ear mushrooms

2011-10-20T08:00:00.000-07:00

Mushrooms have been known and popular as a delicacy since the XIV century AD Mushrooms have become a special meal for state officials during the Ming dynasty came to power in mainland China. Delicacy and taste the typical mold spread throughout the world since the opening of trade and communication inter-population countries and continents. Mushrooms have become a favorite dish at once prestigious.
Fungi classified as commodities that can not be separated from human needs. Without fungi, it is impossible to make bread, tempeh, tape, taoco, oncom, and various drugs, such as penicillin. Some types of mushrooms are a food source which is equivalent to meat, fish, and expensive and nutritious food. Mushrooms are the preferred alternative foodstuffs (preferency) all layers of society. Mushroom cuisine that has been popular in Indonesia is timlo, fried mushrooms, mushroom tauco, sukiyati, and noodles.
Mushrooms contain a protein two times higher than the asparagus and potatoes; four times higher than carrots and tomatoes; and six times higher than oranges. And about 15 essential amino acids needed by human body, at least mushrooms contain 6-7 kinds of animo acids.
Thousands of types (species) fungi grow and thrive in the open in accordance with the habitat and the environment (media) life. While the mushrooms have been cultivated and have been popular as well socialized as a food and vegetables has been widely traded in the markets, among other mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea), champignon mushrooms (Agaricus bitorquis, A. campestris, and A. bisporus) , fungi such as wood ear mushrooms (Auricularuia auricula, A. polytricha, and Trimella fucifor ^ ie), an umbrella jarnur shitake (Lentinus edodes) and oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus cornzrcopiae or Pleurotus sapidus, P Abalonus or P. (vstidiostrs, PP ostreatzls, flabellatus PP, PP florida, P. sayor pulmonaris caju or PP, and Tricolotnaspp).
Mushroom grows on the environment (media) straw (rice straw) or other media containing sellulose such as cardboard, paper, cotton, dried banana leaf, water hyacinth, pulp stem sugar palm, sago waste, bagasse, fruit leather palm, and coconut waste palm. While the wood fungus usually grows on rotten logs or other media containing wood fibers, such as sawdust.
Wood fungi have a higher nutrient content than vegetable or mushroom. Wood mushrooms contain protein, fat, phosphorus, iron, thiamin, and riboflavin is higher than some other vegetables and mushrooms. Ear mushrooms as one of the wood mushrooms contain minerals higher than beef, mutton, and other vegetables. IN addition, jamaur ear contain no cholesterol. Kan ¬ seliap nutritional content of 100 grams of dried mushroom can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Composition and Nutritional Content per 100 gram Ear MushroomsNutrient Content of SubstanceCalories (Energy) 128.0 cal.Water 15.0 gCarbohydrates 64.0 g0.005 g fat2.415 g of Essential Amino Acids0.1172 g of vitamin B complexThiamin 0.00008 gRiboflavin 0.00019 gNiacin 0.004 gCa (calcium) 0.315 gTabell. AdvancedNutrient Content of SubstanceK (potassium) 0.264 gP (Phosphorus) 1.348 gNa (sodium) 0.837 gFe (iron) 0.036 gSources: Quino (1981) in 271 Th Tubus XX111, 1992.Department of Agriculture of DIY, 1999
Fungus is one of the modem agricultural commodity that was almost free of artificial fertilizers and pesticides. Mushrooms have properties neutralize toxins and radioactive substances in the soil.
While the mushrooms for health benefits for humans, which prevents high blood pressure, lowering blood cholesterol, menarnbah vitality and endurance, as well as compounds containing lentinon and retinan useful to prevent tumor or cancer.
Judging from the aspect of biology, ear mushrooms are superior to other fungal species. Mushroom cultivation is relatively easy. Development of ear mushrooms do not require extensive and fertile land. Mushroom production period is relatively fast so that the breeding period and harvest time Iebih short (short). Jarnur ear can be stored in dry form so as to facilitate the implementation of packaging (packing) and storage or distribution and marketing.
Today the increased need for ear fungus is proportional to the population and income growth and changes in consumption patterns of the world's population. Consumer countries are the largest mushroom United States (U.S.), Canada, Germany, Japan, Hong Kong, Belgium, Britain, Holland and Italy. Average mushroom consumption per capita for residents of Canada and European countries exceed 1.5 kg / capita / year. While the average population of England and the United States each about I kg / capita / year and 0.5 kg / capita / year.
Surprisingly, although the quality of mushrooms from Indonesia considered better than the producer countries other mushrooms, but instead import needs exceed the capacity of the fungus Indonesia exports. In 1997, Indonesia exported mushrooms (oyster mushrooms, shitake mushroom and champignon mushrooms) as much as 1,721,152 pounds with a value of U.S. S 2,061,274. While Indonesia imported mushrooms in the same year reached 2,709,558 kg valued at U.S. $ 2,566,859. Indonesia as a producer of mushroom feel kuwalah ¬ to meet international market demand.
Along with the popularity and memasyarakatnya ear mushrooms as a tasty and nutritious food, then the demand of consumers and markets in different regions continue rneningkat. However, it is not easy to meet consumer demands and increasing the market. The main problem of mushroom cultivation is limited raw materials in the form of seeds in a good planting medium and qualified to grow.
Mushroom cultivation can be managed as a sideline or else ¬ economical small-scale businesses, medium, and large (industrial). ¬ nation-state that has developed a mushroom cultivation as an industry leading agribusiness is the mainstay and China, the Netherlands, Spain, Francis, Belgium, and Thailand. These countries include ¬ ter large mushroom producer in the world.
Meanwhile, the development of ear mushrooms in Indonesia has not seban ¬ ding to the potential human and natural resources. Judging from the wealth of human resources and natural resources in Indonesia, Indonesian farmers actually have a tremendous opportunity to become a producer and supplier and exporter of mushroom in the domestic market or in international markets. To that end, the development of ear mushroom needs to be worked more seriously by applying advanced technology and intensive management.

ECOLOGY ear mushrooms
A. Biology and Life Cycle Ear Mushrooms
Mushroom fruiting body-like leaves have a human ear. The term mushroom is attached on the type of fungus that have fruiting body (basidiocarp)-like ears (ears). Among the 65 species of mushroom, there are three kinds of ear mushrooms are usually consumed as a delicacy and can be cultivated, namely (1) red ear mushrooms (Auricularia auricula Judae) which has a body color of the fruit red or reddish-sized width, (2) black ear mushrooms (Auricularia polytricha) a body-colored fruit purplish or black and the size (diameter) 6 cm - 10 cm, and (3) white mushroom or mushroom that (Tremella fuciformis) who are white are smaller and thinner .
Mushroom is a type of "plants" that do not have khlorofil. However, fungi have a nucleus, berspora, and the cells form a continuous yarn off or an insulated or not insulated, called hyphae (a thread) or mycelium (hyphae collection).
Fungal mycelium branches and at the points of the meeting to form a tiny spot called sporungium that will grow into a pin head (bud or potential fungal fruiting bodies) and eventually evolved (grow) into mushrooms (fruiting bodies).
Ear fungus Auricularia including family and class Basidiomycetes. Classification according Alexopolous ear mushrooms and Mins (1979) is as follows.Super Kingdom: EukaryotaKingdom: Myceteae (Fungi)Divisio: AmastigomycotaSub-Divisio: BasidiomycotacClass: BasidiomycetesOrder: AuricularialesFamilia; AuriculariacGenus: AuriculariaSpecies: Auricularia sp
Short-stemmed mushroom body and grows attached to the substrate with a hole on its surface. Form fruiting bodies in the form of corrugated sheets and irregular and somewhat complicated, such as bowls (bowls), and software such as Once, or similar chewy bones.The upper surface is velvety and smooth shiny bottom. Her skin was slimy during the rainy season and looks mengekerut in the dry season. Form fruiting body (basidiocarp) ear fungus can be seen in Figure I.
Figure I. fruiting body (Basidiocarp) Ear Mushrooms
Mushroom fruit body in a wet state is galatinous (chewy), smooth, flexible (elastic), and changed slightly curved stiff in the dry state. Mushroom fruit body width about 3 cm - 8 cm and thickness of about 0.1 cm (7? 2 cm. Mature Ear fungus reached when the length (diameter) basidiocarp reach 10 cm.
Nucularia family characteristics is a form of hypobasidium or epibasiclium basidium, each consisting of four cells. ¬ a long time, the core of the hasidium diploid meiotic divide into two parts. Each division's core is always followed by sealing the basidium into 2 cells. Furthermore, the core seliap cells divide and followed cell insulation is concerned that formed irypobasidium celled 4 (four).
From seliap hypobasidium cells, tumhuh epibasidium long, hypohasidiinn direction of growth, and appear above the surface layer of smoked. Palo njung epibasidium, grow sterignulta basidiospora producer. Furthermore, basidiospora grow into mycelium which will develop into adults equipped basidiucarp. Phase-phase development of the basidium can be seen in Fig Lifecycle janmur ears can be seen in Figure 3.
In the early degradation of mycelium. ear fungus penetration (¬ boran development) with a hole in the wood cell wall directly and perpendicular
Figure 2. The development phase of the basidium
Figure 3. Ear Mushroom Life Cycle.
the cell axis. The process of penetration of wood cell walls aided by enzymes sellulose solvers, hemi sellulose, and lignin, which is secreted by the fungus through the lateral end of the threads of mycelium. Enzymes digest the wood compounds which have been perforated as well as a food substance for the mushrooms.
B. Environment
Ear mushrooms can be found throughout the year in temperate regionscold (temperatures around 12 ° C) up to the mainland tropical hot climates(Temperature about 36 ° C) and grows optimally at 26 ° C temperature range - 28 ° C.
Red ear fungus commonly found in Thailand and the regionIndochina. While a lot of ear mushrooms growing in Indonesia,Malaysia, the Philippines and other Asian countries is a black mushroom.
Ear fungus is a "plant" saprotit. Mushroom mycelium growing optimismmall in the dark and acidic conditions (pH 3-7 and pH optimum of about 4.5 to 5.5). In contrast, ear mushroom fruit body does not grow in places where the dark ¬. Ear mushrooms need sunlight to stimulate the growth of fruit body ¬. Ear mushrooms grow normally in the pe ¬ nyinaran below 50 lux. However, sunlight that penetrates the surface of the mushroom fruit body will break down and cause kelayuan. Mushroom growth mernerlukan only light that is spread (diffuse lighl).
Mushroom mycelium growing needs of air humidity around 60% - 75%, but to stimulate the growth of fruit body cells require air humidity around 80% - 90%. Mushroom mycelium grows optimally at growing medium that contains (content) of water about 62%. Growth media containing the water content of less than 50% or greater than 65 ') / 0 will inhibit the growth of fungal mycelium.
Ear fungus can grow and develop in a wide range of wood in any place. However, ear fungus grows optimally at rotted wood that spread over the lowlands to the mountain slopes or areas that have a height between 600 m-800 m above sea level with a humidity of 80% - 90 ° /> as well as air temperature ranges from 20 ° C - 30 ° C. Optimum environmental conditions for mushroom growth is in places shaded and not exposed to jet (penetration) to direct sunlight, air circulation smooth, wind-spoi spoi wet, and the oxygen content in air is quite high.
Ear fungus is a "plant" it acrob saprof requiring oxy ¬ gen as a compound growth. Smooth air circulation would make ¬ min supply of oxygen. Lack of oxygen content of air around the place to grow oyster mushrooms will interfere with the formation of fruiting bodies. Ear mushrooms that grow in places that lack of oxygen have abnormal fruiting bodies. Most, ear fungus fruiting body that grows in place (environment) that lack of oxygen easily wither and die. Similarly, the growth of mycelium and fruit body of mushroom mem ¬ need nourishment in the form of nutrients contained in fertilizer and other materials.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTMIND POWER ear mushrooms
Materials and mushroom cultivation equipment includes materials and per ¬ equipment for seeding or planting and maintenance (cultivation). Materials used for mushroom cultivation can be obtained easily and inexpensively. Conversely, some equipment, particularly nursery equipment, shall be provided in a way that the price is quite expensive metnbeli.
A. Material
All materials used in mushroom cultivation are consumables. The material needs to be provided for breeding is that flour, potato, glucose, cotton, paper trays (aluminum foil), plastic bags, rubber straps, rings pralon, sawdust, fine bran (bran), limestone (CaCO,), formalin, baysol , alcohol or disinfectant, and other pesticides and seeds fungal mycelium or fruiting bodies mature. The material needs to be provided for maintenance (cultivation) is the seed fungus ear mushroom (F4), lime, water, spirits, or pesticides (baysol), wood, plastic sheets, straw or leaf thatch, nails, rope, etc..
Starch agar, glucose, and potatoes are the raw materials grown in tissue culture medium or culturing fungal spores (F). This material can be obtained at pharmacies, chemical shops or medical appliance stores, and supermarkets and shopping centers. Sedangan sawdust, fine bran, gypsum, and lime is a nursery growing medium F, F4 at the same time growing media selarna mushroom fruit body maintenance period (planting).
Sawdust can be obtained at places or corporate lawyer ¬ sawn timber. Fine bran can be purchased at the company's milling rice (rice mill), while the lime can be purchased at the store building materials or kiln factory (tobong).
Formalin, alcohol and other ingredients kirnia, pralon rings, wood, nails, and methylated can be purchased at pharmacies, drug stores, store chemicals or equipment kedokleran, and grocery stores as well as materials (building materials). In the countryside which is still surrounded by a variety of tree or bamboo does not need to buy the materials of wood or bamboo. Similarly, straw or thatched leaves can be obtained from the rice fields or fields around tcmpat live. Dal-In straw or thatch used to make mushroom house (lemur).
Seeds obtained from the mushroom fruit body lemur maintenance or man ¬ tana ear mushrooms that grow wild in the wood substrate. A good ear mushroom seeds obtained from the selection lanaman preserved mushrooms dalarn lemur. Seeds of this mushroom usually grows large, wide, and thick so it has advantages over the ear fungus that grows naturally in weathered wood.
Figure 4. Breeding Table
B. Equipment
Mushroom cultivation equipment including nursery equipment and maintenance. The equipment needs to be provided for breeding mold me ¬ ping is a test tube, rack storage, transparent glass bottles, autoclave or sterilizer automatic, steamer, a table of breeding (laminair, Flou), plastic buckets, long tweezers, spatulas, methylated lights, fans , mask, etc.. Table of breeding is a unit of equipment fluorescent lamps equipped with lights, temperature control, ventilation, and air filters breeding space (see Figure 4). All seeding equipment can be purchased at specialty stores, both stores chemicals, medical equipment stores, as well as machine shop and electronics.
While the equipment that needs to be provided for maintenance of mushroom fruiting bodies include transportation basket, and nozzle spayer. Transport baskets made of woven bamboo or plastic baskets. Spraying sprayer (atomizer) for watering the simplest are made of plastic dart-like spray for mosquitoes. Sprayer is effective enough to pangabutan at large lemur is a large tube sprayer equipped with hand pumps.

