mond2020

Outcrops in Laplace A |Moon

2012-02-09T09:00:00.000-08:00

Debris flows and outcrops exposed in the walls of Laplace A crater. Illumination from southwest, image is ~525 m across, down-slope is to the right, LROC NAC M137725771R

[NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

Continue reading "Outcrops in Laplace A"

A Recent Journey |LROC

2012-02-07T10:51:00.000-08:00

A large boulder stopped on its way down a sloping wall in the central peak complex of Schiller crater (51.8°S, 40.0°W). Illumination from the north, image is ~500 m across, NAC M109502471L

[NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

Continue reading "A Recent Journey"

Craggy Peak, Impact Melts |LROC

2012-01-14T06:07:00.000-08:00

Northern slope of one of four central peaks in Hayn crater, on the northern edge of Humboldtianum basin. Downslope direction is from
top to bottom (North is down), image field of view is 594 meters, sunlight is
from upper left. LROC NAC observation M128754462L, orbit 4108, resolution 0.54 meters from 51.78 kilometers. View the full size LROC Featured Image HERE
[NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

Hiroyuki Sato

LROC News System

Due to the tremendous energy released by an impact event large portions of the target rock is melted. This impact melt forms distinctive flows and ponds both inside and outside of its parent crater. In many young craters the #LROC-NAC has captured deposits that look as if they formed yesterday.

Today's Featured Image is on the northern slope of the Hayn crater central peak. Due to the peak's steepness, it is rough and craggy. In many places on the peak wavy deposits are seen between crags and blocks; these deposits are most likely impact melt. Truly amazing, first the central peak formed then impact melt splashed down and coated it. If this interpretation is correct you can say that the peak formed in matter of a few seconds, quickly enough that melt that was thrown during the impact had not yet landed! Quantitative measurements of these kind of spectacular outcrops, using new accurate topography from LROC NAC stereo will help reveal how impact craters form.

#LROC QuickMap WAC monochrome 125 meter per pixel projection of Hayn and vicinty, centered at 64.34°N, 83.94°E. The yellow arrow
indicates the locations of LROC Featured Image field of view
[#NASA/#GSFC/#Arizona-State-University].

Hayn is an exceptionally deep crater because it is situated just within the northern mountainous ring of 550 km-wide Humboldtianum basin, which extends far beyond its deep interior Mare Humboldtianum. The entire basin straddles the 90° east meridian, though Mare Humboldtianum is a nearside basin visible at favorable lunar librations. The floor of Hayn is 4.9 kilometers below global mean elevation and it's northern crater rim is still more than a half kilometer below global mean. The mountain directly north of Hayn, a worn remnant of the Humboldtianum basin rim is 2.3 kilometers above global mean, nearly a seven thousand meter change in elevation over the eighty kilometers between that massif and the center of Hayn. LROC Wide Angle Camera (WAC) 100 meter per pixel digital terrain model, color shaded relief, orthographic projection centered on 60° east [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

Explore the craggy peak and impact melt deposits, both on the peak and the floor of Hayn crater, HERE.

Related Posts:

On the floor of Green M

Splash and flow

Ejecta in Tycho crater

Natural Bridge on the Moon!

Lunar Pioneer, LLP

The Lunar Century
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GRAIL-A |inorbit

2012-01-01T07:54:00.000-08:00

GRAIL-A arrived successfully in lunar orbit, New Years Eve.
GRAIL-B is thirty hours behind, scheduled to arrive for the
tandem high-precision lunar gravity mapping mission on
the first day of 2012, when the United States will have five
spacecraft in orbit around the Moon for the first time [NASA].
Read the full story HERE.
Lunar Pioneer, LLP
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Live Webcasts of Total Lunar Eclipse

2011-12-09T07:47:00.000-08:00

In case you are clouded out of this Saturday's Total Lunar Eclipse,

here is a list of live webcam events that I know of (I'll post more as I find them).

Some of these may be over subscribed, so try a couple.

Slooh Events
Amateur Astronomers Association Delhi
Astronomers Without Borders
Live webcast of 10th Dec Lunar Eclipse
Night Skies Networks
Live webcast of 10th Dec Lunar Eclipse From Dedicated Domain
SEMS University of North Dakota SEMS project 3 minutes of totality from Grand Forks.
SWAN from India.

Quelle: Ian Musgrave

Look at Moon |Photos

2011-12-07T06:30:00.000-08:00

Look at the Moon... oh wait!

Mr. Moon Wizzard again
quelle: Tanja Rathjen

Lichtenberg B Flow |LRCO

2011-12-03T03:54:00.000-08:00

Starting at the rim of the crater Lichtenberg B, impact melt flowed and formed a channel, pushing boulders aside in the process. LROC NAC M120257109R, image width is 430 m, incidence angle is 57°

[NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

Quell: NASA/GSFC - LROC

Detour! |Moon

2011-11-28T13:03:00.000-08:00

A high albedo granular flow traveled down the wall of Dionysius crater. Why is the flow curving around the crater floor?

