas e crônicas
quinhentistas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Raúl Porras Barrenechea analisou grande parte das crônicas que trataram
da história do Peru. Segundo seus estudos, as crônicas da conquista foram a
primeira história peruana. A crônica castelhana, ao transplantar-se à América,
trazia consigo uma essência própria e uma larga tradição. No primeiro momento,
relataram as aventuras espanholas e depois, passaram a tratar da história dos
povos por eles conquistados, baseando-se na tradição oral e em sistemas de
memória (1986, p.7-8).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;As crônicas na Europa do século XV e XVI estavam em vias de
desaparecimento, mas sobreviveram na América (ROMANO, 1972, p.54). Esse mundo
novo suscitou a curiosidade de muitos homens que o quiseram descobrir e
interpretar, segundo seus próprios modelos culturais. Porém, o resultado de
tais estudos dependeu do tipo de homens que os realizaram&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/ARTIGO%20da%20RBHR.doc#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Desse modo, temos distintos estudos, pois enquanto uns cronistas
dedicavam-se à escrita de suas próprias façanhas, outros cumpriam seu dever ao
descreverem estas terras para a Coroa e no caso dos religiosos, estes se
dedicavam à defesa da evangelização e ao relato de histórias oficiais para a
Igreja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Os cronistas não só escreveram sobre assuntos diferentes, bem como
analisaram os fatos de acordo com os costumes do período em que estavam
vivendo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Conforme Barrenechea, os cronistas que escreveram sobre a história do
Peru podiam ser classificados do seguinte modo: cronistas do descobrimento (&lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1524 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1524 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; 1532); cronistas da
conquista (&lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1532 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1532 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt;
1537); cronistas das guerras civis (&lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1538 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1538 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; 1550); cronistas do incário (&lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1550 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1550 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; 1650); cronistas
pré-toledanos (1550-1569); cronistas toledanos (1569-1581) e os cronistas
pós-toledanos (fins do século XVI e princípios do XVII). Essa classificação foi
realizada tomando em conta o momento em que os cronistas escreveram suas obras,
além de diferenciá-los por profissões e opiniões que se coordenaram, em geral,
com as circunstâncias históricas e com os estados de ânimo coletivos que
impulsionaram a escrever as crônicas (1986, p.16-18).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Para analisarmos crônicas, necessitamos reportar-nos ao período em que
esses homens as escreveram, visando entender que influências circunstanciais
sofreram. Para tal, antes de passarmos à análise do fragmento da crônica acima
mencionado faremos um estudo sintético do contexto vivenciado por nosso
cronista.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN6VX_0JkoMDTnVG8mWam-ngxlEJc_SPxcLSkwD90h6iJ-BHTQadz-YWUinfH2b0VU0pjHW4tbZ84RH0x27KeQNpLQjGTkSFQ-asorRQ86zfhtygNCrcxM_Qls523pPgH0urZXsb9ecs4/s1600/El+Aquelarre,+Francisco+de+Goya,+1823.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN6VX_0JkoMDTnVG8mWam-ngxlEJc_SPxcLSkwD90h6iJ-BHTQadz-YWUinfH2b0VU0pjHW4tbZ84RH0x27KeQNpLQjGTkSFQ-asorRQ86zfhtygNCrcxM_Qls523pPgH0urZXsb9ecs4/s1600/El+Aquelarre,+Francisco+de+Goya,+1823.jpg&quot; height=&quot;193&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;El Aquelarre, Francisco de Goya, 1823.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Imaginário, demonologia e
encontro cultural&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Na Espanha do século XVI havia uma preocupação muito grande em resolver o
problema dos judeus conversos e, por isso, se dedicavam a perseguir e punir os
delitos dos judaizantes. Por sua vez, a perseguição à bruxaria não foi
significativa e houve poucos registros de execuções em relação ao resto da
Europa. Isso, talvez se deva ao fato de a Península Ibérica se viu pouco
afetada pelo discurso demonológico que grassava por todo o continente europeu.
Porém, quando os espanhóis chegaram à América passaram a perseguir tudo aquilo
que temiam ou não compreendiam. O diabo e a bruxa atravessaram o oceano e se
refugiaram no Novo Mundo e cabia aos espanhóis expulsá-los. A partir daí, os cronistas
espanhóis passaram a descrever as religiões indígenas como cultos ao demônio.
Conseqüentemente, durante o século XVI começam no Peru as campanhas de
Extirpação de Idolatrias, que tinham por objetivo terminar com toda a espécie
de ídolos e rituais, considerados por eles, heréticos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A idolatria contradizia o cristianismo, visto que repousava sobre uma
adoração de criaturas, enquanto o cristianismo pregava a adoração do Criador,
ou seja, Deus (DUVIOLS, 1986, p.XXVII). Para tanto, seguiu-se em terras andinas,
os passos da inquisição européia, utilizando a repressão para suprimir,
extirpar todo e qualquer vestígio de religião que não fosse a cristã. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Obras, como o &lt;i&gt;Directorium
inquisitorum&lt;/i&gt; ou &lt;i&gt;Manual dos
inquisidores &lt;/i&gt;(EYMERICH, 1973)&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;e o &lt;i&gt;Malleus
maleficarum&lt;/i&gt; (SPRENGER &amp;amp; KRAMER, s/d)&lt;i&gt;,
&lt;/i&gt;serviram para fundamentar os Concílios de Lima (DUVIOLS, op. cit.,1986),
que eram os regulamentos de combate às heresias indígenas. O &lt;i&gt;Directorium&lt;/i&gt; descrevia as categorias de
heréticos a serem reconciliados ou “relaxados ao braço secular”, quando
necessário fosse. Os autores de &lt;i&gt;Malleus&lt;/i&gt;
atribuíram às mulheres as artes maléficas, visto serem estas marcadas pelo
pecado original de Eva e mais fracas diante das tentações do demônio. Essa obra
tratou em detalhes a maneira demoníaca como as bruxas agiam e como era possível
identificá-las, servindo de guia para os inquisidores e aconselhando-os para
que não aceitassem o arrependimento como motivo para não condená-las à
fogueira, visto serem elas perniciosas à cristandade. No caso dos extirpadores,
os mesmos preceitos foram seguidos, mas os castigos eram bem diferentes dos
empregados nas ações inquisitoriais não havendo, por exemplo, a condenação à
fogueira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Nos três Concílios de Lima de 1551, 1567 e 1568 foram tratados os
principais objetivos da extirpação de idolatrias e a forma como deveriam ser
castigados aqueles que fossem acusados de idólatras. Chamou-se a atenção para
que fossem perseguidos com mais intensidade os feiticeiros e dogmatizadores,
sendo que estes poderiam ser submetidos aos mais severos castigos, inclusive a
pena de morte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No começo das campanhas de extirpação de idolatrias houve disputas entre
o clero regular, que tinha uma postura indigenista favorável a uma
evangelização por persuasão e não pela violência (LAS CASAS, 1975) e o clero
secular favorável às extirpações. Nesse período, criou-se o cargo de juiz
visitador com o intuito não só de extirpar a religião andina, mas também de
liquidar os religiosos regulares, submetendo-os ao seu poder e acusando-os de
explorarem a população indígena e de não conhecerem as línguas vernáculas, o
que dificultava a predicação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A extirpação de idolatrias teve seu período de maior atividade de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1610 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1610 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; 1660 e apesar dos
confrontos entre o clero regular e o clero secular, a partir de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1610 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1610 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; Companhia de Jesus
conseguiu empreender sua campanha de cristianização. Seguindo uma política
missioneira relativa à zona andina, conforme foi tratada por José de Acosta
(1954) e usando critérios indigenistas e coletivistas, os jesuítas conseguiram
alcançar a elite indígena através do &lt;i&gt;Colegio
del Príncipe, &lt;/i&gt;em Lima, onde os filhos de &lt;i&gt;curacas &lt;/i&gt;(chefes locais) eram educados. Também criaram a prisão para
feiticeiros, a &lt;i&gt;Casa de Santa Cruz&lt;/i&gt;,
com a finalidade de suprimir a elite de sacerdotes da religião indígena. A Companhia
praticamente dominou religiosa e culturalmente o território peruano nesse
período.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A tentativa de ocidentalização da América se deu através da evangelização
e da extirpação de idolatrias, através da reprodução de lógicas mentais da
velha Europa no Novo Mundo (GRUZINSKI in BERNAND, 1994) e uma prova disso, é o
transporte para os Andes do diabo e de sua aliada, a bruxa. Porém, o mundo
andino não conhecia a noção do mal encarnado em uma figura satânica, e sim, uma
visão dialética em que o bem e o mal são complementos. Desta forma, os
extirpadores conseguiam que os acusados acabassem por confessar a ligação com o
diabo, pois essa noção européia acabou por mesclar-se com as estruturas
simbólicas indígenas. Quanto à fragilidade moral feminina, que segundo a
concepção européia, explicava a existência de um grande número de bruxas,
também não está de acordo com a visão indígena, que ao contrário, conferia à
mulher importante papel na manutenção e reprodução da existência social.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Por meio de tortura, os visitadores conseguiam as evidências que
necessitavam para condenar o acusado, assim um grande número de curandeiros
confessou ter recebido seus conhecimentos de ervas através de pactos
demoníacos. Os deuses andinos estavam perdendo a força diante das adversidades
coloniais, estavam se calando e conforme Todorov é necessário ter o domínio dos
signos para que se possa manter o poder (1988). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Na obra de José de Arriaga, aparece um exemplo do imaginário europeu
alterando significativamente a simbologia de rituais indígenas. Este descreve a
ação de feiticeiros que adoravam o demônio e com ele mantinham relações homo e
heterossexuais durante festas e durante a noite estes entravam na casa de
pessoas a quem queriam enfeitiçar, sugando-lhes sangue e depois cozinhando-o
fazendo com que viessem a falecer (ARRIAGA, 1968. p. 208). Percebemos que esse
tipo de narrativa muito se assemelha à descrição da comunhão diabólica do sabá&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/ARTIGO%20da%20RBHR.doc#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
ou seja, através de comportamentos ritualísticos andinos Arriaga sugere o sabá,
o que leva a crer que os bruxos andinos tenham sido bastante atormentados pelos
extirpadores para que estes conseguissem tais relatos. Essa explanação
demonstra ser a bruxaria andina uma invenção espanhola.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Na crônica do Jesuíta Anônimo, aparecem muitos relatos baseados no
imaginário cristão em que a figura do demônio leva os homens a contrariarem a
vontade divina e por vezes, afastando-os da salvação. Nosso cronista, como
tantos outros da época, usa indistintamente os vocábulos Diabo e Demônio para
se referir à figura opositora de Deus. Seus escritos demonstram a demonização
do indígena e a concepção do índio enquanto vítima das armadilhas do Diabo com
possibilidade de ser salvo por Deus e convertido ao cristianismo. O discurso de
nosso jesuíta prioriza a segunda argumentação, pois culpa os outros religiosos
pela demora e ineficácia no processo de evangelização e se esforça em provar
que os inacianos foram convocados para atuar no vice-reinado do Peru por serem
os mais preparados para exercer tais atividades.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Percebemos aqui a importância do entendimento do imaginário cristão e do
discurso demonológico que vai fazer parte da retórica inquisitorial, bem como,
dos discursos de religiosos envolvidos nas campanhas de Extirpação de
Idolatrias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Método de leitura isotópica e
aplicação&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A. J. Greimas utilizou o termo isotopia para definir um conjunto
redundante de categorias semânticas que torna possível a leitura uniforme do
relato, tal como resulta das leituras parciais dos enunciados que o constituem
e da resolução de suas ambigüidades, que é orientada pela busca de uma leitura
única (1970, p.188; GREIMAS,&amp;amp; COURTÉS, 1989, p.245-246). A isotopia
permite, então, passar-se da microssemântica à macrossemântica, ou do enunciado
ao discurso completo, bem como, o inverso (COURTÉS, 1991, p.197). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Encontrando as categorias
isotópicas de um texto distribuídas pelos três níveis semânticos do discurso -
figurativo, temático e axiológico - (CARDOSO, 1997, p.172-173) podemos realizar
a análise detalhada do mesmo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Passaremos a examinar partes da crônica espanhola do século XVI escrita
pelo Jesuíta Anônimo, que esteve no Peru durante o período pós-conquista e que
por vezes, teve sua autoria atribuída ao jesuíta mestiço, Blas Valera, segundo
as concepções de Porras Barrenechea (1986), Urbano (1992) e Marzal (2001).