PROCUREMENT SEED ear mushrooms
Mushroom seeds produced (made) through the stages of breeding. The first stage is the spore culture (basidiospora) produced by a basidium. This stage is done through tissue culture and the culture at this stage of fungal threads (mycelium) called the first derivative (F1).
The second stage is the mycelium breeding F1,. This is the multiplication stage culture mycelium of the first stage of breeding. The results of this second stage of breeding is called F2,. Breeding third stage is the multiplication of the second phase of mycelial culture results. The results of this stage is called F3 breeding. While the breeding stage four is the multiplication of the third stage of the mycelium fungus in order to obtain seedlings ready for planting (F4).
A. Breeding Stage One (F1)
Initial step, prior to culturing mushroom spores, is preparing equipment and growth media. The equipment used includes a test tube and rack storage, cotton, paper trays or plastic bags, rubber tall, autoclave (sterilizer automatic), breeding tables, and other auxiliary equipment.
Growth media commonly used in breeding the first stage can be categorized into two groups, namely alarm materials and semi-synthetic materials. Materials alarm that can be used are corn starch, potato starch, onion, etc.. Noodles materials typically used in extract form (clear fluid), juice, or decoction (decoction).
Semi-synthetic materials for the media turnbuh in mushroom culture is a mixture of potato-glucose-agar or a mixture of agar, glucose, or yeast extract agar, and peptone-glucose.
Growing medium is quite effective for culturing mycelium F, ear mushrooms are semi-synthetic materials in the form of a mixture of agar, glucose, and potato (potato starch). Flour to be used as much as 1.5% - 2%. Se ¬ dangkan other materials determined by trial and error (trial error).
Range of composition of growth media for culturing tissue culture (F,) ear fungus that has been popular is as follows.
1. Sari beans and bean sprouts mixed with agar medium: A mixture (batter) of this medium is sterilized for 1 hour. This media is ready to be used as a pure culture (tissue culture) after smeared or planted incision (network) mature mushroom fruit body.
2. Grated onion and sweet potato: Grated ingredients blended flour noodles aren (sugar palm) and included in the solution so that the composition: potato 100 grams; onions 50 grams; flour 150 grams sugar palm, and to 150 grams.
3. Potato Dextrose Yeast Extract Agar (PDY): Composition of noodles mushroom growing medium has been successfully used in breeding mycelium in Hall F1 Seeds Ngipiksari, Yogyakarta. The composition of this medium consisted of potato dextrose (glucose), and flour in order.
Preparation of growth media PDY starting from leaching and boiling potatoes. A total of 200 grams of cleaned fresh potatoes (not peeled his skin ¬) and washed with clean water then sliced (chopped) and then washed again repeatedly until the excess water wash was clear. After a ¬ anyway, sliced-potato slices rinsed again with distilled water (distilled water). The trick, potato slices soaked in the panel for 10 minutes, then boiled in 700-1000 ml of water (distilled water) for I hour so that the water is shrinking lived 500-600 mi. Then, the water decoction (extract) was filtered with a flannel cloth or other fabric eye small filter and water filter ¬ added back in the bottle.
Add a few milliliters of water in the extracts (potato cooking water) that has been filtered so that its volume reached 1,000 ml. Tam also even 9-15 grams of flour agar and 10-20 grams of glucose (dextrose) and then stirred and boiled in an autoclave for 15 minutes at a pressure of 15 lbs.
Finished boiling cooling directly performed. Growing medium that has cooled can be immediately included in the test tube culture. Each 1 (one) liter of artificial growing medium can be used as a medium for growing pure culture (tissue culture) oyster mushrooms as much as 150-200 tube culture. Instead, this artificial growing media used immediately so that ¬ ga is not contaminated by pollutants (pollutan), bacteria, or micro-organisms (microorganisms) other destructive and malign artificial growing medium.
If the amount of artificial growth media prepared exceeds the capacity of a test tube culture, then the rest of the growing media should be stored in a cold and sterile room temperature. The remaining artificial media can be used for breeding the next period.
The next step is to enter the growing medium in a test tube as much as I spoon, then plugged with cotton. Obstruction of cotton outside the test tube wrapped with paper baking sheet and tied with a rope Keret (see Figure 5). Repeat the same job for breeding F, other.Furthermore, the reaction tubes and the contents included in the auto ¬ clave or automatic sterilizer for sterilization at a temperature

Figure 5. The reaction tube contains Me-he Grows Cotton and Plastic Bags Closed Figure 6. The reaction tube position in sterilization equipment.
125'C for 1 hour. To save at the same time streamline the instrument steri ¬ zation, then the reaction tube position within it is set lined tilted to one side or oblique cross (see Figure 6).
Completion of sterilization, the test tubes were left for several hours until the temperature is cold. Then, test tubes containing sterile growth media is inserted into the sterile room anyway. Remove the baking paper and store cotton cover these tubes in special racks (storage racks) in a tilted position. Tujuannnya is that the media spread the fungus grows on the walls of the reaction tube at a time dalarn so spread the growth of mushroom mycelium in a test tube so as to facilitate the implementation of the decision to the next stage of breeding. Test tube was left for 24 hours so that sterile growing medium to cool at room temperature.
The next step is to prepare the implementation of tissue culture, ie inoculation (planting seeds) in the form of incision (network) adult mushroom fruiting bodies containing basidiospora. The incision is taken from mature mushroom (age 3-4 weeks since the formation of candidates or mushroom pin head) which has a large fruiting bodies, thick, and healthy.
Mushroom fruit body tissue to be taken first cleaned and washed or dipped in alcohol 70 `% during 1-5 minutes. Chemicals are commonly used for washing mushrooms among other seeds alcohol 70%, 5% formalin, mercurochloride 0.001%, 0.1% silver nitrate, 0.1% mercuric cyanide, sodium or calcium hipochloride hipochloride 0.35%, carbonic acid 1%, 2% potassium permanganate, and hydrogen peroxide 3%.
Mushroom fruit body clean and sterile is placed on a board or other sterile container, then placed on the table breeding. Table breeding activated, the lights turned on, and suction machines (filter) air is turned on by pressing the button (knob) pengontak.
Half an hour since breeding diaktitkan table, then all the test tubes containing sterile growth media that has been chilled and shelf storage is taken and placed on a table of breeding. Then. cotton penyumbatnya opened.
Mushroom fruit body part is the thickest lies in the "armpit" it (see Figure 7). In this section there are sources