LROC NAC M111484008R, image width is 500 m [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

quelle: LROC News System

Shades of Grey |Moon

2011-11-23T06:51:00.000-08:00

Two streaks of high and low reflectance blocky ejecta from the same crater. A large boulder rests in the low reflectance deposit. LROC NAC M168862555R, image width is 500 m

[NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

Quelle:

Continue reading "Shades of Grey"

LROC Moon |Nature's Art

2011-11-18T05:12:00.000-08:00

Western half of an unusual unnamed crater and its ejecta near the center
of Mare Serenitatis. LROC Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) observation
M139795376L, LRO orbit 5735, September 22, 2010; field of view
600 meters, incidence angle 28° from an altitude of 43.91 kilometers.
View the full size LROC Featured Image HERE [NASA/GSFC/Arizona
State University].

Hiroyuki Sato

LROC News System

In many cases crater ejecta patterns on the Moon
result in natural art.

Unlike the ejecta on the Earth and Mars, ejecta on th
Moon does not interact with an atmosphere.

Thus the final pattern on the ground is solely a reflection the
dynamics of impact cratering. Today's Featured Image highlights
the western half of an unnamed crater located in the middle of
Mare Serenitatis. The crater diameter is about
470 meters.

Context view of today's Featured Image, showing a wider view
of the unnamed crater ejecta. Field of view close to the full
2.2 kilometer width of LROC NAC frame M139795376L.
See the larger context image accompanying the image
release HERE [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

As seen in the second picture (a zoom-out of the same NAC frame), one third of the ejecta blanket (the western portion) is missing, probably due to an oblique impact from west to east. In the top image (near the crater center), almost all of the boulders are ejected in the northwest and southwest direction. The fine particles, however, extend out to the west in patterns not unlike a delicate lace. Studying the full variety of craters with distinctive ejecta patterns is key to understanding the dynamics of oblique impact events.

LROC Wide Angle Camera (WAC) 100 meter per-pixel monochrome
mosaic of the center of the Mare Serenitatis basin. The yellow arrow
and blue square show the location of the LROC Featured Image and
the full NAC observation's footprint.
See the larger WAC context image HERE [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State
University].

Explore this beautiful ejecta blanket in the full NAC frame!

Another very familiar crater famous for its asymmetric
ejecta and as a nearside landmark of the Moon in an evening
sky is bright Proclus - with lighthouse rays guarding "the gates"
separating distinctive Palus Somni from Mare Crisium. View
of the crater from Earth on March 29, 2010 from a
spectacular full lunar disk mosaic by Astronominsk compared
with LRO Nominal Mission LROC WAC image
[Aстроноmинск (Луна) - NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

Related posts:

Ray of boulders

Slice of Mare

How did I form?

Asymmetric Ejecta

Lunar Pioneer, LLP

Quelle:
thx at |The Lunar Century Group News Traffic via Lunar Networks

Nature's Art |Moon

2011-11-17T13:17:00.000-08:00

Western half of an unnamed crater and its ejecta located near the center of Mare Serenitatis.

Image width is 600 m, incidence angle 28°,

LROC NAC M139795376L

[NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

Quelle: Continue reading "Nature's Art"

Astronomy Videos |Mond

2011-11-12T11:55:00.000-08:00

Link: Mond Videos

Ausgesuchte Mond Videos auf YouTube!

36 Videos
1:06:48 Dauer

Viel Spaß! & Danke an Producer!

News |Lunar Networks

2011-11-08T06:21:00.000-08:00

"Slide show" comparing an illumination model of the lunar north pole region, made using a three-dimensional printer and LRO laser altimetry by Howard Fink of New York University, with standard representations of LOLA data and one LROC WAC mosaic
[Howard Fink/NYU/NASA/GSFC/ASU].

Paul D. Spudis

The Once & Future Moon

Smithsonian Air & Space

Of all the wonders depicted in science fiction books and movies, one of the most intriguing is the machine that makes anything
that you need or desire. Merely enter a detailed plan, or push the
button for items programmed into the machine – dials twirl, the machine
hums and out pops what you requested. Technology gives us Aladdin’s
Lamp. A handy device that will find many uses.

We’re not quite there yet but crude versions of such imagined
machines already exist. These machines are called “rapid prototype”
generators or three-dimensional printers.
They take digitized information about the dimensions and shape of an
object and use that data to control a fabricator that re-creates the
object using a variety of different materials. Typically, these
machines use easy to mold plastics and epoxy resins but in principle,
any material could be used to create virtually any object.

3-D printers contribute to the advancement our understanding of lunar morphology, as LRO fills long-neglected gaps in lunar morphology. Malapert Massif (85.9°S, 0.42°E). From an 80 meter resolution image of the South Pole region of the Moon built from a 20 meter original supplied by the LRO/LOLA science team [Howard Fink/NYU].

For comparison nearly the same area modeled by laser altimetry (LOLA) above, Malapert from the LROC Wide Angle Camera (WAC) RDR 100 meter Global Mosaic [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

What’s the relevance of this technology to spaceflight and to the Moon? One of the key objects of lunar return is to learn how to use the material and energy resources of the Moon
to create new capabilities. To date, we have focused our attention on
simple raw materials like bulk regolith (soil) and the water found at
the poles. It makes sense to initially limit our resource utilization
ambitions to simple materials that are both useful and relatively
massive, which currently have those killer transportation costs when
delivered from Earth. Bulk regolith has many different uses, such as shielding (e.g., rocket exhaust blast berms) as well as raw material for simple surface structures.

However, once we are on the Moon and have met the basic necessities
of life, we can begin to experiment with making and using more complex
products. In effect, the inhabitants of the Moon will begin to create
more complicated parts and items from what they find around them, just
outside their door. The techniques of three-dimensional printing will
allow us to discover what makes life off-planet easier and more
productive. We will experiment by using the local materials to maintain
and repair equipment, build new structures, and finally begin
off-planet manufacturing.

