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NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science

2020-07-05T10:42:00.000+05:30

NCERT solutions have been provided to help students answer questions correctly, using a logical approach and methodology. The solutions provide enough material to enable students to build a good foundation and improve the core principles of the subject. You can also practice additional questions for class 8 science at EduRight

This page provides you all the links of NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science. You can download, copy the solution for each chapter. Science NCERT Class 8 solutions are helpful resources developed by our science experts to help students in their Class 8 exams.

Chapter-wise list of NCERT solution for Class 8 Science
Chapter 1 - Crop Production and Management
Chapter 2 - Microorganisms: Friend and Foe
Chapter 3 - Synthetic Fibres and Plastics
Chapter 4 - Materials: Metals and Non-metals
Chapter 5 - Coal and Petroleum
Chapter 6 - Combustion and Flame
Chapter 7 - Conservation of Plants and Animals
Chapter 8 - Cell - Structure And Functions
Chapter 9 - Reproduction in Animals
Chapter 10 - Reaching the Age of Adolescence
Chapter 11 - Force and Pressure
Chapter 12 - Friction
Chapter 13 - Sound
Chapter 14 - Chemical Effects of Electric Current
Chapter 15 - Some Natural Phenomena
Chapter 16 - Light
Chapter 17 - Stars and Solar System
Chapter 18 - Pollution of Air and Water

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science (PDF)

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NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science

Chapter 1 - Crop Production and Management

In Class 8 Science Chapter 1, you will learn the various techniques for preparing soil and sowing seeds. The key concepts in this chapter also include animal husbandry and food sources from animals. Learn about the types of crops to understand how cultivation is carried out by farmers. Find ways on how to improve crops by studying with our NCERT chapter solutions.

Chapter 2 - Microorganisms: Friend or Foe

Class 8 Science Chapter 2 will assist you to understand the different types of microorganisms. Study in detail about microorganisms such as fungi, algae, protozoa and bacteria. Find out which microorganisms are good and which microorganisms are considered harmful. Also, know the various methods for preserving food.

Chapter 3 - Synthetic Fibres and Plastics

Revise concepts such as synthetic fibres and types of synthetic fibres in this chapter. You will learn about the properties of fibres such as rayon, nylon, acrylic and polyester. Also, understand the advantages and disadvantages of synthetic materials such as plastics through the NCERT Science book Class 8 solutions.

Chapter 4 - Materials: Metals and Non-Metals

The NCERT solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 4 will help you with questions asking you about the physical properties and uses of metals and non-metals. Find out what will happen when metals come in contact with water, oxygen, acids and bases. Also, revise the concept of the displacement reaction.

Chapter 5 - Coal and Petroleum

With our NCERT solutions for Class 8th Science, get descriptions on how coal tar, coal gas and coke are produced from coal. This chapter also covers the limited availability of natural resources and the need for the careful usage of resources for a sustainable future.

Chapter 6 - Combustion and Flame

In this chapter, study about combustible and non-combustible gases. Find out why goldsmiths use the outermost part of the flame to melt gold and silver. Discover the meaning of terms such as flame, combustion, fuels, fire and burning. Revise the various types of combustion.

Chapter 7 - Conservation of Plants and Animals

Through the NCERT Science Class 8 Chapter 7 solutions, revise the concepts of deforestation and reforestation. Find answers on what are the differences between a zoo, a biosphere reserve and a wildlife sanctuary. Also, get answers on concepts such as flora, fauna, endangered species and extinct species.

Chapter 8 - Cell – Structure and Functions

Study the answers on the structure and functions of an animal cell and plant cell in this chapter. Learn to list the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Revise concepts such as amoeba, unicellular organisms etc. with TopperLearning’s NCERT solutions for Class 8 Science.

Chapter 9 - Reproduction in Animals

This chapter will take you through the process of human reproduction and fertilisation. Find out how living organisms produce offspring. Learn about sexual and asexual reproduction. Also, use our NCERT solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 8 to understand the difference between a zygote and a foetus.

Chapter 10 - Reaching the Age of Adolescence

Chapter 10 aims to give you answers on what are the chemical and physical changes which take place in humans when they reach the age of adolescence and puberty. It also gives students insight about the topics of hormones and reproduction that are covered in this chapter.

Chapter 11 - Force and Pressure

In this chapter, get answers on how force works and understand what is contact force and non-contact force. Revise the concepts like atmospheric pressure, electrostatic force, gravitational force, muscular force etc. that are covered in your NCERT Science book Class 8 syllabus.

Chapter 12 - Friction

Chapter 12 will help you to find out what affects friction, what causes friction, what are the advantages and disadvantages of friction, how friction affects a moving car or aeroplane etc.

Chapter 13 - Sound

Understand the various types of sounds and how sound is produced. Learn what kind of sound is considered noise. Also, study about sound vibration and sound frequency.

Chapter 14 - Chemical Effects of Electric Current

In this chapter, Science experts provide answers on what happens when electric current flows through a chemical solution or water. Also, understand the concept of electroplating while learning about the chemical effects of current by referring to our NCERT solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 14.

Chapter 15 - Some Natural Phenomena

While revising the solutions in this chapter, you will find out more about natural phenomena such as earthquakes and lightning. Also, study the concept of charge, positive charge, negative charge, electric discharge, the principle of lightning conductor etc.

Chapter 16 - Light

To help you understand the concept of human vision and visual impairment, you will be introduced to the structure of the eye. Also, learn about the dispersion of light and the laws of reflection.

Chapter 17 - Stars and the Solar System

Discover the stars and planets in our solar system through this chapter. Study the phases of the moon and get answers on where you will find asteroids. Deepen your knowledge of the night sky with NCERT solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 17 about constellations, celestial bodies and more.

Chapter 18 - Pollution of Air and Water

Is clear water pure? What causes air pollution? How can we prevent water pollution? Find answers to all these questions and more in our NCERT solutions for Class 8 Science Chapter 18.

Why choose EduRight?

EduRight is among India’s leading online education portals for K-12 study resources. You can find NCERT solutions for Class 8 Science, concept videos, online tests, sample papers and more on our study portal. Get important exam preparation tips and resolve your doubts with our ‘Ask the Expert’ feature. Build your exam confidence with constant practice of solutions from our sample papers and previous years’ papers covering all subjects

Utilise the study materials at EduRights for the crucial years of Class 6 to Class 12. We also provide high-quality online learning materials for engineering, medical, management, bank, ssc etc. which are prepared by subject experts for competitive exam preparation.

What are the benefits of using Class 8 Science NCERT Solutions?

Science is one of those subjects which lays the foundation on your journey towards becoming a scientist or innovator in a specific field of Science. Mugging up answers from your Science textbook might help you to score marks. But to excel in the field of Science, you need to understand the concepts taught in school.

Our NCERT solutions for Class 8 Science will come in handy for understanding the concepts learned in your Science class. Whether you intend to revise the topics or find solutions for difficult questions, NCERT solutions for Class 8 — All Subjects by our subject experts will support you in your endeavour.

NCERT textbooks are the best books by CBSE for school preparation as well as board exams. Textbooks are deemed more than adequate without any help from other refreshers. The solutions are designed keeping in mind the clear language and simplicity of explanations that are given in NCERT textbooks. Not just the board and school exams, NCERT textbooks are known to play a very important role in JEE and NEET.

The NCERT Science Book Class 8 serves as a step forward for higher classes where U can feel that the subject is out of your league and is difficult to understand. The concepts of science syllabus are the backbone of higher classes. NCERT Class 8 science solutions help clarify our basic concepts and make them very easy and interesting for students.

NCERT solutions will help in the following manner:

Authentic Homework Guide
The base for the preparation of competitive exams like JEE and NEET
Strengthening basic concepts of subjects
Error-free solutions
Extra problems to build upon the basic concepts

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Are NCERT solutions really helpful?

Yes, the NCERT solutions offer in-depth knowledge about the subject in the easiest way possible.

Does referring to NCERT solutions help in understanding concepts?

Yes, since the questions in the solutions comprise all types of questions, the exposure here is much wider.

Where can I find the NCERT solutions/notes?

EduRights NCERT solutions/notes are divided chapter-wise and can be found easily at EduRight Website.

Will my doubts (if any) regarding the NCERT solutions be answered?

Yes, all doubts regarding NCERT solutions or otherwise will be cleared.

Will these notes help me in other important exams?

Yes, these are elaborate solutions that will help you when you prepare for other exams such as the Science Olympiad.

More CBSE Class 8 Study Material

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Maths
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Science
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Honeydew
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English It So Happened
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Hindi
NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Sanskrit
NCERT Solutions

Applying Online for NEET

2020-07-05T10:10:00.000+05:30

How to Applying Online for National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test | NEET

Applying Online for NEET 2021

Instructions and Procedures for Online Application Form- NEET 2021

Please read the instructions, procedure and Information Bulletin carefully before you start filling the Online Application Form.

NEET (UG) 2021 will be conducted as per the directives of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Medical Council of India and Dental Council of India, on January 06, 2021. For details, check Admission Notice available on Website.
Candidates can apply for NEET (UG), 2021 “Online” only.
Indian Nationals, Non- Resident Indians (NRIs), Overseas Citizen of India (OCIs), Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) & Foreign Nationals are eligible to appear in NEET (UG)-2019 & also eligible for 15% All India Quota seats.
The Age criteria for appearing in NEET (UG), 2021 is as follows:

For Candidates of Unreserved Category (UR) born on or between 07.05.1994 and 01.01.2003
For Candidates of SC/ST/OBC Category born on or between 07.05.1989 and 01.01.2003

The upper age limit for NEET(UG) 2021 is 25 years as on the date of examination with the relaxation of 5 years for the candidates belonging to SC/ST/OBC category and persons entitled for reservation under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016.

Please ensure eligibility as per the eligibility conditions given in the Information Bulletin
Candidates must follow the instructions strictly as given in the Information Bulletin and on the website.
Examination Fee Details and last date for submission of Online Application Form:

Date of Examination, NEET (UG), 2021	The date will be on website
Starting Date for Online Registration	Last week of October
Last Date for Online Registration	Last week of November

On-line correction of data in the application form	Till the first week of November
Date of uploading of Admit Cards on website	Last week of December
Display of OMR Sheet*	The date will be intimated on website
Display of Answer Key*	The date will be intimated on website
Declaration of Result*	4th week of January 2021
Fee details	FOR UR/OBC Rs.3750/- (INR) FOR SC/ST/PH Rs.2750/- (INR)

Uploading of Photograph and Signature*For exact date, the candidate may remain in touch with the website.

The Scanned image of the Photograph of the candidate should be in JPG format and Image size should be between 10 Kb to 100 Kb.
The Scanned image of Signature of the candidate should be in JPG format and Image size should be between 3 Kb to 20 Kb

The fee can be remitted in the following ways:

By Credit Card/Debit Card.
Net Banking/UPI.
E-wallet of Common Services Centre and other service providers.

Please keep all these documents for future reference:

Proof of remittance of fee
Generated Confirmation Page of online Application
Copy of the System generated Self Declaration in respect of candidates from state J & K who have opted for seats under 15% All India Quota

Candidates must preserve their Admit Card and all documents as mentioned above till the admission in College or Institution is over.
NEET (UG) 2021 Application Form Correction Details

Candidates will be permitted to make the correction in their Application Form only once, so it is advised to fill the Application Form correctly. Candidates must note that the NEET (UG) 2021 Application Form Correction will be allowed in the following data only.

Identification Identity
Date of Birth
Gender
Category
Disability Status
State Codes of Eligibility
The medium of Question paper

NEET (UG) 2021 Application Form – Correction in Scanned Images

If candidates for filling up the application form have uploaded wrong photograph, signature, then CBSE will intimate the candidate through an e-mail &SMS alert. The candidate has to thereby re-upload these documents once again by logging into the NEET (UG) 2021 web portal in a given prescribed time which is 3 days.

All the candidates appearing for the NEET (UG) 2021 examination are advised to fill the Application Form carefully if by mistake have entered some wrong entries. Students have a stipulated time to rectify the error within a correction period in the field of Date of Birth, State Code of Eligibility, Category, Gender, and Disability Status.
How to make Corrections in NEET (UG) 2021 Application Form

Candidates who have to make any sort of mistakes in any particulars of the NEET (UG) 2019 application form, this is very crucial for them to make the necessary correction. An application with wrong credentials is never going to be accepted by the authority and in that case candidature of those particular candidates will be canceled.

So, candidates must make the necessary correction in the form before the stipulated deadline. They can follow the below-mentioned approach for the same.

Steps to make corrections in NEET (UG) 2021 Application Form

Candidates will first need to visit the NEET (UG) 2021 official website.
Then they must click on the Candidate Login link.
The candidate has to enter their registration number and password.
Now candidate must fill details on the Application Form.
Candidates are advised to make the correction in the Application Form carefully as it is the only one-time opportunity offered by the CBSE Board.