Figure 7. Section Axilla Ear Mushrooms (see directions pcnsil).
branching hyphae or mycelium or basidiospora bag. This section is cut as wide as 0.1 cm, 0.1 cm thick, and the length is about 1 cm. To facilitate penyayatan, we can use a spatula (taper stemmed knife) or a sharp scalpel and sterile.
Next, an incision (network) fruiting bodies inserted into a test tube and corked back surface of the tube with cotton. Planting fruit body incision should be carried out on the table breeding. Then, a closed tube filled fruiting bodies incision is placed in storage racks in a sterile space (the space of breeding) and similar jobs, jobs ¬ seedlings were repeated to manufacture F, on the other tube which has been prepared. Any fungal fruiting bodies can be taken as many as 10-15 incision containing spores (basioiiaspora)
Ear fungus spores stored in a sterile room rather dark for 20 days to grow the threads of white mycelium which meet the growing medium. Furthermore, this miselum culture used as seed in the second stage of breeding. Culture tube which fails and is not growing mycelium immediately discarded so as not to pollute (contaminate) culture tubes that grow well. Damaged mycelium can be identified from the media stinks and blackish brown. Reaction tube was cleared for use in nurseries (inoculation) period (days) the next.
B. Breeding Stage Two (F2)
Step-by-step culturing the second stage (F,) is no different from the previous stage. The first step is the preparation of equipment and growth media. Equipment (container) culturing these stages form a clear glass bottle (transparent) 220 ml, cotton, plastic bags, rubber tall, and autoclave. All equipment must be dry, clean and sterile.
Growing medium in the form of a mixture of sawdust, fine bran (bran) and limestone (CaCO;) with the composition 81% respectively; 18%, and 1%. Other kinds of growth media are sawdust, fine bran, gypsum (CaSo4), limestone (CaCO,), water, and TSP. The composition of each ingredient is: 100 kg of sawdust, fine bran 10 kg, 1.5 kg of gypsum, lime 0.5 kg, enough water, 0.5 kg TSP dart.
F2 grown in culture media, (including F3, F4 and grown in maintenance media) must meet the ideal requirements miselum mushroom growth. Growing medium must contain elements of C (carbon) in the form of carbohydrates in the amount (content) is quite high. The media must contain elements of N in the form Amoniun. This element will be converted by yeast into protein. Another requirement is the mushroom growth media that contain elements of Ca oxalates berfimgsi to neutralize the acid released by the mycelium, the pH between 3-7, humidity 68%, CO, less than 1%, and temperatures around 23 ° C-25 ° C.
The second step in this culture is the preparation of growth media. Sawdust sprinkled with clean water to be free from dirt and contamination sap or rninyak, then dumped on the floor is open for l - 1.5 months. In general, ear fungus grows on wood or wood dust from the plant branched (dikotil), titled lush, woody soft, darts over 10 years old, and not the kind of wood-containing oils such as
Table 2. Wood as a kind of Ear Mushroom Growing MediaThe name of the Scientific / Latin Trade Name Local Name / IndonesiaAcacia con% usaAcer palmatum / AcerniveumAlbasia falculnAleur • ilies fordiiAlntes jajwnicaBc Tula japonicaBomha.x CeibaBroussonetia pcrpvrifernCetis sincnsisElaeugmus pungenusFcrgus crenataFicus wn + snFicus stipulosuGardenia jasminodesLuporteu pteros / igmaMacarunguu InnariusMagnolia ohovutuMorus auslralisPongamia pinnataRhus vernicifluaSapium sebiferum Taiwan AcaciaMaple TreeAlbasiaTung Oil TreeAlderBirchSilk Cotton TreeCommon PaperMul berryF "laeagnusBeechSmall - LCA \ edBa m anLarge LCA \ cd FigCape JasminePoisonus Wood NettleMacaranuaSmall-LemedMulberrvPoongamiaVarnish TreeChinese Taklboom AcaciaWuru Kennbang (Java)SengonPecan China,Muncang ChinaAlas cottonwoods (Java)The quantity of trees, Besemah,Sepukan, GluguAreuy Dudurenan (Sunda)Banyan Group orRubberidemGlass Dishes, Dishes CeplokKernaduh (Java)MakarangaCempakaMulberryWooden bean Sea,Bangkonganpine. However, ear fungus grows optimally at some certain types of wood. Therefore, the sawdust is used as a medium to grow in culture or maintenance of jarnur ears should be selected from a particular sawmill. The types of wood are good for mushroom growing medium is wood lute, durian, rambutan, avocado, dadap, and pasalama. Kinds of wood are good for mushroom growing medium can be seen in Table 2.
Clean sawdust pile and wet (water content about 62%) was stirred and mixed with fine bran and lime according to the composition of each. Fine bran is selected that is still fresh and good and clean (not mixed husks or other impurities). Bran that has been stored in a long time to clot and undergo fermentation (¬ busukan development). Bran in] not good to mix culture media ear mushrooms grow. Keep the growing medium mixture evenly mixed.
The next step is to enter the growing medium in clear glass bottles to the brim and bottom (base) vial and bang it gently on the floor or mat board and the surface of growth media on the bottle hole is pressed with a fingertip repeatedly to media in bottles grew more dense (compacted ) and reach the neck of the bottle. Add more media to grow until full and then compressed again so that the bottle filled and solid.
On the surface of the growing medium in a bottle made a hole as deep as 3 cm and a diameter of 1 cm. The trick, the surface of the media is growing at the mouth of the bottle is pressed wood with a pointed tip and gilig (silindrik). Then, the tool of cotton is removed (revoked) as he tied the rope back slowly rotated so that the media surface boundary cavities and solidified sampal bottle neck (see Figure 8).
Mouth of the bottle corked with ¬ ka fitting and covered with a plastic bag ¬ tick, then tied with a rubber strap. Jobs similar growth media were repeated on a bottle of ¬-bottle to another.
Bottles that have contained had he grown disterilsasi ¬ ¬ in auto clave for approximately 1 hour at 100 ° C-125 ° C (sterilsasi constant temperature of at least 30 minutes). Position the bottle in the same autoclave sterilization position of the reaction tube F1. ¬ tu juan oversee the production of these bottles is to use autoclave sterilization as well as the implementation of more effective and efficient.
After sterilization is completed, then the bottle containing the growing medium is cooled. In warm conditions, the bottles are unloaded and put into a sterile culture room. The bottles containing growth media were left for 12-24 hours to allow the media to grow a fungus that has been sterilized it becomes cold. After cooling, the bottles are placed on a table of breeding.
Take the test tube culture of F1, and place it on the counter culture. In the circumstances tcrtutup cotton plug, test tube immediately sterilized by spraying alcohol and cotton penyumbatnya burned during l0-15 seconds. Furthermore, removable (repealed) with long tweezers remain in a state of burning, and the mouth of a test tube over the lamp burned methylated for 5 seconds. How to sterilization (combustion tube F1) can be seen in Figure 9.
Mycelium cultured F1 F2 breeding put into bottles. The trick, open the blockage cotton breeding F2 and the reaction bottle collection (grab) mycelium cultured with piset F1, and then cultivate the mycelium grown on medium holes in the bottle breeding F1 F2 Every culture can be usedF2 seed breeding as much as 15-20 bottles. Culture bottle was closed again with a cotton plug (lid) and placed on a rack in a sterile room, good breeding around the table or in another room (see Gambarl0).
Bottles filled with mushroom mycelium is stored and grown during that month I was growing mushroom mycelium meet all the cracks (pores) growth media in the bottle. Mycelium which grows well be white, while the mycelium is damaged will be colored brown rot. Culture bottles are damaged removed and the entire contents of growth media disposed therein. Then, the inner wall of the bottle brush with sponge or brush stemmed and washed with clean water and then stored in a dry kcadaan.
C. Breeding Tahak Third (F3)
Principles and third stages of breeding step (F3) is the same with the estab ¬ second stage culture. Pcmbiakan F3 seedlings grown from F2 pcrlibiakan results. Mycelium growing in growth medium F2 destroyed with tweezers or a wooden stirrer alau long-stemmed iron that has been sterilized. Then, the mycelium pad poured directly on the mouth bolol ditampun breeding F3 or on a plate or porcelain dish. Each vial culture F3 can be used as seed breeding F3 150 -200 bottles and stored or developed (grown) for 1 month.
D. Breeding Stage Keenipat (F4)
The fourth stage of breeding principle no different from breeding F3 or F2. Implementation of F4 breeding done indoors sleril wider. Growth media used were sawdust, fine bran, and chalk. While penanainan hibit (inoculation) of breeding is done in a plastic bag (polybag).
Prepare the growing medium and heat-resistant plastic bags silence rather thick (PE 0.002) measuring 20 cm x 30 cm. Enter the growing medium in a plastic bag to the brim, then padatkan by pressing the plastic surface to a height of the bag (growing medium) lived 18 cm - 20 cm. Compaction is done manually or using machinery. Compaction done manually by pulling the upper surface of the plastic bag and hit the surface of growth media with a round plate whose diameter is equal to the diameter of the plastic bag. Furthermore, the top surface of the central part of growing media made a hole with a diameter of 1 inch (about 2.5 cm) deep as 7.5 cm - 10 cm.
The top plastic bag (polybag) was completed, growth media from pieces of pipe installed pralon rings (ring diameter and a height of about 3 cm) or pieces of bamboo and then plugged with cotton and sealed sterile plastic or wooden box (see Figure 12). Furthermore, poly bag
arranged in plastic baskets (bamboo) and inserted (sterilized) at a temperature of 90 ° C - ¬ 95 'C in the evaporation chamber or sterilization chamber (steamer) for 50-10 hours. Implementation of this polybag sterilization at the latest 24 hours since prepared and sterilization can be done by boiling in boiling water for 4 h at 95 ° C - 100 ° C.
After sterilization is completed polybag, immediate cooling. Turn off the steamer and allow the evaporation room temperature decreases to 60 ° C. While waiting for the cooling, do the sterilization room ¬ culture development. The room was sprayed with alcohol or mixed baysol aquades (distilled water) at a ratio (composition) 1: 6. Floor of the room is cleaned with a spray baysol in water, then mop (wipe) with a clean cloth.
Equipment, including clothing workers, must be sterile. All equipment and labor sprayed or washed with alcohol. In any implementation of breeding, you should use a mask or cover your mouth and nose (from a sterile cloth, etc..).
After evaporation of the cold room temperature (approximately 60 ° C), poly bags in the basket immediately removed from the evaporation chamber and cooled indoor breeding during i days (24 hours). Breeding room temperature can be adjusted by the air conditioner (AC) or fan. Breeding room must be equipped with ventilation holes for air circulation more smoothly.
F3 seedlings in culture bottles taken from the storage space (growth). Tip of the bottle and sprayed with an alcohol cotton stopper and burned for 1-2 minutes. In hot conditions, the cotton stopper and the bottle's mouth was opened immediately grilled over a fire for 10-15 seconds. Then, the mycelium and growth medium pan ¬ destroyed with tweezers or other tools which.
Mixture of mycelium and growing medium in culture bottles immediately poured over the dish and immediately planted (inoculated) in polybags growing medium which has been prepared. Each bottle F3 mycelium can be grown to 35 -40 pieces polybag. To avoid contamination, implementation of the planting should be done carefully and quickly. For that, obviously ¬ tion of planting should be done by two people or more. The trick, all polybags and plastic cover cotton stopper is removed (revoked). Then, one sow the seeds of mycelium F3 and the other closed poly bag with a cotton plug (cover).
For the efficiency of labor and the use of plastic cover, then the blockage cotton poly bag closed again not need a bag (closed) plastic. To that end, the plastic cover is accommodated in the container for use in the manufacture of his ¬ (preparation) polybags in the next period of inoculation.
Cultivation of mushroom mycelium can also be done by way of shedding bits of mycelium from the bottle F3, above the hole poly bag with open and closed it penyumbatnya cotton. This method should be performed by workers who have professional (skilled).
Polybag, polybag seedlings planted ear mushrooms (polybag inokulen) immediately stored (incubated) in lemur (mushroom houses). The results of this breeding F4 can be sold to farmers and other community or planted itself dalarn lemur ears jarnur cultivation. Implementation of the nursery ja ¬ nut ears was not to be done in full and menyelurLih, but can be done dalarn pcmbibitan units. Farmers and communities can do a breeding F2 or F3 or F4 without having to do nursery Requirement F1, F1 seeds must be bought from farmers or other companies that have breeding F1 breeding scheme mushroom seeds from tissue culture (F1) until the mushrooms are ready tanarn formed seedlings ( F4) can be seen in Figure 13. While the seedling stage of ear mushrooms can be seen in Figure 14.