To illustrate the obliquity of the view angle and the problem posed in gathering information about the tantalizing but permanently shadowed regions of the Moon, Shackleton crater, with the Moon's South Pole on its rim (upper left) together with Malapert Massif on the horizon, seen with Earth as a back drop. HDTV still from Japan's Kaguya orbiter released November 2007 [JAXA/NHK/SELENE].

During the early stages of lunar habitation, material and equipment
will be brought from Earth. With continued use, particularly in the
harsh lunar surface environment, breakdowns will occur. Although
initially we will use spare parts from Earth, for simple uncomplicated
structures that are needed quickly, a three-dimensional printer can make
substitute parts using local resource materials found near the
outpost. Most existing 3-D printers on Earth use plastics and related materials
(which are complex carbon-based compounds, mostly derived from
petroleum) but some processing has used concrete, which can be made on
the Moon from sieved regolith and water. In addition, we also know that
regolith can be fused into ceramic using microwaves,
so rapid prototyping activities on the Moon may eventually find that
partially melting particulate matter into glass is another way to create
useful objects.

The lunar surface is a good source of material and energy useful in creating a wide variety of objects. I mentioned simple ceramics and aggregates, but additionally, a variety of metals (including iron, aluminum and titanium) are available on the Moon. Silicon for making electronic components and solar cells is abundant on the Moon. Designs for robotic rovers
that literally fuse the in-place upper surface of the lunar regolith
into electricity-producing solar cells have already been imagined and
prototyped. We can outsource solar energy jobs to the Moon!

These technical developments lead to mind-boggling possibilities. Back in the 1940s, the mathematician John von Neumann imagined what he called “self-replicating automata,”
small machines that could process information to reproduce themselves
at exponential rates. Interestingly, von Neumann himself thought of the
idea of using such automata in space, where both energy and materials
are (quite literally) unlimited. A machine that contains the
information and the ability to reproduce itself may ultimately be the
tool humanity needs to “conquer” space. Hordes of reproducing robots
could prepare a planet for colonization as well as providing safe havens
and habitats.

We can experiment on the Moon with self-replicating machines because
it contains the necessary material and energy resources. Of course, in
the near-term, we will simply use this new technology to create spare
parts and perhaps simple objects that we find serve our immediate and
utilitarian needs. But things like this have a habit of evolving far
beyond their initial envisioned use, and often in directions that we do
not expect; we are not smart enough to imagine what we don’t know. The
technology of three-dimensional printing will make the habitation of the
Moon – our nearest neighbor in space – easier and more productive.
Even now, creative former NASA workers have found a way to make this technology pay off. In the future, perhaps their talents could be applied to making the Moon a second home to humanity.

Originally published October 24, 2011 at his Smithsonian Air & Space blog The Once and Future Moon,
Dr. Spudis is a Senior Staff Scientist at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston. The opinions expressed are those of the author and
are better informed than average.

Lunar Pioneer, LLP

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#GRAIL "Bon voyage"!

2011-09-11T05:05:00.000-07:00

GRAIL auf dem Weg zum Mond
========================

Am 10. September startete eine Delta-II Rakete mit den beiden Zwillingssonden GRAIL-A und –B an Bord in Richtung Mond.

The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory mission will create the most accurate gravitational map of the moon to date.

Hier kurz vor dem Start:

Nach zweitägiger Verspätung wie vorgesehen, verlief nun alles reibungslos und perfekt auch das Wetter spielte jetzt mit!
"Ein Wundervoller Tag zum Starten"lautete es aus dem NASA-Kontrollzentrum.
quelle: nasan.gov

Site GRAIL NASA
Site MoonKam

#GRAIL, #NASAtweetup

NASA's GRAIL mission blasts off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla. Image credit: NASA

Links for 2011-08-19 [del.icio.us]

2011-08-20T00:00:00-07:00

Astronomie und Astrofotografie |CCD
The Imaging Source |“The Next Generation” der Astronomie-Kameras Seit 20 Jahren produzieren wir hoch-qualitative Produkte für die Bildverarbeitungs-Industrie. Jetzt bietet The Imaging Source die Kamera-Produktlinie für die Astronomie an.

Weitere Beispiel-Bilder »

Ray of boulders |LROC

2011-08-19T02:40:00.000-07:00

Dozens of boulders, ranging from 10 m to more than 30 m in diameter, are distributed within an ejecta ray close to the crater rim (lower right). These boulders represent the deepest material excavated during crater formation.

LROC NAC M159013302LR, image width is ~850m
[NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

Continue reading "Ray of boulders"

Links for 2011-08-08 [del.icio.us]

2011-08-09T00:00:00-07:00

NASA |Juno
Juno’s principal goal is to understand the origin and evolution of Jupiter. Underneath its dense cloud cover, Jupiter safeguards secrets to the fundamental processes...

Relative age relationships |Moon

2011-07-13T04:46:00.000-07:00

A wrinkle ridge cross-cuts and deforms an impact crater in northeast Mare Imbrium. Deformed impact crater is ~330 m in diameter, LROC NAC M104540211RE, image width is 1.7 km

[NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

via Continue reading 'Relative age relationships'

June 2011: The Puli Number of the Month - How far do we have to go?