General Instructions, Terms and Conditions for NEET 2020

2020-06-20T15:27:00.000+05:30

In this article we are talk about the general instruction, terms and condition for the NEET 2020 which is very helpful for your exam.

General Instructions, Terms and Conditions for NEET 2020

• NEET-PG 2020 is a qualifying-cum-ranking examination for admission to MD/MS/Post Graduate Diploma courses of 2020 admission session.

• The applicant may kindly note that appearance in NEET-PG 2020 does not confer any automatic rights to secure a Postgraduate MD/MS/Post Graduate Diploma seat. The selection and admission to Postgraduate seats in any medical institutions recognized for running MD/MS/Post Graduate Diploma courses as per Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 is subject to fulfilling the admission criteria, eligibility, medical fitness and such criteria as may be prescribed by the respective universities, medical institutions, Medical Council of India, State/Central Government.

• Online Registration and Scheduling for the examination must be completed by last week of November 2019. The online registration begins from last week of October 2019.

• Applications of candidates producing false or fabricated information will not be considered and candidates may be further debarred from appearing in any future examinations conducted by NBE /MoHFW/Other Institutions.

• Candidates should go through the Information Bulletin carefully for eligibility criteria, scheme, and pattern of examination etc. before contacting NBE for any queries. Queries pertaining to eligibility and other issues will only be entertained if the information requested is not given in the Information Bulletin or on NEET-PG website www.nbe.edu.in.

• Incomplete applications or applications not in accordance with instructions will not be considered and are liable to be rejected. The examination fee will not be refunded under any circumstances.

• The fee will neither be carried forward to a future date nor refunded under any circumstances. Online applications and/or their acknowledgment of submission received after the due date will not be entertained and the exam fee will not be returned in such cases. Application once submitted cannot be withdrawn.

• Instructions in the Information-Bulletin are liable to changes based on decisions taken by the NBE/MoHFW/concerned states/Constitutional Authorities.

• NBE reserves the right to withdraw permission, if any, granted inadvertently to any candidate who is not eligible to appear in NEET-PG even though admit card/roll number/Testing ID has been issued or name/roll number/ Testing ID is displayed on NEET-PG /NBE website.

• Candidates’ eligibility is purely provisional & is subject to the fulfillment of applicable Regulation, eligibility criteria as prescribed by the NBE /MCI /University/ Medical College or Institute.

• The existing schedule, pattern, policy, and guidelines are for ready reference only but in no way they are or are ought to be treated as representative or acknowledgment of the fact that NBE is bound to follow the same in future.

• In case of any ambiguity in the interpretation of any of the instructions/terms /rules/criteria regarding the determination of eligibility/conduct of examinations/registration of candidates/information contained herein, the interpretation of the National Board of Examinations will be final and binding.

• Requests are not entertained for change in date/examination center. Candidates are advised not to canvass for or submit such representations.

• Absentees from the examination will forfeit their examination fee.

• Result for NEET-PG 2020 will be available on the website www.neetpg.nbe.edu.in by the last week of January 2020.

• Candidates MUST bring to the test center the following documents-

• A printed copy of Admit card with photo pasted on it; AND

• Photocopy of Permanent and Provisional SMC/MCI registration*, to be retained by the test center; AND

• Anyone of the authorized photo IDs**(must be original, valid and non-expired):

• PAN card/Driving license/Voter ID/Passport/ Aadhaar Card (not compulsory) *Candidates who have obtained their Primary Medical Qualification outside India and do not have SMC/MCI registration should bring their original screening test pass certificate issued on NBE letterhead. However, a candidate who is selected and allotted seat through counseling shall have to produce a certificate of registration of Medical Qualification issued by the State Medical Council / Medical Council of India at the time of reporting to the allotted Medical College/Institute.

• **The name on the photo identification must match with the name as shown on the Admit card. If the name has been changed due to events such as marriage, the candidate must show the relevant document mentioned at the time of exam (Marriage Certificate/ Divorce Decree/Legal Name Change Document).

• The examination test center staff on duty is authorized to verify the identity of candidates and may take steps to verify and record the identity of candidates. Candidates are required to extend requisite cooperation.

• Candidates should ensure before applying for online registration that their MBBS degree is recognized as per provisions of Indian Medical Council Act. If it is found at any time that MBBS degree is not recognized, the candidature/result of the candidate shall be canceled/ deemed to be canceled.

• All the correspondence should preferably be addressed by e-mail. The e-mail query shall be addressed only if it is not anonymous and contains the name, postal address and contact number of the sender. An e-mail containing vague or general queries that are contained in the Information Bulletin shall not be entertained. Queries shall not be entertained by persons claiming themselves to be representative, associates or officiates of the applicant candidate.

• The following information shall not be revealed by phone or email:
• Internal documentation /status.
• Internal Decision-making process of National Board of Examinations
• Any claim /counterclaim thereof.
• Dates & venue of internal meetings or the name of the staff/officers dealing.
• Any information which in the opinion of NBE cannot be revealed.

Terms & Conditions of NEET-PG 2020

• Terms & Conditions of NEET-PG 2020 as mentioned in the English version of Information Bulletin shall apply.

• NEET-PG 2020 shall be conducted by NBE at exam centres engaged for the purpose. Candidates will be able to schedule their exams based on the availability of test centre on the date, time and venue of their choice. Candidates are advised to familiarize themselves with the route and location of the exam centre; location maps for all test centres are available on the website.

• Candidates are advised to look into www.neetpg.nbe.edu.in regularly for various information and notices pertaining to NEET-PG 2020 examination.

• A Demo test shall be available for the benefit of candidates to familiarize themselves with the Computer Based Test format at website www.neetpg.nbe.edu.in. Applicants will be able to access the Demo test by entering their confirmation ID (issued at the end of registration and scheduling process).

• Kindly note that by registering for the NEET-PG, candidates are covered by Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA). As per NDA, candidates cannot disclose any question or contents of question paper in part or otherwise with any person or party or website or such other media/publication. Any act in breach of the NDA shall be liable for penal action as per law, kindly note that this is a punishable offence and shall lead to cancellation of candidature at the bare threshold.

• The candidate is deemed to have read, agreed and accepted the Information Bulletin and the terms and conditions in the information bulletin for NEET-PG 2020 on completing the registration/application form of the candidate.

• Each candidate can register and appear in NEET-PG 2020 once only. Any candidate found to register and/or appeared more than once in NEET-PG 2020 shall be automatically debarred from the exam. His/her candidature will stand cancelled and further action as deemed appropriate by NBE shall be taken.

• Possession/Use of mobile phones or any such Electronic devices is strictly prohibited in the premises of NBE test centers. Candidates shall be liable for penal action for Possession/ Use of Mobile phones/ Electronic devices.

• The jurisdiction for court cases/disputes shall be within the exclusive jurisdiction of competent courts at Delhi/New Delhi only.

What’s New in NEET 2020?

2020-06-20T15:04:00.000+05:30

In this article we are discussed about the frequency of exam per year, regarding the agency of exam, Aadhar card, age limit and reservation quota.

What’s New in NEET 2020?

The frequency of the exam per year

NEET 2020 will be conducted only one time a year, as decided again by the authorities. The exam will be conducted on May, 2020. Earlier, there was much confusion regarding the frequency of NEET and it was also decided to conduct it twice a year (in February and May). But, later the authorities decided to return to the earlier policy of holding it one time every year.

Regarding the agency of the exam

The National Testing Agency (NTA) will be the agency to conduct NEET 2020. Earlier, the CBSE used to conduct the exam. The government finally decided to relieve some pressure of the CBSE when it built the NTA specifically for holding the competitive exams. Besides NEET, NTA will also be holding the exams for JEE Mains (IITs will hold the Advanced version), and for UGC NET.

Regarding the Aadhar Card

As per the ruling of the Supreme Court, the essentiality of Aadhar card, from 2020, for all the competitive exams, will stand canceled. Aadhar will be optional and not mandatory.

The age limit has been re-introduced

Now upper age limit is 25 years for general candidates, and 30 years for SC/ST/OBC candidates.

No limits to attempts

Until 2017, there was an attempt limit of 3 in NEET. Now the same has been removed. So now candidates do not need to worry about how many times they are appearing in NEET!

Open school candidates and private candidates are not eligible

As per the amendment in Graduate Medical Education Regulations, Candidates who have passed 10+2 from NIOS or State Open School or as a private candidate shall be eligible to appear for NEET (UG) 2020.

Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have joined NEET system

Their 15% all India quota seats are now added for admission through NEET. Therefore, candidates belonging to AP and TS are also eligible for 15% AIQ seats now.

Ayush admissions will also be through NEET 2020

Until 2016, the NEET exam was only for MBBS and BDS admissions. But now, Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy admissions will also be conducted on the basis of NEET exam.

Urdu has been introduced as a new question paper language:

Repeating the phenomenon from NEET 2018, the question papers for NEET 2020 will also be available in Urdu. This means that the aspirants can now take their NEET 2020 in English, Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.

Reservation for differently abled candidates increased to 5%:

This is in tune with the Rights of Persons with Disability Act, 2016. Prior to 2017, the reservation was 3%.

NEET Syllabus 2020

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NEET Syllabus 2020 comprises of topics covered in class 11th and 12th Physics, Chemistry and Biology syllabus. NEET or National Eligibility cum Entrance Test is a national level medical entrance examination conducted by the NTA (National Testing Agency) for candidates aspiring for MBBS or BDS courses in private or government medical colleges in India.

NEET Syllabus 2020

Physics

CONTENTS OF CLASS XI SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Physical World and Measurement

Physics: Scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology, and society.

Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures.

Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis, and its applications.

UNIT II: Kinematics

The frame of reference, Motion in a straight line; Position-time graph, speed, and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, and position-time graphs, for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).

Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity.

Unit vectors. Resolution of a vector in plane-rectangular components.

Scalar and Vector products of Vectors. Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration- projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.

UNIT III: Laws of Motion

Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.

Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.

Dynamics of uniform circular motion. Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on the level circular road, vehicle on banked road).

UNIT IV: Work, Energy, and Power

Work done by a constant force and variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.The notion of potential energy, the potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and center of mass motion. Centre of the mass of a rigid body; the center of mass of uniform rod.

Moment of a force, -torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples.

Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation, and the equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions; the moment of inertia, the radius of gyration. Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.

UNIT VI: Gravitation

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.

Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite. Geostationary satellites.

UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter

Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship. Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear, modulus of rigidity, Poisson’s ratio; elastic energy.

Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent flow. Critical velocity, Bernoulli’s theorem, and its applications.

Surface energy and surface tension, the angle of contact, an excess of pressure, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.

Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. Anomalous expansion. Specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv- calorimetry; change of state – latent heat.

Heat transfer-conduction and thermal conductivity, convection and radiation. Qualitative ideas of Black Body Radiation, Wein’s displacement law, and Green House effect.

Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan’s law.

UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of Thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes.

The second law of the thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.

UNIT IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

The equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas.

Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; degrees of freedom, the law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; the concept of a mean free path.

UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves

Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion(SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM -Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.

Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, the speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. The principle of superposition of waves, a reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats. Doppler effect.

CONTENTS OF CLASS XII SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Electrostatics

Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.

Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.

Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to an infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)

Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges: equipotential surfaces, the electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field.

Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, the combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.

UNIT II: Current Electricity

Electric current, the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.

Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.

Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.

Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge.

Potentiometer-principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

The concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot-Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.

Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel current-carrying conductors- definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversión to ammeter and voltmeter.

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.

Para-, dia-and ferromagnetic substances, with examples.

Electromagnetic and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.

UNIT IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance.

Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattless current.

AC generator and transformer.

UNIT V: Electromagnetic Waves

Need for displacement current.

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

UNIT VI: Optics

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection, and its applications optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker’s formula. Magnification, the power of a lens, the combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.

Scattering of light- blue color of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Optical Instruments: Human eye, image formation, and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses.

Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts.

Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle.

Interference, Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light.

Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum.

Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.

UNIT VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation- particle nature of light.

Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; the only conclusion should be explained).

UNIT VIII: Atoms and Nuclei

Alpha- particle scattering experiments; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of the nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.

Radioactivity-alpha, beta and gamma particles/ rays, and their properties decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion.

UNIT IX: Electronic Devices

Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators, and semiconductors; semiconductor diode- I-Vcharacteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). The transistor as a switch.

Chemistry

Class XI CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

General Introduction: Important and scope of chemistry.

Laws of Chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: the concept of elements, atoms, and molecules.

Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry, and calculations based on stoichiometry.

UNIT II: Structure of Atom

Atomic number, isotopes, and isobars. Concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbital, quantum numbers, shapes of s,p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.

UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modern periodic law and long form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements- atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence.

UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond.

UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, the role of gas laws of elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, the ideal behavior of gases, empirical derivation of the gas equation. Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behavior, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.

Liquid State- Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations).

UNIT VI: Thermodynamics

First law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of AU and AH, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of: bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution, and dilution.