MAINTENANCE ear mushrooms
Maintenance of ear mushrooms are very simple, namely to create and maintain environmental conditions pemcliharaan (cultivation) which satisfy the growth requirements. Step-by-step maintenance or cultivation of oyster mushrooms include the manufacture or repair (rehabilitation) mushroom house (my mate ¬), treatment of mycelium and fruiting bodies, pest or disease ¬ pe, and peinanenan.
A. Creation or rehabilitation of Mushroom Houses (lemur)
Simple home ear mushrooms can be made from a wooden frame (bainbu) sago palm leaf roof, woven bamboo, or rice straw. Lemur is an ideal size is 84 ml (which is 12 m long, Iebar 7 m) and height 3.5 m. Lemur-like form of a train, under the lemur pole standing upright and semi-circular arched roof. 13entuk frame (construction) lemur without a roof can be seen in Figure 15.
The room is equipped mushroom cultivation lemur shelf or rack (shed) that is placed in rows, berderat, and composite multi-layered in between the sides of the poles. rack size adjusted to the size of poly (mycelium bags) seeds will fungi are incubated and grown. Lemur rack consists of rack units separated by roads and road intersections utarna which divides the room. Rack unit form barriers or horizontal or longitudinal wood structure berlapislapis sturdy and tightly fitted between the poles. The width and height of each shelf unit is made of about 2 x 20 cm (length polybags) or about 40 cm, while the length of 3 m wide or tailored to the size of lemur.
Rows of shelving units dipasan, regularly on the left and right side of the room so that the middle of the road there kubwlg I m wide and between shelving units are 80 cm wide street intersections. Arrangement of shelving units in room lemur ear mushrooms can be seen in Figure 16.
Making arrangement (se ¬ kat) shelf units are ideal not more than 5 layers. Each layer is able to rack ¬ polybags fit or accommodate as many as two bags into the vertical direction and 15-16 pieces to the horizontal direction. Rack unit size of 3 m (length) and 40 cm (width and height) can be filled about 60 bags polybags so that the entire rack unit composed of 5 layers can be filled approximately 300 bags of poly ¬ bag.
The composition of the lower layer rack is made of about 20 cm - 25 cm above the per ¬ niukaan ground floor for air circulation in this section is not hampered and the body of a fungus that grows fruit on the bottom shelf of this layer is not touched and contaminated by impurities that contaminate the ground floor. Similarly, the room filled with lemur no rack units. Provide a space approximately 25% of the total floor space lemur on one side of the room as a place of incubation. At each mushroom house 84 m2 size can be made about 18-20 units of rack with I inkubas floor unit.
The roof and walls and sturdy sealed lemur. The roof of lemur are practical and cost-effective can be made of woven sago palm leaves. Long side walls of mushroom houses made 2 layers, ie the top layer is made of woven bamboo, while the bottom layer is made darts as high as 1 m layer of clear plastic (transparent). If unfavorable conditions, especially lemur keembaban room is rather low, then the whole roof and walls need to be my pal ¬ coated plastic sheets.
On the upper wall of lemur given the ventilation holes open while the bottom wall of lemur given special vcntilasi holes that can be opened or closed. Vcntilasi hole in the wall above the ideal size lemur as much as 4 pieces. Two fentilasi kumbung found on the left side wall and the rest are on the right side wall of lemur. To prevent entry of birds or other wild animals, then on the open vents installed wire netting bamboo frame is clamped on all four sides. While the size of each vent is 60 cm x 40 cm.
Vents on the bottom of the window wall torn plastic forming the letter L or U. The goal is to tear the plastic terscbut can be opened and closed or sealed again. And measure the amount equal to ¬ ventilation vents open, while located about 1 m left or right side vents open. The size and location of ventilation can be seen in Figure 17.

Mushroom house is equipped with a main door mounted on the front. This door is made of woven bamboo framed with wood frame boards or planks of bamboo. Construction of mushroom houses can be seen in Figure 18.
The lifetime of optimal simple mushroom houses of timber frame, thatched leaf roof, and walls of woven bamboo and plastic sheets are about 2 years or about 4 peroide production. Furthermore, mushroom houses can be dismantled and rebuilt the house with a simple mushroom new materials or diperhaiki (rehabilitated) by replacing the materials that have been damaged.
B. Mycelium and Fruit Body Care
Seeds fungus (mycelium) F4 result of purchase or production itself can be transported and placed in a lemur that tclah prepared. The amount is adjusted to the availability of seeds and the capacity of lemur. In the lemur the size of 84 m 'and 3.5 m height may be planted about 5,000 bags of polybag seedlings jarnur ears.
Place the poly bag above the floor surface of incubation that has been provided, namely the bare floor surfaces that are not covered rack. Is the vertical position of polybags, polybags mat below, and the surface mycelium nursery places are closed (capped) cotton on top. Position placement polybags can be seen in Figure 19.

Mushroom seeds on the floor is left for 1.5 incubation bu lan ¬ mycelium grows up perfectly. Planting is called the incubation period. During the incubation period, the mycelium will grow over the surface and pores of the media grew in polybags. Mycelium which grows well will close about 70% of the surface and pores of media images 19. The placement position on the floor grew Polybag. Incubation.
After an incubation period followed by planting. Seeds fungus that grows either immediately arranged on a layer-layer ¬ rack. While preparing polybag seedlings ja ¬ nut, as well as the selection. Seeds are not doing well and contaminated by dirt and other fungi dikum ¬ collected in sacks and thrown away or burned.
Polybags arranged tilted to kin and to the right. The top (lid) polybags tilted toward the street intersection, while its base intersect. Position a rack arrangement polybag on mushroom cultivation can be seen in Figure 20 and 21.
Completed the preparation of poly bags can be carried out monitoring of mycelium growth. In this monitoring or identification of re-examination of the mycelium in a polybag .. twists dijuinpai mycelium grown in polybags that are less good, it must be immediately removed and discarded (see Figure 22), later replaced by another polybag or left blank.
After all, or about 75% of the surface pores of the growing medium covered by mushroom mycelium, the fungal growth to be done in a way tore the plastic polybags. Penyobekan performed on the curved section near the end of the polybag. Cutouts form an L or a square hole measuring 1 cm x 1 cm. Cutouts should form an L-shaped bracket open toward the end of the polybag. The position and shape of the pieces of mushroom polybag growth can be seen in Figure 23
Typically, about 15 days later, the candidate fungal fruiting bodies (pin head) will grow at such cutouts (see Figure 24).

Penyobekan polybag bag is repeated in the same way after the candidate I 5 days old fungus or about 30 days after planting polybag. Penyobekan.kedua position should be opposite to the location (position) the previous tear. The goal is to occur pemcrataan pcmanfaatan somber nutrients contained in lumbuh media and facilitate implementation and ensure continuity picking panes.
Principal job and routine maintenance during the mycelium and the mushroom fruit body is watering, controlling humidity and air circulation, and cleanliness lemur. Watering is done after the lumbuh fungal fruiting bodies on the first tear was 15 days or about 2.5 months since the incubation period.
Watering is done by spraying water mist sprayer equipped with nozzle wear. Method of water nebulization spraying and can be seen in Figure 25.