2011-06-29T03:57:00.000-07:00

384,400. About four hundred thousand km (~240,000 mi) – is it near or far? Compared to the distances in our everyday life, its a lot but still, one has to go that far to reach our closest neighbor in the heavens. The average distance of the Moon from the Earth, it takes more than a second for a ray of light and at usually three days for a spacecraft to cover it. But how does the Moon orbit us exactly?

The Earth, the Moon and the distance between them, to scale.

Firstly, it obeys Kepler's laws of planetary motion: the orbital path is an ellipse around us, and it travels faster when closer and slower when farther. It usually comes as close as 362,570 km and goes out to 405,410 km – changing its actual distance by more than 10 per cent! But since we are not alone in the Solar System, these figures are subject to change, most prominently from the influence of the Sun.

One of the effects is the change in perigee and apogee distances (the closest and farthest points from the Earth). When extreme perigees and full Moons coincide, some use the therm “Supermoon”, just as it happened this March. So how extreme it was? Not so much, it turns out: with a perigee distance of 356,575 km, it deviated by ~6000 km or 1.5% from the average. As I said, it wasn't really much.

The difference between two full Moons, one at perigee, the other at apogee.

Read the complete story written by our László Molnár here.

Lunar Landing (Part 2) - Lessons Learned and Teamwork!

2011-06-27T16:25:00.000-07:00

Last week we learned about the configuration of the Lunar Module (LM)
and discussed the landing operation in a “sequence of events” narrative.

This week we will review a few key control systems on the Lunar Module and the landing operations. Then we will discuss the maneuvers performed to land safely and softly on the lunar surface. This will help us understand how the astronauts controlled the LM. The LM has two main propulsion engines located on the Descent and Ascent stages. The LM also has four reaction control thruster assemblies located on the ascent stage to reorient (or point) the main engines in the proper direction. These thrusters are called attitude thrusters because they are used to point the craft in the proper direction or place it in the right ‘attitude'. Thruster firings to achieve the proper attitude are often called reorientation or attitude maneuvers. The proper attitude is very important to ensure that the large main engines apply their thrust vector (to change the orbital velocity) in the proper direction. This type of a burn is called a “delta velocity” (or delta-v) maneuver. In the Apollo missions the descent engine was pointed into the direction of travel (or the velocity vector) to perform a “retro” burn. The 30 second ‘Descent Orbit Insertion’ (DOI) burn reduces the craft’s velocity and lowers the LM's perilune (point closest to the Moon) to within about 50,000 feet (15 km) of the surface, about 260 nautical miles (480 km) up-range of the landing site.

At this point, the main engine was started again for ‘Powered Descent Initiation’ (PDI). During this time the crew flew on their backs, depending on the computer to slow the craft's forward and vertical velocity to near zero. Control was exercised with a combination of main engine throttling and attitude thrusters, guided by the computer with the aid of landing radar (LR). During the ‘braking phase’, the altitude decreased to approximately 10,000 feet (3.0 km), and the ‘final approach phase’ took the craft to approximately 700 feet (210 m). During final approach, the vehicle pitched over to a near-vertical position, allowing the crew to look forward and down to see the lunar surface for the first time.

The ‘landing phase’ began approximately 2,000 feet (0.61 km) up-range of the targeted landing site. At this point manual control was enabled for the Commander, and enough fuel reserve was allocated to allow approximately two minutes of hover time to survey where the computer was taking the craft and make any necessary corrections. (If necessary, landing could have been aborted at almost any time by jettisoning the descent stage and firing the ascent engine to climb back into orbit for an emergency return to the CSM.) Finally, three-foot-long probes extending from three footpads of the LM touched the surface, activating the ‘contact light’ that signals time for descent engine cutoff and allowing the LM to ‘touchdown’ softly onto the surface of the Moon.

Maneuvering the Lunar Lander

The maneuvers performed by the Lunar Module (LM) were DOI-2 (Descent Orbit Insertion #2), PDI (Powered Descent Initiation) and Landing maneuvers. DOI was a maneuver to insert the spacecraft in the correct orbit from which to initiate descent. DOI-1 was performed by the CSM with the LM still docked. The LM, using its RCS thrusters, performed DOI-2. PDI was the maneuver that brakes the LM out of lunar orbit and lands it softly on the surface of the Moon. This was the only maneuver to use the main engine of the Descent Propulsion System (DPS).

The DPS engine was ignited at 10% throttle and held there for 26 seconds to allow the DPS engine gimbal to be aligned through the spacecraft center of gravity before throttling up to maximum thrust. The braking phase was designed for efficient reduction of orbit velocity and, therefore, used maximum thrust for most of the phase; however, the DPS was throttled during the final two minutes of this phase. The DPS was able to be throttled only between 10% and 60%.

The approach phase provided visual monitoring of the approach to the lunar surface. At 'high gate' (from old aircraft-pilot parlance meaning the beginning of the approach to an airport in a landing path) the LM pitched forward to give the command pilot a view of the moon. 'Low gate' was the start of the landing phase, and was the point for making a visual assessment of the landing site to select either automatic or manual control. The entire sequence took about 12 minutes with only about two minutes for the astronauts to manually make any corrections to land the LM safely on the Moon.

Remember last week’s blog post when Neil Armstrong almost ran out of fuel landing the LM on the Moon!

