<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">

<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},feature_flags:["soft_nav"],distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1386092497",accountID:"4015753",trustKey:"66686",xpid:"UAYGVFFWCxABVllbBgQOU1UH",licenseKey:"NRJS-7d9c53af9425c732ede",applicationID:"1289159516",browserID:"1386092497"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.312.1.min.js.LICENSE.txt */
(()=>{var e,t,r={384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>a,Zm:()=>c,bQ:()=>u,dV:()=>d,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863),s=r(944),o=r(1910);const a={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function c(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function d(){let e=c();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate||n.gm.setInterval,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket},(0,o.i)(...Object.values(e.o))),e}function u(e,t){let r=c();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t,2===Object.keys(r.initializedAgents).length&&(0,s.R)(69)}function l(){return function(){let e=c();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:a.beacon,errorBeacon:a.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=c();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),d(),function(){let e=c();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),c()}},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>c,P3:()=>d,XX:()=>i,Yy:()=>a,df:()=>s,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>o});const n="events",i="jserrors",s="browser/blobs",o="rum",a="browser/logs",c={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations"},d={[c.pageViewEvent]:1,[c.pageViewTiming]:2,[c.metrics]:3,[c.jserrors]:4,[c.softNav]:5,[c.ajax]:6,[c.sessionTrace]:7,[c.sessionReplay]:8,[c.logging]:9,[c.genericEvents]:10},u={[c.pageViewEvent]:o,[c.pageViewTiming]:n,[c.ajax]:n,[c.softNav]:n,[c.metrics]:i,[c.jserrors]:i,[c.sessionTrace]:s,[c.sessionReplay]:s,[c.logging]:a,[c.genericEvents]:"ins"}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>i});var n=r(3241);function i(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&(console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t),(0,n.W)({drained:null,type:"data",name:"warn",feature:"warn",data:{code:e,secondary:t}}))}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A$:()=>s,ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},s={OFF:0,ERROR:1,WARN:2,INFO:3,DEBUG:4,TRACE:5},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},1541:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$5:()=>d,B5:()=>c,Ux:()=>o,YA:()=>a,fQ:()=>i});var n=r(5871);const i={MFE:"MFE",BA:"BA"};function s(e,t){if(!e||!t?.init.api.allow_registered_children)return[];const r=t.runtime.registeredEntities;return r?.filter(t=>t.metadata.timings?.asset?.endsWith(e)).map(e=>e.metadata.target)||[]}function o(e,t){if(!u(t))return{};const r=t.agentRef.runtime.appMetadata.agents[0].entityGuid;return e?e.attributes:{"entity.guid":r,appId:t.agentRef.info.applicationID}}function a(e,t){return c(e,t)?{"child.id":e.id,"child.type":e.type,...o(void 0,t)}:{}}function c(e,t){return!!e&&!!u(t)&&t.agentRef.init.api.duplicate_registered_data}function d(e){if(!e?.init.api.allow_registered_children)return[void 0];const t=[];try{var r=(0,n.AZ)((0,n.QL)());let i=r.length-1;for(;r[i];)t.push(...s(r[i--],e))}catch(e){}return t.length||t.push(void 0),t}function u(e){return 2===e?.harvestEndpointVersion}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>a,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>c});var n=r(3241),i=r(3606),s=r(860),o=r(2646);function a(e,t){if(!e)return;const r={staged:!1,priority:s.P3[t]||0};e.runtime.drainRegistry.get(t)||e.runtime.drainRegistry.set(t,r)}function c(e,t){if(!e)return;const r=e.runtime.drainRegistry;r&&(r.get(t)&&r.delete(t),l(e,t,!1),r.size&&u(e))}function d(e,t="feature",r=!1){if(e){if(!e.runtime.drainRegistry.get(t)||r)return l(e,t);e.runtime.drainRegistry.get(t).staged=!0,u(e)}}function u(e){if(!e)return;const t=Array.from(e.runtime.drainRegistry);t.every(([e,t])=>t.staged)&&(t.sort((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority),t.forEach(([t])=>{e.runtime.drainRegistry.delete(t),l(e,t)}))}function l(e,t,r=!0){if(!e)return;const s=e.ee,a=i.i.handlers;if(s&&!s.aborted&&s.backlog&&a){if((0,n.W)({type:"lifecycle",name:"drain",feature:t}),r){const e=s.backlog[t],r=a[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)f(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach(([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach(t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0].context()instanceof o.y&&!t[0].listeners(e).includes(t[1])&&t[0].on(e,t[1])})})}}s.isolatedBacklog||delete a[t],s.backlog[t]=null,s.