Introduction of entropy as a state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for the spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity.

Third law of thermodynamics- Brief introduction.

UNIT VII: Equilibrium

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium-Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of PH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions

The concept of oxidation and oxidation and reduction, redox reactions oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers.

UNIT IX: Hydrogen

Occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydrides-ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, uses, and structure;

UNIT X: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)

Group I and group 2 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses.

Preparation and Properties of Some important Compounds:

Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium.

Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.

UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements

General Introduction to p-Block Elements.

Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, the variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in Chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of the first element of the group; Boron, some important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminum: uses, reactions with acids and alkalies.

General 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, the variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, the anomalous behavior of the first element. Carbon, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties: uses of some important compounds: oxides.

Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses.

UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques

General introduction, methods of purification qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.

Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation.

Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.

UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons

Alkanes- Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion, and pyrolysis.

Alkanes-Nomenclature, the structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation: chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.

Alkynes-Nomenclature, the structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of- hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.

Aromatic hydrocarbons- Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene; resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution- Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation, and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.

UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution: Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming-pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.

CLASS XII CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Solid State

Classification of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

UNIT II: Solutions

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, the solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties- relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties abnormal molecular mass. Van Hoff factor.

UNIT III: Electrochemistry

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variation of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and Laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell- electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion.

UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory ( elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.

UNIT V: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophilic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions- types of emulsions.

UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction- concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method, and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminum, copper, zinc, and iron.

UNIT VII: p- Block Elements

Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous-allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).

Group 16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, preparation, properties, and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).

Group 17elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens (structures only).

Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals- metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

Lanthanoids- electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.

Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and comparison with lanthanoids.

UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism (structural and stereo) bonding, Werner’s theory VBT, CFT; the importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems).

UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C -X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.

Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).

Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and Chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and

UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and Chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and Isocyanides– will be mentioned at relevant places. Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT XIV: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates– Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D.L. configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance.

Proteins– Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.

Hormones– the Elementary idea (excluding structure).

Vitamins– Classification and function.

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

UNIT XV: Polymers

Classification– Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polyesters, bakelite; rubber, Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life

Chemicals in medicines- analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.

Chemicals in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.

Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

Biology

Class XI BIOLOGY SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Diversity in Living World

What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy – Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.

Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.

Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms- classification up to class, characteristic features, and examples). Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).

UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants

Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and racemose, flower, fruit, and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus).

Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy, and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)

UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function

Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.

Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action.

B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and their significance.

UNIT IV: Plant Physiology

Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant – water relations – Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water – Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients-Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).

Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients, and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.

Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and noncyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators-auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism

UNIT V: Human Physiology

Digestion and absorption; Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders – PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.

Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and function; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.

Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans- central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.

Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).(Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt with in brief.)

CLASS XII BIOLOGY SYLLABUS

UNIT I: Reproduction

Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for the continuation of species; Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control -Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

UNIT II: Genetics and Evolution

Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation-Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA fingerprinting.

Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution- Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare

Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV, and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.

Improvement in food production; Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification; Apiculture and Animal husbandry.

Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

UNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications

Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.

UNIT V: Ecology and environment

Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release.

Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks, and sanctuaries.

Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warming; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.

GATE 2020– Useful Tips to Ace the Test | MyRights

2020-06-06T19:50:00.000+05:30

GATE Examination Dates

If you are planning to apply for GATE 2020, you should have known that the application process begins on the September. Also, the dates of examination are Feb. Additionally, it has been announced that the results of the test will be out on the March. Now, you might have kept everything ready to apply for the test. You should also start your preparation right away as there are less time left for the preparation. Here are some useful tips to help you ace the test:

Follow the C4 technique for your success:

Here, the C4 techniques include understanding the concepts, confidence, command and the final one is creating shortcuts. Here are the four techniques explained:

C1 – Understand concepts: Until you are satisfied with your perfection, you should understand the concepts by asking questions like what, how and why.

C2 – Confidence: The second mantra is to recall the concepts several times to boost your confidence in getting the right answers for any questions under the concept.

C3 – Command: To get better command over the concept, it is important that you should practice solving many questions from varied sources. In this process, you should also ask yourself or your tutor as to why the solution should be arrived in this manner and not in the other way.

C4 – Create shortcuts: Remember that shortcuts will help you to a great extent particularly during revision. Create your own shortcuts for solving problems and it will also help you save a lot of time.

Get help from the appropriate books:

The next thing you will have to do is to collect the right books that will help you in the best preparation. You can include books for basic and fundamental concepts and also books that will help you specialize in specific chapters. The books should be of a standard that you can easily understand as it will help with improving your learning and understanding to a great extent.

Do not try to cover the entire syllabus:

You might be surprised to learn this point. But, most people, who have succeeded in their GATE has not covered the entire syllabus. But, whatever chapters they focused, they did it with complete dedication and practice. Perfecting in some concepts is important as against not getting a complete understanding of even a single concept. This is an important technique you should follow when preparing for GATE 20 20.

Start revision one month before the examination:

Remember that you should complete all your preparations a month before the examination. You should leave a month of time for revision of whatever you have learned so far. When you do this, you will have complete confidence and peace of mind the day before the examination. Also, you should feel relaxed and calm on the day before the examination, which is highly important to ace the test.

At the time of examination:

When you are in the examination hall, you should keep in mind the time management aspect. But, time management should not happen in a hurry at the cost of getting incorrect answers as there is negative marking for wrong answers.

In addition, at the time of examination, just focus on easy questions first and when you are confident that you have answered the easy questions, you will gain the confidence to move on to the tough ones.

Also, you should read the questions carefully and evaluate your logic before you choose any answer to any question.

Remember that negative mark can greatly affect the score you get from your correct answers. So, if you have a doubt about the correctness of an answer just do not attempt the question.

As a final thought, it is better to have a flexible plan and a balanced mind before starting to your examination. It will help you to a great extent in avoiding silly mistakes.

All About GATE 2020 | MyRights

2020-06-06T19:39:00.000+05:30

GATE or The Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering is a computer-based exam (online mode). The exam is jointly conducted by the IIS (Indian Institute of Science) and seven IITs (Indian Institutes of Technologies) at Roorkee, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Chennai (Madras) and Bombay on behalf of the National Coordination Board-GATE.

It primarily tests the comprehensive understanding of various undergraduate subjects in engineering or science.

GATE Exam is one of the most competitive examinations in India. It is also recognized by various foreign institutes like Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. It is regulated by the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), Government of India.

Importance of GATE Exam

The exam is important because of the factors mentioned below:

Tech – Campus placements in National and International private or public companies
Several reputed PSUs and research organizations recruit on basis of GATE Score. i.e. IOCL, NTPC, BHEL, PGCIL, BARC etc.
Teaching: Professor, Asst. Professor at IITs, NITs, reputed educational institutes etc.
Junior Research Associates/ Senior Project Associates
Scientists “C” grade jobs
A career in Research & Development
Technical value addition
Expertise in subject or domain specialization
Junior Research Fellow: ISRO, DRDO, BARC, CSIR, IITs etc.
Senior Research Fellow: ISRO, DRDO, BARC, CSIR, IITs etc.

Exam Pattern GATE 2020

It would be a computer-based exam with the duration of three hours, comprising 65 questions. In 2017, IIT Roorkee hosted GATE in the online mode for 23 papers.

Get the application form and previous years question papers for a solid GATE Preparation

The GATE Scores

The GATE scores of candidates reflect their relative performance level. The score is used for admissions to various post-graduate education programs (e.g. Master of Engineering, Master of Technology, Doctor of Philosophy) in Indian higher education institutes. The financial assistance is also provided by MHRD and other government agencies.

Recently, GATE scores are also being used by several Indian public sector undertakings (i.e., government-owned companies) for the recruitment of graduate engineers in entry-level positions.

Get some Useful Tips to Ace the GATE 2020

Eligibility

Those candidates who want to appear for the GATE exam should:

Hold a Bachelor’s Degree in Engineering or Technology or Architecture (4 years after 10+2/ Post-B.Sc. or Post-Diploma) and those who are in the final year of the said programs.
Hold a Master’s Degree in any branch of Science or Mathematics or Statistics or Computer Applications or equivalent and those who are in the final year of the said programs.
Be in the second or higher year of Four-year integrated master’s degree programs (Post-B.Sc.) in Engineering or Technology.
Be in the fourth or higher year of Five-year integrated master’s degree programs or Dual Degree programs in Engineering or Technology.
Be with qualifications obtained through examinations conducted by professional societies recognized by UPSC or AICTE (e.g. AMIE by iE(i), AMICE(i) by the Institute of Civil Engineers (India)-iCE(i)) as equivalent to B.E./B.Tech.

Candidates who have completed section A or equivalent of such professional courses are also eligible for the exam.

Age Limit: There is no age limit criterion defined by the exam conducting authority to appear in GATE Exam

Recruitment

There is an exponential rise in the number of engineering graduates wishing to get a PSU job. The PSUs have now decided to make GATE score the primary criteria for initial shortlisting.

After Indian Oil Corporation, the other PSUs like National Thermal Power Corporation, Bharat Heavy Electricals, Bharat Electronics & PowerGrid Corporation of India also successfully tested out GATE. These companies or corporations usually release their recruitment notifications just after the GATE Exam notification.

GATE Exam Pattern 2020

Feature	Description
Exam Duration	3 hours (180 minutes)
Number of Questions Asked	65
Total Marks	100
Question Types	Two types of questions asked: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Numerical Answer Type Questions (NAT)
Marking Scheme	For 1-mark MCQs, 1/3 mark will be deducted for every incorrect attempt In case of 2-mark MCQs, about 2/3 mark will be deducted for the wrong attempt No marks will be awarded for the questions that are not attempted There is no negative marking for numerical answer type (NAT) questions.
Sections	The question paper will be divided into three sections: General Aptitude (compulsory) Engineering Mathematics (compulsory) Subject-specific section

Note: In General Aptitude each paper will include a compulsory General Aptitude (GA) section comprising 10 questions. 5 of which will carry 1-mark each, while the remaining 5 will each carry 2 marks, for a total of 15 marks.

JEE Advanced Counselling 2020 | MyRights

2020-06-06T19:22:00.000+05:30

Counseling is the last leg of the long drawn battle of writing, qualifying and obtaining a satisfactory rank in JEE Advanced 2018. Here are the major steps involved in the counseling process for JEE Advanced 2020.

The various steps in detail are given below.

Eligible students (that is, those who have qualified JEE Advanced within the cut-off marks for their respective categories) can register online for filling up their institution and course choices after the results have been announced for JEE Advanced 2018, using their credentials on the JOSAA website.

Filling in choices and locking them.

Candidates, if they require a seat in an institution that accepts JEE Advanced ranks, must fill up their choices, of course, branch and institution from the available list as per their preference. These choices can be edited as many times as they choose up until June 24th, after which the choices they have made will be locked automatically if not done by then. The candidates can choose as many courses as they like in whatever order until the deadline.

Seat allotment on the basis of AIRs.

The seat allotment will be done solely on the basis of the All India Rank or category rank of the candidates and will take into consideration the student’s choice of course and institute.

Reporting to allocated college.

A candidate, upon allocation of a seat, should report as soon as possible to the nearest zonal IIT, and be present there in person for document verification and fee payment process. The documents required are detailed below (one attested copy and original of each of these documents are essential for registration).

Printout of the seat allotment letter from JOSAA portal.
Original admit card of JEE Advanced
Duly filled application form from the Information Brochure (Annexure 1).
Duly filled medical examination report from Information Brochure (Annexure 2).
Proof of date of birth (Class X certificate or Birth Certificate).
Mark sheet and certificate of the passing of class XII or qualifying examination.
Category certificate for OBC-NCL, SC, ST, PwD and DS candidates in the prescribed form as mentioned in the various annexure of the Information Brochure.
For foreign nationals, an attested copy of the Passport with the name, photo, and nationality.
Registration fee paid in the form of a demand draft of the requisite amount (different amounts for different categories) drawn in the favor of the Organizing Chairman, JEE (Advanced)-2018, payable at New Delhi. This will be automatically adjusted against the tuition fee of each institute which has to be paid at the time of admission to the institute.

Candidates who fail to report to their respective zonal IIT before the specified deadline will not be considered for seat allotment and their seats will be forfeited. In case of an upgradation of seats offered, the seat allocated to them previously must be forfeited to accept the upgraded seat.

Once the documents are verified and the tuition fee is paid, the institutes will issue a final allotment letter to the candidates. In the event the candidate fails to meet other eligibility criteria or is found faking any of the records declared to be true, their admission will be deemed canceled, with immediate effect.

Institutes that offer admission for their courses on the basis of the JEE Advanced 2018 results follow separate admission process to their courses. Though these institutes were a part of the centralized counseling process of JEE Advanced 2018. These names have been announced tentatively in the information brochure, and the final list will be published on the official exam website at a later point in time and the interested candidates will have to contact these institutes directly for admission related queries to their courses.