Porém, não é nosso objetivo aprofundar essa questão.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Exemplo: &lt;i&gt;Conversión de los
indios piruanos a la fe católica&lt;/i&gt;. In: Jesuita Anónimo. Relacion de las
costumbres antiguas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;de los naturales
del Pirú. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;(1968,
p.181-189).&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O manuscrito da crônica escrita pelo jesuíta anônimo, intitulado &lt;b&gt;Relacion de las costumbres antiguas de los
naturales del Pirú &lt;/b&gt;encontra-se na Biblioteca Nacional de Madri e estima-se
que o autor tenha chegado ao Peru em 1568, não havendo uma datação definida
para a produção de tal obra (BARBA, 1968, p.XLIV).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h4 style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Análise&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O universo diegético do
texto redigido pelo jesuíta anônimo trata da conversão dos índios peruanos à fé
católica. O autor nos mostra que houve três maneiras de se realizar essa
tarefa. A primeira foi através da força e violência, tendo como predicadores
soldados-sacerdotes. Os índios recusaram-se a receber os sacramentos e muitos
voltaram às suas superstições e aqueles que aceitaram a catequese foi por medo
dos espanhóis. Na verdade, esses soldados-sacerdotes não estavam interessados
na conversão indígena, e sim, em satisfazer seus próprios interesses. O autor
deixa claro, que estes índios nem sequer poderiam querer seguir a doutrina
cristã, pois receberam péssimos exemplos dos espanhóis, que os corromperam.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A segunda maneira de
cristianizar foi pela vontade dos próprios indígenas, influenciados pela
bondade de algum religioso ou soldado. O máximo que lhes ensinavam era o Pai
Nosso, a Ave Maria e o Credo, pois não conheciam a língua indígena e estavam
mais preocupados com seus afazeres, sendo poucos indivíduos e que mal conheciam
a doutrina cristã. Este cronista declara que esses religiosos foram
responsáveis pelo fracasso da evangelização inicial, visto serem responsáveis
pela perda dos bons exemplos que os índios tinham. Critica o fato de tais
homens estarem apenas interessados em cobrar tributos e ensinar-lhes as leis da
Coroa, ao invés de mostrarem-lhes os ensinamentos de Cristo. Porém, mesmo
afirmando os maus exemplos dados pelos espanhóis não redime a culpa dos índios
de não terem aproveitado o bom exemplo da lei evangélica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A terceira maneira dos
índios terem sido catequizados se deu por vontade própria e também porque estes
encontraram quem lhes predicasse a crença &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em Deus. Isso&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em Deus. Isso&lt;/st1:personname&gt; foi
possível, graças ao bom trabalho de alguns eclesiásticos, clérigos e regulares,
que andavam de povoado em povoado ensinando o evangelho e acabando com as
idolatrias. Estes não precisaram recorrer à força na destruição de tais ídolos
e altares, visto que os próprios índios se encarregavam dessa tarefa. A
eficácia não foi completa, pois não havia quem quisesse confessar os índios e
se o fizesse, o resultado seria negativo, visto que atendia a muitas pessoas de
uma vez e sequer era possível explicar-lhes a função da Eucaristia, da Missa e dos
Sacramentos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Segundo o cronista, Deus
escutou os pedidos dos índios e lhes enviou em &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1568 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1568 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; Companhia de Jesus. A
predicação desses homens era tão eficaz, que logo inumeráveis indígenas foram
incorporados à cristandade, provando que a ineficácia da evangelização até esse
momento não era por culpa dos índios, e sim, de quem lhes havia ensinado a
palavra de Deus. O Demônio criou algumas artimanhas para impedir o trabalho da
Companhia, mas como esta era regida pelo espírito verdadeiro da igreja
católica, conseguiu transpor os obstáculos impostos por outros clérigos. O
autor desta crônica admite que houve quem tenha utilizado os convertidos para
seus propósitos, mas argumenta como prova da eficácia do trabalho da Companhia
de Jesus, que embora os índios tenham sofrido uma série de agravos e tenham
sido explorados pelos espanhóis, clérigos ou não, todos os que foram
convertidos à fé cristã pela Companhia, prosseguiram firmes em suas crenças,
apegando-se a isso para superarem as perseguições e maus tratos a que foram
submetidos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Leitura isotópica&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Selecionamos apenas algumas
pequenas partes do texto analisado, de acordo com as redes temáticas mais
significativas, devido à sua grande extensão. Poderia ser inserida uma outra
rede temática, que concerne à primeira tentativa de evangelização, porém por
estar ligada ao contexto dos maus exemplos propagados pelos espanhóis, ao
fracasso inicial de cristianização e representando a pouca eficácia nessa
função realizada pelo clero regular, resolvemos deixá-la inserida na segunda
rede temática.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: justify; width: 614px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 76.45pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Rede temática 1:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 192.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;256&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Alguns elementos figurativos que correspondem à rede
  temática 1:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 192.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;256&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Elementos axiológicos que correspondem à rede temática 1:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 76.45pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Evangelização&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;pela força / por vontade própria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;eficaz
  / não eficaz&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 192.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;256&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...no
  Piru...” / “...predicadores eram soldados...” / “...baptizados traídos en
  collera y cadena...arcabuces”. / “...volvieron a sus supersticiones...”/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;“...hacia pechar y servir como esclavo...”/
  “...hay granjerías de minas, de labranzas de tierras, de coca, de obrajes, de
  trapiches...”/ “...hurtar y robar y hacer agravios e injurias, o el jurar,
  blasfemar, renegar...”/ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 192.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;256&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...por
  fuerza y com violencia...” / “...baptizados eran idiotas...” / “...recibieron
  la gracia del baptismo...” / “...dejandose baptizar de miedo...” &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...no
  pretendieron tanto que los indios fuesen cristianos o se salvasen, cuanto sus
  proprios intereses y comodidades...”/ “...más corruptos fueron a una mano los
  soldados y vecinos españoles...”/ “en lo que toca a la honestidad, iba tan
  roto el negocio...vivian miserablemente...”/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 76.45pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Rede temática 2:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 192.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;256&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Alguns elementos figurativos que correspondem à rede
  temática 2:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 192.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;256&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Elementos axiológicos que correspondem à rede temática 2:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 76.45pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Exemplos dos espanhóis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Fracasso inicial/ falha do clero regular&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 192.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;256&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;‘...con
  las guerras civiles que sucedieron no se les intimó ley evangélica ni
  civil...”/ “...la corrupción de los soldados españoles, el descuido de los
  magistrados y la turbación de las guerras civiles...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...desenterraban
  los difuntos, sacándolos de las iglesias y llevándolos al monte, de que
  hacían sus antiguas supersticiones y sacrificios y males...” / “...en Italia
  y en España no falta quien haya dejado la fe católica...”/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...segunda
  manera de cristianar indios fue de los que quisieron de su voluntad ser
  cristianos...”/ “...decirles el Pater noster, Ave María y Credo en latin,
  poniéndolos una cruz...”/ “...ocupados en las ciudades de españoles en fundar
  casas y monasterios...”/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...ir
  a los indios...había de acudir a cuarenta y a cincuenta pueblos...”/
  “...pusieron en los pueblos de los indios españoles seglares por doctrineros,
  que ni sabían la lengua, ni aun la doctrina cristiana...”/ “...en muchos años
  no vieron sacerdote...”/ “...el sacerdote no se quería meter en tanto trabajo;
  bastábale pasar de ligero por lo pueblo y cobrar su estipendio...”/
  “...edificios suptuosísimos,&amp;nbsp;
  monasterios, labranzas de tierra...” / “...claro es que los indios
  supieron las cosas de Cristo...como saben las cosas del rey...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“La
  tercera manera de entrar los piruanos en la cristandad, fue de indios que no
  solamente quisieron de su propria voluntad ser baptizados ellos y sus hijos y
  sus mujeres...”/ “...andando de pueblo en pueblo, quitando la idolatría...”/
  “...no tenían ellos necesidad de acudir al ídolo y quebrarlo...sino que los
  mismos indios hacían pedazos e ceniza...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...estos
  predicadores, por más de treinta años, no atendieron sino a predicar a los
  naturales...eran pocos los operarios y los indios sin número...”/&amp;nbsp; “También estaban en peligro estos del
  tercero modo de conversión, por la falta que había de quien los
  confesase...”/ “...era lástima ver las lágrimas de los naturales que se
  quejaban de que no se les enseñase el modo que a los españoles enseñaban...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 192.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;256&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;‘...semejantes
  indios y a este modo y en tales ejemplos industriados y baptizados, fuesen
  malos, llenos de vicios y de males...”/ “...habiendo de ser el ejemplo de la
  virtud cristiana, fueron los más flacos y miserables...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;“...ser bestiales los indios y hacerse
  bárbaros...”/ “...sean apostatas...”/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...sabían
  nuestro romance castellano muy mal...”/ “...los indios fuesen idiotas...”/
  “...perdían los buenos deseos que tenían, porque nunca oían la palabra divina
  que los provocase, ni vían buen ejemplo que los incitase...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...su
  estipendio, en cuya paga estaban bien industriados...que tocan al interese o
  comodidad o deleite de los españoles...”/ “...ni faltaban en los indios
  habilidad y presteza de ingenio para entenderlas y comprenderlas...”/
  “...fuesen tan fervorosos como los de la primitiva iglesia...”/ “...que en la
  cristiandad sean flojos y no fervorosos, y que en la virtud sean inconstantes
  y los buenos deseos y propósitos no perseverantes...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...hallaremos
  en los soldados españoles y en otros que se llaman soldados, más males en un
  mes, que en los indios en un año...” / “Pero no merecen estos indios por esto
  excusa alguna, sino represión, pues pudieron ellos aprovecharse de lo bueno
  que sentían de la ley evangélica...con ellos...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...no
  hicieron estos religiosos y clérigos poco en darse a los indios, sino un acto
  heroico y celestial...”/ “...si por mano de sus pecados algunos de sus
  ministros menos fervorosos se ponía a confesarlos, mejor fuera que no lo
  hiciera...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 76.45pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Rede temática 3:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 192.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;256&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Alguns elementos figurativos que correspondem à rede
  temática 2:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 192.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;256&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Elementos axiológicos que correspondem à rede temática 3:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 76.45pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Companhia de Jesus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Evangelização eficaz x artimanhas do demônio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 192.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;256&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“Oyó
  Dios las peticiones y lágrimas de los indios y envióles la Compañia de Jesus,
  año de 1568.”/ “El arzobispo Don Hierónimo de Loaisa lloraba de placer cada
  vez que vía los domingos y fiestas pasar por su calle procesión de indios
  innumerables”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...han
  hecho la iglesia de San Blas...la utilidad y comodidad desta cofradía...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...han
  sido los de la Compañia reprendidos porque así comunicaban estos divinos
  Sacramentos a los indios...”/ “...los medios que usó la Compañia de Jesus
  fueron paciencia, humildad, obediencia, caridad,...sin temer persecuciones.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...comenzaron
  ellos a predicar a los indios y a seguir el estilo y modo de la Compañia y a
  confesar a todos cuantos la doctrina de la Compañia derriababa...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...pena
  de cient azotes y tresquile de cabellos, que no se confesasen com los dichos
  padres ni oyesen palabra ninguna delles...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...por
  no ofender al Señor se han dejado matar a mano de españoles.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt; width: 192.1pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;256&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...no
  había estado la culpa en el reló sino en el relojero...”/ “Pésole grandemente
  al Demonio de tanto bien...” “...quedó buen número, que hasta ahora ha
  permanecido con tanta virtud, honestidad y devoción...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...la
  Compañia, regida por el espiritu verdadero de la Iglesia católica, pasaba
  adelante en su obra, con mucha prudencia y discreción...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...sacar
  de la narración histórica apóstrofes y exclamaciones, o amorosas y tiernas,
  provocativas a penitencia...para que así se olviden de los cantares
  antiguos...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...para
  más avergonzar a los de la Compañia o apartalos...había caído en pecado
  alguno...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“Visto
  el Demonio que ya se habían destruido sus machinas, inventó otras...”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“...ellos
  se acusaron y conocieron que no iban por buen camino...”/ “Esta devoción y
  reformación no se pude probar mejor que con ver que dura hasta el día de hoy
  con un mismo tesón e con tantos extremos.”/ “...los agravios y vejaciones que
  reciben de mano de los magistrados mediatos...la horrible servidumbre a que
  han venido...están los indios firmes en su propósito, y en medio de sus
  trabajos y dolores, se abrazan con Cristo, y mientras más inconveniente y
  estorbo y persecuciones, más firmeza y arraigamiento en la fe”. / “...ha
  permitido que algunos españoles sirvan de perseguilos,
  maltratándolos....junto con los demasiados tributos e imposiciones, para que
  así sean ejercitados y se arraiguen en la fe y busquen a Dios en sus
  tribulaciones y lágrimas, como lo hacen con gran ventaja y fructo.”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Interpretação&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A crônica analisada foi
redigida no período posterior à chegada da Companhia de Jesus ao Peru, não
havendo uma data comprovada e nem autoria definida. Trata-se de uma descrição
do processo de evangelização dos índios da região, sendo que desforiza a
atuação dos primeiros clérigos para euforizar a cristianização levada a cabo
pela Companhia de Jesus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A primeira rede temática
trata da conversão dos indígenas, tanto pela força como por vontade própria. O
autor descreve o período inicial da conquista, quando chegam os religiosos ao
Peru, que estavam mais interessados em usufruir das riquezas indígenas, do que
evangelizá-los, visto que eram homens interessados apenas em obter ganhos
econômicos. Isso se dava, porque os sacerdotes seculares eram menos valorizados
do que os regulares, transformando-se em homens ávidos por riquezas. Os que
pertenciam a Ordens religiosas chegavam em diferentes circunstâncias, pois eram
respaldados por suas Congregações (LOCKHART, 1968, p.50-56). Alguns religiosos
participaram dos combates entre almagristas e pizarristas e muitos tiveram um
fim trágico. Esse espírito guerreiro, influenciado pelas lutas de Reconquista,
fez com que houvesse pouca atividade de cristianização na época da conquista
(TELLO, 1995, p.34-37).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O relato do Jesuíta Anônimo
aqui exposto e analisado assemelha-se ao de Hernando de Santillan ao escrever
que os índios em tempos incaicos eram bons trabalhadores e sem vícios e que
depois do contato com os sacerdotes não prosseguiram com suas leis, pois
seguiram os maus exemplos destes e afastaram-se da possibilidade de receberem a
doutrina cristã (&lt;/span&gt;SANTILLAN, 1968, p.127)&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. Percebe-se aqui a segunda rede
temática, que enfoca o exemplo dado pelos espanhóis aos povos indígenas, que
eram bons e foram corrompidos pelos maus ensinamentos daqueles. A dificuldade
de comunicação também prejudicou os trabalhos iniciais de predicação, mas mais
do que isso foi a exploração do trabalho indígena pelos sacerdotes, que fez com
que os índios se convertessem em inimigos da fé cristã, pois associavam a
imagem de trabalho com a mesma (&lt;/span&gt;SANCHEZ-BARBA, 1990, p.141-142)&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. Depois do
fracasso inicial da evangelização, passou-se à erradicação das idolatrias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/ARTIGO%20da%20RBHR.doc#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. O clero
regular era a favor de uma evangelização por persuasão e não pela violência &lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(LAS CASAS, 1975 [1537])&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;, enquanto
o clero secular defendia as extirpações. Foi nessa época que começaram as
Visitas, campanhas que tinham por objetivo extirpar idolatrias e propagar a fé
cristã.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O autor da crônica euforiza
a terceira rede temática, dando um caráter quase divino à chegada da Companhia
de Jesus ao Peru, salientando as dificuldades enfrentadas pela mesma em suas
campanhas de cristianização, devido à ação insistente do Demônio em atrapalhar
seu labor catequético. De 1610 a 1660, a extirpação de idolatrias atingiu o
apogeu e embora o cronista jesuíta não trate do assunto propriamente dito, foi
a partir de 1610, que a Companhia de Jesus começou as suas atividades de
evangelização seguindo uma política missionária indigenista e coletivista,
dominando religiosa e culturalmente o território peruano nesse período &lt;/span&gt;(PORTUGAL,
2001, p.55).&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; O cronista conclui que a eficácia da cristianização feita pela Companhia
pode ser comprovada pela permanência da fé cristã entre os indígenas, que mesmo
submetidos à exploração espanhola continuaram fervorosos no amor e na crença em
Deus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Considerações finais&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O texto que acabamos de
analisar propicia não só um panorama do processo de cristianização ocorrido nos
Andes, denegrindo a participação dos primeiros religiosos nesse feito e
enaltecendo a evangelização realizada pela Companhia de Jesus, bem como,
permite aplicar a hermenêutica para entender a formação de um discurso híbrido,
gerado nas &lt;i&gt;fronteiras discursivas&lt;/i&gt;
entre a história e a literatura. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A crônica do Jesuíta Anônimo
é uma obra historiográfica, cuja veracidade se mistura com a dimensão
literária. A interpretação da mesma permite perceber entrelugares onde dados
concretos se mesclam a fictícios para legitimar a postura defendida pelo autor.