The historic landing of Apollo 11 is a great human accomplishment that provided many pioneering experiences and ‘lessons learned’. After the great success of Apollo 11, NASA's next step was honing the Lunar Module's (LM) ability to make a pinpoint landing. Many of the future landing sites corresponded to areas with rough topography; the LM would have to come in steeply and set down within a few hundred meters of a designated point. The next Apollo mission used the lessons learned from the Apollo 11 lunar landing to demonstrate ‘pin-point’ landing capability, as well as the tremendous value of teamwork. Let’s listen to the great team effort of Commander Pete Conrad and Lunar Module Pilot Alan Bean as they land the Apollo 12 LM on the Moon with “loads of gas ... plenty of gas, plenty of gas” and “got it made” pinpoint accuracy. Listen for the call outs of key events and operational parameters such as the ‘pitch over’ maneuver and the constant monitoring of the altitude (feet), fuel remaining (%), LPD angle (degrees), and velocity (fps):

Apollo 12 - Approach and Landing - November 19, 1969

Why did the Apollo 12 lunar landing need to be so precise? (Hint: Rocks and soil were not the only things that the astronauts took back to the Earth to be analyzed – the answer will be published in the next blog post)

Practice is Everything!

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

'An ounce of practice is worth more than tons of preaching.' - Mahatma Gandhi

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Simulators are often used to validate operational procedures and ‘practice’ maneuver execution skills, especially in a team environment. Control of the thrust vector is key to both the landing and the simulation. A series of throttle settings and pitch angles must be derived to guide the LM to a successful landing. The following is an example showing how the LM pitched forward and the engine was throttled back during the approach (visibility) and landing phases of a mission. This is just a generic diagram and is not specific to any particular mission. The pitch angles, thrust settings, velocities, altitudes and distances shown may be different for each mission.

The Commander (CDR) looks through a set of scribed marks on his window to assist him while the LM pilot gives him the Landing Point Designator (LPD) angle from the guidance computer. The LPD angle will tell him where to look along the vertical scale to find the place where the computer thinks they are going to land. If the CDR doesn't like the spot, he can move his hand-controller to tell the computer that he wants to change the landing spot up or back or to either side. A single movement of the hand-controller, which moves the landing point by a half degree or so, is usually referred to by the astronauts as a 'click'.

Here is a simulation of the “OUTSTANDING” teamwork of the Apollo 12 Lunar Landing crew:

Did you notice the set of LPD angle marks scribed on Commander Pete Conrad’s window to help him control the flight and the engine throttle while the LM Pilot kept the CDR informed of the systems' status and navigational information? Why is it important to have an initial visual landmark (like a crater)? Did you hear Alan Bean’s continuous communication of the key landing parameters that the Commander needed to control the landing – altitude (feet), fuel remaining (percentage), LPD angle (degrees), and velocity (fps)? Did you notice how the key parameters changed during the descent phases? Why is it important to watch for the dust? Did you hear the call for ‘contact light’, ‘engine off’ and other key operational events? What is a safe velocity (fps) to softly land the LM? We heard the three most important tools of teamwork ... Communication, Communication, and Communication!!!

Now for the FUN!

Curiosity is a sign of a healthy mind – as long as it is limited by good sense. But have you ever seen something and then try to do it yourself because you thought 'it can’t be that hard, in fact it looks so easy!' Well, as Murphy’s Law proves time and time again … nothing is as easy as it seems. There is always something that can come up as the 'surprise' element or the unexpected detail (like the 1202 alarms on Apollo 11). However, once you start practicing and doing something over and over again, you may encounter just about all of those unforeseen events that could eventually go wrong. Through practice we learn to understand the range of unanticipated (or anomalous) situations that can occur, thereby, acquiring valuable 'hands on' experience. This is the power of accurate simulators as a learning tool.

Next it’s your turn. Here is a simulation that you can use to practice your lunar landing skills. This classic video game accurately simulates the real motion of the lunar lander with the correct mass, thrust, fuel consumption rate, and lunar gravity. Its ‘dashboard’ display provides the critical operational parameters you need to monitor while executing landing phase maneuvers. The dashboard also provides the craft’s altitude (meters), range (meters), horizontal (v_x) and vertical (v_y) components of the velocity vector (mps), fuel gauge (kg) and thrust (N). During the simulation, the main engine thrust is graphically represented. At the top of the dashboard is an arrow that indicates the craft’s inertial pointing alignment through the spacecraft's center of gravity and thrust vector. You can enable/disable both the ‘Sound’ and ‘Vectors’ options in the simulation. The ‘Vectors’ option illustrate both the magnitude (size) and direction of the velocity and acceleration vectors. The simulation also provides the necessary keyboard manual control keys to fire ('click') the main descent engine and attitude thrusters (to ‘tilt’ the craft). Make sure to read the instructions including those in the ‘Help/Pause’ button. In addition, there is a ‘Reset’ button so you can practice, practice, practice...

Can you avoid the boulder field and land safely, just before your fuel runs out, as Neil Armstrong did in 1969? Can you ‘reorient’ (or tilt) the LM by using the attitude thrusters? What happens when you apply the thrust in different directions? Make sure to monitor both the x and y components of the velocity vector. Note the difference between the velocity and acceleration vectors as you fire the engine (apply thrust). At an altitude of 50 meters, can you ‘scoot across’ the surface to find a smooth surface to safely land like Neil Armstrong? Can you make a pinpoint landing like Apollo 12? How close can you come to the designated landing site (note the starting range of 45 meters)? How many points can you accumulate before you run out of fuel? How many soft landings can you perform? How about hard landings? How many ‘man-made’ craters did you create? The real lunar lander is very hard to control too. Good Luck and have Fun!