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach(t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],s=e[2];n.apply(i,s)}})}},1738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{U:()=>f,Y:()=>l});var n=r(3241),i=r(9908),s=r(1863),o=r(944),a=r(3969),c=r(8362),d=r(860),u=r(4261);function l(e,t,r,s){const l=s||r;!l||l[e]&&l[e]!==c.d.prototype[e]||(l[e]=function(){(0,i.p)(a.xV,["API/"+e+"/called"],void 0,d.K7.metrics,r.ee),(0,n.W)({drained:!!r.runtime?.activatedFeatures,type:"data",name:"api",feature:u.Pl+e,data:{}});try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){(0,o.R)(23,e)}})}function f(e,t,r,n,o){const a=e.info;null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:a.jsAttributes[t]=r,(o||null===r)&&(0,i.p)(u.Pl+n,[(0,s.t)(),t,r],void 0,"session",e.ee)}},1741:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>s});var n=r(944),i=r(4261);class s{#e(e,...t){if(this[e]!==s.prototype[e])return this[e](...t);(0,n.R)(35,e)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e(i.hG,e,t)}register(e){return this.#e(i.eY,e)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e(i.fF,e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e(i.Fw,e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e(i.cD,e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e(i.o5,e,t)}setUserId(e,t=!1){return this.#e(i.Dl,e,t)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e(i.nb,e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e(i.bt,e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e(i.k6,e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e(i.$9,e,t)}start(){return this.#e(i.d3)}finished(e){return this.#e(i.BL,e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(i.CH)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(i.Tb)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e(i.U2,e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e(i.PA,e)}interaction(e){return this.#e(i.dT,e)}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e(i.Wb,e,t,r)}measure(e,t){return this.#e(i.V1,e,t)}consent(e){return this.#e(i.Pv,e)}}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},1910:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>s});var n=r(944);const i=new Map;function s(...e){return e.every(e=>{if(i.has(e))return i.get(e);const t="function"==typeof e?e.toString():"",r=t.includes("[native code]"),s=t.includes("nrWrapper");return r||s||(0,n.R)(64,e?.name||t),i.set(e,r),r})}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>a,f:()=>o});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const s={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0};function o(e){try{return!!e.licenseKey&&!!e.errorBeacon&&!!e.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}const a=e=>(0,i.a)(e,s)},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>o,H3:()=>n,g:()=>d,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>a,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>s});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",s=144e5,o=18e5,a={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},d={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G:()=>s,u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)},r,i)}function s(e,t,r){(0,n.sp)("pagehide",e,t,r)}},3241:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>s});var n=r(6154);const i="newrelic";function s(e={}){try{n.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(i,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>s});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function s(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$v:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,Xh:()=>c,Zp:()=>i,kd:()=>d,mq:()=>a,nf:()=>o,qN:()=>s});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],s=["focus","blur"],o=4,a=1e3,c=2e3,d=["PageAction","UserAction","BrowserPerformance"],u={RESOURCES:"experimental.resources",REGISTER:"register"}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607),s=r(1541);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W),a=50;var c=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,d=!1;function u(e,t,r){return e||(e=n.ee),i.inPlace=function(e,t,r,n,s,o){r||(r="");const a="-"===r.charAt(0);for(let c=0;c<t.length;c++){const d=t[c],u=e[d];f(u)||(e[d]=i(u,a?d+r:r,n,d,s,o))}},i.flag=o,i;function i(t,n,i,d,h,p){return f(t)?t:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach(function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})}),t}catch(e){l([e],r)}for(var n in e)c.