O objetivo deste nem sempre será correspondido pela percepção do leitor, visto
que a obra fala por si, mostrando incoerências e coerências, significados e
significantes, que podem ou não resultar em uma interpretação uniforme.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No caso específico desta
obra, existem algumas incoerências relativas ao contexto histórico em que foi
elaborada, pois os indígenas, por exemplo, jamais destruíram seus próprios
templos, como afirma o autor da mesma. A alusão à participação do demônio em
atividades contrárias à catequese e outros dados fruto de sua imaginação,
mostram a aplicação da eloqüência ficcional com o intuito de persuadir o leitor
a crer na benevolência e superioridade da Companhia de Jesus no processo de
evangelização dos povos andinos. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pudemos perceber na análise
desta crônica o entrecruzamento do imaginário cristão com os rituais indígenas,
que permeados pela retórica demonológica européia, transformaram-se em discurso
legitimador do sucesso da ação catequética jesuítica na região andina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;REFERÊNCIAS
BIBLIOGRÁFICAS&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;ARRIAGA, P. José de. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Extirpación de la idolatría del Pirú. &lt;/span&gt;In:
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;BERNAND, Carmen, GRUZINSKI, Serge. &lt;i&gt;De la idolatría&lt;/i&gt;; una arqueología de las
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;COLLINI,
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;COURTÉS, Joseph. &lt;i&gt;Analyse
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;DERRIDA, Jacques. &lt;i&gt;Marges de la philosophie&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Paris&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;: Les Editions de Minuit, 1972.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;DUVIOLS, Pierre. &lt;i&gt;Cultura andina y represion&lt;/i&gt;; procesos y hechícerias. Cajatambo,
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;GREIMAS, Algirdas Julien. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Du sens. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Essais sémiotiques&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Las repercusiones de la
conquista: la experiencia novohispana. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;In: BERNAND, Carmen (Org.). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;Descubrimiento, conquista y
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;JESUITA Anónimo. &lt;i&gt;Relación de las costumbres antiguas de los naturales del Pirú. &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;In: BARBA,
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;KUBLER, George. The quechua in the colonial world. In:
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Cooper Square Publishers INC, 1963.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;LAS CASAS, Bartolomé de. &lt;i&gt;Del único modo de atraer todos los pueblos a la verdadera religión&lt;/i&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;México: FCE, 1975 [1537].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;LOCKHART, James. &lt;i&gt;Spanish
&lt;st1:country-region w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Peru&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;,
1532-1560; &lt;/i&gt;a Colonial Society. &lt;st1:city w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;London&lt;/st1:city&gt;: The &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:placetype w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;University&lt;/st1:placetype&gt; of &lt;st1:placename w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Wisconsin&lt;/st1:placename&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; Press, 1968.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;MARZAL, Manuel. Blas Valera y la verdadera historia incaica.
In: CANTÚ, Francesca (Ed.). Actas del Coloquio Internacional: Guaman Poma y
Blas Valera. Tradición Andina y Historia Colonial. IILA, Roma: Pellicani, 2001,
p.387-400.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;MATIENZO, Juan de. &lt;i&gt;Gobierno del Perú&lt;/i&gt;. Paris/Lima: IFEA, 1967 [1567].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL,
Ana Raquel M. da C. M. &lt;i&gt;O conceito de
ayllu nas crônicas de interesse peruano do século XVI.&lt;/i&gt; São Leopoldo, 1995.
125 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - UNISINOS/RS.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;________________________________.
&lt;i&gt;Fronteiras discursivas em crônicas
hispano-americanas da conquista&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Itinerarios&lt;/b&gt;, Instytut Studiow
Iberyjskich i Iberoamerykanskich, n.4, Varsovia, 2001. pp.151-160.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;________________________________.
&lt;i&gt;A Inquisição espanhola e a&amp;nbsp; bruxaria andina: evangelização e resistência&lt;/i&gt;.
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;In: NOEJOVICH, Héctor (Ed.). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;América bajo los Austrias: economía, cultura y sociedad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot;&gt;. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2001.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;POZO, Hildebrando Castro. Social and
economico-political evolution of the communities of &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Central
 Perú&lt;/st1:place&gt;. In: STEWARD, H. Julian. &lt;i&gt;Handbook
of &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;South Amrican&lt;/st1:place&gt; Indians.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;st1:state w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;New York&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;: Cooper Square
Publishers INC, 1963.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ROMANO,
Ruggiero. &lt;i&gt;Os conquistadores da américa.&lt;/i&gt;
Lisboa: Publicações Dom Quixote, 1972.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;SANCHEZ-BARBA,
Mario Hernandez. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;La monarquia española y America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;; un destino historico comum. Madrid: Rialp,
1990.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;SANTILLAN, Hernando de. &lt;i&gt;Relacion del origen, descendencia, politica e gobierno de los Incas&lt;/i&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;In: BARBA, Francisco Esteve&lt;i&gt;. Cronicas peruanas de interes indigena&lt;/i&gt;.
&lt;st1:state w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Madrid&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;:
Atlas, 1968.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;SPRENGER, Jacob,&amp;nbsp;
KRAMER, Heinrich. &lt;b&gt;Malleus
Maleficarum.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Madrid: Colección Abraxas de
Ediciones Felmar, s/d.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;STEWARD, H. Julian. &lt;i&gt;Handbook of &lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;South Amrican&lt;/st1:place&gt; Indians.&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;st1:state w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;New York&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:state&gt;:
Cooper Square Publishers INC, 1963.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;TELLO, Martha Barriga. Fe y realidad:
adaptación del religioso conquistador. &lt;i&gt;Sequilao&lt;/i&gt;;
Revista de historia, arte y sociedad, n.8, I sem., año IV, Lima, 1995.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;TODOROV, T.
&lt;b&gt;A conquista da América; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a questão do outro&lt;/i&gt;. 2.ed. São Paulo:
Martins Fontes, 1988.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;TORD, Luis Enrique. El Virreinato. In:
CURATOLA, Marco, SILVA-SANTISTEBAN, Fernando (Orgs.). &lt;i&gt;Historia y cultura del Perú&lt;/i&gt;. Lima: Universidad de Lima/Museo de la
Nacion, 1994.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;URBANO, Enrique. Introdução a: Relación de las
Costumbres antiguas de los naturales del Pirú. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;In: URBANO, H., SANCHEZ, A.
(Eds). &lt;b&gt;Antigüedades del Peru. &lt;/b&gt;Madrid:
Historia 16, 1992, p.7-41.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;VAINFAS,
Ronaldo. Idolatrias e milenarismos: a resistência indígena nas Américas. &lt;i&gt;Estudos Históricos&lt;/i&gt;, Rio de Janeiro,
vol.5, n.9, 1992, pp.29-43.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;WACHTEL, Nathan. &lt;i&gt;Los vencidos; los indios del Peru frente a la conquista española&lt;/i&gt;
(1530-1570). Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1976.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;WHITE,
Hayden. Teoria literária e escrita da história. &lt;i&gt;Estudos históricos&lt;/i&gt;. 7, 13, 1994, pp.23-48.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;______________.
&lt;i&gt;Trópicos do discurso;&lt;/i&gt; ensaios sobre a
crítica da cultura. São Paulo: Edusp, 1994.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/ARTIGO%20da%20RBHR.doc#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; “&lt;i&gt;Une tâche est alors prescrite: étudier le
texte philosophique dans as structure formelle, dans son organisation
rhetórique, dans sa spécifité et la diversité de ses types textuels, dans ses
modèles d’exposition et de production – au-delà de ce qu’on appelait autrefois
les genres -, dans l’espace aussi de ses mises en scène et dans une syntaxe Qui
ne soit pas seulement l’articulation de ses signifiés, de ses références à
l’être ou à la vérité, mais l’agencement de ses procédés et tout ce Qui s’y
investit. Bref, considérer aussi la philosophie comme ‘un genre littéraire
particulier’, puisant à la réserve d’une langue, aménageant, forçant ou
détournant un ensemble de ressources tropiques plus vieilles que la
philosophie” &lt;/i&gt;(DERRIDA, 1942, p.348). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/ARTIGO%20da%20RBHR.doc#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;&quot;Se alguém pergunta o &lt;b&gt;que&lt;/b&gt; viram os Europeus ao chegarem ao
outro lado do Atlântico e &lt;b&gt;como&lt;/b&gt; o
viram, a resposta dependerá muito do tipo de europeus de que se fala. O campo
de visão é susceptível de ser afectado quer pelos antecedentes, quer pelos
interesses profissionais. Soldados, clérigos, mercadores e funcionários
experimentados em leis são o tipo de homem de que dependemos para os primeiros
relatos da observação do Novo Mundo e dos seus habitantes. Cada classe tinha as
suas predisposições, as suas limitações...&quot;&lt;/i&gt; (ELLIOTT, 1984, p.30).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/ARTIGO%20da%20RBHR.doc#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; “&lt;i&gt;Bruxas e feiticeiros reuniam-se à noite,
geralmente em lugares solitários, no campo ou na montanha. Às vezes, chegavam
voando, depois de ter untado o corpo com ungüentos, montando bastões ou cabos
de vassoura; em outras ocasiões, apareciam em garupas de animais ou então
transformados eles próprios em bichos. Os que vinham pela primeira vez deviam
renunciar à fé cristã, profanar os sacramentos e render homenagem ao diabo,
presente sob a forma humana ou (mais freqüentemente) como animal ou
semi-animal. Seguiam-se banquetes, danças, orgias sexuais. Antes de voltar para
casa, bruxas e feiticeiros recebiam ungüentos maléficos, produzidos com gordura
de criança e outros ingredientes”&lt;/i&gt; (GINZBURG, 1991. p. 9).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/ARTIGO%20da%20RBHR.doc#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Sobre a
extirpação de idolatrias e o conceito de idolatria, ver DUVIOLS, 1986; BERNAND
&amp;amp; GRUZINSKI, 1992; VAINFAS, 1992.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;NOTA:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Publicado originalmente em:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;. O JESUÍTA ANÔNIMO E A PARÓDIA DEMONÍACA. Revista Brasileira de História das Religiões&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;, v. 1, p. 187-204, 2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;. O jesuíta anônimo e a paródia demoníaca. Revista do Mestrado de História (Universidade Severino Sombra)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;, v. 10, p. 76-92, 2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/3307314264902419534/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2012/11/o-jesuita-anonimo-e-parodia-demoniaca.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/3307314264902419534'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/3307314264902419534'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2012/11/o-jesuita-anonimo-e-parodia-demoniaca.html' title='O JESUÍTA ANÔNIMO E A PARÓDIA DEMONÍACA'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD7sibrvXGjX1u1Sn46nEefWmYvVYDTY8jKzFFuYch3bxda0CmMgDQsQTzCEZAu7VfWEduqI5BEQajapFMvqs5X9QGEr0WZrF-sYPn6DHT7ebmUdiDlPnyd21lb_f5guzqmqB_2qIgaP4/s72-c/diablada_2_.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-6243100838003795649</id><published>2012-11-20T22:54:00.002-08:00</published><updated>2012-11-20T22:54:56.437-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História do Brasil;"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Livros e artigos"/><title type='text'>O LEGADO ÁRABE NO BRASIL</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-dAYjAH-f9Ca_nfTtzyWoQo2aEuEwh5IWFJOxPg0MUcgmzwv8lJoYcUaryUW_KV6zUaPffrwfs0RsvOmuhm0vsskMnt7F_5JKOY2D5km9tlvzZjZPYby-JR9hRvBfVJ9TYiZtMs8aTv4/s1600/Mesquita+do+Profeta+em+Medina.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-dAYjAH-f9Ca_nfTtzyWoQo2aEuEwh5IWFJOxPg0MUcgmzwv8lJoYcUaryUW_KV6zUaPffrwfs0RsvOmuhm0vsskMnt7F_5JKOY2D5km9tlvzZjZPYby-JR9hRvBfVJ9TYiZtMs8aTv4/s1600/Mesquita+do+Profeta+em+Medina.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mesquita do Profeta Maomé - Medina - Arábia Saudita&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Este artigo é um breve estudo sobre o
contexto histórico do mundo árabe em contato com a Península Ibérica,
percebendo que traços foram deixados por essa cultura na Espanha e &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em Portugal. Partindo&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em Portugal. Partindo&lt;/st1:personname&gt;
desse ponto, analisaremos as influências árabes trazidas pelos portugueses para
o Brasil na época colonial. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvd0ucc5Hc3JwPu1befnVsJOXMsxIH7LPSadnZ7baSNYu7NRuc2LznR_gye3B_5MVMyij4EDFHnmejRJNNvIGIcNeHbbi7E1evZKR47KlMkJ-TsO6VPmoxF_JYjQu4QPZ1E_z-7SMLyms/s1600/meca+isl%C3%A3o.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvd0ucc5Hc3JwPu1befnVsJOXMsxIH7LPSadnZ7baSNYu7NRuc2LznR_gye3B_5MVMyij4EDFHnmejRJNNvIGIcNeHbbi7E1evZKR47KlMkJ-TsO6VPmoxF_JYjQu4QPZ1E_z-7SMLyms/s1600/meca+isl%C3%A3o.jpg&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Grande Mesquita - Meca - Arábia Saudita&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdD8PGT4SKiPlLsMNoa_RJNXQQfHuEf70GHrDbO0XFBPKZ2cSlim_CWj48wuW7E-cD6Nz-KZRMc2bvcVmnvuc2AO14mRo190T7J2fdL2TAFmIh0uJ7_a0XyQyF-TNt4dt_g_32nY2W05I/s1600/6caaba.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdD8PGT4SKiPlLsMNoa_RJNXQQfHuEf70GHrDbO0XFBPKZ2cSlim_CWj48wuW7E-cD6Nz-KZRMc2bvcVmnvuc2AO14mRo190T7J2fdL2TAFmIh0uJ7_a0XyQyF-TNt4dt_g_32nY2W05I/s1600/6caaba.JPG&quot; height=&quot;249&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Caaba - Meca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Breve história do mundo árabe.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;“São
árabes todos aqueles para quem a missão de Maomé e a memória do Império Árabe
constituem o cerne da história e que preservam a língua árabe e a sua herança
cultural como patrimônio comum” (Lewis, 1982, p.14).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Antes
de Muhammad ibn Abdallah, Maomé, a região arábica era uma terra de nômades com
povos de origem &lt;i&gt;semita&lt;/i&gt;. Não tinham
unidade política e viviam em tribos governadas por &lt;i&gt;xeques&lt;/i&gt;. Cada grupo venerava um deus próprio, ao qual&amp;nbsp; se rendia culto no mesmo santuário, a Caaba,
que ficava &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em Meca. O&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em Meca. O&lt;/st1:personname&gt;
ídolo mais importante era a “pedra negra”, sob cuja proteção encontravam-se
todos os pequenos deuses tribais da Arábia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Esses
povos viviam do comércio e os principais centros da época eram Meca e Iatrib
(futura Medina), sendo que a importância da primeira cresceu muito, já que além
de centro comercial, era local de peregrinação de árabes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Por
volta de 570d.C. nasceu Maomé &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em Meca. Teve&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em
 Meca. Teve&lt;/st1:personname&gt; uma infância pobre, porém aos 25 anos de idade
casou-se com Cadija, uma viúva rica para quem ele trabalhava.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Quando
estava com 40 anos, disse ter recebido de um anjo a revelação da existência de
um único deus: Alá. Os primeiros convertidos foram seus familiares e amigos,
mas à medida que esse grupo foi crescendo em número, começou a ser perseguido,
pois os ensinamentos de Maomé iam contra os interesses dos mercadores de Meca,
a quem convinha o prosseguimento das antigas crenças religiosas que haviam
feito de Meca um grande centro comercial. Devido a essa perseguição, Maomé teve
que fugir.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Em
622d.C., deu-se&amp;nbsp; a &lt;i&gt;hégira &lt;/i&gt;(migração), foi quando Maomé e seus seguidores fugiram para
Iatrib, que a partir de então, passou a ser designada por Medina, a cidade do
profeta. A partir da hégira iniciou-se o calendário muçulmano.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Durante
o domínio de Maomé, Medina e Meca viveram dias de conflito, porém em 629d.C.,
ele conquistou a cidade de Meca e destruiu todos os ídolos que se encontravam
na Caaba, menos a “pedra negra”. Ao morrer em 632d.C., Maomé havia conseguido
unificar a Arábia, pois como nos diz Jaime Cortesão, ao pregar a religião do
Islão e a g&lt;i&gt;uerra&amp;nbsp; santa&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABE/ENVIADO%20PARA%20IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABES.doc#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[1]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;contra&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;os infiéis, Maomé consegue elevar o seminomadismo mercantil a um
ideal religioso, fazendo com que a lei e a organização do Estado tivessem por
base a fé, sendo esse o elo que permitiu a união das tribos entre si. O fato de
a religião estar ligada ao comércio marítimo e terrestre, também proporcionou a
expansão árabe e dos povos islamizados (1984, p.61-62).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Abu
Bequer sucedeu Maomé como&lt;i&gt; califa&lt;/i&gt; e
guia do povo. Depois, Omar o sucedeu e foi durante o seu califado que ocorreram
as principais conquistas do Islão. O islamismo prevaleceu como ordem social e
política entre esses povos de formação social semelhante ao nomadismo tribal.
