Nature. 2022 May 23. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04659-4. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Nearly half of all stars similar to our Sun are in binary or multiple systems¹, which may affect the evolution of the stars and their protoplanetary disks during their earliest stages. NGC 1333-IRAS2A is a young, Class 0, low-mass protostellar system located in the Perseus molecular cloud². It is known to drive two bipolar outflows that are almost perpendicular to each other on the sky^3,4 and is resolved into binary components, VLA1 and VLA2, through long wavelength continuum observations⁵. Here we report spatially and spectrally resolved observations of a range of molecular species. We compare these to detailed magnetohydrodynamic simulations: the comparisons show that inhomogeneous accretion onto the circumstellar disks occurs in episodic bursts, driving a wobbling jet. We conclude that binarity and multiplicity in general strongly affect the properties of the emerging stars, as well as the physical and chemical structures of the protoplanetary disks and therefore potentially any emerging planetary systems.

PMID:35606565 | DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-04659-4

Nature. 2022 May;605(7911):782. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01394-8.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606525 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01394-8

Nature. 2022 May;605(7911):778-779. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01393-9.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606524 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01393-9

Nature. 2022 May;605(7911):589. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01385-9.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606523 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01385-9

Nature. 2022 May;605(7911):614-615. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01390-y.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606522 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01390-y

Nature. 2022 May;605(7911):775-777. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01392-w.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606521 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01392-w

Nature. 2022 May 23. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01449-w. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606439 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01449-w

Nature. 2022 May 23. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01444-1. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606438 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01444-1

Nature. 2022 May 19. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01411-w. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606437 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01411-w

Nature. 2022 May 23. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01443-2. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606436 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01443-2

Nature. 2022 May 23. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01456-x. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606435 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01456-x

Nature. 2022 May 23. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01445-0. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606434 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01445-0

Nature. 2022 May 20. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01455-y. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606433 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01455-y

Nature. 2022 May 23. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01368-w. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35606432 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01368-w

Nature. 2022 May 20. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01408-5. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35595997 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01408-5

Nature. 2022 May 20. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01421-8. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35595996 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01421-8

Nature. 2022 May 19. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01427-2. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35595995 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01427-2

Nature. 2022 May 18. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01413-8. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35595994 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01413-8

Nature. 2022 May 20. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01426-3. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35595993 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01426-3

Nature. 2022 May;605(7911):592. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01357-z.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35595992 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01357-z

Nature. 2022 May 20. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01424-5. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35595991 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01424-5

Nature. 2022 May 20. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01395-7. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35595990 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01395-7

Nature. 2022 May 19. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01418-3. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35595989 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01418-3

Nature. 2022 May 20. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01384-w. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35595988 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01384-w

Nature. 2022 May 20. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01382-y. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35595987 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01382-y

Nature. 2022 May 20. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04877-w. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Gene regulation in the human genome is controlled by distal enhancers that activate specific nearby promoters¹. One model for this specificity is that promoters might have sequence-encoded preferences for certain enhancers, for example mediated by interacting sets of transcription factors or cofactors². This "biochemical compatibility" model has been supported by observations at individual human promoters and by genome-wide measurements in Drosophila^3-9. However, the degree to which human enhancers and promoters are intrinsically compatible has not been systematically measured, and how their activities combine to control RNA expression remains unclear. Here we designed a high-throughput reporter assay called ExP STARR-seq (enhancer x promoter self-transcribing active regulatory region sequencing) and applied it to examine the combinatorial compatibilities of 1,000 enhancer and 1,000 promoter sequences in human K562 cells. We identify simple rules for enhancer-promoter compatibility: most enhancers activated all promoters by similar amounts, and intrinsic enhancer and promoter activities combine multiplicatively to determine RNA output (R²=0.82). In addition, two classes of enhancers and promoters showed subtle preferential effects. Promoters of housekeeping genes contained built-in activating motifs for factors such as GABPA and YY1, which decreased the responsiveness of promoters to distal enhancers. Promoters of variably expressed genes lacked these motifs and showed stronger responsiveness to enhancers. Together, this systematic assessment of enhancer-promoter compatibility suggests a multiplicative model tuned by enhancer and promoter class to control gene transcription in the human genome.

PMID:35594906 | DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-04877-w

Nature. 2022 May 19. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01410-x. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35590071 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01410-x

Nature. 2022 May 19. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01363-1. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35590070 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01363-1

Nature. 2022 May 13. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01331-9. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35590069 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01331-9

Nature. 2022 May;605(7911):592. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01356-0.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35590068 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01356-0

Nature. 2022 May;605(7911):592. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01354-2.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35590067 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01354-2

Nature. 2022 May;605(7911):592. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01355-1.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35590066 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01355-1

Nature. 2022 May;605(7911):593. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01352-4.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35590065 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01352-4

Nature. 2022 May 17. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01406-7. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35590064 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01406-7

Nature. 2022 May 19. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01376-w. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35590063 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01376-w

Nature. 2022 May;605(7911):625-626. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01212-1.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35590062 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01212-1

Nature. 2022 May 19. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04743-9. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