JEE Advanced 2020 Foreign Nationals | MyRights

2020-06-06T19:15:00.000+05:30

Something that is often never covered in JEE Advanced sections available on different websites is the admission procedure and criteria for foreign admissions. While admissions to the different NITs can be also made via the DASA scheme, candidates interested in admissions to IITs have no other option but to qualify JEE Advanced, just like everybody else. SAT scores are not valid.

JEE Main (Foreign admissions)

The following candidates are considered as foreign nationals for JEE Advanced 2019:

Candidates who are NOT citizens of India (by birth or naturalized)
Candidates should not belong to OCI category
Candidates whose parents are not citizens of India
Candidates whose parents do not come under OCI category at the time of registering for JEE (Advanced).

Seats allotted to foreign nationals are supernumerary with a cap of 10% of a total number of seats in every course. Foreign nationals are outside the ambit of reservation of seats under the different categories as mandated by Govt. of India. These candidates are not required to write JEE (Main) and may register for JEE (Advanced) 2019 directly subject to fulfillment of other eligibility criteria.

Identity Proof

Identity proof of both the parents is required in the form of citizenship certificate/passport.

Age relaxation

In countries where a minimum stint in the armed forces (or allied) for a certain period is mandatory before/after Class XII (or equivalent) exam, the candidate will be given a relaxation of the required number of years. In such cases, the candidate is required to upload a certificate/testimonial issued by competent authority to this effect at the time of registration.

Minimum mark in the qualifying examination

The candidates must have secured at least 75% aggregate marks in the Class XII (or equivalent) board examination. If a Board awards only letter grades without providing an equivalent percentage of marks on the grade sheet, the candidate should obtain a certificate from the Board specifying the equivalent marks and submit it at the time of acceptance of the allocated seat. In case such a certificate is not provided, the decision taken by the Joint Implementation Committee of JEE (Advanced) 2019 will be final.

Additional documents required

A certificate from the Association of Indian Universities to the effect that the examination qualified by the candidates is equivalent to the Class XII examination.

Documents required for registration

Birth certificate for age proof.
Class XII mark sheet/certificate for 75% cut‐off.
Identity proof of the candidate.
Citizenship certificate/passport of both the parents.
Testimonial (if required).

Examination Centres

City	Country	City	Country
Addis Alaba	Ethiopia	Colombo	Sri Lanka
Dhaka	Bangladesh	Kathmandu	Nepal
Singapore	Singapore	Dubai	UAE

Online display of ORS

In case of perceived discrepancy in the Objective Response Sheet (ORS), candidates can seek review of the machine‐read responses. The requests should be submitted online with a review‐fee at the rate of $20 (USD) per question to be reviewed. Detailed instructions and the mode of payment will be provided on the online portal.

Architecture Aptitude Test

Successful foreign candidates who are interested in the B. Arch. Program, are required to come to one of the Zonal IITs to write the test.

JEE Advanced 2020 Conquered. Which IIT to choose | MyRights

2020-06-06T19:02:00.001+05:30

JEE Advanced Conquered. Which IIT to choose?

What are the best institutes to seek admission into, once you clear JEE Advanced? There are many ways to answer this question, and we will try to answer as objectively as we can, taking into account two things – the MHRD’s own rating, available here, and on the basis of the opening and closing ranks in various streams of Engineering (via JOSAA).

MHRD’s rating

Name	Score	Rank
Indian Institute of Technology Madras	88.95	1
Indian Institute of Technology	84.82	2
Indian Institute of Technology	82.18	3
Indian Institute of Technology	77.78	4
Indian Institute of Technology	75.24	5
Indian Institute of Technology	72.57	6
Indian Institute of Technology	69.25	7
Anna University	67.04	8
Indian Institute of Technology	60.87	9
Institute of Chemical Technology	60.63	10

For viewing more institutes, kindly click here.

From the above table, we can see that there are the older IITs are ranked far higher than the newer ones (most of which haven’t made it to the original ranking), so if you have qualified JEE Advanced, it is best you try for a seat in one of the older Indian Institutes of Technology.

Now we’ll take a look at the opening and closing ranks (for general category) for various popular streams in engineering in the various IITs. You can choose the institute of your choice on this very basis, as they provide a reasonably accurate rating of colleges based on the course of your choice.

Ranking based on general closing ranks, Computer Science and Engineering

Institute	Closing Rank	Ranking
IIT Bombay	60	1
IIT Delhi	115	2
IIT Madras	173	3
IIT Kanpur	230	4
IIT Kharagpur	286	5
IIT Roorkee	482	6
IIT Guwahati	666	7
IIT BHU	772	8
IIT Hyderabad	879	9
IIT Indore	1411	10
IIT Ropar	1684	11
IIT Gandhinagar	1805	12
IIT Mandi	2450	13
IIT Jodhpur	2704	14
IIT Bhubaneswar	2783	15
IIT Patna	2888	16
ISM Dhanbad	3479	17
IIT Tirupati	4539	18
IIT Palakkad	4981	19
IIT Goa	5164	20
IIT Dharwad	5644	21
IIT Bhilai	5949	22
IIT Jammu	6219	23

Ranking based on general closing ranks, Civil Engineering

Institute	Closing Rank	Ranking
IIT Bombay	2251	1
IIT Delhi	2618	2
IIT Kanpur	3333	3
IIT Madras	3703	4
IIT Kharagpur	3788	5
IIT Roorkee	3917	6
IIT BHU	5185	7
IIT Hyderabad	5300	8
IIT Guwahati	5371	9
IIT Gandhinagar	5892	10
IIT Indore	6561	11
IIT Bhubaneswar	7066	12
IIT Patna	7074	13
IIT Mandi	7124	14
IIT Ropar	7372	15
ISM Dhanbad	7832	16
IIT Tirupati	8536	17
IIT Palakkad	8648	18

Ranking based on general closing ranks, Mechanical Engineering

Institute	Closing Rank	Ranking
IIT Bombay	777	1
IIT Delhi	907	2
IIT Madras	1246	3
IIT Kanpur	1394	4
IIT Kharagpur	1560	5
IIT Roorkee	2426	6
IIT Guwahati	3052	7
IIT Hyderabad	3401	8
IIT Gandhinagar	3658	9
IIT BHU	3800	10
IIT Indore	4434	11
IIT Ropar	5010	12
IIT Bhubaneswar	5716	13
IIT Jodhpur	6006	14
IIT Mandi	6094	15
IIT Patna	6284	16
ISM Dhanbad	6400	17
IIT Tirupati	7165	18
IIT Palakkad	7381	19
IIT Goa	7571	20
IIT Bhilai	8379	21
IIT Dharwad	8478	22
IIT Jammu	8624	23

Ranking based on general closing ranks, Electrical Engineering

Institute	Closing Rank	Ranking
IIT Bombay	227	1
IIT Delhi	907	2
IIT Madras	1246	3
IIT Kanpur	1394	4
IIT Kharagpur	1560	5
IIT Roorkee	2426	6
IIT Guwahati	3052	7
IIT Hyderabad	3401	8
IIT Gandhinagar	3658	9
IIT BHU	3800	10
IIT Indore	4434	11
IIT Ropar	5010	12
IIT Bhubaneswar	5716	13
IIT Jodhpur	6006	14
IIT Mandi	6094	15
IIT Patna	6284	16
ISM Dhanbad	6400	17
IIT Tirupati	7165	18
IIT Palakkad	7381	19
IIT Goa	7571	20
IIT Bhilai	8379	21
IIT Dharwad	8478	22
IIT Jammu	8624	23

Ranking based on general closing ranks, Electronics and Communication Engineering

Institute	Closing Rank	Ranking
IIT Bombay		1
IIT Delhi	907	2
IIT Madras	1246	3
IIT Kanpur	1394	4
IIT Kharagpur	1560	5
IIT Roorkee	2426	6
IIT Guwahati	3052	7
IIT Hyderabad	3401	8
IIT Gandhinagar	3658	9
IIT BHU	3800	10
IIT Indore	4434	11
IIT Ropar	5010	12
IIT Bhubaneswar	5716	13
IIT Jodhpur	6006	14
IIT Mandi	6094	15
IIT Patna	6284	16
ISM Dhanbad	6400	17
IIT Tirupati	7165	18
IIT Palakkad	7381	19
IIT Goa	7571	20
IIT Bhilai	8379	21
IIT Dharwad	8478	22
IIT Jammu	8624	23

Ranking based on general closing ranks, Chemical Engineering

Institute	Closing Rank	Ranking
IIT Bombay	1479	1
IIT Delhi	1704	2
IIT Kanpur	2569	3
IIT Kharagpur	2965	4
IIT Madras	3012	5
IIT Roorkee	4017	6
IIT Guwahati	4657	7
IIT Gandhinagar	5473	8
IIT (BHU) Varanasi	5728	9
IIT Hyderabad	5869	10
IIT Patna	7891	11
ISM Dhanbad	8033	12

From these ranks, it is clear that the top colleges preferred by students in almost every year tend to remain constant, the sequence being IIT Bombay, IIT Delhi, IIT Madras and so on and so forth.

Always remember that selection of college is a very crucial affair, and ranks are only one of the few criteria that should be taken into your consideration. The location, your ability to adjust to a change in diet (different regions have very large variation in the kind of food they eat), the professors who are well renowned not just for their knowledge, but also for their skill in teaching – all of this and several more criteria should be taken into consideration while selecting your IIT.

Foreign Candidates Class XII Equivalent Examinations for JEE Advanced 2020

2020-06-06T18:43:00.000+05:30

Class XII equivalent examinations as per JEE Advanced 2020

JEE Main candidates can apply for admission to NITs through the DASA programme. However, JEE Advanced does not have any special scheme for admission to foreign candidates. All foreign candidates, whether PIO or otherwise, have no easy way out, irrespective of which Book for JEE Preparation you’re referring to. They have to appear for JEE Advanced and qualify in the main AIR list. The following examinations conducted by different boards are accepted as Class XII Equivalent examinations for JEE Advanced:

The final examination of the 10+2 system, conducted by a Central or State Board recognized by the Association of Indian Universities (AIU).
Intermediate or two-year Pre-University examination conducted by a Board or University recognized by the Association of Indian Universities.
The final examination of the two-year course of the Joint Services Wing of the National Defence Academy.
Senior Secondary School Examination conducted by the National Institute of Open Schooling with a minimum of five subjects.
Any Public School, Board or University examination in India or in a foreign country recognized as equivalent to the 10+2 system by the AIU.
S.C. vocational examination.
A Diploma recognized by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) or a State Board of Technical Education of at least 3 years duration.
General Certificate Education (GCE) examination (London, Cambridge or Sri Lanka) at the Advanced (A) level.
High School Certificate Examination of the Cambridge University or International Baccalaureate Diploma of the International Baccalaureate Office, Geneva.

Candidates who have completed Class XII (or equivalent) examination outside India or from a Board not specified above should produce a certificate from the AIU (Association of Indian Universities) to the effect that the examination they have passed is equivalent to the Class XII examination. The links to all forms and/or certificate required from the Association of Indian Universities is this. A direct link to the certificate required from the AIU is available here.

For those candidates who are outside India, the following is a list of +2 level qualifications (outside India) recognized by AIU:

12 years Baccalaureate Certificate of Chad, Gabon, France, and Tunisia.
International Baccalaureate Diploma awarded by the International Baccalaureate Organization Geneva, Switzerland.
12 years General Secondary Education Certificate of the Ministry of Education in Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and other Gulf countries.
GCE/IGCSE/GCSE examinations of the approved British Examination Bodies, with minimum 5 (Five) subjects in A, B, C Grades including English at Ordinary (“O”) Level and 2 or 3 subjects at Advanced Level has been equated with +2 stage qualification. Candidates intending to join Professional courses are required to have passed the subjects of Physics, Chemistry, Biology or Mathematics in Advanced Level & English at AS Level.
12 Year High School Diploma from accredited Schools of USA.
Intermediate or Senior Secondary or Higher Secondary examinations of the approved Boards in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal.
12-year Secondary Stage qualification of National Examinations Board of the Ministry of Education, Ethiopia, Sudan.
12-year Secondary Stage examination conducted by various Provinces in Canada and Australia.
GCE Ordinary and Advanced level examination of the Department of Education, Government of Sri Lanka, Singapore, Hong Kong & Mauritius.
12-year ST PM examination of Malaysia.
12-year Secondary Stage qualification of Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Republic of Vietnam and the Yemen Arab Republic.
Abitur examination of Germany.
12-year High School Diploma awarded by the accredited American Schools/International Schools in other countries following the American System of Education.
Pre-University Certificate Examination of the Ministry of Education, Iran.
12-year Secondary School Certificate Examination of the Ministry of Education, Isla mic Republic of Afghanistan.
12 Year Secondary School Certificate Examination of the Ministry of Education, Isla mic Republic of Iraq.
12 Year Senior School Certificate Examination of West African Examinations Council (WACE) in A, B, C Grades on a scale of 1-4 (A-1, B -2, B -3, C -4) conducted in the country of Nigeria, and elsewhere.
Examen d’état of the Ministry of Primary, Secondary & Professional Education in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
12 year Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Examination with more than 5 (Five) subjects in the Grades “A”, “B”, & “C” of the Kenya National Examinations Council Nairobi, Kenya.
Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education Examination with minimum 2 (Two) Principal Passes & 2 (Two) Subsidiary Passes of the National Examinations Council of Tanzania.
Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education Examination with minimum 2 (Two) Principal Passes & 2 (Two) Subsidiary Passes of the Uganda Examinations Board.