Seguiu-se Otman e Ali, completando o domínio dos conhecidos Califas Piedosos,
que acabaram de consolidar a unificação da Arábia, conquistando a Palestina, a
Síria, a Armênia, dominando o Egito e a costa da Tripolitânea e anexando a
Mesopotâmia e a Pérsia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Com a
morte de Ali, assumiu Moaviá que deslocou a capital de Meca para Damasco, na
Síria, e fundou a dinastia Omíada, que era &lt;i&gt;sunita&lt;/i&gt;.
Foi durante esta dinastia que o império árabe teve novamente um período de
expansão, pois chegaram&amp;nbsp; à Península
Ibérica e invadiram a França, sendo detidos em Poitiers por Carlos Martel, em
734d.C.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Por
volta de 750d.C., a dinastia Omíada foi destronada e substituída pela Abássida
que era &lt;i&gt;xiita&lt;/i&gt;, fundada por Abul
Abbas.&amp;nbsp; Durante essa dinastia, a capital
foi transferida para Bagdá. Na transição da dinastia Omíada para a Abássida, um
descendente Omíada, Abderramão, conseguiu escapar ao massacre e chegar à
Espanha, onde fundou o &lt;i&gt;emirado&lt;/i&gt; de
Córdova em 756d.C.. No tempo de seu descendente, Abderramão III, Córdova foi
elevada à condição de &lt;i&gt;califado&lt;/i&gt; em
932d.C., que representou no Ocidente a oposição a Bagdá.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Depois
dessa pequena introdução à história do povo árabe e suas conquistas
territoriais, podemos entender a suma importância de sua religião, que além de
promover a unificação entre os primeiros grupos tribais, garante ao longo do
tempo a sua expansão e hegemonia sobre os povos por eles conquistados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Arquitetura árabe&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Povo
dotado de grandes habilidades técnicas ligadas à agricultura, à indústria e à
arquitetura, assim como, de notáveis conhecimentos científicos e de artes;
foram os responsáveis pela introdução no mundo ocidental de muitas práticas e
produtos próprios do oriente, promovendo assim, uma síntese entre as
civilizações cristã e islâmica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Presença árabe na Península Ibérica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Segundo
A. do Carmo Reis, “foi uma crise político-religiosa da monarquia visigoda que
proporcionou a conquista muçulmana da Ibéria. Aconteceu que, após a morte do
rei Vitiza, o Concílio elegeu o cavaleiro Rodrigo para a sucessão ao trono,
escolha que não foi acatada pelos filhos do monarca defunto (...) que (...)
solicitaram a ajuda árabe&lt;i&gt;”&lt;/i&gt; (1990,
p.25). Então, no início do século VIII, um exército árabe chefiado pelo general
Tarik invadiu a Península Ibérica e, rapidamente, se apoderou de quase todo o
território, vencendo Rodrigo na Batalha de Guadalete.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Em
718d.C., os árabes já tinham conquistado quase toda a península, menos a região
das Astúrias, onde ocorreu a Batalha Covadonga, que representou o início da
resistência que deu origem à guerra da Reconquista&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABE/ENVIADO%20PARA%20IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABES.doc#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Nesse período, apareceram os reinos cristãos, entre os mais importantes, Leão e
Castela.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A
longa presença dos árabes na Península Ibérica e a tolerância que tinham com os
povos dominados, fez com que ficassem marcas que influenciaram a civilização
européia na economia, na sociedade e na cultura. Eles ao dominarem, exigiam
tributos, mas não incutiam sua cultura e religião, isso ocorreu naturalmente,
devido ao longo convívio. Eles deixaram também, muitas palavras e expressões
que enriqueceram o vocabulário espanhol e o português. Na área dos
conhecimentos científicos, suas principais contribuições estavam relacionadas
com a matemática, a astronomia, a náutica e a historiografia. Também foram
responsáveis pela introdução de novas técnicas agrícolas, sobretudo de
irrigação, e de novas culturas, como a da laranja, do limão e da amêndoa,
tantas outras de importância para a economia da Europa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Para
Américo Castro, o domínio “&lt;i&gt;muçulmano&lt;/i&gt;”
contribui para o desenvolvimento da península, já para Sanchez-Albornoz, a
presença islâmica impediu “&lt;i&gt;de maneira
trágica&lt;/i&gt;” a evolução da Espanha (Andrade Filho, 1989, p.11). Essas posturas
antagônicas ajudam a mostrar como foi importante a presença dos árabes na
península, pois, venerados ou odiados, os árabes deixaram suas marcas
arraigadas por onde passaram.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No
que concerne à história de reconquista cristã, é importante entender que esta
tratou-se de uma “empresa coletiva em que reis, nobreza, clero e povo
participaram para expulsar os mouros da Península, (...) através de rápidas
incursões em território ocupado pelos árabes” (Reis, 1990, p.27).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7ITWkNZzJsLhmD-n-Bv6S_uxnMZh6gp8CozkMI9bsArH6WQjpEKDp36chz3yvoBoPY6HwxtHzML3yp2s9SS06TqZIOussBURzbd7SWFDPA8ti4EpM0JnWGvvjc-3Dh3CgZow0qhv04J8/s1600/Mesquita+de+cordoba+2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7ITWkNZzJsLhmD-n-Bv6S_uxnMZh6gp8CozkMI9bsArH6WQjpEKDp36chz3yvoBoPY6HwxtHzML3yp2s9SS06TqZIOussBURzbd7SWFDPA8ti4EpM0JnWGvvjc-3Dh3CgZow0qhv04J8/s1600/Mesquita+de+cordoba+2.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Mesquita de Córdoba - Espanha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No
século XI, o Califado de Córdova se desagregou &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em pequenos Reinos&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em pequenos Reinos&lt;/st1:personname&gt; de
Taifas, com isso enfraquecendo o Andaluz e facilitando o avanço dos reinos
cristãos para o sul (Garcia, 1981, p.35). Assim, durante as campanhas de
reconquista, D. Afonso VI, rei de Leão e Castela, conseguiu conquistar Toledo e
chegar próximo ao Tejo. Na Batalha de Zalaca, ele obteve a ajuda de D. Hugo e
dos condes D. Raimundo e D. Henrique, vindos da França. Como recompensa, D.
Afonso VI deu a D. Henrique o Condado Portucalense e a sua filha D. Teresa &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em casamento. D. Raimundo&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em casamento. D. Raimundo&lt;/st1:personname&gt;,
por sua vez, casou-se com D. Urraca, a outra filha de D. Afonso VI.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O
Condado passou a dever vassalagem ao rei D. Afonso VI, porém, D. Henrique
desenvolveu uma política que tinha por objetivo a emancipação em relação à
Coroa de Leão e Castela. Quando D. Henrique morreu, D. Teresa assumiu o poder,
mas deixou descontente a nobreza, quando se uniu a Fernão Peres de Trava,
fidalgo da Galiza. Como conseqüência, o Condado foi entregue ao Infante Afonso
Henriques, filho de D. Teresa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Afonso
Henriques deu prosseguimento à política separatista de seu pai e não mais
prestou vassalagem ao rei de Leão e Castela.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Em
1140, D. Afonso Henriques passou a intitular-se rei e começou a liderar as
conquistas de novos territórios aos mouros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; “O facto mais célebre da história dos
séculos da luta contra os Mouros foi a batalha de Ourique, travada em 25 de
julho de 1139, portanto no ano imediatamente anterior àquele &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em que D. Afonso&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em que D. Afonso&lt;/st1:personname&gt;
Henriques começou a usar o título de rei...&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;...O facto foi um
combate travado com os Mouros numa das incursões (fossados) que os cristãos
frequentemente faziam por terra de mouros para apreenderem gados, escravos e
outros despojos. Inesperadamente, um exército de mouros saiu-lhes ao caminho,
mas os cristãos conseguiram vencê-los, apesar de grande inferioridade numérica”
(Saraiva, 1986, p.55).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O
interessante desse caso é que, por serem em pequeno número, os participantes da
batalha atribuíram sua vitória a um milagre de Sant’Iago. Porém, devido aos
futuros problemas com Castela, houve uma mudança na lenda, por volta do século
XV, se menciona a intervenção de Cristo e no século XVII, a de Deus, como prova
de que era, por ordem divina, que Portugal existia como emancipado. Também há
controvérsias, quanto ao verdadeiro local da batalha, pois se realmente ocorreu
nos campos de Ourique, que ficam no que hoje chamamos Baixo Alentejo, então
fica a dúvida, se realmente Afonso Henriques teria ido tão longe, já que o
ponto mais distante da fronteira era Leiria.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Camões,
o grande poeta português, transformou esse fato em belas estrofes, como as que
se seguem:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“Mas já o Príncipe Afonso aparelhava&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O Lusitano exército ditoso,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Contra o Mouro que as terras habitava&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;De além do claro Tejo deleitoso;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Já no campo de Ourique se assentava&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O arraial soberbo e belicoso,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Defronte do inimigo Sarraceno,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Posto que em força e gente tão pequeno;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Em nehua outra cousa confiado, &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Senão no sumo Deus que o céu regia,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Que tão pouco era o povo bautizado&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Que, pera um só, cem Mouros haveria.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Julga qualquer juízo sossegado&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Por mais temeridade que ousadia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Cometer um tamanho ajuntamento, &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Que pera um cavaleiro houvesse cento”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;(Camões, [19__], p.121, Canto III, Versos
42-43).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Depois
desse fato, D. Afonso Henriques lutou contra D. Afonso VII de Leão, vencendo-o
em Arcos de Valdevez. Assim, conseguiu a autonomia política de Portugal e na
Conferência de Zamora foi reconhecida a sua realeza (1143).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Conhecido
por suas conquistas, D. Afonso Henriques, com a ajuda de Cruzados, partiu para
a conquista de diversos territórios em poder dos mouros. Ele conquistou
Santarém e Lisboa em 1147.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; “A tomada de Lisboa lavra a acta do
nascimento da nação portuguesa, até aí envolvida nos limbos da geração. O cerco
afigura-se-nos como o concílio internacional, uma espécie de congresso
guerreiro, em que a Europa baptiza o recém-vindo à luz da história. Criado
pelos actos geradores da vontade de um homem, abrigado pela égide da Igreja,
Portugal tem a existência confirmada pela sanção dos exércitos cruzados da
Europa. O caráter cosmopolita da sua vida futura, da sua ulterior fisionomia
política, parece ter-lhe sido desde logo imposto, como um baptismo, quando, em
frente dessa piscina do Tejo, onde fundeiam duzentas naus coroadas pelos
pavilhões de tantas nações da Europa, se estende o cordão do exército de
flamengos, lotaríngios, alemães e ingleses” (Martins, [19__?], p.77).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Castelo dos Mouros - Sintra - Portugal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Seguiram-se
as conquistas de Sintra, Almada, Palmela (1148), Alcácer do Sal (1158), Beja
(1162), Évora (1165), Moura, Serpa e Juromenha (1166). Em 1185, morre D. Afonso
Henriques, que foi sucedido por D. Sancho I. Este tomou aos mouros os castelos
de Alvor e Albufeira e a cidade de Silves, capital do Algarve (1189).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Durante
o domínio árabe no Algarve, sua capital Chelb (Silves), também chamada Chencir,
foi cantada pelos poetas, amada pelos príncipes, procurada pelos comerciantes e
cobiçada pelos inimigos. Silves foi a mais importante cidade do Algarve, desde
a queda do Califado de Córdova. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Sucederam-se
a D. Sancho I, consecutivamente, D. Afonso II, D. Sancho II e D. Afonso III,
responsável pela conquista definitiva do Algarve (1249), terminando assim, as
lutas entre cristãos e mouros em território nacional. Este passou a se
autodenominar Rei de Portugal e dos Algarves.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Portugal
surgiu como Estado Nacional em pleno século XIII, fato este, que só foi
repetido por outros países no século XVI.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;O legado árabe em Portugal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; “Com raras exceções as histórias de Portugal
subestimaram ou fugiram ao registro dessa poderosa contribuição do mouro à
cultura do país. Mas não importa que se haja perpetrado a injustiça. Jamais se
conseguirá fugir à evidência da verdade histórica. Jamais poderão se apagar das
paredes centenárias de Sintra a marca indelével da cultura mourisca. Jamais
poderão desfigurar a arquitetura popular do Algarve, ou fender os monumentos
mais célebres de Portugal, todos eles marcados pelas mãos dos artífices
mouriscos ou mesmo pôr abaixo aquela Torre de Belém, onde o mourisco se funde
ao atlântico-português, como um símbolo das núpcias estilísticas” (Ornellas,
[1948?], p.135).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A
influência árabe em Portugal se faz notar não só na arquitetura, mas também na
língua, onde certamente deixou grandes contribuições. O latim lusitânico
resultou do latim vulgar trazido pelos romanos. Quando os árabes conquistaram a
Península, a romanidade desapareceu temporariamente, permitindo que a cultura e
os costumes dos mouros fossem assimilados, segundo Fernando Vanâncio e Peixoto
da Fonseco (1985). A língua árabe passou a ser falada pela elite, que era
bilíngüe, e o resto do povo continuou falando romanço, devido à influência
romano-visigótica. A língua portuguesa que teve sua origem no latim vulgar e
que depois se transformou em latim lusitânico, sob a influência árabe e de
outras línguas, passou do romanço à língua portuguesa como tal a conhecemos
hoje. Muitos dos vocábulos árabes assimilados pela língua portuguesa eram
relativos a instituições jurídicas e sociais, assim como à arte bélica. Foram
incorporados também, muitos termos relativos à cozinha e aos alimentos, às
indústrias e ao comércio, à agricultura, às ciências e às técnicas, às artes, aos
ofícios, domínios em que brilhavam, ao vestuário, animais, plantas etc (Idem,
p.99 e 204).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Podemos
exemplificar todas essas áreas com alguns vocábulos que se seguem:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Alcaide,
alcavala, alfanje, açorda, açúcar&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABE/ENVIADO%20PARA%20IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABES.doc#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
azulejo, arroba, açude, algarismo, astrolábio, mudejar, alfaiate, albornoz,
alfaraz e algodão&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABE/ENVIADO%20PARA%20IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABES.doc#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Os
árabes foram responsáveis pela introdução de novas técnicas agrícolas &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em Portugal. A&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em Portugal. A&lt;/st1:personname&gt; nora, o
açude, as acéquias ou canais, são processos técnicos de condução e elevação de
águas. Essas novas técnicas fizeram crescer a agricultura de mercado, assente
nos cereais, nos legumes e outros produtos hortícolas. Os árabes popularizaram
as azenhas e introduziram os moinhos de vento, adubaram as terras e serviram-se
de bois na lavra. Impulsionada pelo mercado, a agricultura especializou-se e
apareceram novas culturas, como a cana-de-açúcar, o algodão, o pessegueiro, o
damasqueiro, a nespereira, o limoeiro, a ameixoeira, a laranjeira, a alface, a
alfazema, a salsa e o melão. Desenvolveram também, a produção de azeite e a