Giant mushroom house and built a permanent can be equipped with an automatic syringe (preasure chamber) to regulate water and the misty spray that mucrat through a nozzle mounted on a bang or a wall. Giant mushroom house and automatic spray can designed like Figure 26.
The first watering is done until the mushroom fruit body and dripping wet. While the next watering done routinely every day in accordance with de ¬ air conditions (weather). Watering in the summer as well as air temperature and humidity is high enough space rather low ¬ lemur done as much as 2-4 times a day. The frequency of watering when the temperature is too high coupled with a gust of wind carried as much as 5 times a day.
Action taken if there is no wind and hampered air circulation in the lemur and the rain is not going to open or to ¬ nyingkapkan plastic vents on the bottom wall of lemur. Cleanliness of lemur during maintenance must be maintained properly. Each completed harvest, the ground floor should be sprinkled with lime lemur. This action is to download ¬ prevent disease or insect pests attack while creating conditions for mushroom houses remain healthy.
C. Pest and Disease Control
The main problem is the maintenance of mushroom contamination and pest attack. Implementation of the sterilization room and equipment, and media culture mycelium grown on a less than perfect Fa will facilitate contamination by other fungi. Types of fungi that often contaminate the mycelium or fruiting body potential (pin head) ear fungus is Trichoderma sp. This fungus is green and growing like moss on the surface of the media.
Often, the mycelium polybag jarnur ear ¬ contaminated by mold fungi contender (competitors) that grows in the form of black spots on the surface of the media. Fungi which can not be identified this kind of media nutrients to grow and grow memantaatkan as habitat and food sources.
Another problem is the cleanliness of the room and the fluctuation of water content in the growing medium. Rurnah fungus that made simple easy to get dirty and polluted by the filth that comes from lemur-making materials or other materials. Implementation of the less good watering will also cause tluktuasi growing medium water content. Excess or shortage of water will cause the media to grow the fungus growth is not normal and are easily contaminated by jemui so on.
To avoid contamination and outbreaks of pests or disease prevention measures need to be done (preventit). The first action is to keep the house clean mold and place of incubation as well as planting shelf (pe ¬ meliharaan). The second action is to remove and destroy pockets of contaminated polybag other fungi or pests. Another action is to maintain the cleanliness of breeding tools, monitoring and controlling the implementation of strerilisasi equipment as well as growing media, and keeping the house clean mildew by spraying pesticides prior to pen ¬ plants or during maintenance and after implementation of each harvest.
D. HarvestMushroom fruiting bodies are harvested when growth was maximal. Mushroom growth period is characterized by changes in the edge or periphery of the body pieces are wavy and uneven. The most appropriate time of harvest is at the age of 3-4 weeks since the formation of candidates for fruit body (F) in head) and has a maximum length size or weight has reached about 65 g (see Figure 27).
Harvesting is done manually by mencubut fungi with the roots. Implementation of the harvest often have kcsulitan when uprooted. Root fungi that are not uprooted and disrupted the growth of fungi that candidates will air ¬ flowers around decaying roots. Root fungi that do not have to be taken forcibly uprooted by wearing gouged wood or clamped and removed with a special brace.
Mushroom harvest in one period penanarnan for 5-6 months can be as much as 4-5 times. Dalarn good conditions can be harvested up to 6 times. Furthermore, the media grew only fungi produce fruiting bodies are small so it needs to be replaced with new seedlings from breeding a better outcome and quality assured.

POST-HARVEST
Ear mushrooms can be consumed in the form of fresh or stored in a dry state as well as processed into products preserved. lamw-ear freshly picked (harvested) immediately washed with clean water. Dipo mushroom base ¬ vat, then dirt, spores, and water media attached to the permu ¬ kaan fruiting bodies cleaned and washed. The trick, the surface of the fruit body soaked in water, then rubbed it slowly until all dirt and white spores disappeared. Because the fruit body. Mushrooms easily torn, this work should be done with caution.
Fungus that has a net can be directly boiled or cooked and consumed as a discount ¬ tasty dishes or dried, then stored as a stock of vegetables. Kinds of mushroom dishes that have been known and liked by the people of Indonesia are the mushroom soup, sukiyaki, tauco mushrooms, sauteed mushrooms, mushroom pickle, timlo and rice, or mic gorcng ear mushrooms. F3eberapa recipes and how to cultivate mushroom into delicious dishes can be seen in appendix 1-7.
As supplies of vegetables, oyster mushrooms should be stored in a dry state. Drying is done manually with menjernur sheet on top of mushroom fruit body loft or using mechanical drying oven. Drying manually performed during 3-4 days. Drying is done on open spaces. During the implementation of drainage reversal done repeatedly so that the level of dryness and perfect evenly. Furthermore, jar, ear IIIR packaged and stored in a place or room shady, cool, and smooth air circulation.
For long term storage (long), wrap packaging shall be hermetically sealed. Packaging (packing) for storage should use a thick plastic bag. Ear mushrooms arranged in layers in a plastic bag. Following is] a full bag, the mouth surface of the plastic bags were held together, then pressed a little to remove the air in it. In the vacuum state, tangkupan mouth plastic bag folded and tied with a rubber or tall raffia. Packaging (packing) ear mushrooms in a plastic bag can be seen in Figure 28.
Dalarn mushroom packaging plastic bags inserted in the container in the form of wood or cardboard boxes are tight and not leaking. To ¬ Masan mushrooms arranged in layers and each box (cardboard) can be charged according to their capacities.To prevent pest attack destroyer carton and packing mushrooms. then each storage box filled with CS, which is inserted in a small bottle. Mouth bottles with cotton stoppers. then insert the bottle in the middle of the middle arrangement ¬ plastic bags in cardboard molds. Arrange the mushroom packing boxes in a closed state.
Storage of dried mushroom into Masan ¬ plastic bags and cardboard boxes that balk and not leaking I can survive for years. Storage in large quantities and long term should be used floor room is equipped with a wooden board that given the shoe (see Figure 29). While the limited storage can be placed on a floor covered with paper or plastic sheets.