Finally, the AIU does not accept a High School Diploma pursued through an Online/Distance mode or equivalent, so if you are a candidate who has such a qualification, you cannot write JEE Advanced.

Syllabus: JEE Advanced 2020 | MyRights

2020-06-06T18:10:00.000+05:30

We know that finding a list that gives the syllabus in an easy to understand manner or a printable version where you can strike topics off as you finish have chances of one in a million or more. But, we have done the hard job for you aspirants. We have prepared the JEE Advanced 2019 syllabus for you. Here you go!

JEE Advanced syllabi

Chemistry

Physical Chemistry

GENERAL TOPICS

The concept of atoms and molecules; Dalton’s atomic theory; Mole concept; Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations (based on mole concept) involving common oxidation-reduction, neutralization, and displacement reactions; Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality

Gaseous and liquid states

The absolute scale of temperature, ideal gas equation; Deviation from ideality, van der Waals equation; Kinetic theory of gases, average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their relation with temperature; Law of partial pressures; Vapour pressure; Diffusion of gases.

Atomic structure and chemical bonding

Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom, quantum numbers; Wave-particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis; Uncertainty principle; Qualitative quantum mechanical picture of hydrogen atom, shapes of and orbitals; Electronic configurations of elements (up to atomic number ); Aufbau principle; Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule; Orbital overlap and covalent bond; Hybridisation involving and orbitals only; Orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species; Hydrogen bond; Polarity in molecules, dipole moment (qualitative aspects only); model and shapes of molecules (linear, angular, triangular, square planar, pyramidal, square pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral).

Energetics

First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work, and heat, pressure-volume work; Enthalpy, Hess’s law; Heat of reaction, fusion, and vapourization; Second law of thermodynamics; Entropy; Free energy; Criterion of spontaneity. Chemical equilibrium: Law of mass action; Equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier’s principle (effect of concentration, temperature, and pressure); Significance of ΔG and ΔG0 in chemical equilibrium; Solubility product, common ion effect, pH and buffer solutions; Acids and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts); Hydrolysis of salts.

Electrochemistry

Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Standard electrode potentials; Nernst equation and its relation to ΔG; Electrochemical series, of galvanic cells; Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; Electrolytic conductance, specific, equivalent and molar conductivity, Kohlrausch’s law; Concentration cells.

Chemical kinetics

Rates of chemical reactions; Order of reactions; Rate constant; First order reactions; Temperature dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius equation).

Solid state

Classification of solids, crystalline state, seven crystal systems (cell parameters ), a closely packed structure of solids (cubic), packing in fcc, bcc and hcp lattices; Nearest neighbors, ionic radii, simple ionic compounds, point defects.

Solutions

Raoult’s law; Molecular weight determination from lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point.

Surface chemistry

Elementary concepts of adsorption (excluding adsorption isotherms); Colloids: types, methods of preparation and general properties; Elementary ideas of emulsions, surfactants and micelles (only definitions and examples).

Nuclear chemistry

Radioactivity: isotopes and isobars; Properties of α, β and γ rays; Kinetics of radioactive decay (decay series excluded), carbon dating; Stability of nuclei with respect to proton-neutron ratio; Brief discussion on fission and fusion reactions.

Inorganic chemistry

Isolation/preparation and properties of the following non-metals

Boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur, and halogens; Properties of allotropes of carbon (only diamond and graphite), phosphorus and sulphur.

Preparation and properties of the following compounds

Oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium;

Boron

diborane, boric acid, and borax; Aluminium: alumina, aluminum chloride, and alums;

Carbon

oxides and oxyacid (carbonic acid);

Silicon

silicones, silicates and silicon carbide

Nitrogen

oxides, oxyacids, and ammonia

Phosphorus

oxides, oxyacids (phosphorus acid, phosphoric acid) and phosphine

Oxygen

ozone and hydrogen peroxide;

Sulphur

hydrogen sulphide, oxides, sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid, and sodium thiosulphate;

Halogens

hydrohalic acids, oxides, and oxyacids of chlorine, bleaching powder; Xenon fluorides.

Transition elements ( series)

Definition, general characteristics, oxidation states, and their stabilities, color (excluding the details of electronic transitions) and calculation of spin-only magnetic moment; Coordination compounds: nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, cis-trans, and ionization isomerisms, hybridization and geometries of mononuclear coordination compounds (linear, tetrahedral, square planar and octahedral).

Preparation and properties of the following compounds

Oxides and chlorides of tin and lead; Oxides, chlorides, and sulfates of: Potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, silver oxide, silver nitrate, silver thiosulphate.

Ores and minerals

Commonly occurring ores and minerals of iron, copper, tin, lead, magnesium, aluminum, zinc and silver.

Extractive metallurgy

Chemical principles and reactions only (industrial details excluded); Carbon reduction method (iron and tin); Self-reduction method (copper and lead); Electrolytic reduction method (magnesium and aluminum); Cyanide process (silver and gold).

Principles of qualitative analysis

Groups to (only and); Nitrate, halides (excluding fluoride), sulphate and sulphide.

Organic chemistry

Concepts

Hybridisation of carbon; σ and π-bonds; Shapes of simple organic molecules; Structural and geometrical isomerism; Optical isomerism of compounds containing up to two asymmetric centres, (R,S and E,Z nomenclature excluded); IUPAC nomenclature of simple organic compounds (only hydrocarbons, mono-functional and bi-functional compounds); Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman projections); Resonance and hyperconjugation; Keto- enoltautomerism; Determination of empirical and molecular formulae of simple compounds (only combustion method); Hydrogen bonds: definition and their effects on physical properties of alcohols and carboxylic acids; Inductive and resonance effects on acidity and basicity of organic acids and bases; Polarity and inductive effects in alkyl halides; Reactive intermediates produced during homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage; Formation, structure and stability of carbocations, carbanions and free radicals.

Preparation, properties, and reactions of alkanes

Homologous series, physical properties of alkanes (melting points, boiling points and density); Combustion and halogenation of alkanes; Preparation of alkanes by Wurtz reaction and decarboxylation reactions.

Preparation, properties, and reactions of alkenes and alkynes

Physical properties of alkenes and alkynes (boiling points, density and dipole moments); Acidity of alkynes; Acid catalyzed hydration of alkenes and alkynes (excluding the stereochemistry of addition and elimination); Reactions of alkenes with KMnO4 and ozone; Reduction of alkenes and alkynes; Preparation of alkenes and alkynes by elimination reactions; Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with , , and ( being a halogen); Addition reactions of alkynes; Metal acetylides.

Reactions of benzene

Structure and aromaticity; Electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, and acylation; Effect of o-, m- and p-directing groups in monosubstituted benzenes.

Phenols

Acidity, electrophilic substitution reactions (halogenation, nitration, and sulphonation); Reimer-Tieman reaction, Kolbe reaction.

Characteristic reactions of the following (including those mentioned above)

Alkyl halides

rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocation, Grignard reactions, nucleophilic substitution reactions;

Alcohols

esterification, dehydration and oxidation, reaction with sodium, phosphorus halides, /, conversion of alcohols into aldehydes and ketones;

Ethers

Preparation by Williamson’s Synthesis;

Aldehydes and Ketones

oxidation, reduction, oxime and hydrazone formation; aldol condensation, Perkin reaction; Cannizzaro reaction; haloform reaction and nucleophilic addition reactions (Grignard addition);

Carboxylic acids

formation of esters, acid chlorides, and amides, ester hydrolysis;

Amines

basicity of substituted anilines and aliphatic amines, preparation from nitro compounds, reaction with nitrous acid, azo coupling reaction of diazonium salts of aromatic amines, Sandmeyer and related reactions of diazonium salts; carbylamine reaction; Haloarenes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and substituted haloarenes (excluding Benzyne mechanism and Cine substitution).

Carbohydrates

Classification; mono- and di-saccharides (glucose and sucrose); Oxidation, reduction, glycoside formation and hydrolysis of sucrose.

Amino acids and peptides

General structure (only primary structure for peptides) and physical properties.

Properties and uses of some important polymers

Natural rubber, cellulose, nylon, Teflon and PVC.

Practical organic chemistry

Detection of elements (N, S, halogens); Detection and identification of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl, amino, and nitro; Chemical methods of separation of mono-functional organic compounds from binary mixtures.

MATHEMATICS

Algebra

Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, cube roots of unity, geometric interpretations.

Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations between roots and coefficients, the formation of quadratic equations with given roots, symmetric functions of roots.

Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions, arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares and cubes of the first n natural numbers.

Logarithms and their properties.

Permutations and combinations, binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients.

Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of matrices, addition, multiplication by a scalar and product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of a square matrix of order up to three, inverse of a square matrix of order up to three, properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices and their properties, solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables.

Addition and multiplication rules of probability, conditional probability, Bayes Theorem, independence of events, computation of the probability of events using permutations and combinations.

Trigonometry

Trigonometric functions, their periodicity, and graphs, addition and subtraction formulae, formulae involving multiple and sub-multiple angles, the general solution of trigonometric equations.

Relations between sides and angles of a triangle, sine rule, cosine rule, half-angle formula and the area of a triangle, inverse trigonometric functions (principal value only).

Analytical geometry

Two dimensions: Cartesian coordinates, the distance between two points, section formulae, the shift of origin.

An equation of a straight line in various forms, angle between two lines, the distance of a point from a line; Lines through the point of intersection of two given lines, the equation of the bisector of the angle between two lines, concurrency of lines;

Centroid, orthocentre, incentre, and circumcentre of a triangle.

The equation of a circle in various forms, equations of tangent, normal and chord.

Parametric equations of a circle, the intersection of a circle with a straight line or a circle, the equation of a circle through the points of intersection of two circles and those of a circle and a straight line.

Equations of a parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola in standard form, their foci, directrices and eccentricity, parametric equations, equations of tangent and normal.

Locus problems.

Three dimensions: Direction cosines and direction ratios, the equation of a straight line in space, the equation of a plane, the distance of a point from a plane.

Differential calculus

Real-valued functions of a real variable, into, onto and one-to-one functions, sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, composite functions, absolute value, polynomial, rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions.

Limit and continuity of a function, limit, and continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, L’Hospital rule of evaluation of limits of functions.

Even and odd functions, the inverse of a function, continuity of composite functions, intermediate value property of continuous functions.

A derivative of a function, the derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, chain rule, derivatives of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions.

Derivatives of implicit functions, derivatives up to order two, geometrical interpretation of the derivative, tangents, and normals, increasing and decreasing

functions, maximum and minimum values of a function, Rolle’s theorem and Lagrange’s mean value theorem.

Integral calculus

Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions, definite integrals and their properties, fundamental theorem of integral calculus.

Integration by parts, integration by the methods of substitution and partial fractions, application of definite integrals to the determination of areas involving simple curves.

Formation of ordinary differential equations, a solution of homogeneous differential equations, separation of variables method, linear first order differential equations.

Vectors

Addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, dot and cross products, scalar triple products and their geometrical interpretations.

PHYSICS

General

Units and dimensions, dimensional analysis; least count, significant figures; Methods of measurement and error analysis for physical quantities pertaining to the following experiments: Experiments based on using Vernier calipers and screw gauge (micrometer), Determination of g using simple pendulum, Young’s modulus by Searle’s method, Specific heat of a liquid using calorimeter, focal length of a concave mirror and a convex lens using u-v method, Speed of sound using resonance column, Verification of Ohm’s law using voltmeter and ammeter, and specific resistance of the material of a wire using meter bridge and post office box.

Mechanics

Kinematics in one and two dimensions (Cartesian coordinates only), projectiles; Uniform circular motion; Relative velocity. Newton’s laws of motion; Inertial and uniformly accelerated frames of reference; Static and dynamic friction; Kinetic and potential energy; Work and power; Conservation of linear momentum and mechanical energy.

Systems of particles; Centre of mass and its motion; Impulse; Elastic and inelastic collisions.

Law of gravitation; Gravitational potential and field; Acceleration due to gravity; Motion of planets and satellites in circular orbits; Escape velocity.