utilização do fruto, a azeitona, e no Algarve secavam e tratavam o figo como
ainda hoje se faz.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiha6-9DEaXqxyNT6LO1xXV2Uiog1WJOrDnq62mZkNY7WnA-gk9MEtxA4ootEEdouHZeUG5TpiL4ogs3GlxKw8fo79q7OagZcqU-FKrh6Pgd3E63X8Wk1feNUxZgJKOllJThXrqX7G8u94/s1600/CAVALO+ARABE.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiha6-9DEaXqxyNT6LO1xXV2Uiog1WJOrDnq62mZkNY7WnA-gk9MEtxA4ootEEdouHZeUG5TpiL4ogs3GlxKw8fo79q7OagZcqU-FKrh6Pgd3E63X8Wk1feNUxZgJKOllJThXrqX7G8u94/s1600/CAVALO+ARABE.jpg&quot; height=&quot;256&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Cavalo árabe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Foram
também os árabes que trouxeram para a Península o cavalo árabe, conhecido entre
eles por alfaraz. Porém, para a criação intensiva do gado cavalar eram
necessárias terras especializadas para pastos, como os lameiros ou almargens&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt; Era preciso também, forragem para
alimentar os animais, que se constituía de cevada, luzerna ou alfafa, que
acompanharam a imigração do cavalo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Os
árabes se dedicaram à indústria de armamentos, de couros e arreios. Até hoje em
Trás-os-Montes, se verifica a influência da indústria de arreios, pois os
cabrestos das mulas são ornados com uma estrela de seis pontas, tipicamente
árabe.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No
campo da fundição do ferro, ficaram as ferramentas, como o alicate, o almofate
(perfurador de couro), o alferce&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;ou
picareta e a almofaça ou escova de ferro para limpar cavalos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Na
construção civil, o arquiteto é o alarife, que consegue construir um palácio
sem alicerces ou andaimes. São utilizados pelo mestre alvanel (pedreiro), os
tabiques, o estuque, o algeroz, os alizares, a aldraba, as argolas e os
mosaicos fabricados a partir do alguergue ou barro vermelho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No
comércio hoje em dia ainda é utilizado o sistema de pesos e medidas deixado
pelos mouros: arroba, alqueire e o almude. A rede comercial e de trânsito de
homens e animais assentava nos armazéns, nas alfândegas e nas aduanas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No
setor administrativo, manteve-se ao longo da história de Portugal, os nomes
usados pelos árabes para denominar os dirigentes municipais, como é o caso do
alcalde ou alvasil e os fiscais de mercado, que eram chamados de almotacés e os
das finanças régias, que eram os almoxarifes. No serviço militar, o responsável
pela revista era o alardo, a sentinela era a atalaia e o oficial, o alferes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No
que diz respeito ao bem-estar, aparecem também algumas marcas árabes quando se
menciona alcova, almofada, alcatifa, tapetes e porque não, também alcofa,
açafate, almotolia e alguidar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Todos
os avanços técnicos coincidiram com progressos notáveis no conhecimento
científico e na arte. Interessa-nos destacar o desenvolvimento da matemática e
da astronomia por alguns cientistas árabes, que se refletiram nos
descobrimentos marítimos, já que estes se deram em virtude de uma série de inventos
que facilitaram a navegação. Os árabes desenvolveram a construção naval em
Lisboa, em Alcácer do Sal e outros lugares, onde guardavam os apetrechos de
navios e procediam à sua construção e reparação. A vedação dos navios era feita
com alcatrão. Foram os árabes que vulgarizaram no Ocidente o uso da bússola e
do leme vertical, instrumentos que muito facilitaram a aventura em alto mar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Na
arte, destacou-se a técnica de azulejaria. Palavras de Giulio Argan sobre o
azulejo português:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“Estas são tradições afins na Espanha e na
Itália meridional. A cerâmica é uma das heranças que a cultura islâmica, ao
retirar-se, deixou sobre a costa mediterrânica. E não é pouco. A cerâmica, que
intensamente decora e reveste mesmo o exterior dos edifícios é a arte com que o
Oriente capta e reflete a luz solar fazendo dela a verdadeira matéria da
própria arquitetura. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Os componentes da cerâmica são: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A cor, o sinal ou a imagem, a superfície
vidrada. Reflectindo a luz o recorte das figuras, dos traços, dos sinais
simbólicos, assim o homem restitui ao céu carregado de significado humano, a
luz que vem do próprio céu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;É uma arte dos pobres, a cerâmica: feita
de um pouco de terra de um pouco de cor e de fogo. Mas não é uma arte pobre,
tanto mais sumptuosa à vista quanto mais simples é a sua matéria e o seu
artifício. Mas é exatamente porque os materiais&amp;nbsp;
são pobres que mais requintado é o esplendor da cor e do vidrado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;É quase uma vitória da riqueza da fantasia
sobre a riqueza material” (Argan Apud Calado, [198_], não paginado). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpGH3VTMGmNhelvtd9wF99ZvPrBb0KcoJNDTcOKIkQFQK2BORAvDUDojZ207qF3zAGj03L6JdZS3IfkSy9TyfsSt_mNxCPto5WPWPbHwkJAPWr3Hi6hKDk2hwTzcLttQT1_CLG6zyE6cQ/s1600/frameimage.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpGH3VTMGmNhelvtd9wF99ZvPrBb0KcoJNDTcOKIkQFQK2BORAvDUDojZ207qF3zAGj03L6JdZS3IfkSy9TyfsSt_mNxCPto5WPWPbHwkJAPWr3Hi6hKDk2hwTzcLttQT1_CLG6zyE6cQ/s1600/frameimage.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Azulejo estilo mudejar - Andaluzia&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix7Kp-FIOUHSkVHnjvcpTsmDSt9zw7HUWHCxUFgL1g-UlRPqSVuR5484_7Km_qpRUe5SEFC4JgJ1ELg7Xxcf6BCqpCLW9FRHojmoK_OdQrtGdMyCOROgsX83-MgBRnVJuIqUkrYWltUr4/s1600/madeira-azulejos-patrimonio-300x223.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix7Kp-FIOUHSkVHnjvcpTsmDSt9zw7HUWHCxUFgL1g-UlRPqSVuR5484_7Km_qpRUe5SEFC4JgJ1ELg7Xxcf6BCqpCLW9FRHojmoK_OdQrtGdMyCOROgsX83-MgBRnVJuIqUkrYWltUr4/s1600/madeira-azulejos-patrimonio-300x223.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Azulejo português - Ilha da Madeira&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOO4xuU48Sy7gLPs_Je63BJkjzJISZ3-1R2TImubWCWUCmg30h1V3k70j7Z6uEwK7GVRc4l9E9Nzyb6-49656tzHx4lycdQALabLDstFqDC6FIxYisx8mMob693Hf4fVDU3WvyHEy5DQw/s1600/pain%C3%A9l-azulejos-3.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOO4xuU48Sy7gLPs_Je63BJkjzJISZ3-1R2TImubWCWUCmg30h1V3k70j7Z6uEwK7GVRc4l9E9Nzyb6-49656tzHx4lycdQALabLDstFqDC6FIxYisx8mMob693Hf4fVDU3WvyHEy5DQw/s1600/pain%C3%A9l-azulejos-3.jpg&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Painel de azulejo português&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O azulejo
é uma herança árabe que se difundiu por toda a Península Ibérica, porém seu uso
foi mais marcante durante o século XV.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
“A cerâmica esmaltada ou vidrada, de revestimento parietal, foi
largamente usada nas regiões da implantação muçulmana, mas só na Península
Ibérica, no final da Idade Média, se desenvolveu a placa esmaltada de formato
quadrado, em especial nas oficinas muçulmanas da Andaluzia, onde Portugal se
abasteceu abundantemente no início do Século XVI. Esta azulejaria, chamada
Hispano-Mourisca, patenteia belos ornatos relevados (de modo a impedir a
mistura das várias cores), de organização geométrica (tipicamente mourisca) ou
de caráter vegetal e naturalista (de inspiração renascentista).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A
partir de 1725 o azulejo modificou-se, de modo a satisfazer a grande procura,
ocasionada pela afluência do ouro do Brasil, de uma sociedade que necessitava
de luxo e ostentação para afirmar o seu poderio” (Meco, 1982, não paginado).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O
azulejo português foi para as ruas a partir do século XVII, pois quando a
família real mudou-se para o Brasil, levou consigo o hábito de revestir os
interiores das construções. Porém, ao chegar ao Brasil, o azulejo passou a ter
uma nova função, pois os brasileiros do século passado tiveram o feliz hábito
de revestir exteriormente as suas casas de azulejos. Houve então, uma “torna
viagem”, segundo o termo usado por Rafael Salinas Calado, pois o azulejo em
Portugal ganhou as ruas, a exemplo brasileiro, enfeitando as fachadas do
casario colonial ([198_], não paginado).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Influências árabes trazidas para o
Brasil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
“Portugal era um país com uma notável infra-estrutura de construção
naval, com gente habilitada para sulcar o oceano, conhecedora de instrumentos,
cartografia e astrologia que havia aprendido no contato com os comerciantes e
marinheiros árabes e genoveses, e na própria experiência” (Reis, 1990, p.60).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Com a
descoberta do Brasil pelos portugueses se deu a passagem de costumes e técnicas
orientais a estas terras. Por ter sido a Península Ibérica conquistada pelos
árabes outrora, então sua influência se fez notar em todos os países
colonizados pela Espanha e Portugal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No
que diz respeito ao Brasil, temos diversos autores que abordam a influência
árabe na formação de diversas características presentes em meio ao povo brasileiro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Manoelito
de Ornellas, em seu livro &lt;i&gt;A cruz e o
alfanje&lt;/i&gt;,&amp;nbsp; dá uma série de dados sobre
a influência oriental no Brasil, dando ênfase à arquitetura. Ele cita diversos
autores que tratam em suas obras da influência árabe em diversas áreas, como é
o caso de Gilberto Freyre no livro &lt;i&gt;Casa
grande e senzala&lt;/i&gt;. Ele escreve:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;...”Há quem tenha
por exagerada a importância por nós atribuída ao Oriente na formação da cultura
que aqui se desenvolveu com a sociedade patriarcal e foi, em várias de suas
formas, condicionada pelo tipo de absorvente, de organização, de economia e de
política, de recreação e de arte, de religião e de assistência, de educação e
de transporte - e não apenas de família, no sentido biológico da palavra, que é
o patriarcal. A verdade é que o Oriente chegou a dar considerável substância, e
não apenas alguns brilhos mais vistosos de cor à cultura que aqui se formou e à
paisagem que aqui se compôs dentro de condições predominantemente patriarcais
de convivência humana, em geral, e de exploração da terra pelo homem e dos
homens de uma raça pelos de outra, &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em particular. E&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em particular. E&lt;/st1:personname&gt; não só substância e cor à cultura;
o Oriente concorreu para avivar as formas senhoris e servis dessa convivência
entre nós; os modos hierárquicos de viver, de trajar e de transportar-se que
não podem ter deixado de afetar os modos de pensar”... &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Ele continua:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;...”O primado
ibérico de cultura nunca foi, no Brasil exclusivamente europeu, mas, em grande
parte, impregnado de influências mouras, árabes, israelitas, maometanas; de
influências do Oriente mescladas às do Ocidente; de sobrevivências sólidas do
Oriente não de todo dissolvidas nas predominâncias do Ocidente sobre Portugal
ou sobre a Iberia” (Ornellas, [1948?], p.149 e 151).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Oliveira
Martins também “não fugiu à confissão da imensa influência árabe sobre nossa
modesta arquitetura de expressão popular, nos começos do século XIX”, conforme
nos diz Manoelito de Ornellas ([1948?], p. 169).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No
seu texto &lt;i&gt;As origens remotas do gaúcho&lt;/i&gt;,
Ornellas coloca que a origem do gaúcho está ligada aos árabes, mostrando assim
a diversidade cultural ibérica. Ele mostra que esta região foi colonizada pelos
espanhóis vindos do norte, da região chamada &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;La Maragateria&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;La
 Maragateria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;
enquanto os que colonizaram a área da Argentina, vieram do sul da Espanha.
Como, segundo ele, os povos que habitavam &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;La Maragateria&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;La
 Maragateria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/st1:personname&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;eram
originários do norte de África, ou seja, eram berberes, isso explica a
diferença entre o gaúcho platino e o cisplatino. Para melhor exemplificar sua
idéia, ele mostra que a indumentária do que hoje é o Rio Grande do Sul, está
baseada nos modelos maragatos, se diferenciando assim, dos modelos usados na
Argentina (1964).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Castilhos Goycochêa, no seu artigo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Maragatos e gaúchos&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt; da revista &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Província de São&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Pedro&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;, também defende
essa idéia de forma semelhante (1945).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Pode-se
perceber que existem alguns pesquisadores que além de aceitarem que houve
influência árabe no período colonial brasileiro, ainda usam essa idéia para
exemplificar algumas características existentes no Brasil colonial e que, por
vezes, se estendem até os nossos dias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Gilberto
Freyre nos diz que “para o Brasil é provável que tenham vindo, entre os
primeiros povoadores, numerosos indivíduos de origem moura e moçarabes, junto
com cristãos-novos e portugueses velhos” (Freyre, 1987, p.218), mostrando assim,
que as influências árabes não chegaram ao Brasil apenas por intermédio dos&amp;nbsp; portugueses.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Partindo
desse fato, podemos analisar diversos aspectos referentes aos hábitos e
técnicas assimiladas no Brasil, no período colonial. No que concerne às
técnicas agrícolas adotadas aqui, destacamos o fato de que “o mouro forneceu ao
colonizador do Brasil os elementos técnicos de produção e utilização econômica
da cana” (op. cit., p.212), além de outras técnicas e culturas mouriscas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No
que se refere à língua, houve uma influência direta, pois se até o século XVIII
só se falou tupi, a partir daí o português predominou em todo o território,
tornando-se o maior fator de unidade na colonização do Brasil. Como a língua
portuguesa tem grande influência árabe e no Brasil ela foi amplamente
difundida, algumas palavras que hoje aqui são faladas não são mais utilizadas
em Portugal, e talvez isso se deva ao fato de que o português falado no Brasil
é o medieval&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABE/ENVIADO%20PARA%20IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABES.doc#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaNvUfxCIXk97VlH90MSdMj4YJfkQ43h7CDrn4RBKO5UVIhr5BTzjWfB1BNXjf1alBLqsUyxbva2iCSzzTsOL-Tb7_FPIa_4pcUQMJka-53D7lkCvPcAv5phYFMhgEh8wzDhIR2Xwudi8/s1600/Muxarabi.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaNvUfxCIXk97VlH90MSdMj4YJfkQ43h7CDrn4RBKO5UVIhr5BTzjWfB1BNXjf1alBLqsUyxbva2iCSzzTsOL-Tb7_FPIa_4pcUQMJka-53D7lkCvPcAv5phYFMhgEh8wzDhIR2Xwudi8/s1600/Muxarabi.jpg&quot; height=&quot;212&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Muxarabi - Balcão Mouro - Diamantina - MG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;(Foto de Maurício Simonetti)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A
arte brasileira tem inúmeras influências árabes, principalmente no que diz
respeito à arquitetura, com o uso do muxarabi e do azulejo. A esse respeito,
Gilberto Freyre declara:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; “Diversos outros valores materiais,
absorvidos da cultura moura ou árabe pelos portugueses, transmitiram-se ao
Brasil: a arte do azulejo, que tanto relevo tomou em nossas igrejas, conventos,
residências, banheiros, bicas e chafarizes; a telha mourisca; a janela
quadriculada ou em xadrez...” (op. cit., p.221)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Não
podemos esquecer também da influência do mudejar no barroco americano. “O
barroco na América não é uma simples transposição do espanhol ou do português.