One of the most striking features of human cognition is the ability to plan. Two aspects of human planning stand out-its efficiency and flexibility. Efficiency is especially impressive because plans must often be made in complex environments, and yet people successfully plan solutions to many everyday problems despite having limited cognitive resources^1-3. Standard accounts in psychology, economics and artificial intelligence have suggested that human planning succeeds because people have a complete representation of a task and then use heuristics to plan future actions in that representation^4-11. However, this approach generally assumes that task representations are fixed. Here we propose that task representations can be controlled and that such control provides opportunities to quickly simplify problems and more easily reason about them. We propose a computational account of this simplification process and, in a series of preregistered behavioural experiments, show that it is subject to online cognitive control^12-14 and that people optimally balance the complexity of a task representation and its utility for planning and acting. These results demonstrate how strategically perceiving and conceiving problems facilitates the effective use of limited cognitive resources.

PMID:35589843 | DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-04743-9

Nature. 2022 May 19. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04735-9. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Cancer immunoediting¹ is a hallmark of cancer² that predicts that lymphocytes kill more immunogenic cancer cells to cause less immunogenic clones to dominate a population. Although proven in mice^1,3, whether immunoediting occurs naturally in human cancers remains unclear. Here, to address this, we investigate how 70 human pancreatic cancers evolved over 10 years. We find that, despite having more time to accumulate mutations, rare long-term survivors of pancreatic cancer who have stronger T cell activity in primary tumours develop genetically less heterogeneous recurrent tumours with fewer immunogenic mutations (neoantigens). To quantify whether immunoediting underlies these observations, we infer that a neoantigen is immunogenic (high-quality) by two features-'non-selfness' based on neoantigen similarity to known antigens^4,5, and 'selfness' based on the antigenic distance required for a neoantigen to differentially bind to the MHC or activate a T cell compared with its wild-type peptide. Using these features, we estimate cancer clone fitness as the aggregate cost of T cells recognizing high-quality neoantigens offset by gains from oncogenic mutations. With this model, we predict the clonal evolution of tumours to reveal that long-term survivors of pancreatic cancer develop recurrent tumours with fewer high-quality neoantigens. Thus, we submit evidence that that the human immune system naturally edits neoantigens. Furthermore, we present a model to predict how immune pressure induces cancer cell populations to evolve over time. More broadly, our results argue that the immune system fundamentally surveils host genetic changes to suppress cancer.

PMID:35589842 | DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-04735-9

Nature. 2022 May 19. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04724-y. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Reliable sensory discrimination must arise from high-fidelity neural representations and communication between brain areas. However, how neocortical sensory processing overcomes the substantial variability of neuronal sensory responses remains undetermined^1-6. Here we imaged neuronal activity in eight neocortical areas concurrently and over five days in mice performing a visual discrimination task, yielding longitudinal recordings of more than 21,000 neurons. Analyses revealed a sequence of events across the neocortex starting from a resting state, to early stages of perception, and through the formation of a task response. At rest, the neocortex had one pattern of functional connections, identified through sets of areas that shared activity cofluctuations^7,8. Within about 200 ms after the onset of the sensory stimulus, such connections rearranged, with different areas sharing cofluctuations and task-related information. During this short-lived state (approximately 300 ms duration), both inter-area sensory data transmission and the redundancy of sensory encoding peaked, reflecting a transient increase in correlated fluctuations among task-related neurons. By around 0.5 s after stimulus onset, the visual representation reached a more stable form, the structure of which was robust to the prominent, day-to-day variations in the responses of individual cells. About 1 s into stimulus presentation, a global fluctuation mode conveyed the upcoming response of the mouse to every area examined and was orthogonal to modes carrying sensory data. Overall, the neocortex supports sensory performance through brief elevations in sensory coding redundancy near the start of perception, neural population codes that are robust to cellular variability, and widespread inter-area fluctuation modes that transmit sensory data and task responses in non-interfering channels.

PMID:35589841 | DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-04724-y

Nature. 2022 May;605(7910):S3-S11. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01346-2.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35585353 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01346-2

Nature. 2022 May;605(7910):S16-S20. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01348-0.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35585352 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01348-0

Nature. 2022 May;605(7910):S24-S25. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01350-6.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35585351 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01350-6

Nature. 2022 May;605(7910):S12-S15. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01347-1.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35585350 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01347-1

Nature. 2022 May;605(7910):S21-S23. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01349-z.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35585349 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01349-z

Nature. 2022 May;605(7910):S2. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01345-3.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35585348 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01345-3

Nature. 2022 May;605(7910):401. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-01340-8.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35585347 | DOI:10.1038/d41586-022-01340-8

Nature. 2022 May;605(7910):483-489. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04605-4. Epub 2022 May 18.