Rigid body, the moment of inertia, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, the moment of inertia of uniform bodies with simple geometrical shapes; Angular momentum; Torque; Conservation of angular momentum; Dynamics of rigid bodies with fixed axis of rotation; Rolling without slipping of rings, cylinders and spheres; Equilibrium of rigid bodies;

The collision of point masses with rigid bodies. Linear and angular simple harmonic motions. Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus.

The pressure in a fluid; Pascal’s law; Buoyancy; Surface energy and surface tension, capillary rise; Viscosity (Poiseuille’s equation excluded), Stoke’s law; Terminal velocity, Streamline flow, the equation of continuity, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.

Wave motion (plane waves only), longitudinal and transverse waves, superposition of waves; Progressive and stationary waves; Vibration of strings and air columns; Resonance; Beats; Speed of sound in gases; Doppler effect (in sound).

Thermal physics

Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases; Calorimetry, latent heat; Heat conduction in one dimension; Elementary concepts of convection and radiation; Newton’s law of cooling; Ideal gas laws; Specific heats (Cv and Cp for monoatomic and diatomic gases); Isothermal and adiabatic processes, bulk modulus of gases; Equivalence of heat and work; First law of thermodynamics and its applications (only for ideal gases); Blackbody radiation: absorptive and emissive powers; Kirchhoff’s law; Wien’s displacement law, Stefan’s law.

Electricity and magnetism

Coulomb’s law; Electric field and potential; Electrical potential energy of a system of point charges and of electrical dipoles in a uniform electrostatic field; Electric field lines; Flux of electric field; Gauss’s law and its application in simple cases, such as, to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.

Capacitance; Parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectrics; Capacitors in series and parallel; Energy stored in a capacitor.

Electric current; Ohm’s law; Series and parallel arrangements of resistances and cells; Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications; heating effect of current.

Biot–Savart’s law and Ampere’s law; Magnetic field near a current-carrying straight wire, along the axis of a circular coil and inside a long straight solenoid;

Force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field.

The magnetic moment of a current loop; Effect of a uniform magnetic field on a current loop; Moving coil galvanometer, voltmeter, ammeter, and their conversions.

Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law; Self and mutual inductance; RC, LR and LC circuits with d.c. and a.c. sources.

Optics

Rectilinear propagation of light; Reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces; Total internal reflection; Deviation and dispersion of light by a prism; Thin lenses; Combinations of mirrors and thin lenses; Magnification.

Wave nature of light: Huygen’s principle, interference limited to Young’s double- slit experiment.

Modern physics

Atomic nucleus; α, β and γ radiations; Law of radioactive decay; Decay constant; Half-life and mean life; Binding energy and its calculation; Fission and fusion processes; Energy calculation in these processes.

Photoelectric effect; Bohr’s theory of hydrogen-like atoms; Characteristic and continuous X-rays, Moseley’s law; de Broglie wavelength of matter waves.

JEE Main : Computer Based Examination instructions | MyRights

2020-06-06T17:49:00.002+05:30

JEE Main : Guidelines for Computer Based Examination

General Guidelines

The admit card must be scrutinized of all details, viz. name, paper, date of birth, gender, test center name, city, state code of eligibility and category. Any discrepancy must be communicated to the JEE (Main) Secretariat immediately for correction. Failure to do so might lead to the inability to take the exam as admit card details may not reflect those in the original ID.
All candidates satisfying the eligibility conditions are issued provisional admit cards for JEE Main 2019.
Two and a half hours is the recommended time prior to the exam which candidates must arrive at the exam venue. This is to ensure that frisking and other registration formalities are completed well in advance. The registration desk will close five minutes prior to the beginning of the examination.
The admit card must be shown on demand for the candidate to be admitted into the examination hall. The Centre Superintendent will disallow a candidate who does not possess the admit card issued by the board to attempt the examination under any circumstance.
Candidates who have claimed to belong to the PwD category must carry a copy of the PwD certificate issued by the competent authority in the prescribed format, with them.
Under no circumstances will a candidate be allowed to enter the examination center after its commencement.
Each candidate will be allocated a seat indicating their roll number. A candidate must occupy only their allotted seat. Any candidate found to have changed examination rooms, or their allotted seat without being asked to do so by a competent authority, will find their candidature canceled, and no plea with be entertained to revoke the cancellation.
It is the responsibility of the candidate to ensure that the question paper displayed is in the language that (s)he adopted for during registration. In the event, it is in a different language, the nearest invigilator must be informed of the same.
A candidate will be not allowed to carry baggage inside the examination hall. The JEE Apex Board will not be responsible, and neither can it be held responsible, for any belonging stolen or lost at the premise of the examination center.
Candidates are not allowed to carry any study material, calculators, documents, pens, slide rules, log tables, watches, printed or written material, bits of papers, mobile phone, or any other electronic device into the examination hall. The only items allowed inside the examination hall are the printed admit card, identity proof, and associated documents. If any candidate is found with any of the prohibited items, his/her candidature will be considered as unfair means, with the current examination being canceled, and following that, being debarred from writing this examination in the future.
Smoking and eating are prohibited in the examination room.
Tea, coffee, cold drinks or snacks are not allowed to be taken into the examination room.
The candidate is allowed to approach the Centre Superintendent or an Invigilator in the examination room or hall for any technical assistance, first aid emergency or any other clarification during the course of the examination. No additional time shall be provided under any circumstance to compensate for any time spent in these clarifications.
The candidate is not allowed, under any circumstance, without the explicit permission of the Centre Superintendent to exit the examination hall prior to the ending of the examination. Candidates must follow the instructions strictly as instructed by the Centre Superintendent/Invigilators.
For any queries or issues regarding computer-based examination, the candidates may contact on toll-free Call Centre No. which will be available on JEE (Main) website later on.

Specific guidelines for Computer Based Examinations

The Computer Based Examination will be conducted as per the following schedule.

JEE Main 2019 will start exactly at the time mentioned in the admit card, and an announcement will be made by the invigilator to this effect. Since the time remaining is displayed on the computer screen, no further announcement will be made by the invigilator, and the computer will get locked when the duration of the test is over.
The test will be of 3 hours’ duration.
The test paper will be consisting of questions of Physics, Chemistry & Mathematics with all the questions having equal weightage.
There will be three parts in the question paper consisting of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics having equal weightage (that is, 30 questions, totaling 120 marks per section).
Each question is allotted four marks for the correct response. One mark will be deducted for indicating the incorrect response of each question. No deduction from the total score will be made if no response is indicated for a question.
There is only one correct response for each question out of four responses given. If there are multiple correct answers, a press release of information will be made at an appropriate time. There is a possibility to mark only one correct answer for the examination, hence you needn’t worry about marking multiple options.
Any pens required will be supplied to the candidates in the examination hall. Candidates should not bring any type of pen or ball pens with them.
All calculations and rough work can only be done with the rough sheet provided at the examination hall. This rough sheet will have to be returned to the invigilator after the exam ends.
During the examination time, the invigilator will check Admit Card of the candidate to satisfy himself/herself about the identity of each candidate.
The candidates are governed by all rules and regulations of the board with regard to their conduct in the Examination Hall. All cases of unfair means will be dealt with as per the rules.
The candidates must sign on the attendance sheet at the appropriate place.

JEE Main 2020: Participating CFTIs | MyRights

2020-06-06T17:38:00.000+05:30

Centrally Funded Technical Institutes

In addition to the National Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Information Technology, there are the prestigious institutes of the ilk of CFTIs, that offer admission on the basis of JEE Main 2019 scores. Since students may not be completely aware of these institutes, here are details of these colleges, along with their closing ranks for various courses.

Assam University, Silchar

This university came into existence through the Assam (Central) University Act, 1989, and was established in 1994, and has since steadily strived to become an excellent center of learning. It is situated in Dargakona, about 20km away from Silchar, set among the hillocks of the North East, in a 600-acre campus. Admissions to the School of Technology called Triguna Sen School of Technology is offered through JEE Main. The closing ranks for the programmes offered are given below.

B.Tech Computer Science and Engineering for Round 1, Assam University, Silchar

Category	Opening Rank (HS)	Closing Rank (HS)	Opening Rank (AI)	Closing Rank (AI)
General	36088	61968	11353	27087
Schedule Caste	7972	10142	4193	5599
Schedule Tribe	3302	3730	2976	2976
General Person with Disability	2069	2069	–	–
Other Backward Class	24097	28242	6403	9673

B.Tech Electronics & Communication Engineering for Round 1, Assam University, Silchar

Category	Opening Rank (HS)	Closing Rank (HS)	Opening Rank (AI)	Closing Rank (AI)
General	53621	65080	21677	28594
Schedule Caste	9320	10418	3833	5921
Schedule Tribe	3808	3843	3268	3268
General Person with Disability	2263	2263	–	–
Other Backward Class	27710	30121	9251	9932

B.Tech Agricultural Engineering for Round 1, Assam University, Silchar

Category	Opening Rank (HS)	Closing Rank (HS)	Opening Rank (AI)	Closing Rank (AI)
General	49478	70898	23911	30754
Schedule Caste	9367	12122	5044	5927
Schedule Tribe	4020	4092	2975	2975
General Person with Disability	2353	2353	–	–
Other Backward Class	30976	33931	9195	10135

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi

For over six decades, BIT Mesra (located 16 km from Ranchi, the Jharkhand state-capital) has been engaged in nurturing minds through a rich heritage of academic excellence. Its 780-acre campus houses a deemed University, with more than 10000 doctoral students, and 150 programmes offered under undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral banners. The programmes offered by the university are given below, along with the other state closing ranks for 2017.Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi

JEE Main Cut Off 2017 BIT Mesra – General Category for Round 1

Branch	Home State		Other State
	Opening Rank	Closing Rank	Opening Rank	Closing Rank
Bio-Technology	27163	37598	16023	25714
Chemical Engineering	18170	27207	13382	19006
Chemical Engineering (Plastic and Polymer)	28273	33866	18632	24380
Civil Engineering	21614	26805	12969	18057
Computer Science and Engineering	4673	10767	4972	8338
Electrical and Electronics Engineering	11112	18865	10972	13749
Electronics and Communication Engineering	11018	16997	8420	12358
Information Technology	11190	13580	8379	9878
Mechanical Engineering	11961	21236	10055	14959
Production Engineering	26022	32179	15390	22699
Architecture	1514	4196	592	1438

JEE Main Cut Off 2017 BIT Mesra – SC Category for Round 1

Branch	Home State		Open State
	Opening Rank	Closing Rank	Opening Rank	Closing Rank
Bio-Technology	9241	10610	4755	5573
Chemical Engineering	7211	7471	4181	4844
Chemical Engineering (Plastic and Polymer)	8280	11044	1632	5623
Civil Engineering	6394	6935	3610	4046
Computer Science and Engineering	961	2218	1394	2220
Electrical and Electronics Engineering	6098	6470	3301	4203
Electronics and Communication Engineering	2807	6009	2349	4088
Information Technology	5801	6030	2943	3489
Mechanical Engineering	3455	6373	3069	3882
Production Engineering	7669	10112	5172	5567
Architecture	392	543	166	182

JEE Main Cut Off 2017 BIT Mesra – ST Category for Round 1

Branch	Home State		Open State
	Opening Rank	Closing Rank	Opening Rank	Closing Rank
Bio Technology	6477	9391	2028	2802
Chemical Engineering	5811	7440	2102	2392
Chemical Engineering (Plastic and Polymer)	6872	9264	3189	3324
Civil Engineering	2373	4341	1245	1778
Computer Science and Engineering	807	3116	1113	1328
Electrical and Electronics Engineering	1115	6398	1770	1976
Electronics and Communication Engineering	597	6423	1645	2433
Information Technology	3309	6012	2515	2547
Mechanical Engineering	2940	5997	1042	2057
Production Engineering	6270	8508	2462	2695
Architecture	180	398	63	63

School of Planning and Architecture

Originally based in Delhi (SPA Delhi), an Institute of National Importance, is a premier higher education institute located in New Delhi specializing in education and research in the field of Planning and Architecture. It forms a part of the league along with the other two SPAs in India: The School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal and the School of PlanningSchool of Planning and Architecture

SPA Bhopal JEE Main Cutoff 2017 for Round 1

Branch	Category	Quota AI
–	–	Opening Rank	Closing Rank
B.Arch.	General	183	870
B.Arch.	Schedule Caste	90	160
B.Arch.	Schedule Tribe	68	135
B.Arch.	General Person with Disability	17	17
B.Arch.	OBC Person With Disability	20	20
B.Arch.	Other Backward Class	270	451
Bachelor of Planning	General	989	1812
Bachelor of Planning	Schedule Caste	259	314
Bachelor of Planning	Schedule Tribe	179	189
Bachelor of Planning	General Person with Disability	100	100
Bachelor of Planning	Other Backward Class	478	688

Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research & Management

This is an institute established in 2013, under the guidance of the Government of Gujarat, to cater to the emerging economic challenges in the field of infrastructure development. Admission is offered through the JEE Main entrance examination, in the fields of electrical, mechanical and civil engineering, the closing ranks of which are given below.