You can send us your best scores to magic@kelvin.net and we will publish it on the blog post or just leave a comment below to let us know what you learned and how well you did.

Hope you have lots of FUN!

Mystical Moon

'All one can really leave one's children is what's inside their heads. Education, in other words, and not earthly possessions, is the ultimate legacy, the only thing that cannot be taken away.' - Dr. Wernher von Braun

Lunar Landing (Part 1)!

2011-06-11T03:57:00.000-07:00

Let’s learn a little about Lunar Landing. This is the first week of a two part blog posting about landing on the lunar surface. In an earlier blog post we learned about the turbulent history of the surface of the Moon scarred by craters caused by meteorite impacts. Well, meteorites weren’t the only objects to impact the lunar surface. In fact, early human exploration of the Moon also included many “impact” missions to the Moon. The first lunar exploration vehicles of the 1950s were primitive pioneers. However, technology developed so rapidly that only about a decade separated the first flyby forays and Neil Armstrong's history-making steps on the Moon's surface.

It started in January 1959, when a small Soviet sphere named Luna 1 flew by the Moon at a distance of some 3,725 miles (5,995 kilometers). Though Luna 1 did not impact the Moon's surface, as was likely intended, its suite of scientific equipment revealed for the first time that the Moon had no magnetic field. The craft also returned evidence of space phenomena, such as the steady flow of ionized plasma now known as solar wind.

First Lunar Landings (or Impacts)

Later in 1959 Luna 2 became the first spacecraft to land on the Moon's surface when it impacted near the Aristides, Archimedes, and Autolycus craters. A third Luna mission subsequently captured the first blurry images of the far side of the Moon.

In 1962 NASA placed its first spacecraft on the Moon — Ranger 4. The Ranger missions were ‘kamikaze’ missions; the spacecraft were engineered to streak straight toward the Moon and capture as many images as possible before crashing into its molten core. Unfortunately Ranger 4 was unable to return any scientific data before slamming into the far side of the Moon. Two years later, however, Ranger 7 streaked toward the Moon with camera shutters snapping and captured more than 4,000 photos in the 17 minutes before it smashed onto the surface. Images from all the Ranger missions, particularly Ranger 9, showed that the Moon's surface was covered with craters. The photos highlighted the challenges of finding a smooth landing site on the Moon’s surface.

In 1966 the Soviet spacecraft Luna 9 overcame the Moon's topographic hurdles and became the first vehicle to soft-land safely on the surface. The small craft was stocked with scientific and communications equipment and photographed a ground level lunar panorama. Luna 10 launched later that year and became the first spacecraft to successfully orbit the Moon.

The Surveyor space probes (1966-68) were the first NASA crafts to perform controlled landings on the Moon's surface. Surveyor carried cameras to explore the Moon's surface terrain, as well as soil samplers that analyzed the nature of lunar rock and dirt (regolith). In 1966 and 1967 NASA launched lunar orbiters that were designed to circle the Moon and chart its surface in preparation for future manned landings. In total, five lunar orbiter missions photographed about 99 percent of the Moon's surface.

Man on the Moon

These robotic probes paved the way for a giant leap forward in space exploration. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin became the first humans to reach the Moon when their Apollo 11 lunar lander touched down in the Sea of Tranquility. Later Apollo missions carried a lunar rover that was driven across the satellite's surface, as astronauts spent as long as three days on the Moon. Five other missions and a dozen men had visited the Moon before the Apollo project ended in 1972.

After the dramatic successes of the 1960s and 1970s, the major space programs turned their attention elsewhere for a few decades. But in 1994, NASA again focused on the Moon. The Clementine mission succeeded in mapping the Moon's surface in wavelengths other than visible light, from ultraviolet to infrared. Later, the Lunar Prospector (1999) orbited the Moon in search of possible evidence of ice at the lunar poles. The prospector also explored the Moon's gravitational field and remapped its surface. The mission's end was spectacular—the craft was intentionally crashed into the Moon in the hopes of raising a plume that could yield evidence of water ice, but none was observed.

Recently, NASA deliberately crashed an upper Centaur stage and the ‘shepparding’ spacecraft into the surface of the Moon. The mission objectives of the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) include confirming the presence (or absence) of water ice in a permanently shadowed crater at the Moon’s South Pole. In 2009, LCROSS excavated the permanently dark floor of one of the Moon’s polar craters (Cabeus) to test the theory that ancient ice lies buried there. Moving at a speed of more than 1.5 miles per second, the Centaur upper stage hit the lunar surface shortly after 4:31 a.m. PDT on October 9, 2009, creating an impact that instruments aboard LCROSS observed for approximately four minutes. The impact ejected material from the crater’s floor to create a plume that the specialized instruments were able to analyze for the presence of water (ice and vapor), hydrocarbons and hydrated materials. LCROSS then impacted the surface at approximately 4:36 a.m. PDT. The mission accomplished its objectives by revealing the presence of water from yet another successful lunar impacting mission. I guess we can say that the LCROSS mission created a crater within a crater inside the Cabeus crater. So, it’s pretty fair to say that there are quite a few ‘man-made’ craters on the Moon too.

Now let’s look at a few famous ‘soft landings’ on the surface of the Moon and how they were accomplished.