É uma arte mestiça. E não só de duas culturas, mas um legado árabe e
mudéjar...” (Mix, 1987, p.38).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A
mentalidade existente no Brasil colonial pode ser analisada através da família
patriarcal, onde o homem tomava conta de tudo e a mulher ficava em casa e
muitas vezes, restrita a apenas alguns cômodos, assemelhando-se muito ao papel
da mulher árabe, que também vivia reclusa. Porém, existem discussões sobre esse
assunto, pois no Brasil colonial não havia só o modelo de família patriarcal,
como o que foi exposto e que era característico no nordeste brasileiro. A
família paulista, por exemplo, conforme os estudos de Eni de Mesquita Samara,
enquadrava-se nos moldes de família patriarcal romanos, onde a mulher vivia com
maior liberdade. No sul, a mulher também tinha um papel diferenciado, pois seus
maridos saiam para trabalhar e elas ficavam sozinhas em casa e responsáveis por
tudo (1983).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;No
que se refere à religiosidade, também existem controvérsias, visto que no
Brasil colonial houve a influência de diversas religiões. O messianismo que
apareceu em muitos momentos da história do Brasil, não deixa de ser uma
característica islâmica, assim como o é judia, pois esta influenciou
diretamente o pensamento cristão. Pode-se também, cogitar o fato de que devido
às grandes lutas pela Reconquista cristã, o povo português tenha se tornado
mais apegado à sua religiosidade, influenciando, assim, o Brasil colonial. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Quanto
à administração, foram adotados os mesmos sistemas utilizados &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em Portugal. A&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em Portugal. A&lt;/st1:personname&gt; principal
instituição administrativa portuguesa era e é o “concelho”, que no Brasil
chamou-se município&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABE/ENVIADO%20PARA%20IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABES.doc#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Porém,
existem várias teses sobre o surgimento dessa instituição &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;em Portugal. No&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;em Portugal. No&lt;/st1:personname&gt; livro de
Humberto Baquero Moreno, ele nos apresenta a tese de Herculano, que trata da
origem romana do município, que havia resistido às invasões dos povos
germânicos e muçulmanos. Também a de Hinojosa, que antevia nas origens dos
“concelhos” uma nítida influência dos visigodos (1986, p.11). António Borges
Coelho no seu livro &lt;i&gt;Comunas ou concelhos,&lt;/i&gt;
diz que “os concelhos surgiram a norte e sul da Península, mas o terreno
apresentava-se fértil no Sul muçulmano, adubado pelo desenvolvimento técnico e
pela pressão social dos mercados urbanos e regionais (1986, p.167). Henrique da
Gama Barros diz “que o município romano foi implantado na Península com todo o
seu corpo de magistraturas” (1945, p.72) e quando se refere a Herculano,
completa:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;“O escriptor
illustre, que principalmente seguimos n’esta matéria (...), vê (a nosso juízo
com muita plausibilidade) na origem arábica dos vocábulos, que designam as
magistraturas e os cargos dos concelhos em Leão e depois em Portugal, alcaide,
alvasil, alcalde, almotacé (...), uma prova de que o município se manteve
durante o governo dos mussulmanos” (op. cit., p.77).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Como
podemos observar diversos autores concordam com a origem romana do município,
mas também afirmam que este foi mantido durante o período árabe na Península, o
que leva a crer que este passou por algumas transformações, ficando assim
marcada a influência árabe nessa instituição, que também foi implantada no
Brasil colonial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Os
dados fornecidos nesta pesquisa permitem-nos perceber que foi considerável a
influência árabe legada pelos portugueses no período colonial brasileiro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Terminada
esta sucinta análise sobre o povo árabe, sua expansão e influências nas áreas
conquistadas podemos concluir que existem diferentes abordagens do assunto.
Alguns autores não se aprofundam em pesquisas sobre a presença árabe na
Península Ibérica, preferindo dar maior ênfase à influência romana, que sem
dúvida, também foi de grande importância. Porém, os árabes estiveram na
península cerca de oito séculos e deixaram significativas marcas no campo
cultural, econômico, político e social.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Com a
chegada dos portugueses ao Brasil, grande parte da influência oriental,
impregnada em seus hábitos, foi trazida para cá. Devido às diferentes condições
de vida que o português encontrou aqui, essas influências orientais muitas vezes
passaram por adaptações e readaptações, sendo que nem tudo foi assimilado.
Podemos concluir que os hábitos e técnicas árabes aqui adotados, mesmo que não
em toda a sua plenitude, tem grande representatividade.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Bibliografia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ARNHOLD, Alcido Anildo. &lt;i&gt;A instituição municipal na América de
colonização ibérica&lt;/i&gt;. Dissertação de Mestrado em História, Centro de
Ciências Humanas, UNISINOS/RS, 1991.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;BARROS, Henrique da Gama.
&lt;i&gt;História da administração pública em
Portugal nos séculos XII&lt;/i&gt; a&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;XV&lt;/i&gt;. 2.ed. Lisboa: Sá da Costa, 1945.
T.1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;CALADO, Rafael Salinas&lt;i&gt;. O azulejo na rua.&lt;/i&gt; Lisboa: A.I.P.,
[198_?].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;CAMÕES, Luis de. &lt;i&gt;Os Lusíadas&lt;/i&gt;. 3.ed. Porto: Porto Editora,
[19__?].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;COELHO, António Borges. &lt;i&gt;Comunas ou concelhos&lt;/i&gt;. 2.ed. Lisboa:
Caminho, 1986.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;CORTESÃO, Jaime.&lt;i&gt; Os descobrimentos portugueses&lt;/i&gt;. Lisboa:
Livros Horizonte, 1984. V. 1. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;FILHO, Ruy Andrade. &lt;i&gt;Os muçulmanos na península ibérica&lt;/i&gt;. São
Paulo: Contexto, 1989.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;FREYRE, Gilberto. &lt;i&gt;Casa grande e senzala&lt;/i&gt;. 25.ed. Rio de
Janeiro: José Olympio, 1987.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;GARCIA, José Manuel. &lt;i&gt;História de Portugal&lt;/i&gt;; uma visão global.
Lisboa: Presença, 1981.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;GOYCOCHÊA, Castilhos.
Maragatos e gaúchos. &lt;i&gt;Província de São
Pedro;&lt;/i&gt; Revista de difusão literária e cultural. Porto Alegre: Globo, n.3,
p.117-121, dez., 1945.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;HERCULANO, Alexandre.&lt;i&gt; História de Portugal&lt;/i&gt;; desde o começo da
monarquia até o fim do reinado de Afonso III. 9.ed. Lisboa: Bertrand, [19__?].
T.1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;LEWIS, Bernard.&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Os árabes na história&lt;/i&gt;. Lisboa: Presença,
1982.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;MACHADO, José Pedro. &lt;i&gt;Vocabulário português de origem árabe&lt;/i&gt;.
Lisboa: Notícias, 1991.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;MARTINS, Oliveira. &lt;i&gt;História de Portugal&lt;/i&gt;. Lisboa:
Europa-América, [19__?]. V.1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;MARSEILLE, Jacques, LE SOURD, Bruno.&lt;b&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Poitiers: o fim da conquista árabe na&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Europa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. Lisboa: Verbo, 1990.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;MECO, José. &lt;i&gt;Azulejaria no concelho de Oeiras&lt;/i&gt;; o
Palácio Pombal e a Casa da Pesca. [Lisboa], 1982.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;MIX, Miguel Rojas. O anjo
do arcabuz ou o barroco americano. &lt;i&gt;O
correio da Unesco.&lt;/i&gt; Paris, Ano 15, n.11, p.38, nov, 1987.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;MORENO, Humberto Baquero.&lt;i&gt; Os municípios portugueses nos séculos XIII
a XVI&lt;/i&gt;; estudos de história. Lisboa: Presença, 1986.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ORNELLAS, Manoelito de&lt;i&gt;. A cruz e o alfanje.&lt;/i&gt; [Porto Alegre]:
Progresso, [1948?].&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;______________________.
As origens remotas do gaúcho. In: &lt;i&gt;Rio
Grande do Sul: terra e&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;povo&lt;/i&gt;. 2.ed. Porto Alegre: Globo, 1964.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;REIS, A. do Carmo. &lt;i&gt;Nova história de Portugal.&lt;/i&gt; Lisboa:
Notícias, 1990.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;SAMARA, Eni de Mesquita.&lt;i&gt; A família brasileira&lt;/i&gt;. São Paulo:
Brasiliense, 1983.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;SARAIVA, José Hermano.&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;História
concisa de Portugal&lt;/i&gt;. 10.ed. Lisboa: Europa-América, 1986.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;SÉRGIO, António. &lt;i&gt;Obras completas; breve interpretação da
história de Portugal&lt;/i&gt;. 12.ed. Lisboa: Sá da Costa, 1985.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;SERRÃO, Joaquim
Veríssimo. &lt;i&gt;História de Portugal&lt;/i&gt;.
4.ed.rev. [Lisboa]: Verbo, 1990. V.1: Estado, Pátria e Nação (1080-1415)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;SERRÃO, Joel. &lt;i&gt;Pequeno dicionário de história de Portugal&lt;/i&gt;.
Lisboa: Figueirinhas, 1987.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;SILVA, Rosa Virgínia e
Mattos, MACHADO FILHO, Américo Venâncio Lopes (Orgs). &lt;i&gt;O Português quinhentista: estudos lingüísticos&lt;/i&gt;. Salvador: EDUFBA,
Feira de Santana: UEFS, 2002.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;VENÂNCIO, Fernando,
FONSECA, Peixoto da. &lt;i&gt;O português entre as
línguas do mundo&lt;/i&gt;. Coimbra: Almedina, 1985.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABE/ENVIADO%20PARA%20IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABES.doc#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; “É a
guerra que todos os muçulmanos travam contra os infiéis, ou seja, todos os que
ameaçam o Islamismo. Lê-se com efeito no Corão: ‘Combatei em nome de Alá
aqueles que vos combatem’. A guerra santa é uma guerra pela causa de Alá” (MARSEILLE,
1990, p.10).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABE/ENVIADO%20PARA%20IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABES.doc#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
“Expressão utilizada para nomear o processo da formação dos reinos
cristãos&amp;nbsp; da Península (Garcia, 1981,
p.38).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABE/ENVIADO%20PARA%20IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABES.doc#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
“...cultivado pelos genoveses e difundido pelos árabes, foi até o século XIV um
produto exótico e de luxo. Os portugueses, que o conheciam desde o século XII
(...) embarateceram-no e comercializaram-no na Europa como um dos primeiros
produtos no mercado capitalista para-mundial...” (SERRÃO, 1987, p.14).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABE/ENVIADO%20PARA%20IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABES.doc#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; “Trazido
do oriente, possivelmente pelos árabes (...) veio em grande parte substituir o
linho, de tratamento mais moroso. O algodoeiro já era conhecido pelos
portugueses aquando das viagens a África, pois era cultivado no Algarve e no
Vale do Mondego. Mas, os Descobrimentos levaram-nos a encontrar entre os
nativos africanos a exploração desta cultura que, tendo sido estimulada pelos
mercadores do Corão vindos do Norte da África, era já objeto de um comércio
relativamente desenvolvido. O seu grande valor econômico fez com que os
portugueses intensificassem a sua produção, mormente nas regiões tropicais
(...) e o introduzissem no Brasil...” (SERRÃO, 1987, p.41).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn5&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABE/ENVIADO%20PARA%20IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABES.doc#_ftnref5&quot; name=&quot;_ftn5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ver
SILVA, MACHADO FILHO, 2002.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn6&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABE/ENVIADO%20PARA%20IB%C3%89RICA%20-%20%C3%81RABES.doc#_ftnref6&quot; name=&quot;_ftn6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
“...organismo de poder e representação local surgido nas áreas de influência
ibérica” (ARNHOLD, 1991, p.7).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nota:&lt;/b&gt; Artigo originalmente publicado em:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;. O LEGADO ÁRABE NO BRASIL. Ibérica (Juiz de Fora)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;, v. V, p. 4-21, 2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;http://www.estudosibericos.com/arquivos/iberica16/legado-arabe-portugal.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVzgTqWa9tAWa5cLR54AdzGadX4Akfh6YcjsG-m6db3etoWhpJBCr6G1erhV4coGWzhxcg5EOwFmMnaf_TekTYTulKOTK41EKopdb1026_cAd_R84mN5k7xm0hMo1EJ9L5_B0G36W1z6w/s1600/Pir%C3%A2mide+de+Kukulc%C3%A1n.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVzgTqWa9tAWa5cLR54AdzGadX4Akfh6YcjsG-m6db3etoWhpJBCr6G1erhV4coGWzhxcg5EOwFmMnaf_TekTYTulKOTK41EKopdb1026_cAd_R84mN5k7xm0hMo1EJ9L5_B0G36W1z6w/s320/Pir%C3%A2mide+de+Kukulc%C3%A1n.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pirâmide de Kukulcán&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Localizada ao norte da Península de Yucatán, no México, Chichén Itzá é uma das mais importantes cidades da cultura maia, cujas ruínas foram descritas pela primeira vez pelo frade espanhol Diego de Landa em 1566. Sua crônica, &lt;i&gt;Relación de las cosas del Yucatán&lt;/i&gt;, trata não só das ruínas, mas também de histórias que ele recolheu junto aos maias sobre seus antepassados.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;A fundação da cidade se deu por volta de 500 d.C. e seu primeiro senhor foi o sacerdote Lakin Chan do grupo maia itzaes. Em 987 d.C. chegaram os toltecas e Chichén Itzá atingiu seu auge quando outras grandes cidades maias já tinham sido abandonadas, como é o caso de Copán e Palenque.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Os arqueólogos começaram a trabalhar em Chichén Itzá no começo do século XX, quando Edward Thompson descobriu peças no Cenote Sagrado (poço natural usado para fins religiosos e cerimoniais) e a cidade se tornou alvo de interesse da arqueologia internacional. Desse local foram retirados esqueletos humanos e de animais, peças de obsidiana, ouro, jade e cobre, visto que ali eram feitos os sacrifícios aos deuses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Cenote Sagrado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;A cidade se divide em Chichén Antiga e Nova, a primeira em estilo puuc, anterior a 800 d.C., que se caracteriza por edificações baixas e retangulares e a segunda, de princípios do século X d.C., época em que os toltecas habitavam a cidade e fizeram edifícios monumentais com espaços interiores e colunas que representam o deus Kukulcán, a serpente emplumada que os astecas chamavam de Quetzalcóatl.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Entre as ruínas mais importantes, podemos destacar a Pirâmide de Kukulcán, que os espanhóis chamaram de El Castillo. Trata-se de uma pirâmide de 30 metros de altura e 55 de largura com 4 escadarias e sua formação está toda relacionada com o calendário maia e durante os equinócios de primavera e outono ao pôr-do-sol pode-se ver uma serpente formada pelas sombras deslizando pela escada. Dentro dela há outra &amp;nbsp;pirâmide mais antiga, onde se encontrou um trono vermelho com incrustações de jade e um altar para oferendas que é uma figura recostada com um recipiente sobre o peito para receber os corações das vítimas sacrificadas ou as cabeças dos jogadores de bola. O campo onde se realizavam esses jogos ritualísticos, em que os perdedores eram sacrificados aos deuses, é uma área de 165 metros de comprimento por 70 de largura e considera-se o maior do mundo maia. Para além dessas estruturas, destaca-se também El Caracol, um edifício que funcionava como observatório por possuir diversas janelas por onde eram vistos diversos fenômenos astronômicos ao longo do ano. Isso demonstra o alto conhecimento que eles possuíam sobre matemática, astronomia e tantos outros, que beneficiavam a arquitetura, a agricultura e o seu cotidiano como um todo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Campo de jogo de bola&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;El Caracol&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Os toltecas eram guerreiros e isso fez com que os sacrifícios humanos aos deuses aumentassem nesse período e também as conquistas para expansão territorial, convertendo a cidade em centro político e econômico de uma vasta região.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Não se sabe ao certo o que levou ao declínio dessa cidade, pois alguns estudos recentes mostram que foi abandonada no final do século X, junto com as demais cidades maias. Outros acreditam que isso só ocorreu na metade do século XV, quando a liga formada por Chichén Itzá, Uxmal e Mayapán se rompeu e esses grupos se dispersaram.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Bibliografia:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;ALCINA, J. las culturas precolombinas. Madrid: Alianza, 2000.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;PIÑA CHAN, Román. Chichén Itzá. la ciudad de los brujos del agua. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1980.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/feeds/4446329283646969999/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2012/11/chichen-itza-uma-das-mais-belas-cidades.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/4446329283646969999'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/924813609312220262/posts/default/4446329283646969999'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://milatinoamerica.blogspot.com/2012/11/chichen-itza-uma-das-mais-belas-cidades.html' title='CHICHÉN ITZÁ, UMA DAS MAIS BELAS CIDADES DA CULTURA MAIA'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07841027310176021398</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVzgTqWa9tAWa5cLR54AdzGadX4Akfh6YcjsG-m6db3etoWhpJBCr6G1erhV4coGWzhxcg5EOwFmMnaf_TekTYTulKOTK41EKopdb1026_cAd_R84mN5k7xm0hMo1EJ9L5_B0G36W1z6w/s72-c/Pir%C3%A2mide+de+Kukulc%C3%A1n.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-924813609312220262.post-6141373078333110732</id><published>2012-11-16T10:47:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-11-16T10:50:20.661-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="História da América"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Livros e artigos"/><title type='text'>FRONTEIRAS DISCURSIVAS EM CRÔNICAS HISPANO-AMERICANAS DA CONQUISTA</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pintura do muralista peruano Josué Sánchez&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Ao
mergulharmos no imaginário do século XVI, através das linhas de cronistas que
outrora relataram seus feitos e impressões a respeito de si e do outro, deparamo-nos
com a dificuldade inerente àquele que trabalha com uma utensilagem mental&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
diferente da sua. Para descobrirmos as representações coletivas do outro, temos
que nos despir dos hábitos mentais próprios do século XXI e procurar compreender
as palavras e os símbolos que representam a psiquê coletiva do homem do século
XVI&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Conhecer
o mundo andino aos olhos de europeus colonizadores e de ameríndios ladinos&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
é uma tarefa árdua, que remete a discussões teóricas em torno do discurso
utilizado por tais cronistas. Sabemos que tais discursos foram, por vezes,
forjados para atender a necessidades coloniais, mas também, são resultantes das
práticas culturais entre esses povos. A história cultural aborda essa
problemática, procurando perceber as representações culturais de cada grupo e o
por quê de as assim terem construído.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;Interpretações sobre história
cultural&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;O
renascimento da narrativa historiográfica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;,
permite que o historiador faça conjecturas na falta de comprovação dos dados,
desde que deixe evidente esse procedimento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn5&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref5&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;.