IITRAM Cut Off 2017 for JEE Main for Round 1

Program	Category	OR	CR
B.Tech Electrical Engineering	General	10552	22821
B.Tech Electrical Engineering	Schedule Caste	4139	5271
B.Tech Electrical Engineering	Schedule Tribe	2193	2325
B.Tech Electrical Engineering	OBC Person With Disability	490	490
B.Tech Electrical Engineering	Other Backward Class	6126	9093
B.Tech Mechanical Engineering	General	16030	21714
B.Tech Mechanical Engineering	Schedule Caste	2902	5127
B.Tech Mechanical Engineering	Schedule Tribe	729	2511
B.Tech Mechanical Engineering	Other Backward Class	6191	8346
B.Tech Civil Engineering	General	21173	24261
B.Tech Civil Engineering	Schedule Caste	2523	5081
B.Tech Civil Engineering	Schedule Tribe	1569	1793
B.Tech Civil Engineering	General Person with Disability	1088	1088
B.Tech Civil Engineering	Other Backward Class	7449	9162

J.K. Institute of Applied Physics & Technology

This institute was started on April 4th 1956, which makes it on par with the IITs in terms of age. The college is situated in the Muir College Campus of the University of Allahabad. It is a pioneer department in the country today for teaching and research in the discipline of electronics, communication, and computer science, and is known to have partnered with the DRDO over the years. The courses offered, and the closing ranks as per JEE Main 2017 are given below.

JEE MAIN 2017 Cut Off, JK Institute of Applied Physics and Technology for Round 1

Course	Category	Opening Rank	Closing Rank
B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering	General	13185	22476
	OBC	7001	8880
	SC	2584	5413
	ST	3163	3417
	GEN PWD	546	546
B.Tech Electronics & Communication Engineering	General	16411	25394
	OBC	7596	9380
	SC	4938	5639
	ST	3191	3710
	GEN PWD	1044	1044

Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology

This is a pioneer research and development institute directly under the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), Government of India. It was given the title of a National Institute in 2008, taking into consideration the institute’s contributions in strengthening the R&D efforts in the post-harvest processing, preservation and value addition of raw agricultural produce, by the MoFPI. The institute has Food Safety and Quality Testing Laboratories that are NABL accredited and thus is a much sought after institute for those who are aware of its existence. The courses offered by it, and the closing ranks as per JEE Main 2016 are given below.

IICPT Thanjavur JEE Main Cut off 2017 for Round 1

Category	JEE Main 2017 Cut off
General (UR)	81
Other Backward Class (OBC)	49
Scheduled Caste(SC)	32
Scheduled Tribe (ST)	27

Indian Institute of Carpet Technology

The Indian Institute of Carpet Technology popularly known as IICT, the only of its kind in Asia, has been set up by Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India to provide much-needed support to Textile, Carpet and allied Industries. The Institute started functioning from 2001, is located at Bhadohi, about 45km away from Varanasi, and 75km away from Allahabad. The campus is spread over 10 acres of land, with all the standards facilities for the students that are provided by most other colleges. It offers the Carpet and Textile Technology course, which saw an opening rank of 49052 and a closing rank of 53311 in last year’s JEE Main, in the 60 seats, that is offered.

IICT Bhadohi JEE Main Cut off 2017 for Round 1

Course	Categories	All India (Opening Rank)	All India (Closing Rank)
B.Tech Carpet & Textile Technology	SC	5315	6801
B.Tech Carpet & Textile Technology	ST	3679	4367
B.Tech Carpet & Textile Technology	OBC	9498	11521
B.Tech Carpet & Textile Technology	General	18616	35814
B.Tech Carpet & Textile Technology	SC Person with Disability	–	–
B.Tech Carpet & Textile Technology	ST Person with Disability	–	–
B.Tech Carpet & Textile Technology	OBC Person with Disability	777	777
B.Tech Carpet & Textile Technology	General Person with Disability	852	852

Other Institutes

There are several other universities that offer admissions based on JEE Main rank, and the ones not mentioned above are given below. You should check them out and see whether the unique courses that they offer are of your liking, and visit their websites for additional details.

Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar (Uttarakhand)
Institute of Technology, Guru Ghasidas Vishawavidyalaya, Bilaspur
Mizoram University, Aizwal
National Institute of Foundry & Forge Technology, P.O. Hatia, Ranchi
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra
Tezpur University, NAPAAM, Tezpur, Assam
Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology
National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology
Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology Longowal
Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur

JEE Main 2020: Participating NITs | MyRights

2020-06-06T17:18:00.001+05:30

Institutes Participating in JEE Main 2019

All the National Institutes of Technology (NITs) will have their seat allocation processes through JEE Main only. The seat allocation for NITs will follow the 50% will be reserved for home state candidates, and the rest 50% will be reserved for people who are outside the state of the National Institute of Technology. Below you will find the list of NITs and their corresponding states that you can get admission to by taking JEE Main 2019 and qualifying it.

State	Name of NIT
Andhra Pradesh	National Institute of Technology, Vatluru, Eluru
Arunachal Pradesh	National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh
Assam	National Institute of Technology, Silchar
Bihar	National Institute of Technology, Patna
Chhattisgarh	National Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)
Delhi	National Institute of Technology, Delhi
Goa	National Institute of Technology, Goa
Gujarat	Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat
Haryana	National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra
Himachal Pradesh	National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur
Jammu & Kashmir	National Institute of Technology, Hazartbal, Srinagar
Jharkhand	National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur
Karnataka	National Institute of Technology, Surathkal
Kerala	National Institute of Technology, Calicut
Madhya Pradesh	Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
Maharashtra	Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur
Manipur	National Institute of Technology, Manipur
Meghalaya	National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya
Mizoram	National Institute of Technology, Mizoram
Nagaland	National Institute of Technology, Nagaland
Odisha	National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
Puducherry	National Institute of Technology, Puducherry
Punjab	Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar
Rajasthan	Malviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur
Sikkim	National Institute of Technology, Sikkim
Tamil Nadu	National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli
Telangana	National Institute of Technology, Warangal
Tripura	National Institute of Technology, Tripura
Uttar Pradesh	Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad
Uttarakhand	National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand
West Bengal	National Institute of Technology, Durgapur

If you are further interested in the rankings of the National Institutes of Technology, here is a list on that. This will definitely help you to better the chances of choosing a better college. The college that does not have a rank does not feature in the top 100 in the National Institutional Ranking Framework set up by the Government of India.

Rank	NIRT	State	Name of NIT
1	12	Tamil Nadu	National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli
2	15	Gujarat	Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat
3	18	Maharashtra	Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur
4	19	Odisha	National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
5	22	Karnataka	National Institute of Technology, Surathkal
6	23	Uttar Pradesh	Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad
7	28	Telangana	National Institute of Technology, Warangal
8	30	West Bengal	National Institute of Technology, Durgapur
9	35	Kerala	National Institute of Technology, Calicut
10	37	Rajasthan	Malviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur
11	42	Punjab	Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar
12	48	Haryana	National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra
13	51	Himachal Pradesh	National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur
14	52	Tripura	National Institute of Technology, Agartala
15	57	Meghalaya	National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya
16	63	Chhattisgarh	National Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)
17	65	Assam	National Institute of Technology, Silchar
18	67	Jammu & Kashmir	National Institute of Technology, Hazartbal, Srinagar
19	76	Goa	National Institute of Technology, Goa
20	78	Jharkhand	National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur
21	87	Bihar	National Institute of Technology, Patna
22	92	Delhi	National Institute of Technology, Delhi
–	–	Andhra Pradesh	National Institute of Technology, Vatluru, Eluru
–	–	Arunachal Pradesh	National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh
–	–	Madhya Pradesh	Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
–	–	Manipur	National Institute of Technology, Manipur
–	–	Mizoram	National Institute of Technology, Mizoram
–	–	Nagalanad	National Institute of Technology, Nagaland
–	–	Puducherry	National Institute of Technology, Puducherry
–	–	Sikkim	National Institute of Technology, Sikkim
–	–	Uttarakhand	National Institute of Technology, Uttrakhand

Note that a college not being included in the top 100 college rank list doesn’t imply that the college is not fit to even join. Rather, these institutes may not have fit in the criteria for ranking, or they may have been omitted completely because of various reasons. Here is a graphical version of the information provided above.

JEE Main 2020: Participating IIITs | MyRights

2020-06-06T17:08:00.005+05:30

What are IIITs?

Yes, you read that right. There are 3 Is there. IIITs are Indian Institutes of Information Technology, which are set up either under the MHRD (Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur and Kancheepuram) or under a public-private partnership (PPP) model, funded by the central government, state governments and industry partners in the ratio 50:35:15 (the other IIITs). Admissions to the IIITs are done through qualification for JEE Main, and seats are allocated via the JoSAA, just like for all other CFTIs. The courses offered at the IIITs are mainly of the following four types:Note: The course Mechanical Engineering available in the IIITs will be focussed primarily on Manufacturing and Design, rather than the typical mechanical engineering course found in the IITs and the NITs.

The different IIITs

Serial Number	State	IIIT
1	Andhra Pradesh	Indian Institute of Information Technology
2	Andhra Pradesh	Indian Institute of Information Technology, Sri City, Chitoor
3	Assam	Indian Institute of Information Technology, Guwahati
4	Gujarat	Indian Institute of Information Technology, Vadodara
5	Haryana	Indian Institute of Information Technology Kilohrad, Sonepat
6	Himachal Pradesh	Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una
7	Jharkhand	Indian Institute of Information Technology Ranchi
8	Karnataka	Indian Institute of Information Technology
9	Kerala	Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kottayam
10	Lucknow	Indian Institute of Information Technology Lucknow
11	Madhya Pradesh	Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology & Management
12	Madhya Pradesh	Pandit Dwarka Prasad Mishra Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, Jabalpur
13	Maharashtra	Indian Institute of Information Technology Nagpur
14	Maharashtra	Indian Institute of Information Technology Pune
15	Manipur	Indian Institute of Information Technology Manipur Mantripukhri, Imphal
16	Rajasthan	Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kota
17	Tamil Nadu	Indian Institute of Information Technology Srirangam,Tiruchirappalli
18	Tamil Nadu	Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing, Kanchipuram, Chennai
19	Uttar Pradesh	Indian Institute of Information Technology, Jhalwa, Allahabad
20	West Bengal	Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani

The best IIITs

Closing Ranks for various IIITs in various programmes.

Institute	Programme name	Opening Rank	Closing Rank	Rank (based on closing rank)
IIIT Kancheepuram (Computer Engineering)	Computer Science and Engineering	6551	13827	1
IIIT Jabalpur	Computer Science and Engineering	9763	16901	2
IIIT Kota	Computer Science and Engineering	12329	20828	3
IIIT Tiruchirappalli	Computer Science and Engineering	9792	21144	4
IIIT Guwahati	Computer Science and Engineering	12399	21564	5
IIIT Sri City	Computer Science and Engineering	6576	21653	6
IIIT Sonepat (Computer Engineering)	Computer Science and Engineering	11079	22651	7
IIIT Nagpur	Computer Science and Engineering	9735	22699	8
IIIT Vadodara	Computer Science and Engineering	12685	23662	9
IIIT Pune	Computer Science and Engineering	7982	23670	10
IIIT Una	Computer Science and Engineering	14849	26260	11
IIIT Dharwad	Computer Science and Engineering	16961	27653	12
IIIT Kurnool (Computer Engineering)	Computer Science and Engineering	16620	28560	13
IIIT Ranchi	Computer Science and Engineering	22051	29117	14
IIIT Kottayam	Computer Science and Engineering	16999	29215	15
IIIT Kalyani	Computer Science and Engineering	14831	29433	16
IIIT Manipur	Computer Science and Engineering	32911	36738	17
IIIT Allahabad	Electronics and Communication Engineering	4174	10410	1
IIIT Kancheepuram (Design and Manufacturing)	Electronics and Communication Engineering	5531	18079	2
IIIT Jabalpur	Electronics and Communication Engineering	17111	21690	3
IIIT Tiruchirappalli	Electronics and Communication Engineering	13106	25229	4
IIIT Sri City	Electronics and Communication Engineering	15794	26276	5
IIIT Kota	Electronics and Communication Engineering	20235	27240	6
IIIT Guwahati	Electronics and Communication Engineering	22038	27928	7
IIIT Pune	Electronics and Communication Engineering	16808	28620	8
IIIT Nagpur	Electronics and Communication Engineering	21489	28641	9
IIIT Sonepat	Electronics and Communication Engineering	19921	28667	10
IIIT Dharwad	Electronics and Communication Engineering	26720	29996	11
IIIT Kurnool (Design and Manufacturing)	Electronics and Communication Engineering	26730	30485	12
IIIT Una	Electronics and Communication Engineering	27588	30886	13
IIIT Ranchi	Electronics and Communication Engineering	26825	31575	14
IIIT Manipur	Electronics and Communication Engineering	35908	40661	15
IIIT Allahabad	Information Technology	1143	5375	1
IIIT Lucknow	Information Technology	13935	23216	2
IIIT Sonepat	Information Technology	23090	26431	3
IIIT Vadodara	Information Technology	11315	27270	4
IIIT Kalyani	Information Technology	29439	32430	5
IIIT Kancheepuram (Design and Manufacturing)	Mechanical Engineering	9674	23189	1
IIIT Jabalpur	Mechanical Engineering	17291	25501	2
IIIT Kurnool (Design and Manufacturing)	Mechanical Engineering	27497	33862	3

JEE Main 2020: Application and special Documents | MyRights

2020-06-06T16:52:00.001+05:30

Applying Online and Submission of Application

The application for JEE Advanced 2019 can only be submitted online. A scanned copy of a photograph and signature will be required. The details mentioned in a later section will have to be submitted by the candidate, and after submission of required details, an acknowledgment page with an application number shall be generated. Candidates are required to take a printout of the page and keep it for future reference. This must not be sent to JEE Main Secretariat by post or otherwise. The application fees will have to be paid online, in one of the following ways:

By credit card, debit card, or via Paytm.
By depositing fee in cash in the Syndicate, Canara, ICICI or HDFC bank through e-challan generated during the online filling of the application form.