The Apollo Lunar Landers

The Lunar Module was originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module or LEM. Over the course of its development, the name was officially changed to Lunar Module (LM), eliminating the word 'excursion'. This was done because NASA was pushing to get funding for some kind of powered lunar surface mobility and they wanted to make it clear that such 'excursions' were beyond the capabilities of the lunar lander itself. (This new excursion capability was eventually realized with the Lunar Rover.) After the name change from 'LEM' to 'LM', the pronunciation of the abbreviation did not change, as the habit became ingrained among engineers, astronauts, and the media to universally pronounce 'LM' as 'LEM' which is easier than saying the letters individually.

The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) was the ‘Lander’ portion of the Apollo Moon missions built to carry a crew of two from lunar orbit to the surface and back. Six such crafts successfully landed on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. The LM, consisting of an Ascent stage and Descent stage, was ferried to lunar orbit by its companion Command/Service Module, a separate spacecraft of approximately twice its mass, which took the astronauts back home to Earth. After completing its mission, the LM was discarded.'

Here is a short video describing the design of the “LEM”:

At launch, the Lunar Module sat directly beneath the Command/Service Module (CSM) with legs folded, inside the Spacecraft-to-LM Adapter (SLA) attached to the S-IVB third stage of the Saturn V rocket. There it remained through Earth parking orbit and the Trans Lunar Injection (TLI) rocket burn to send the craft toward the Moon. Soon after TLI, the SLA opened and the CSM separated, turned around, came back to dock with the Lunar Module, and extracted it from the S-IVB. During the flight to the Moon, the docking hatches were opened and the LM Pilot entered the LM to temporarily power up and test its subsystems (except for propulsion). Throughout the flight, he performed the role of an engineering officer, responsible for monitoring the systems of both spacecraft.

After achieving a lunar parking orbit, the Commander and LM Pilot entered and powered up the LM, replaced the hatches and docking equipment, unfolded and locked its landing legs, and separated from the CSM. Flying independently, the Commander operated the flight controls and engine throttle, while the Lunar Module Pilot operated other spacecraft systems and kept the Commander informed on systems status and navigational information. After inspection of the landing gear by the Command Module Pilot, the LM was withdrawn to a safe distance, then the descent engine was pointed forward into the direction of travel to perform the 30 second ‘Descent Orbit Insertion’ burn to reduce speed and drop the LM's perilune (point closest to the Moon) to within approximately 50,000 feet (15 km) of the surface, about 260 nautical miles (480 km) up-range of the landing site.

At this point, the engine was started again for ‘Powered Descent Initiation’. During this time the crew flew on their backs, depending on the computer to slow the craft's forward and vertical velocity to near zero. Control was exercised with a combination of engine throttling and attitude thrusters, guided by the computer with the aid of landing radar. During the ‘braking phase’, the altitude decreased to approximately 10,000 feet (3.0 km), and then the ‘final approach phase’ went to approximately 700 feet (210 m). During final approach, the vehicle pitched over to a near-vertical position, allowing the crew to look forward and down to see the lunar surface for the first time.

The ‘landing phase’ began approximately 2,000 feet (0.61 km) up-range of the targeted landing site. At this point manual control was enabled for the Commander and enough fuel reserve was allocated to allow approximately two minutes of hover time to survey where the computer was taking the craft and make any necessary corrections. (If necessary, landing could have been aborted at almost any time by jettisoning the descent stage and firing the ascent engine to climb back into orbit for an emergency return to the CSM.) Finally, three-foot-long probes extending from three footpads of the lander touched the surface, activating the ‘contact indicator light’ which signals time for descent engine cutoff, allowing the LM to settle softly on the surface.

When ready to leave the Moon, the LM would separate the descent stage and fire the ascent engine to climb back into orbit, using the descent stage as a launch platform. After a few course correction burns, the LM would rendezvous with the CSM and dock for transfer of the crew and rock samples. Having completed its job, the LM was separated and sent into solar orbit or to crash into the Moon.

Let’s watch a simulation of the Apollo Lunar Landing sequence described above. Note the RCS (reaction control system) thrusters on the LM fire to ‘reorient’ the craft into the proper ‘attitude’ (pointing direction) for the ‘Descent Orbit Insertion’ burn:

Now let’s look at a video of the true story of the first humans, Neil Armstrong and “Buzz” Aldrin, landing the Lunar Module on the surface of the Moon. Listen for the astronaut call-out of the illumination of the 'contact light' and 'engine stopped':

Phew, that was a close one – they almost ran out of fuel! Next week we will continue this blog post with Part 2. Please join us again - we promise that you will have FUN!

See you next week!

Mystical Moon

'All one can really leave one's children is what's inside their heads. Education, in other words, and not earthly possessions, is the ultimate legacy, the only thing that cannot be taken away.' - Dr. Wernher von Braun

Thanks to NASA, MAGiC

Impact melt in Anaxagoras crater |LROC

2011-06-01T05:03:00.000-07:00

Boulders clustered on a positive relief bulge in an impact melt deposit on the floor of Anaxagoras crater (73.5°S, 349.7°E); most of the boulders are 10 - 30 m across. LROC NAC M155309869R, image width is 910 m.

via [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]

Continue reading 'Impact melt in Anaxagoras crater'"

NASA's Twin Craft Arrive in Florida for Moon Mission

2011-05-23T22:57:00.000-07:00

Image:Cape Canaveral, Fla. The two Grail spacecraft (Grail-A and Grail-B)
made the trip from the Denver area to the Shuttle Landing Strip at the
Kennedy Space Center, Fla. on May 20, 2011.