Tal metodologia, a nosso ver, reflete a problemática em torno da concepção da
história como forma de conhecimento. O historiador trabalha com documentos
representativos de uma determinada época, que de forma alguma são uma prova&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 32px;&quot;&gt;verossímil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;dessa realidade. Esses documentos fornecem-nos apenas indícios, pistas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn6&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref6&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
do que poderá ter acontecido no passado. Cabe ao historiador, saber
interpretá-los. Poderíamos afirmar então, que a história trata-se de uma forma
de interpretação de signos, pois, o historiador trabalha com narrativas, não de
acontecimentos puros e simples, e sim, de cruzamentos culturais humanos.
Foucault vê no jogo de discursos o meio de apreender as transformações&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn7&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref7&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;
culturais,&amp;nbsp; visto que, para ele, o homem
está condicionado historicamente pelo coletivo, ou seja, o desejo individual é
condicionado pelo mesmo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn8&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref8&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;,
deixando o homem de ser o sujeito histórico e passando a ser sujeito da
enunciação&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn9&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref9&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;.
Para nós, embora o homem represente sua realidade conforme seus
condicionamentos inconscientes, continua sendo ele o mentor de tais discursos,
e por isso, o sujeito histórico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A
história tradicional&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn10&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
baseava-se em documentos oficiais para tratar a história dos acontecimentos
políticos, que ocorriam numa esfera individual&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn11&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Isso acarretava uma visão oficial, unilateral e, por vezes, positivista dessas
fontes documentais. A nova história&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn12&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
ao contrário, volta-se para a análise das estruturas, procurando novas
evidências e a interdisciplinaridade para analisar o coletivo&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn13&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Em alguns casos, a descrição densifica-se, como no caso da micro-história, em
que há uma redução da escala de observação e um estudo intensivo do material
documental&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn14&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[14]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Esse é um procedimento analítico que nos reporta á teoria de Geertz, que
realiza uma descrição densa do comportamento público, procurando o conteúdo
simbólico da ação e o particularismo&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn15&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Essa análise cultural é estática, pois limita-se a uma constatação,
despreocupada com a mecânica do poder. Já Sahlins, analisa dialeticamente as
estruturas e os acontecimentos, fazendo uso do acontecimento para revelar&amp;nbsp; as estruturas da cultura&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn16&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A
história cultural surge como resposta às necessidades metodológicas da nova
história, pois se esta está fragmentada, devido às novas propostas de se
analisar as estruturas e trabalhar o coletivo através da heteroglossia&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn17&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
é a cultura que vai ser utilizada como base para estes procedimentos. Dentro da
história cultural, preocupada com caminhos alternativos, temos diferentes
modelos de análise, que trabalham as interpenetrações culturais&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn18&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[18]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
através da representação e do conflito de discursos culturais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Chartier
analisa a representação em relação ao mundo social, como sendo um conjunto de
práticas culturais em que os atores sociais interagem produzindo uma cultura
específica. Desse modo, as práticas de apropriação cultural permitem formas
diferenciadas de interpretação&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn19&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Para Chartier, as relações econômicas e
sociais estão inseridas nesse campo de práticas culturais&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn20&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[20]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
deixando de lado a dicotomia cultura letrada e cultura popular e a diferenciação
entre análise interna individual e abordagem externa coletiva&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn21&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Inspirado
na obra de Mikhail Bakhtin sobre Rabelais, onde aparece implícita a noção de
circularidade&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn22&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[22]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
Ginzburg propõe abertamente este conceito, ao utilizá-lo para tratar os conflitos
culturais ocorridos entre os representantes da cultura popular e da letrada&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn23&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[23]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Para ele, é através desta circularidade cultural, que se originam as formações
sociais híbridas, como exemplificado no estereótipo do sabá apresentado no
livro &lt;b&gt;História Noturna&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn24&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[24]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A
história cultural, tem portanto,&lt;i&gt; por
principal objecto identificar o modo como em diferentes lugares e momentos uma
determinada realidade social é construída, pensada, dada a ler&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn25&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;[25]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.
Reiteramos nosso posicionamento, ao procurarmos interpretar os signos culturais
que nos são deixados em crônicas e documentos antigos, rejeitando uma simples
constatação e analisando a narrativa a respeito dos acontecimentos da época e
também, o resultado das trocas culturais representadas nesses textos.&amp;nbsp; É na confluência dos discursos letrados e
populares, que buscaremos tais realidades culturais e sociais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Na
apropriação cultural, os atores sociais interagindo, realizam a dinâmica da
produção de cultura.&amp;nbsp; Ao utilizarmos
textos antigos originados nesse processo, conforme a teoria de Chartier,
devemos analisá-los tendo claro, que o relato falado é diferente do texto
impresso, bem como, o ato de escrever é distinto da confecção de um livro&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn26&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref26&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[26]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
As práticas de impressão, permitem a consolidação de sociabilidades e a determinação
de comportamentos&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn27&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref27&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Ao analisarmos as crônicas do século XVI,&amp;nbsp;
que tratam da história andina no período da conquista, estamos lidando
com um conjunto de informações que são a representação desse mundo indígena,
aos olhos de europeus, mestiços e autóctones impregnados de traços culturais
espanhóis. Podemos considerar que os textos resultantes dessa apropriação
cultural representam uma nova realidade, que acabará por ser assimilada e
sociabilizada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Complementando
o posicionamento teórico de Chartier, lançamos mão da circularidade cultural,
que Ginzburg observa entre letrados e populares, para analisarmos as crônicas.
Chartier não admite essa dicotomia, porém, é no entrecruzamento cultural
erudito e folclórico, que podemos vislumbrar a formação de uma cultura
específica. Dificilmente, dentro de um círculo cultural popular sem influência
externa de traços culturais eruditos, poderá formar-se outra representação
cultural. A oposição faz-se necessária para desconstrução e construção de novos
parâmetros culturais, sem que as características básicas de cada cultura sejam
completamente perdidas. Se &lt;i&gt;as fronteiras
são criadas pelas exigências da interação social&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn28&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref28&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;acreditamos que fronteiras discursivas
aparecem nessa interação cultural.&lt;b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pintura do muralista peruano Josué Sánchez&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Crônicas quinhentistas e o ayllu
andino&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A
alteridade está expressa nas crônicas espanholas do século XVI, pois retratam o
relacionamento do “eu” com o “outro”, mostrando primeiro o julgamento de valor
que os conquistadores faziam, procurando aproximarem-se ou distanciarem-se e
depois conhecendo ou ignorando por completo a identidade do “outro”. Os
espanhóis perceberam que a comunicação estava ligada ao poder e que o domínio
dos signos autóctones podia propiciar a conquista. Baseados nessa concepção,
procuraram compreender o “outro”, para dominá-lo e depois destruí-lo&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn29&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref29&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Ao
conquistarem o Tahuantinsuyu, mais conhecido como Império Inca, não foi
diferente. O espanhol que aí chegou, ou desprezou essa nova cultura ou procurou
conhecê-la, comparando-a a características familiares&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn30&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref30&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
para então dominar essa população. Do relacionamento entre espanhóis e a
população local, frutificaram muitas representações culturais expressas em
documentos e crônicas quinhentistas. Houve sim, uma desestruturação&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn31&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref31&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
do mundo indígena, mas devido às fronteiras discursivas em que essas culturas
antagônicas puderam encontrar-se, eclodiu uma cultura, que poderíamos denominar
híbrida, segundo Ginzburg, ou mestiça, conforme Gruzinski&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn32&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref32&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Para&amp;nbsp; exemplificarmos essa dinâmica cultural, que
foi expressa de forma discursiva por cronistas, abordaremos as mudanças
ocorridas com o &lt;i&gt;ayllu &lt;/i&gt;andino no
período inicial da colonização espanhola. O &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt;
trata-se de uma estrutura indígena, que no período pré-colonial conformava um
grupo ligado por laços de parentesco, possuidor ou não de um espaço territorial
delimitado&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn33&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref33&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Era também, o símbolo do inconsciente
coletivo andino, a unidade simbólica mítica, social, econômica e política. Os
cronistas espanhóis&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn34&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref34&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
apropriaram-se do significante e não do significado do &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt;, permitindo diversas interpretações aculturadas. Esses
cronistas descreveram o &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt; de
acordo com seus critérios mentais, conferindo-lhe por vezes, uma conotação
territorial baseada em suas próprias concepções de comunidade camponesa. Essa
prática deveu-se não só à incompreensão diante de um mundo organizado de forma
distinta do seu, mas também à necessidade de atender a interesses viabilizantes
do sistema organizativo colonial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A
colonização espanhola na região andina, implantou um sistema monárquico
centralizador, para o qual, era necessário o controle das comunidades locais.