Once payment is received, the same will be reflected on the JEE Main 2019 website, upon login by the candidate using their credentials.

Information Required for JEE Main 2019 application

The following information will be required for JEE Main 2019:

Aadhaar linking (not compulsory but optional)
Nationality	Indian/OCI/PIO/Foreign
State of eligibility	The state from which the candidate has passed or is appearing for Class XII (or equivalent) examination or the state mentioned in the passport.
State from where the candidate has passed/appearing in class XII or equivalent examination
State mentioned in the Passport
Any valid government ID number
Candidate’s Name	As per ID
Date of Birth (DD/MM/YYYY)	As per ID
Gender	As per ID
Examination details
Applying for	(names of the papers)
Mode of examination	Pen & Paper/Computer
Choice of examination center	Refer to list.
Question paper medium	English/Hindi/Gujarati
Personal Details
Mother’s name	(46 char. max.)
Father’s name	(46 char. max.)
Category	…
PwD	Y/N
If Y, % of disability	..
Whether scribe is required?	Y/N
The only child in case you are a girl?	Y/N
Place of residence	Urban/Rural
Complete mailing address
PIN code of above
Academic details
Place of Class XII schooling	Village/Town/City
Year of passing/appearing in Class XII or equivalent	2017 or 2018. Candidates who are appearing in class XII or taking their equivalent qualifying exam in 2019, can also apply.
School board of above
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Appearing for improvement?	Y/N
If yes for above, roll number of above.
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(Declaration by the candidate)
Photograph of candidate (JPEG, 4 to 40kB, 3.5cm X 4.5cm)
Signature of candidate (JPEG, 1 to 30kB, 3.5cm X 1.5cm)

The admit card for JEE Main 2019 must be downloaded from the JEE Main 2019 website from December 17, 2018, onwards. Admit card for JEE Main 2019

Here are the certificate formats required for general disabilities (Form I)

JEE Main 2020 Syllabus | MyRights

2020-06-06T16:33:00.001+05:30

Mathematics

Sets, Relations and Functions

Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; Power set; Relation, types of relations, equivalence relations, functions; one-one, into and onto functions, composition of functions.

Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Complex numbers as ordered pairs or reals, representation of complex numbers in the form a + ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality, quadratic equations in real and complex number systems and their solutions; relation between roots and co-efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots.

Matrices and Determinants

Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, determinants and matrices of order two and three; Properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants; Adjoints and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices.

Permutations and Combinations

Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of P(n,r) and C(n,r), simple applications.

Mathematical Inductions

Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.

Binomial Theorem and its simple appications

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients and simple applications.

Sequences and Series

Arithmetic and geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers; Relationship between arithmetic mean and geometric mean; Sum up to n terms of special series: n, n^2, n^3; Arithmetico–Geometric progression.

Limits, Continuity and Differentiability

Real valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, inverse functions; Graphs of simple functions; Limits, continuity and differentiability; Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions; Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order up to two; Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems; Applications of derivatives: rate of change of quantities, monotonic – increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals.

Integral Calculus

Integral as an anti – derivative; Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions; Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions; Integration using trigonometric identities; Evaluation of simple integrals of the type:

Integral as limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus; Properties of definite integrals; Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form.

Differential calculus

Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree; Formation of differential equations; Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations of the type:

Co-ordinate geometry

Cartesian system of rectangular co-ordinates 10 in a plane, distance formula, section formula, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes.

Straight lines

Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines, coordinates of centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines.

Circles and conic sections

Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent; Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.

Three-Dimensional Geometry

Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines; Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation; Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines.

Vector Algebra

Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.

Statistics and Probability

Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.

Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.

Trigonometry

Trigonometrical identities and equations. Trigonometrical functions. Inverse trigonometrical functions and their properties. Heights and Distances.

Mathematical Reasoning

Statements, logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if. Understanding of tautology, contradiction, converse and contrapositive.

Physics

(Experimental – 20% weightage and Theory – 80% weightage)

Experimental skills

Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:

Vernier callipers – its use to measure internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
Screw gauge – its use to determine thickness/diameter of thin sheet/wire.
Simple pendulum – dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between square of amplitude and time.
Metre Scale – mass of a given object by principle of moments.
Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents.
Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
Plotting a cooling curve for the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time.
Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube.
Specific heat capacity of a given
- solid
- liquid

by method of mixtures.

Resistivity of the material of a given wire using metre bridge.
Resistance of a given wire using Ohm’s law.
Potentiometer:
- Comparison of emf of two primary cells.
- Determination of internal resistance of a cell.
Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
Focal length of:
- Convex mirror
- Concave mirror, and
- Convex lens using parallax method.
Plot of angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage.
Characteristic curves of a transistor and finding current gain and voltage gain.
Identification of Diode, LED, Transistor, IC, Resistor, Capacitor from mixed collection of such items.
Using multi-meter to:
- Identify base of a transistor
- Distinguish between npn and pnp type transistor
- See the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED.
- Check the correctness or otherwise of a given electronic component (diode, transistor or IC).

Theory

Physics and Measurement

Physics, technology and society, S I units, Fundamental and derived units; Least count, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Dimensions of Physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

Kinematics

Frame of reference; Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity; Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion; Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and Subtraction, Zero Vector, Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector; Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.

Laws of Motion

Force and Inertia, Newton’s First Law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion; Impulse; Newton’s Third Law of motion; Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, Equilibrium of concurrent forces;

Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction;

Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications.

Work, Energy and Power

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work energy theorem, power.

Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces; Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Rotational Motion

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications; moment of inertia, radius of gyration; Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications; Rigid body rotation, equations of rotational motion.

Gravitation

The universal law of gravitation; Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth; Kepler’s laws of planetary motion; Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential; Escape velocity; Orbital velocity of a satellite; Geo-stationary satellites.

Properties of Solids and Liquids

Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s Law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity; Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications; Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, Reynolds number; Bernoulli’s principle and its applications; Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension – drops, bubbles and capillary rise; Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat; Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, Newton’s law of cooling.

Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature; Heat, work and internal energy; First law of thermodynamics; Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes; Carnot engine and its efficiency.

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas; Kinetic theory of gases – assumptions, concept of pressure; Kinetic energy and temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules; Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path, Avogadro’s number.

Oscillations and Waves

Periodic motion: period, frequency, displacement as a function of time; Periodic functions; Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring – restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M. – kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum – derivation of expression for its time period; Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance.

Wave motion: Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave; Displacement relation for a progressive wave; Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect in sound.

Electrostatics

Electric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution;

Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field;

Electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell; Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field;

Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, Energy stored in a capacitor.

Currrent Electricity

Electric current, Drift velocity, Ohm’s law, Electrical resistance, Resistances of different materials, V-I characteristics of Ohmic and nonohmic conductors, Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity, Colour code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance; Electric Cell and its Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel; Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications; Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge; Potentiometer – principle and its applications.

Magnetic Effects of Current And Magnetism

Biot – Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop; Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid; Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields; Cyclotron;

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field; Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere; Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter;

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment; Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements; Para-, dia- and ferro- magnetic substances;

Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, Hysteresis, Electromagnets and permanent magnets.

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents; Self and mutual inductance; Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit, resonance; Quality factor, power in AC circuits, watt-less current; AC generator and transformer;

Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics; Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves;

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X rays, gamma rays); Applications of electromagnetic waves.

Optics

Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, Total internal reflection and its applications, Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a Lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact, Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers;

Wave optics: wave front and Huygens’ principle, Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle; Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width; Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum; Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes, Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Dual nature of radiation; Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation; particle nature of light; Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation; Davisson-Germer experiment.

Atoms and Nuclei

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum; Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones; Radioactivity-alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law; Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

Electronic Devices

Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator; Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator; Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR); Transistor as a switch.

Communication Systems

Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave propagation, Need for modulation, Amplitude and Frequency Modulation, Bandwidth of signals, Bandwidth of Transmission medium, Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only).

Chemistry

Physical Chemistry

Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry

Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory; Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I. Units, dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

States of Matter

Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.

Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws – Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor and van der Waals equation.

Liquid State: Properties of liquids – vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only).

Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea); Bragg’s Law and its applications; Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties.

Atomic Structure

Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom – its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model; Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical model of atom, its important features. Concept of atomic orbitals as one electron wave functions; Variation of Ψ and Ψ2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d – orbitals, electron spin and spin quantum number; Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel – Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds.

Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.

Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules. Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory – its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance.

Molecular Orbital Theory – Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy.

Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.

Chemical Thermodynamics

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes.

First law of thermodynamics – Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.

Second law of thermodynamics; Spontaneity of processes; ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity, ΔG° Standard Gibbs energy change and equilibrium constant.

Solutions

Different methods for expressing concentration of solution – molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law – Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure – composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions – relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.

Equilibrium

Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium.

Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid -liquid, liquid – gas and solid – gas equilibria, Henry’s law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.

Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of ΔG and ΔG° in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.

Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted – Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid – base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.

Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.

Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.

Electrochemical cells – Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half – cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement; Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change; Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells.

Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half – lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions – Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids – Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.

Colloidal state – distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids – lyophilic, lyophobic; multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of colloids – Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; Emulsions and their characteristics.

Inorganic Chemistry

Classification Of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical reactivity.

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Metals

Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; Steps involved in the extraction of metals – concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals.

Hydrogen

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide; Hydrogen as a fuel.

s– Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)

Group – 1 and 2 Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationships.

Preparation and properties of some important compounds – sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide; Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of Paris and cement; Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.

p– BLOCK ELEMENTS

Group – 13 to Group 18 Elements

General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

Group wise study of the p – block elements

Group 13: Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium; properties of boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride and alums.
Group 14: Allotropes of carbon, tendency for catenation; Structure & properties of silicates, and zeolites.
Group 15: Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of phosphorus.
Group 16: Preparation, properties, structures and uses of ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur.
Group 17: Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.
Group 18: Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.

d– And f– BLOCK ELEMENTS

Transition Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements – physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

Inner Transition Elements

Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction.

Actinoids – Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

Co-Ordination Compounds

Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner’s theory; ligands, co-ordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).

Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution – Atmospheric, water and soil.

Atmospheric pollution – Tropospheric and Stratospheric

Tropospheric pollutants – Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Greenhouse effect and Global warming; Acid rain;

Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention.

Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer – its mechanism and effects.

Water Pollution – Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention.

Soil pollution – Major pollutants such as: Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention.

Strategies to control environmental pollution.

Organic Chemistry

Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds

Purification – Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography – principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis – Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) – Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.

Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules – hybridization (s and p); Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: – C = C – , – C = C – and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; Homologous series; Isomerism – structural and stereoisomerism.

Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)

Covalent bond fission – Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond – Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.

Hydrocarbons

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.
Alkanes – Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes – Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis and polymerization.
Alkynes – Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons – Nomenclature, benzene – structure and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.

Organic Compounds Containing Halogens

General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.

Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform & iodoform.

Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.

Alcohols, Phenols And Ethers

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer – Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group;Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as – Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of α – hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.

Carboxylic Acids

Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses. Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic character. Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Polymers

General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation, copolymerization; Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses – polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.

Biomolecules

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.

CARBOHYDRATES – Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).

Proteins – Elementary Idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.

Vitamins – Classification and functions.

Nucleic Acids – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids.

Chemistry in Everyday Life

Chemicals in medicines – Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamins – their meaning and common examples.

Chemicals in food – Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents – common examples. Cleansing agents – Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

Principles Related to Practical Chemistry

Detection of extra elements (N, S, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in organic compounds.

Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p nitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.

Chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4.

Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:

Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+.
Anions – (CO3)2–, S2–, (SO4)2–, NO2–, NO3–, CI–, Br, I.

(Insoluble salts excluded).

Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.