Two NASA spacecraft with a date for lunar orbit early next year
have arrived in Florida to prepare for a launch in September.

via NASA |JPL

Nasa-Lunar |Apollo

2011-05-22T22:17:00.001-07:00

URL dieses Posts:
https://profiles.google.com/ichelmecke/posts/9qPrUGqMXWU

07:12 icelefant -ice-: The Power of A Moon Rock -
International Space Shuttle Station NASA Missions Google Earth Science Technology Mars

via NASA:

link: http://www.nasa.gov/topics/nasalife/features/moonrock.html

Fault scarp with impact melt in King crater |LROC

2011-05-11T00:45:00.000-07:00

A fault scarp separates two zones of impact melt within the King crater wall (5.0°N, 120.5°E). NAC image number M115529715RE; incidence angle 75°; Sun is from the right, image is ~900 meters across; north is up

[NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]

Continue reading 'Fault scarp with impact melt in King crater

Wrinkled Planet |LROC

2011-05-02T13:05:00.000-07:00

Intricate fault patterns enhanced by dawn lighting in Seares crater (Sun is shining from lower right). North is up, image width is 2800 meters,

M130681684LR [NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University].

quell: nasaLRO

Mond im Mai

2011-05-01T03:05:00.000-07:00

Die Mondphasen im Mai:

Planetenlauf im Mai 2011

Merkur erreicht Anfang Mai eine westliche Elongation von der Sonne, taucht aber bei uns am Morgenhimmel nicht auf.
Venus verabschiedet sich vom Morgenhimmel. In ihrer Nähe halten sich anderen Planeten auf: In der ersten Monatshälfte Merkur und Jupiter, in der zweiten Monatshälfte Mars und Merkur!
Mars taucht noch nicht am Morgenhimmel auf; die Begegnung mit Venus kann aber mit einem Fernglas verfolgt werden.
Jupiter macht sich ab Mitte Mai am Morgenhimmel bemerkbar.
Saturn hat seine Opposition hinter sich und ist noch fast die ganze Nacht zu sehen.
Uranus ist auch in diesem Monat nachts nicht sichtbar.
Neptun kann im Juni wieder am Morgenhimmel gesehen werden.

Links for 2011-02-28 [del.icio.us]

2011-03-01T00:00:00-08:00

Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf |HZDR
Home |Startseite, Über uns, Forschung, Institute, Presse & Aktuelles, Jobs & Ausbildung, Technologietransfer:
Das Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) gehört seit Anfang 2011 zur Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren. Es betreibt Forschung mit den fachübergreifenden Schwerpunkten:

Links for 2011-02-01 [del.icio.us]

2011-02-02T00:00:00-08:00

Long Wavelength Array |LWA
The LWA is an effort to advance astronomy by using inexpensive antenna stations to build a very large aperture to probe the depths of space at the lowest frequencies - between 10 MHz and 88 MHz...

Links for 2011-01-20 [del.icio.us]

2011-01-21T00:00:00-08:00

NASA Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory |GRAIL
The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory, or GRAIL, mission is a part of NASA's Discovery Program. It is scheduled to launch in 2011. GRAIL will fly twin spacecraft in tandem orbits around the moon for several months to measure its gravity field in unprecedented detail. The mission also will answer longstanding questions about Earth's moon and provide scientists a better understanding of how Earth and other rocky planets in the solar system formed.
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment |GRACE
GRACE, twin satellites launched in March 2002, are making detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field which will lead to discoveries about gravity and Earth's natural systems. These discoveries could have far-reaching benefits to society and the world's population.
Science Mission Directorate |SMD
The Science Mission Directorate (SMD) engages the Nation’s science community, sponsors scientific research, and develops and deploys satellites and probes in collaboration with NASA’s partners around the world to answer fundamental questions requiring the view from and into space. SMD seeks to understand the origins, evolution, and destiny of the universe and to understand the nature of the strange phenomena that shape it. SMD also seeks to understand:

Links for 2011-01-19 [del.icio.us]

2011-01-20T00:00:00-08:00

Welcome to Gran Sasso National Laboratory |LNGS
The Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS) is one of four INFN national laboratories. It is the largest underground laboratory in the world for experiments in particle physics, particle astrophysics and nuclear astrophysics. It is used as a worldwide facility by scientists, presently 750 in number, from 22 different countries, working at about 15 experiments in their different phases.|Cosmic Rays, Dark Matter, Neutrinos, Radioactivity, Supernovae, Experiments, Other underground Laboratories
Interorbital Systems |IOS
WELCOME TO INTERORBITAL |Interorbital Systems (IOS), established in 1996 in Mojave, California, develops and manufactures low-cost, state-of-the-art orbital launch vehicles and satellites for private, commercial, governmental, academic, and military applications.

Links for 2010-12-14 [del.icio.us]

2010-12-15T00:00:00-08:00

Paul Drude Institute |PDI
We are performing basic research in the field of materials science and solid state physics and we look for possible applications.
Ferdinand-Braun-Institut |FBH
Willkommen beim Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik in Berlin! Wir erforschen Schlüsseltechnologien in der Mikrowellentechnik und Optoelektronik...