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,c,f,g;let m,v;try{c=this,o=[...arguments],v=p?(0,s.$5)(r):[void 0],f="function"==typeof i?i(o,c):i||{}}catch(t){l([t,"",[o,c,d],f],e)}u(n+"start",[o,c,d,v],f,h);const y=performance.now();let b;try{return g=t.apply(c,o),b=performance.now(),g}catch(e){throw b=performance.now(),u(n+"err",[o,c,e,v],f,h),m=e,m}finally{const e=b-y,t={start:y,end:b,duration:e,isLongTask:e>=a,methodName:d,thrownError:m};t.isLongTask&&u("long-task",[t,c,v],f,h),u(n+"end",[o,c,g,v],f,h)}}}function u(r,n,i,s){if(!d||t){var o=d;d=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,s)}catch(t){l([t,r,n,i],e)}d=o}}}function l(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function f(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>s});var n=r(9908);s.on=o;var i=s.handlers={};function s(e,t,r,s){o(s||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function o(e,t,r,i,s){s||(s="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var o=t[s]=t[s]||{};(o[r]=o[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>a,Lc:()=>d,Rz:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>s,d3:()=>o,jx:()=>l,sl:()=>f,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",s="resource",o="-start",a="-end",c="fn"+o,d="fn"+a,u="pushState",l=1e3,f=3e4},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>d});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),s=r(860),o=r(3969),a=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=a.p_.INFO,d=!0,u,l=(0,i.t)()){(0,n.p)(o.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,s.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(a.ET,[l,t,r,c,d,u],void 0,s.K7.logging,e)}function d(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(a.p_).some(t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim())}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function s(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>s,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>l,OV:()=>s,Qu:()=>f,TZ:()=>c,ih:()=>h,pP:()=>a,t1:()=>u,tC:()=>i,wD:()=>d});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],s="popstate",o="api",a="initialPageLoad",c=n.K7.softNav,d=5e3,u=500,l={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},f={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},h={IP:"in progress",PF:"pending finish",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>a,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>o,z_:()=>s});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",s="cm",o="storeSupportabilityMetrics",a="storeEventMetrics"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(1687);class i{constructor(e,t){this.agentRef=e,this.ee=e?.ee,this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,n.x3)(this.agentRef,this.featureName)}}},4261:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$9:()=>u,BL:()=>c,CH:()=>p,Dl:()=>R,Fw:()=>w,PA:()=>v,Pl:()=>n,Pv:()=>x,Tb:()=>f,U2:()=>o,V1:()=>A,Wb:()=>T,bt:()=>b,cD:()=>y,d3:()=>E,dT:()=>d,eY:()=>g,fF:()=>h,hG:()=>s,hw:()=>i,k6:()=>a,nb:()=>m,o5:()=>l});const n="api-",i=n+"ixn-",s="addPageAction",o="addToTrace",a="addRelease",c="finished",d="interaction",u="log",l="noticeError",f="pauseReplay",h="recordCustomEvent",p="recordReplay",g="register",m="setApplicationVersion",v="setCurrentRouteName",y="setCustomAttribute",b="setErrorHandler",w="setPageViewName",R="setUserId",E="start",T="wrapLogger",A="measure",x="consent"},5205:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>x});var n=r(384),i=r(1741);var s=r(2555),o=r(3333);const a=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var c=r(2614),d=r(944),u=r(8122);const l="[data-nr-mask]",f=e=>(0,u.a)(e,(()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{allow_registered_children:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},api:{get allow_registered_children(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o.