ABSTRACT

New particle formation in the upper free troposphere is a major global source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)^1-4. However, the precursor vapours that drive the process are not well understood. With experiments performed under upper tropospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber, we show that nitric acid, sulfuric acid and ammonia form particles synergistically, at rates that are orders of magnitude faster than those from any two of the three components. The importance of this mechanism depends on the availability of ammonia, which was previously thought to be efficiently scavenged by cloud droplets during convection. However, surprisingly high concentrations of ammonia and ammonium nitrate have recently been observed in the upper troposphere over the Asian monsoon region^5,6. Once particles have formed, co-condensation of ammonia and abundant nitric acid alone is sufficient to drive rapid growth to CCN sizes with only trace sulfate. Moreover, our measurements show that these CCN are also highly efficient ice nucleating particles-comparable to desert dust. Our model simulations confirm that ammonia is efficiently convected aloft during the Asian monsoon, driving rapid, multi-acid HNO₃-H₂SO₄-NH₃ nucleation in the upper troposphere and producing ice nucleating particles that spread across the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere.

PMID:35585346 | PMC:PMC9117139 | DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-04605-4

Nature. 2022 May;605(7910):464-469. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04683-4. Epub 2022 May 18.

ABSTRACT

Chain reactions, characterized by initiation, propagation and termination, are stochastic at microscopic scales and underlie vital chemical (for example, combustion engines), nuclear and biotechnological (for example, polymerase chain reaction) applications^1-5. At macroscopic scales, chain reactions are deterministic and limited to applications for entertainment and art such as falling dominoes and Rube Goldberg machines. On the other hand, the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip (also called a micro-total analysis system)^6,7 was visualized as an integrated chip, akin to microelectronic integrated circuits, yet in practice remains dependent on cumbersome peripherals, connections and a computer for automation^8-11. Capillary microfluidics integrate energy supply and flow control onto a single chip by using capillary phenomena, but programmability remains rudimentary with at most a handful (eight) operations possible^12-19. Here we introduce the microfluidic chain reaction (MCR) as the conditional, structurally programmed propagation of capillary flow events. Monolithic chips integrating a MCR are three-dimensionally printed, and powered by the free energy of a paper pump, autonomously execute liquid handling algorithms step-by-step. With MCR, we automated (1) the sequential release of 300 aliquots across chained, interconnected chips, (2) a protocol for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies detection in saliva and (3) a thrombin generation assay by continuous subsampling and analysis of coagulation-activated plasma with parallel operations including timers, iterative cycles of synchronous flow and stop-flow operations. MCRs are untethered from and unencumbered by peripherals, encode programs structurally in situ and can form a frugal, versatile, bona fide lab-on-a-chip with wide-ranging applications in liquid handling and point-of-care diagnostics.

PMID:35585345 | DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-04683-4

Nature. 2022 May;605(7910):435-439. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04665-6. Epub 2022 May 18.

ABSTRACT

The ultra-diffuse galaxies DF2 and DF4 in the NGC 1052 group share several unusual properties: they both have large sizes¹, rich populations of overluminous and large globular clusters^2-6, and very low velocity dispersions that indicate little or no dark matter^7-10. It has been suggested that these galaxies were formed in the aftermath of high-velocity collisions of gas-rich galaxies^11-13, events that resemble the collision that created the bullet cluster¹⁴ but on much smaller scales. The gas separates from the dark matter in the collision and subsequent star formation leads to the formation of one or more dark-matter-free galaxies¹². Here we show that the present-day line-of-sight distances and radial velocities of DF2 and DF4 are consistent with their joint formation in the aftermath of a single bullet-dwarf collision, around eight billion years ago. Moreover, we find that DF2 and DF4 are part of an apparent linear substructure of seven to eleven large, low-luminosity objects. We propose that these all originated in the same event, forming a trail of dark-matter-free galaxies that is roughly more than two megaparsecs long and angled 7° ± 2° from the line of sight. We also tentatively identify the highly dark-matter-dominated remnants of the two progenitor galaxies that are expected¹¹ at the leading edges of the trail.

PMID:35585344 | PMC:PMC9117144 | DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-04665-6

Nature. 2022 May;605(7910):447-452. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04583-7. Epub 2022 May 18.

ABSTRACT

Bound states in the continuum (BICs)^1-3 are peculiar topological states that, when realized in a planar photonic crystal lattice, are symmetry-protected from radiating in the far field despite lying within the light cone⁴. These BICs possess an invariant topological charge given by the winding number of the polarization vectors⁵, similar to vortices in quantum fluids such as superfluid helium and atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. In spite of several reports of optical BICs in patterned dielectric slabs with evidence of lasing, their potential as topologically protected states with theoretically infinite lifetime has not yet been fully exploited. Here we show non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation of polaritons-hybrid light-matter excitations-occurring in a BIC thanks to its peculiar non-radiative nature, which favours polariton accumulation. The combination of the ultralong BIC lifetime and the tight confinement of the waveguide geometry enables the achievement of an extremely low threshold density for condensation, which is reached not in the dispersion minimum but at a saddle point in reciprocal space. By bridging bosonic condensation and symmetry-protected radiation eigenmodes, we reveal ways of imparting topological properties onto macroscopic quantum states with unexplored dispersion features. Such an observation may open a route towards energy-efficient polariton condensation in cost-effective integrated devices, ultimately suited for the development of hybrid light-matter optical circuits.

PMID:35585343 | DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-04583-7