BUSINESS ANALYSIS TANI
Mushroom cultivation can be developed as a sideline to supplement nutritional needs and family income. Location mushroom cultivation can be built in the yard or gardens on the slopes of mountains or hills are lush and shady trees shaded.
Materials and equipment needed can be obtained in the vicinity of the location of business or bought in the market with relatively cheap price. A relatively large operational costs can be supported through joint ventures or cooperative joint ventures in the form.
Along with the needs and changing patterns of consumption will ensure the distribution and marketing of mushroom products from producers to consumers. Ear mushrooms can be marketed in a fresh condition, processed, or preserved (dried mushroom). Margin trading system ear fungus is relatively low compared with similar products or a few commodities mushrooms and other agricultural products. In short, the business prospects of mushroom cultivation is promising if developed from a sideline into a commercial venture menangah and large scale (industrial).
Every business management is always associated with the use and benefit of pe ¬ resources and funds. And land-use management of natural resources in land and water includes the supervision, care, and maintenance. While the operational utilization of labor resources regarding the amount and quality according to ability or professionalism and welfare level.
A breeding and maintenance (planting) mushroom optimal management requires that development does not have the risk of failure. Appropriate management systems will be able to respond to kendal: technical and non-technical commonly faced every effort dayajamur mind's ear.
Use of funds for financing operational and non-technical leknis need diperlimbangkan carefully and accurately. Financing da ¬ lam-financing the procurement and use of materials or equipment, and logistical arrangements (warehousing) should be considered based on priority needs.
The main objective ear mushroom cultivation business is to produce seeds and fruit body production or packaging of products preserved with the resources and funds the most efficient. To achieve these objectives need to be made lani business analysis or cost-benefit analysis which serves scbagai guidelines as well as operational controller. But given the price of some equipment tcrhatasnya infionnasi pcmbibitan mushrooms scabby, then I'm MUM additional business analysis can be presented. For communities or entrepreneurs who had an interest ¬ open ear mushroom breeding would be able to analyze his own with `ra har menanvakan some equipment needed to store or manufacturer. The cost-benefit analysis of fungal pcmcliharaan kupine Salu pcnanaman period (5 bul, 1n) to I (one) unit of lemur the size of 84 m can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3. Fortunately Loss Analysis Nemclihxraan Ear MushroomsDescription of Unit Value (USD) Total Value (USD)Depreciation lemur 1.75 millionLabor (maintenance, pe ¬ngeringan and pcngangkutan) 575 000Material (Seeds Polyba-) 520 2.6 millionEquipment Depreciation 25,000The total cost of production of 4.95 millionIncome of 6.5 millionAdvantages (one periodplanting) 1.55 millionProfit per month 310 000Posted by krisnaalibaharudin at 05:35 0 commentsFriday, 2008 December 05OYSTER MUSHROOM CULTIVATIONOYSTER MUSHROOM CULTIVATIONI. GROWTH CONDITIONS1.1. Climate a) Naturally, the oyster mushroom Pleurotus found in broad-leaved forest under a tree or beneath woody plants. Oyster mushrooms do not require a lot of sunlight and dimly lit, sheltered place mushroom mycelium will grow faster than in places with bright sunlight berlimpah.b) optimal room humidity 90-96% should be maintained by spraying water on a regular basis. c) air temperature for mycelia growth was 23-28 degrees C and for the growth of fruiting bodies is 13-15 degrees C.1.2. Media Plant Traditionally, in Japan, seedlings planted in holes in wood or etched line dry. Drying is done by sunlight or electric power. In modern farming, growing media in the form of imitation wood (logs) are made in a cylindrical shape. The composition of this medium in the form of the source timber (saws wood, bagasse), the source of sugars (starches), lime, fertilizer and water.1.3. Place an altitude above conditions is more easily achieved in the plateau area about 700-800 m above sea level. The possibility of mushroom cultivation in the lowlands the climate is not impossible as long as the storage space can be arranged and tailored to the needs of mushrooms.II. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR CULTIVATION2.1. Nurseries2.1.1. Seed Sourcesa) Source alamiDipakai for traditional media. Logs that have been overgrown mushrooms moistened, then chopped 5-10 cm long and 1-2 cm wide. Cuts spread to other logs used as growth media.b) SporaSpora formed in the hood / bottom umbrella. Hood / 3 days old umbrella was destroyed in the water. How to use this fluid there are two kinds: (1) the liquid may be used directly as a seed, (2) the liquid is splashed into the medium composed of sawdust and corn steamer / rice. Having lodged a few days, the mycelium will grow blanketed the media and ready for use.c) This murniCara cultures produce quality seeds.1. Prepare media Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), which consists of ekstrakt potatoes 1 liter (1 kg potatoes boiled with 1 liter of water, then filtered), 20 grams of sugar dextrose, yeast extract 5 grams (can be replaced with 400 ml of water but the water potato yeast so 600 ml) and gelatin sticks 20%. Other media are easily obtainable materials consisting of 1 / 4 kg potatoes, 1 / 4 kg onion, 1 / 4 kg aci, 1 tablespoon of plaster and 3 small packet of jelly. Heat the mixture to dissolve media agar. Insert the media into a 15 cc 25 cc test tube and then sterilized in an autoclave at a temperature of 121 degrees C, pressure of 1.5 for 15 minutes or steam at a temperature of 100 degrees C for 8 jam.Biarkan PDA medium until warm but still liquid. Go to the top of the petri dish slightly, insert the media immediately into a sterile petri dish aseptically. Close the petri dish quickly. After that freezes, turn the position of the petri dish. This media is called media plates in order.2. Take the 3-day-old fruiting body (diameter about 10 cm) of a healthy, smooth and the sides are not wrinkled. Remove Stipe / bar at the bottom of the fruit body. Take pieces of the blades with sterile tweezers and place it in the middle of an agar plate media were prepared. Inkubasikan media in an incubator at a temperature of 28 degrees C. On day 2, the mycelium began to grow and on day 5 media covered the entire surface of the mycelium. Pure culture is called the F1 hybrids.3. The execution of the entire process above must be aseptic / clean to avoid the growth of unwanted fungi. Prior to use the tools in the form of a knife or tweezers should be burned on the fire. Work should be done in a laminar flow or transfer box is guaranteed cleanliness.4. Pure breeding oyster mushrooms has been made in the Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Agriculture Unpad, PAU Department of Biology and Microbiology ITB ITB. Pure mushroom seeds can be stored up to 6 months at a temperature of about 4 degrees C.2.1.2. Making Seed Fungi F2 materials for the media F2 seeds are: a) Corn mash or rice bergabah = 60%. B) Sawdust = 38%. C) Lime = 0.5-1%. D) cast = 0.1 -1%. Before mixed, mashed corn / rice soaked overnight and steamed 2 hours until they open. The media is inserted into the jar so that the plate jam.Satu former F1 seeds were divided into eight sections. One part is inserted into the medium above the mycelium attached to the media. After 2-4 weeks the entire media and ready overgrown with mycelium grown to the log.2.1.3. Making Seed Fungi Although F3 F2 seed is better than F3, many mushroom growers who use F3 seeds to be implanted into the log. Media for F3 seed composition in the form of logs with the media and how to manufacture the same with log production, only the size of the plastic about 1 kg. F3 seeds are made by adding 2 tablespoons of seeds F2 to the top of the log, and then incubated for 1 month until the mycelium fills the entire surface of the log. F3 seedlings ready to be implanted into the production log. This work should be done with a sterile laminar flow or in the transfer box.2.2. Media Processing Plant2.2.1. For 80 logs needed Preparation of materials as below: a) Sawdust or fine bagasse KGB = 100) Flour corn = 10 KGC) bran fine = 10 KGD) SP36 Fertilizer = 0.5 KGE) cast = 0.5 kgf) = 50-60% water ingredients except water evenly mixed, add water until the media can be clenched.2.2.2. Making Media Log incorporated into heat-resistant plastic bag capacity 1.5 to 2 kg to be solidified media in order to form a good log. Tie the plastic mouthpiece with a heat-resistant rubber and sterilize.2.2.3. Log Sterilization Sterilization needs to be done in order to free the media from other microbes. There are two ways of sterilization are:a) Sterilization at a temperature of 100 degrees C for 8 hours by steaming. Usually used drum capacity 50 logs are heated by kerosene stoves.b) sterilization at a temperature of 121 degrees C for 15 minutes using a pressurized steam autoclave or steamer.2.3. Planting Technique2.3.1. Planting Seeds Go to the top of the log that has been sterilized. Spread 1-2 tablespoons of mushroom seed F3 or F2. Use a spoon that has been heated over a flame. Squeeze your upper back plastic. Enter the ring of bamboo diameter 3 cm and height 1 cm into the sealed plastic. Fill the hole that is formed with cotton. Close cotton ring along with newspaper and tie.2.3.2. Log Storage If we're going to save the log in the building then the oyster mushroom cultivation is not regulated by climatic conditions and can be done at any time. Logs that have been planted seedlings should be kept in place that support the growth of mycelium and fruiting bodies. Building to save the log can be made permanent for large-scale cultivation of mushrooms or in semi-permanent buildings. Place mushrooms maintenance is made with size 10 x 12 m2 in which there are 8 pieces of hide and maintenance measures 5.7 x 2.15 m2. The distance between plots 40-60 cm. Within each plot was made of the shelves above for storing structured to log 1300-1400. Frame buildings can be made from metal, wood or bamboo. Environmental conditions that must be considered in making the storage buildings are: a) The temperature for the formation of mycelium is 23-28 degrees Cb) The temperature for the formation of fruiting bodies is 13-15 degrees Cc) air humidity 90-96% d) The moisture content of 35-45 log % e) The air inside is not polluted by smoke / gas. Logs stored on a rack in an upright position or tilted. Storage spacing are arranged so that fruiting body that grows from a single log does not overlap with other fruiting bodies.2.4. Maintenance of Plant2.4.1. Maintenance Loga) Log which will form the mycelium and fruiting bodies must be maintained. Maintenance associated with keeping the environment in order to stay optimuma) good water content 35-45%. Lack of water causes the mycelium did not form fruiting bodies due to drought and excess water causes the growth of other types of unwanted fungi.b) Light. Development of mycelium and fruiting body is inhibited in the presence of direct light. Storage area must remain calm and the sun does not enter directly into the room.2.4.2. Mycelium and fruit body formationa) growth Miselium.Miselium will grow to meet the surface of the logs after storage for about 1 month. During that time period, temperature and humidity must be optimal. Setting the temperature and humidity can be done by:1. Spraying water with a sprayer to the walls of the storage building and into the space between the ranks of the log.2. Spraying water with sprinkel bernozel fine.b) Establishment of fruit body mycelium pertama.Setelah fully grown, remove the plastic ring of logs and open the top so the whole surface of the log of contact with air. At this time raising the necessary environment settings in order to grow the fruit body. Raising performed by:1. Lowering the room temperature to 13-15 degrees C using a temperature control (air conditioning) or spraying water with a fine nozzle intensively.2. Lowering the temperature and simultaneously spraying material containing growth hormone into the log surface in contact with air. Ekstrakt coconut water or sprouts can be used as a source of hormones TSB. In this way the growth of fruit body will reach twice the first way. The first fruit body formed after 3-5 days of opening.c) formation of fruiting bodies selanjutnyaSetelah first fruiting bodies harvested, lower plastic openings up to ½ of the log. Sometimes a candidate will be the fruit is grown under plastic unopened. The plastic parts must be perforated to allow the fruit body out and grow. Opening the log should not be done at once, especially on large-scale cultivation. Distance of the opening of a log group with other groups is determined in such a way that every day there are fruiting bodies are harvested. The gradual opening of the log will ensure continuity of production.2.5. Pests and Diseases2.5.1. Pests Pests are widely available in the cultivation of mushrooms is either a beetle or insect infestation. Prevention or environmental sanitation, the last alternative, spraying insecticide. Keep in mind that insecticide residues will stick in your body so that the mushrooms are harvested fruit must be washed in running water. Laundering can lead to decreased quality of mushrooms if excess water is not immediately removed by drained.2.5.2. The cause of disease is a disease that is not perfect sterilization, seeds that are not pure, clean and tool less media water content is too high. Diseases of the growth of other fungi such as Mucor, Rhiozopus, Penicillium and Aspergillus in the logs. Attacks fungus mycelium is characterized by the occurrence of black, yellow or white and the incidence of mucus. Growth of oyster mushrooms become blocked or not grow at all. Attacks can occur in the logs that have not or have been opened. Control is done by improving the technical culture and improving environmental hygiene during the manufacture of medium and seed storage building and the environment.2.6. Harvest2.6.1. Characteristics and Harvest Pleurotus Oyster mushrooms are fungi that tastes good and has good flavor if harvested at a young age. Harvesting is done after the body of the fruit reaches maximum size in 2-3 days after fruiting body will grow.2.6.2. How to Harvest Decision mushrooms should be done from the base of the stem because the stem is left can cause rot. Cut the mushrooms with a knife and sharp besih and store in a plastic container with a pile as high as 15 cm.2.6.3. Period Harvest Harvest is done every day or every few days depending on the distance of the opening of the log-log. From a log will be produced approximately 0.8 to 1 kg of mushrooms.2.7. Postharvest2.7.1. Sorting Once harvested, the fruit is cut torso. Separate the damaged from fungus mushrooms are good, well separated according to size mushrooms.2.7.2. Storage After sorting, throw dirt on the mushrooms without washing them. Store in a clean container and place in a room with a temperature of 15 degrees C. Mushrooms can stay fresh for 5 x 24 hours. Before packaging, molds can be sprayed with a solution of sodium bisulfite to prevent decay from 0.1 to 0.2%2.7.3. Packaging Packaging is done in:a) Pouch plastikb)b) a plastic bag divakum (air excluded)c) a white plastic container and covered with a thin plastic sheet.2.7.4. Other Handlinga) Drying. Mushrooms soaked in clean water, or wash with running water and then thinly sliced, or left as is. Put it in boiling water briefly, then drain. Drain the mushrooms in the oven electric / kerosene.b) The addition of preservative compounds. Whole mushrooms cleaned of dirt if necessary by running water. Soak in 0.1% citric acid for 5 minutes. Wash with running water. Put it in a solution consisting of table salt (15%), citrate salt (0.5%), SO2 (1%), potassium bicarbonate (0.1%) and potassium metabisulfida (<1%) for 10-15 minutes . Drain again. Mushrooms will be preserved for 2 weeks without packing and 1 month when direct vacuum packed way.Description of Ear Mushrooms