Para tanto, era necessário convencê-los, tornar natural&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn35&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref35&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
a sua supremacia, inserindo o &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt;
nos padrões europeus de comunidade camponesa. Esperava-se com isso, que os
chefes locais passassem a prestar obediência aos representantes da coroa
espanhola, seguindo as normas estabelecidas e expressas nos discursos que
atendiam aos interesses institucionais&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn36&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref36&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
A concepção territorial auferida ao &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt;,
não foi portanto, apenas um resultado da incompreensão da simbologia indígena
por parte dos espanhóis, mas principalmente,&amp;nbsp;
um instrumento de controle social e econômico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;No período colonial, o &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt; configura-se como um espaço territorial&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn37&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref37&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp; visto que é durante o período toledano, que
vários ayllus são reagrupados para conformarem reduções, conferindo-lhes um
caráter espacial&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn38&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref38&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
O &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt; colonial, poderia tratar-se
apenas de um resultado de práticas culturais compartilhadas entre os diferentes
grupos, porém, devido às diversas representações a ele atribuídas pelos cronistas
desde o período da conquista, conjecturamos que tais discursos também atendiam
à necessidade de legitimar o poder espanhol,&amp;nbsp;
convertendo o &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt; em núcleo
produtivo e passível de controle&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn39&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref39&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
As crônicas indígenas&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn40&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref40&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
de que dispomos, foram redigidas durante o período colonial por indivíduos que
viveram um processo de aculturação, em que sua utensilagem mental mesclou-se a
traços culturais europeus, originando um discurso mestiço&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn41&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref41&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;O
&lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt; colonial nasce nessa fronteira
discursiva, em que a visão européia e indígena se encontram, dando origem a
essa nova concepção, que de representação passa a prática. Fronteiras são
simbólicas e construídas pela necessidade de diferenciação entre grupos, que se
reconhecem entre si, através de traços culturais representados em sinais,
símbolos e discursos. Quando culturas diferentes interagem, essas fronteiras
rompem-se parcialmente, permitindo o surgimento de representações culturais
distintas. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Considerações finais&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;As
crônicas do século XVI representam o resultado da confluência de discursos
culturais distintos. O processo de alteridade vivido por espanhóis e indígenas,
em que ambos procuram conhecer o outro recorrendo a referências culturais
familiares, demonstra a existência de fronteiras discursivas propicias a uma
interação cultural.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Numa
análise contemporânea sobre fronteiras culturais da nação, Komi Bhabha&amp;nbsp; coloca que as fronteiras são entrelugares,
através dos quais, as significações de autoridade cultural e política são
negociadas e que na diferença cultural estabelecem-se novas formas de
significado e estratégias de identificação, onde não se pode estabelecer uma
autoridade discursiva sem que a própria diferença seja revelada&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn42&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref42&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Aplicando-se
essa premissa na análise das crônicas quinhentistas, percebemos que essas
narrativas são resultantes da negociação de diferenças e familiaridades
ocorridas na fronteira discursiva dessas culturas. Essas fronteiras são
perceptíveis e marcantes, mas permitem a formação de um discurso cultural
híbrido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Para
se garantir a intelegibilidade de uma mensagem é necessário o reconhecimento de
discursos desterritorializados&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftn43&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref43&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Ao utilizarem referências culturais comuns, os cronistas espanhóis e indígenas
do século XVI, procuraram a princípio estabalecer um sistema de comunicação e
posteriormente a legitimação de um discurso cultural preponderante.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 200%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Na
análise específica do significado do &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt;
andino, após o encontro de distintos discursos culturais, foi-lhe atribuído uma
acepção compreensível aos dois grupos. A partir do período colonial, o &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt; representava algo distinto do que
havia sido em tempos incaicos e na prática, converteu-se em estrutura beneficiadora
da política colonial espanhola.&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Fevbre,
Lucien. &lt;b&gt;Le problème de l’incroyance au
16e siècle; &lt;/b&gt;la religion de Rabelais. Paris: Albin Michel, 1988, p. 328.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Chartier, Roger. &lt;b&gt;A história cultural; &lt;/b&gt;entre
práticas e representações. Lisboa: Difel, 1990, p. 37.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Índios alfabetizadas e evangelizados pelos espanhóis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Burke,
PeterA história dos acontecimentos e o renascimento da narrativa. In: BURKE,
Peter (Org.). &lt;b&gt;A escrita da história; &lt;/b&gt;novas
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Ginzburg, Carlo. Provas e possibilidades à margem de “Il ritorno de Martin
Guerre”, de Natalie Zemon Davis. In: &lt;b&gt;A
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Ginzburg, Carlo. Sinais: Raízes de um paradigma indiciário. In: &lt;b&gt;Mitos, emblemas, sinais; &lt;/b&gt;morfologia e
história. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1990 , pp. 143-179.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref7&quot; name=&quot;_ftn7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; O’Brien,
Patricia. A história da cultura de Michel Foucault. In: HUNT, Lynn. &lt;b&gt;A nova história cultural&lt;/b&gt;. São Paulo:
Martins Fontes, &amp;nbsp;1992, p. 59.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn8&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref8&quot; name=&quot;_ftn8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Foucault
retorna ao sujeito nos volumes II e III da História da Sexualidade, sendo que
um sujeito com desejos, visto que está trabalhando com um referencial
histórico, que parte da Antigüidade Greco-romana e não somente do Renascimento,
como o fez em outras obras&amp;nbsp; In: Foucault,
Michel.&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Histoire du sexualitè.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Paris: Gallimard,
1984. V.II: L’usage des plaisirs. &lt;/span&gt;V.III: Le souci de soi. 1984.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref9&quot; name=&quot;_ftn9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Foucault, Michel. &lt;b&gt;A arqueologia do saber&lt;/b&gt;.
5.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Forense Universitária, 1997.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn10&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref10&quot; name=&quot;_ftn10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Sobre a
história tradicional, Peter Burke coloca: &lt;i&gt;“A
forma dominante, porém, tem sido a narrativa dos acontecimentos políticos e
militares, apresentada como a história dos grandes feitos de grandes
homens-chefes militares e reis. Foi durante o Iluminismo que ocorreu, pela
primeira vez, uma contestação a esse tipo de narrativa histórica” In:&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;A Escola dos Annales (1929-1989)&lt;/b&gt;; a
Revolução Francesa da historiografia. 2.ed. São Paulo: Unesp, 1992c,&amp;nbsp; p. 17.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn11&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref11&quot; name=&quot;_ftn11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Burke,
Peter. Abertura: a nova história, seu passado e seu futuro. In: BURKE, Peter
(Org.). &lt;b&gt;A escrita da história; &lt;/b&gt;novas
perspectivas. São Paulo: Unesp, 1992a, pp. 10-13.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn12&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref12&quot; name=&quot;_ftn12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[12]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; A nova
história é resultado da contribuição do grupo dos&lt;i&gt; Annales,&lt;/i&gt; que&lt;i&gt; “...ampliou o
território da história, abrangendo áreas inesperadas do comportamento humano e
a grupos sociais negligenciados pelos historiadores tradicionais. Essas
extensões do território histórico estão vinculadas à descoberta de novas fontes
e ao desenvolvimento de novos métodos para explorá-las. Estão também associadas
à colaboração com outras ciências, ligadas ao estudo da humanidade, da
geografia&amp;nbsp; à lingüística, da economia à
psicologia. Essa colaboração interdisciplinar manteve-se por mais de sessenta
anos, um fenômeno sem precedentes na história das ciências sociais”&lt;/i&gt; (Burke,
op.cit., 1992c, pp. 126-127).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn13&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref13&quot; name=&quot;_ftn13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[13]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Burke, op. cit., 1992a, pp. 12-16.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn14&quot;&gt;
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Giovanni. Sobre a micro-história. In: BURKE, Peter (Org.). &lt;b&gt;A escrita da história;&lt;/b&gt; novas perspectivas. São Paulo: Unesp, 1992,
p. 136.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref15&quot; name=&quot;_ftn15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[15]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Geertz,
Clifford. &lt;b&gt;A interpretação das culturas&lt;/b&gt;.
Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 1989, pp. 13-41.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn16&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref16&quot; name=&quot;_ftn16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[16]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Sahlins &lt;b&gt;Apud &lt;/b&gt;Burke, op. cit., 1992b, p. 346.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn17&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref17&quot; name=&quot;_ftn17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[17]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Burke, op. cit., 1992a, pp. 14-16.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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Vainfas, Ronaldo. História das mentalidades e história cultural. In: CARDOSO,
Ciro Flamarion, VAINFAS, Ronaldo (Orgs.). &lt;b&gt;Domínios
da história: ensaios de teoria e metodologia&lt;/b&gt;. Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 1997,
p. 152.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref19&quot; name=&quot;_ftn19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[19]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Chartier, op. cit., 1990, p. 28.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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Lynn. &lt;b&gt;A nova história cultural&lt;/b&gt;. São
Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1992,&amp;nbsp; p. 9.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref21&quot; name=&quot;_ftn21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[21]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Chartier, op. cit., 1990, pp.
54-55.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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Renascimento: o contexto de François Rabelais&lt;/b&gt;. 2.ed. São Paulo-Brasília:
Edunb/Hucitec, 1993.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Vainfas, op. cit., 1997, p. 152.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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Ginzburg, Carlo. &lt;b&gt;História noturna; &lt;/b&gt;decifrando
o sabá. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;1991b, p. 22. Ao analisar a história da Santidade
ameríndia de Jaguaripe, Ronaldo Vainfas a define enquanto exemplo de hibridismo
cultural e de triunfo do colonialismo, &lt;b&gt;A
heresia dos índios; &lt;/b&gt;catolicismo e rebeldia no Brasil colonial. São Paulo:
Companhia das Letras, 1995, p. 228.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn25&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
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Chartier, op. cit., 1990, pp. 16-17.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn26&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
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Chartier, Roger. Textos, impressão, leituras. In: HUNT, Lynn. &lt;b&gt;A nova história cultural&lt;/b&gt;. São Paulo:
Martins Fontes, 1992, p. 218 e 219.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn27&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref27&quot; name=&quot;_ftn27&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[27]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Idem,
1992, p.237.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn28&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref28&quot; name=&quot;_ftn28&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[28]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Guibernau, Montserrat. &lt;b&gt;Nacionalismos;&lt;/b&gt;
o estado nacional e o nacionalismo no século XX. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar,
1997, p.91.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn29&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref29&quot; name=&quot;_ftn29&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[29]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; A
questão da alteridade é analisada por Todorov na obra&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;A
conquista da América&lt;/i&gt;, 1988.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn30&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref30&quot; name=&quot;_ftn30&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[30]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Souza,
Laura de Mello e. O conjunto: América diabólica. In: &lt;b&gt;Inferno Atlântico;&lt;/b&gt; demonologia e colonização. Séculos XVI-XVIII. São Paulo: Companhia das
Letras, 1993, p.26.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn31&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref31&quot; name=&quot;_ftn31&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[31]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;... &lt;i&gt;“por el término&amp;nbsp; de ‘desestruturación’ entendemos la
supervivencia de estructuras antiguas o de elementos parciales de ellas, pero
fuera del contexto relativamente coherente en el cual se situaban...”&amp;nbsp; &lt;/i&gt;Wachtel, Nathan. &lt;b&gt;Los vencidos. Los indios del Perú frente a la conquista española
(1530-1570)&lt;/b&gt;. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1976b, p.135.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn32&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref32&quot; name=&quot;_ftn32&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[32]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; “&lt;i&gt;El mestizaje no fue sólo yuxtaposición o
adición. Pudo generar formas culturales nuevas que se ubicaron más allá de la
tradición americana y de las importaciones occidentales” &lt;/i&gt;(Gruzinski, Serge.
Las repercusiones de la conquista: la experiencia novohispana. In: BERNAND,
Carmen (Org.). &lt;b&gt;Descubrimiento, conquista
y colonización de América a quinientos años&lt;/b&gt;. México: FCE, 1994, p.169).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn33&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref33&quot; name=&quot;_ftn33&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[33]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Portugal, Ana Raqel M. da C. M. &lt;b&gt;O
conceito de ayllu nas crônicas de interesse peruano do século XVI&lt;/b&gt;.
Dissertação de mestrado em História da Unisinos/RS, 1995, p. 97.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn34&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref34&quot; name=&quot;_ftn34&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[34]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Sobre a
acepção de &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt; tida pelos cronistas
espanhóis Cieza de León (1551), Juan de Matienzo (1567) e José de Acosta
(1590), ver Portugal, Ana Raquel M. da C. M. Síntese analítica da concepção de &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt; em crônicas do século XVI. &lt;b&gt;Estudos Leopoldenses&lt;/b&gt;. v.32, n.148,
jul/ago, 1996, pp.91-95.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn35&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref35&quot; name=&quot;_ftn35&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[35]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Bourdieu, Bobbio &lt;b&gt;Apud &lt;/b&gt;Campos, Pedro
Marcelo Pasche de. As marcas do poder: Inquisição e normatização no início da
Época Moderna. &lt;b&gt;Praia Grande;&lt;/b&gt; caderno
de História. n.1, ano II, Niterói: Eduff, 1998, pp.65-66.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn36&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref36&quot; name=&quot;_ftn36&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[36]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Esse é
o período em que nasce o Estado moderno, que para afirmar-se, recorre a
instrumentos que lhe permitam acumular um capital simbólico-cultural
legitimador, usado para formar no seio da população um consenso e uma aceitação
do poder da Coroa. Paralelo a esse processo, ocorre a Reforma religiosa, que
também cria elementos pedagógicos e difusores de uma cultura específica. Estado
e Igreja atuaram paralelamente, utilizando métodos e estratégias de aculturação
(Campos, op. cit., 1998, pp.71-72).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn37&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref37&quot; name=&quot;_ftn37&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[37]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; A
respeito da concepção territorial atribuída ao ayllu por cronistas do século
XVI, ver também: Pease, Franklin. Ayllu y parcialidad, reflexiones sobre el
caso de Collaguas; Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, María. La voz parcialidad en
su contexto en los siglos XVI y XVII.&amp;nbsp; e
Espinoza Soriano, Waldemar. El fundamento territorial del ayllu serrano. Siglos
XV y XVI. In: CASTELLI, Amalia, PAREDE, Marcia Koth, PEASE, Mariana Mould de. &lt;b&gt;Etnohistoria y antropología andina&lt;/b&gt;.
Lima: Centro de Projección Cristiana, 1981.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn38&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref38&quot; name=&quot;_ftn38&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[38]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Portugal, op. cit., 1996, p. 99.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn39&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref39&quot; name=&quot;_ftn39&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[39]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; “&lt;i&gt;They therefore wanted the Indians in accessible locations near their
farms and mines, so that they could have no pretext for resistance. Thus, under
the guise of aiding, instructing, and indoctrinating them ‘in order that they
shall not live scattered in the lands and forests, deprived of all spiritual
benefit and of living in good order (polícia)’, their reduction (reducción) was
ordered. This consisted of compelling&amp;nbsp;
them to abandon villages, which were located on their original marcas (communal
lands), to move to open, flat places, which the conquerors chose. The new towns
established on these locations included the inhabitants of two, three or more
ayllus which were thus reduced to only one comunity” &lt;/i&gt;In: Pozo, Hildebrando
Castro. Social and economico-political evolution of the communities of Central
Perú. In: STEWARD, H. Julian. &lt;b&gt;Handbook
of South American Indians&lt;/b&gt;. New York: Cooper Square Publishers INC, 1963.
V.2: The Andean Civilizations, edited by Julian H. Steward, p.489.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn40&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref40&quot; name=&quot;_ftn40&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[40]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Sobre a
conotação de &lt;i&gt;ayllu&lt;/i&gt; entre cronistas
indígenas Garcilsaso de &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;la Vega&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;la Vega&lt;/st1:personname&gt;
(1609), Joan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti (1613) e Guaman Poma de Ayala (1615), ver
Ana Portugal, op. cit., 1996, pp.95-98.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn41&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref41&quot; name=&quot;_ftn41&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[41]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; “&lt;i&gt;Junto con las crónicas españolas existen
también relatos escritos por indígenas o mestizos durante la época colonial:
Titu Cussi Yupanqui, Guamán Poma de Ayala, Joan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti y
Garcilaso de &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;la Vega. Algunos&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;la Vega.
 Algunos&lt;/st1:personname&gt; investigadores han acentuado las características
‘andinas’ de estos escritores, privilegiando la fuerza de la sangre sobre la
educación. La visión que estas narraciones nos brindan sobre el mundo indígena
y colonial es una visión mestiza, que trata de conciliar el pasado con los
principios universales del cristianismo”&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;
(Bernand, Carmen. &lt;b&gt;Descubrimiento,
conquista y colonización de América a quinientos años&lt;/b&gt;. Mexico: FCE, 1994,
pp.71-72).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn42&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref42&quot; name=&quot;_ftn42&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[42]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Bhabha,
Komi K. &lt;b&gt;Narrando a Nação e DissemiNação:
tempo, narrativa e as margens da nação moderna&lt;/b&gt;. Trad. Glória Maria de Mello
Carvalho. Mimeo, Belo Horizonte, 1995, pag. 4 e 27.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn43&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Meus%20Documentos/RAQUEL/ARTIGOS/ARTIGOS%20PUBLICADOS/Fronteiras%20discursivas%20-%20Pol%C3%B4nia.doc#_ftnref43&quot; name=&quot;_ftn43&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;[43]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Ortiz,
Renato. &lt;b&gt;Mundialização e cultura&lt;/b&gt;.
2.ed. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1996, p.128.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 12.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;NOTA:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Artigo originalmente publicado em:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;PORTUGAL, Ana Raquel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;. Fronteiras discursivas em crônicas hispano-americanas da conquista. &lt;b&gt;Itinerarios &lt;/b&gt;(Warszawa)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;background-attachment: scroll; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border: 0px none; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #326c99; line-height: 15px;&quot;&gt;, Varsóvia, v. 4, n.4, p. 151-160, 2001.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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