Development of mushroom cultivation in Indonesia growing rapidly, so that the current mushroom cultivation is widespread in many regions. This is because the mushroom is a fungus cosmopolitan or can live anywhere, ranging from coastal forest areas served until the high mountains with the requirements of the place is quite humid.Known as mushroom fruit body shape widened as the human ear (ear), and is also known there are four types, namely:a. Auricularia auricula - Judae (fruit body width and thickness)b. Auricularia polytricha (small fruiting bodies and thick)c. Auricularia cornea (such as Auricularia auricula)d. Auricularia fuscosuccinea (such as Auricularia polytricha)Some local name / local ear mushrooms are often heard:a. Indonesia: ear fungus, supa lember (Sunda), ear Lowo (Java), mouse ears, and others.b. China / Taiwan / Vietnam: mouleh, Yung-ngo, ngo Muk-, Mu-er,-er Moc. Japan: Kikurage, Mokurage, Senji, Arage.d. Hong Kong / Singapore: Mouleh, Jew's ear-fungie. United States: Tree-ear, Jew's ear-fungi, gelatinous fungi.
Fruiting body color is generally black or blackish brown but those that have a dark brown color. Most have a high business value is the color of brown on the upper body and black fruit on the bottom of the fruiting bodies, as well as small fruit size.The life cycle of ear mushrooms like shiitake and oyster mushrooms include; old fruiting bodies produce spores that are small, lightweight and numerous. Furthermore, these spores fall in place in accordance with the requirements hisupnya such as dead wood or materials berselulosa and in humid conditions, the spores will germinate to form mycelia with levels:a. Miselai primary membanyak grown steadily and expanded.b. Miselai primordial form of secondary (thickening of the mycelia on the surface of the secondary mycelia with a diameter of 0.1 cm).c. From the primordial will grow and bud-shaped body buahpada initial levels progressively enlarged (3-5 days)d. Of these primordia will grow a flared mushroom fruiting bodies, as well as parents will be harvested.Mushroom mushroom consumption is one that has the properties as long dried, then soaked with water in a relatively short time will come back as fresh shapes and sizes. Mushroom has been used as an ingredient a variety of dishes such as Vegetable kimlo, fried mushrooms, tauco mildew, sukiyaki, noodles and mushrooms with a delicious taste and soft texture that feels fresh and dry.Agribusiness mushrooms have bright prospects to be developed into agro-scale agro-industries because it does not use land that is not too broad, raw materials for mushroom cultivation in the form of waste such as sawdust, rice bran, wood chips, time of planting of seed until pemanenean very short, the selling price of mushrooms high, and high nutritional nilia aspects of health and medicine. In addition to safe, non cholesterol, and efficacious as a medicine and detoxification resulting from the slime mushroom.Ear Mushroom CultivationMushroom cultivation including seedling stage of the manufacturing process and the process of mushroom production. Mushroom cultivation can be done dibatang-stick with a particular treatment in order to grow well. Development of mushroom cultivation techniques using sawn wood dust or powder. This method is advantageous because farmers can add nutrients into the planting medium so that the optimal growth of fungi menujadiAfter menuyeleksi to be cultivated mushrooms, cultivation step begins with making the seed fungus growing media. The next phase is the maintenance of fungi during the process of cultivation, harvesting mushrooms, paspapanen handling and marketing. For maximum results, each phase must be done with bnaik including the preparation of the planting medium. For the planting medium can be used batangatau sawdust.Terms of fungal growthPhysical factors have a relationship to the purposes of nutrition for the growth of fungi. Physical factors which will be described below is the temperature, pH, aeration, light, and moisture.
1. TemperatureTemperature is an important factor affecting the growth of fungi. Temperature extremes, namely the minimum and maximum temperature is the factor that determines the growth of the fungus causes the temperature below the minimum and maximum temperatures above the fungus will not live. Temperature extremes are very important in determining the trajectory and distribution of a species of fungus in the universe.Based on the range of temperature, the fungus can be grouped into three, namely psikrofil mushrooms, mushroom mesophyll, and fungi termofil. Psikrofil group is a fungus that has a minimum temperature below O0 C, a temperature optimum between 0-17 0C, and at temperatures above 20 0C this fungus can not live. The second group is yeast mesophyll has a minimum temperature above 0 0C, the maximum temperature below 50 0C, and a temperature optimum between 15-40 0C. The third group is the group that mepunyai termofil minimum temperatures above 20 0C, the maximum temperature of 50 0C or more, and the optimum temperature of about 35 0C or more.Temperature range for growth of mycelium on the generally more extensive than those for the formation of fruiting bodies of fungi. The optimum temperature required for the formation of fruiting bodies are generally lower than for mycelium growth. Table 3 presents the temperature range for growth of fungal mycelium and fruiting bodies household consumption.
2. pHEffect of pH on fungal growth can not be expressed in general because it depends on several factors, such as the availability of certain metal ions, the permeability of cell membranes associated with ion exchange, the production of CO2 or NH3, and organic acids.In the laboratory generally mushrooms will grow at a fairly broad pH range of between 4.5 to 8.0 with a pH optimum between 5.5 to 7.5 or depending on the type of mushrooms. PH range for optimum growth of mycelium which is generally different from those required for fungal fruit body formation. PH range for growth of fungal consumption are presented in Table 4.

3. AerationTwo important components in the air which affect the growth of fungi, namely O2 (oxygen) and CO2 (carbon dioxide). Oxygen is an important element in cell respiration. Energy source within the cell is oxidized into carbon dioxide and water so that energy becomes available. Carbon dioxide can accumulate as a result of respiration by the fungus itself or respiration by other organisms.The accumulation of carbon dioxide that too much can lead to one form of the mushroom fruit body. In Agaricus bisporus the influence of carbon dioxide can cause a very long stalk and the formation of abnormal paying. The presence of carbon dioxide as much as 5% can result in schizophyllum commune did not form fruiting bodies. Therefore, the ventilation is needed in the phase formation of fruiting bodies.
4. LightMost fungi, except for Agaricus, require light to the initial formation of fruiting bodies and normal development. For the formation of fruit bodies, mushroom Flammulina velutipes requires an effective light with a wavelength of 435-470 nm (nano meters). However, for most fungi need for precisely this light is unknown. One important thing that is known to only a small number of specific wavelengths necessary, but the white light is required in relatively large jmulah. In practice can be used with fluorescent lights that dim light is sufficient for the formation and development of fruiting bodies of fungi.
5. HumidityIn general, fungi require a fairly high relative humidity. Relative humidity of 95 - 100% support maximum growth of most fungi.

Benefits & Gynecology Ear MushroomsIn terms of gastronomic or organoleptic (taste, aroma and appearance), ear mushrooms are less attractive when served as a food ingredient. However, ear fungus is known to be close sebatai Ahan foods that have efficacy as a medicine and detoxification.The mucus produced during cooking oyster mushrooms can be a thickener. Mucus ear mushrooms can disable or neutralize cholesterol. Ear fungus can be distinguished by the shape, thickness, and color. Ang mushroom fruit body has the form of small (often called a mouse ear fungus) favored by consumers because waranya younger, and it seems according to taste. Mushroom fruit body is widened (elephant ear mushroom) it feels a little rubbery or tough making it less desirable because it should be sliced into small pieces when they are cooked. Ear mushrooms in addition to food ingredients also transform and treatment. To reduce the heat in, reducing pain on the skin due to burns.Nutritional mushroom water content comprised 89.1, 4.2 protein, 8.3 fat, total carbohydrates 82.8, fiber 19.8, ash 4.7 and the energy value 351. Ear mushrooms are heated, then the mucus produced by the public and physicians have the efficacy of treatment:• breeder / penon-active toxins either in the form of vegetable poisons, toxic pesticide residues, bakhan up to toxic heavy metals in the form. Almost all the ingredients in Chinese cuisine, ear mushrooms are being added for the purpose of off-borne toxins in food.• The content of compounds in the mucus ear mushrooms, effective to inhibit the growth of carcinoma and sarcoma (cancer) up to 80-90%. Also serves to inhibit blood clotting and even anticoagulants.• Mucus ear mushrooms can meghambat and prevent blood clotting.Benefits of ear mushrooms for the treatment of diseases, among others:• High blood pressure / hardening of blood vessels caused by blood clots: 3 grams of dried mushroom, soak overnight and discard the water to stay moist mushrooms, place in a hamper, add dikusus clean water until soft, add rock sugar to taste to taste food once a day.• Less blood to cook mushroom 30 grams, plus 30 grams of fruit and dates, plus clean water to drink 5 cups cooked until the remaining 1 cup water. It can also be applied to treat hemorrhoid pain remedy / ambeian.• Coming months are not smooth and facilitate defecation. Ear mushrooms cooked with other ingredients such as vegetables.Harvest Period Ear MushroomsCultivation of plant origin with logs sawn wood powder memerlukahnn took about 3 months until the harvest, while the log plant origin stem you can be more than 5 months, but the results of the log you're likely favored at higher prices. Harvest for planting the log-shaped 'bag lplastik' can reach 1-2 months continuously with intergval time 1-2 weeks until all the pieces of mushroom log cropping overgrown. While the harvest for wood logs are generally more than 4 new moon will appear, and this growth will continue to last for 3-4 months if environmental planting and place logs maintained properly regulated.Marketing aspects of Ear MushroomsBoth in the fresh state (generally the harvest of nature) or in the dry state (cultivated) mushroom price is more expensive when compared with other prices such as oyster mushrooms or straw. This type of ear mushrooms are the most widely sold in the environment or shinshe china shop boat that has the form of small or thin-bodied fruit is dry, generally originate from Taiwan or mainland China, called Mouleh.In general, the market share in the world, ear mushroom ranks quite low in addition to button mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, mushroom and so on. In the Asian market share, particularly in the area of China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and so forth where many ethnic Chinese population dwell, ear mushroom market share is very high, especially in dry form.Even in Indonesia, with a considerable population of Chinese origin, ear fungus needs still to be imported from the PRC, Thailand, Vietnam and so on in dry form. And that is still fresh, in general, is still a natural product at the beginning of the rainy season or early dry season, because at that season, many ear fungus found growing on dry sticks in the forest.Posted by krisnaalibaharudin at 00:50 0 commentsTuesday, 2008 December 02

Mushrooms Make Business Tempted

Agribusiness confused which one to choose? Nothing wrong if you try mushroom farm consumption. According to HM Kudrat Slamet, Chairman of the Society Sustainability Fungus Indonesia (Maji), the type of fungus that consumers demand, namely mushroom (Volvariella volvaceae), white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), ear fungus (Auricularia polytricha), champignon (Agaricus bisporus), and shiitake (Lentinus edodes).Of the five types of mushrooms, the fungi cultivated meranglah that many farmers. Because, compared to other types of mushrooms, mushroom more easily cultivated, and short life cycle, only one month. "Mushroom dominate 55% -60% of total mushroom production nationwide," said Kudrat.The next rank is the white oyster mushroom. Production of mushrooms whose development started since 1997's it was, about 30% of the total production of mushrooms Indonesia. Wood is widely cultivated mushrooms in the area of 800-1300 m altitude above sea level it has a life cycle with a 5-month harvest period of 4 months.
Stay ChooseMushroom farmers are often found in lowland areas, such as on the north coast of Java (Pantura). Particularly in West Java, mushroom production centers can be found in Jakarta, Karachi, Subang, and Cirebon.While the white oyster mushroom centers located in Bandung Regency (Cisarua, Lembang, Ciwidey, Pangalengan), Bogor, Sukabumi, Garut and Tasikmalaya. Outside Jabar contained in Sleman, Yogyakarta and Solo. For ear mushrooms, can be found in Central Java (Ambarawa and Yogyakarta), as well as in Ciwidey (Kab. Bandung).Although not many, business champignon mushrooms, button mushrooms, aka, can be found in Bumiayu (Central Java) and Randutatah, Malang (East Java). Even for shiitake mushrooms, sample business actors are in Cibodas, Lembang, and Malang.Champignon and shiitake more produced by large companies due to be produced for processed (canned). While the mushroom, oyster mushrooms and white, and oyster mushrooms, more populist, so many choose to be undertaken.
Value-PlusAccording to employers, in the last three years, the public interest to consume mushrooms continue to rise. One of them can be seen from the creativity of the traders, who previously only selling fresh mushrooms, now has penetrated into the preparations, such as chips to produce mushrooms.Public awareness to eating mushrooms positive effect on the supply demand. "Demand continues to rise mushrooms, whatever is produced by farmers depleted absorbed. The increase is about 20% -25% / year, "said Ir. NS Adiyuwono, owner of the company in Ciwidey Sinapeul Mushrooms, which seek oyster mushrooms and oyster mushrooms.Consumers, Adi, realizing that the fungus is not just food, but also contain medicinal properties. "In the past, many people fear that offered mushroom poisoning. Now there is a paradigm shift, when presented with the fungus will ask about the usefulness, "he added.In addition to delicious, nowadays people eat mushrooms because of health considerations. Mushrooms are easily digested and reported to be useful for people with certain diseases. Mushroom for example, is useful for diabetics and blood deficiency diseases. Indeed, any type of mushrooms contains medicinal properties of certain (read: Usefulness of Fungi).Mushrooms have a high nutritional value, especially the protein content of about 15% -20% (dry weight). Cernanya power is high, 34% -89%.Completeness of amino acids that determine the quality possessed more mushroom nutrition. Fat content is quite low, between 1.1% -9.4% (dry weight), in the form of free fatty acid mono ditriglieserida, sterols, and fosfolipida.Mushrooms are also a good source of vitamins such as thiamin, niacin, biotin, and ascorbic acid. Generally, mushrooms are rich in minerals, especially phosphorus, calcium, and iron.
Not Yet FulfilledTo date more mushrooms produced in Java. Based on data Maji, every day Jabar mushroom producing 15-20 tons and 10 tons of oyster mushrooms. While ear mushrooms, with the main centers of Central Java, every day produces 1 ton. Shiitake mushrooms followed by production of 500 kg / day.Most of the production of mushrooms marketed in fresh form. Big cities became the main market destination for this fungus. Market Jakarta, for example, supplied from Karachi, Jakarta, Bogor, and Sukabumi. From Cisarua-Bandung alone, every day, not less than 3 tons of oyster mushrooms into Jakarta. Ir. Mass, M.Sc., mushroom growers in Falkirk, predicts, the market needs Jakarta to mushroom around 15 tons / day. While the new Falkirk capable of supplying 3 tons.For the mushroom market absorbed primarily because many Java needed herbal medicine industry. However, ear fungus went from Central Java Jakarta, a day not less than 200 kg.In addition to sold fresh, most businesses to diversify their products by producing chips and flour. Rina in Jakarta for example, every day produce 50-100 kg of oyster mushroom chips. Until now he has claimed not able to meet the demand to reach 500 kg-2 tons. While much needed flour industry to meet the needs of the vegetarian group.Although much needed, "All the new mushroom production to meet 50% of the market demand," said Kudrat. Not to mention the added demand of foreign markets, like Singapore, Japan, South Korea, China, the United States, and European Union (Table 1). "Until now requests that can not be fulfilled," said Basuki Rachmat, Secretary General of Maji. Mass is also Head Mushroom Cultivation Pusdiklat Merang Indonesia, also justify the export market demand has not been able to be fulfilled. "To meet domestic demand alone is not enough," added the Chemical Engineering graduate of this ITB that has been farmed mushrooms since 1990.
Prices StableCompared to other commodities, the price of mushrooms fairly stable. Perhaps because the fungus is not essential commodities like rice, pepper, and onion.In the first two weeks of September, mushroom prices at farm level Rp9.000-Rp10.000/kg (BEP Rp6.000/kg). Difference in price at a higher level Rp3.000-Rp4.000/kg collectors. In the market, price becomes Rp15.000-Rp20.000/kg. "Because tataniaganya chain is long enough, as long as it profits from the business more enjoyable mushroom gatherers," said Kudrat.If the oyster mushroom, more profits enjoyed by the farmers. Gatherer Rp1.000-Rp2.000/kg most benefit. Oyster mushroom prices at farm level in the same period the average Rp5.300/kg (BEP Rp4.000/kg). In the central market Rp6.000/kg (dawn) and in small markets Rp10.000/kg.Wet mushroom prices at farm level Rp6.000/kg average. In the market Rp8.000/kg. While the dried mushroom ranges Rp35.000-Rp50.000/kg. According to Adi, to produce a kilo of dried mushroom is required 6 kg of wet. Meanwhile, Desianto FW, mushroom growers in Semarang, Central Java, said the higher price of ear mushrooms again at the end user level. Rp60.000-Rp80.000/kg range.Although the price is quite tempting, there are certain times of fresh mushrooms sold less, ie 1-2 weeks after the holiday. After that the price is back to normal. Therefore, diversification of products becomes very important.
StagnantIn the past two years, mushroom production is stagnant, even declining. Though farmers farmers had enough. Core mushroom farmers about 5,000 people, 600 oyster mushroom farmers, 200 farmers ear mushrooms, shiitake and entrepreneurs around 10 players.According Kudrat, which affects production stagnated because there are about 30% of farmers and oyster mushroom yangg collapse because they are no longer able to produce. It's more due to the difficulty of obtaining fuel oil because the price goes up. In fact, "Fuel represents 20% of the cost of production," said Adi.Indeed, kerosene can be converted to coal or firewood. But it's not easy. "Before, I never use coal, but it was not heat stable, and the smoke affects the quality of growing media," I am Masses. Plus, when using coal, but hard to get also generates waste dust. While the cultivation of mushrooms must be completely clean.In addition, farmers also faced the problem of accumulation pest. In the municipality of Bandung, for example, farmers troubled by the attacks of fungi Aspergillus sp. This is very annoying fungus growing media (baglog) that inhibited the growth of oyster mushrooms, and even death. This occurred during a prolonged drought or rain. On the other hand, "About 50% of production costs consist of growing medium," said Kudrat.Also in Yogyakarta, ear mushroom farmers reeling by krepes pests (mites). Control with poison akarisida not a solution, because the fungus is organic products.
Business FacilitiesBesides relying on the sale of fresh mushrooms, some mushroom farmers choose to sell bottled and baglog seeds. Kudrat, which also owns companies mushrooms CV Cisarua Citi Self-Bandung, besides producing oyster mushrooms, also sells seeds and baglog. Of the 15 kumbung cultivated, every day he produce 10,000 seeds baglog and bottled.Similarly Adiyuwono who began pioneering efforts since 2003. Each month she produces 100 thousand baglog, 10% -40% of them for ear fungus. While the seed production of 30,000 bottles / month. Seeds he sold Rp4.000-Rp5.000/botol. While baglog oyster mushrooms sold Rp1.600 and Rp1.400 to baglog ear mushrooms. Besides absorbed farmers in Java, the seeds were thrown up to Sumatra and Kalimantan.Similar things done Jemy Susanto, owner of the company Mushrooms Agro Lestari in Solo. Each month she produces 1,000 bottles F2 seedlings and 20,000 baglog. Seeds and this baglog he marketed to the outside of Java. Jemy fix the price of seed Rp69.000 Rp59.000 for Java and outside Java.Based on data Maji, planting medium trade turnover reaches Rp 4, 4 billion / year. While the trade turnover reached Rp750 million seedlings a year. The fresh mushroom trade turnover reached Rp17, 3 billion / year.Dadang WI, Selamet Riyanto
Open Secrets of BusinessDo not just calculate the profit, but you must understand all the business risks. Here's the secret mushroom farming business search results from the existing players 5-15 years.§ The cost efficiency of production. If there is a competitor or failure of the above standards, with efficiency, assets can be secured.§ Play it safe. In order fortunately high, try to contamination are not more than 10%. Contamination of 60% means the collapse. When the treatment in half measures, most businesses survive 3 years. Conversely, with proper care, a business cycle can last 5-6 years.§ Hygiene. Be careful to use the material for the media to grow because it can invite pests and diseases. Avoid use of pesticides. To search for material procurement 3 M: cheap, easy, and maximum results. Take advantage of existing material resources in their respective areas (straw, corn cobs, waste oil, water hyacinth, sawdust, pollar).§ Dynamic, innovative, and creative. Dig up and deepen knowledge appropriate experiences that occur in their respective areas. Each area of potential to develop ways of cultivation are conditional. For a typical way to obtain cheaper production costs.§ Consider the standards of success. Stages have mushroom cultivation business: make powder, steaming, put seedlings (inoculations), incubation, growth, harvest, post harvest. Negligence in each phase must be corrected immediately. All activities must be recorded.§ Diversification. To speed up the round of money, outside of farming, also doing business and baglog seeds. Cash flow of seeds just two weeks. While baglog one month.Dadang WI
Average Monthly Export DemandMushroom types Volume NegaraTujuan(Tons)Canned mushroom China, USA, EU 80White oyster mushroom pickles China, Singapore 80Dry white oyster mushroom China, Korea, USA, EU 30Dried shiitake Singapore, Japan 20Fresh shiitake Singapore, China 60Dried mushroom China, Korea, USA, EU 50Another type of China, USA, EU 500Number 820Sources: Maji, 2007
Benefits of Mushrooms§ Mushrooms MerangContain antibiotics that are useful for prevention of anemia disease, lowers high blood pressure, and cancer prevention. Eritadenin the mushroom known as detoxification.§ Oyster MushroomsSource of vegetable protein which does not contain cholesterol and prevent heart disease and high blood pressure, reduce weight, and diabetes. High content of Vitamin B complex, can cure anemia, antitumor, and prevent iron deficiency.§ Ear MushroomsEfficacious mucus neutralize toxins found in food, blood circulation is more free to move in a heart vessel.§ champignon mushroomsSource of vegetable protein, reducing the risk of blockage of coronary arteries in patients with hypertension and heart disease due to cholesterol. Used as raw materials of cosmetics and skin smoothing formula medicine.§ Shiitake MushroomsRelieve the effects of an attack of influenza, inhibits growth of cancer cells, leukemia, and rheumatism. The enzymes contained in the shiitake can produce certain amino acids that can reduce cholesterol levels and lowering blood pressure. This fungus was believed to be an aphrodisiac (enhancers

multifarious mushrooms

ear mushrooms