$v.REGISTER)||e.experimental.allow_registered_children},set allow_registered_children(t){e.experimental.allow_registered_children=t},duplicate_registered_data:!1},browser_consent_mode:{enabled:!1},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1,capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o.$v.RESOURCES)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:c.wk,inactiveMs:c.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){a(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(l):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=l:(0,d.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){a(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,d.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,d.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}})());var h=r(6154),p=r(9324);let g=0;const m={buildEnv:p.F3,distMethod:p.Xs,version:p.xv,originTime:h.WN},v={consented:!1},y={activatedFeatures:void 0,appMetadata:{},configured:!1,get consented(){return this.session?.state?.consent||v.consented},set consented(e){v.consented=e},customTransaction:void 0,denyList:[],disabled:!1,drainRegistry:new Map,harvester:void 0,isolatedBacklog:!1,isRecording:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,obfuscator:void 0,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,registeredEntities:[],jsAttributesMetadata:{bytes:0},get harvestCount(){return++g}},b=e=>{const t=(0,u.a)(e,y),r=Object.keys(m).reduce((e,t)=>(e[t]={value:m[t],writable:!1,configurable:!0,enumerable:!0},e),{});return Object.defineProperties(t,r)},w=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};var R=r(7836),E=r(3241);const T={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},A=e=>(0,u.a)(e,T);function x(e,t={},r,o){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:d,runtime:u={},exposed:l=!0}=t;if(!c){const e=(0,n.pV)();a=e.init,c=e.info,d=e.loader_config}e.init=f(a||{}),e.loader_config=A(d||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},h.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),e.info=(0,s.D)(c);const p=e.init;e.runtime??=b(u),p.proxy.assets&&w(p.proxy.assets),e.runtime.configured||(Object.defineProperty(e,"beacons",{get:()=>[e.info.beacon,e.info.errorBeacon,e.init.proxy.assets,e.init.proxy.beacon].filter(Boolean)}),Object.defineProperty(e.runtime,"denyList",{get:()=>[...e.init.ajax.deny_list||[],...e.init.ajax.block_internal?e.beacons:[]]}),e.runtime.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,function(e){const t=(0,n.pV)();Object.getOwnPropertyNames(i.W.prototype).forEach(r=>{const n=i.W.prototype[r];if("function"!=typeof n||"constructor"===n)return;let s=t[r];e[r]&&!1!==e.exposed&&"micro-agent"!==e.runtime?.loaderType&&(t[r]=(...t)=>{const n=e[r](...t);return s?s(...t):n})})}(e),e.runtime.loaderType=r,e.ee=R.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),e.exposed=l,(0,E.W)({drained:!!e.runtime.activatedFeatures,type:"lifecycle",name:"initialize",feature:void 0,data:e.config}),e.runtime.configured=!0)}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>o,SR:()=>s,rF:()=>a});var n=r(384),i=r(7767);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,i.V)(e)&&!0===e?.session_trace.enabled}function o(e){return!0===e?.session_replay.preload&&s(e)}function a(e,t){try{if("string"==typeof t?.type){if("password"===t.type.toLowerCase())return"*".repeat(e?.length||0);if(void 0!==t?.dataset?.nrUnmask||t?.classList?.contains("nr-unmask"))return e}}catch(e){}return"string"==typeof e?e.replace(/[\S]/g,"*"):"*".repeat(e?.length||0)}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,Qr:()=>c,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878),i=r(6389);function s(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(s())return e();const r=(0,i.J)(e),o=setInterval(()=>{s()&&(clearInterval(o),r())},500);(0,n.sp)("load",r,t)}function a(e){if(s())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}function c(e){if(s())return e();(0,n.sp)("popstate",e)}},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},5871:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AZ:()=>u,QL:()=>l,Qr:()=>f});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863),s=r(9119),o=r(7866);let a;try{a=u(l())[0]}catch(e){a=u(e)[0]}const c=new Set;let d=[];if(n.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource")){new PerformanceObserver(e=>{e.getEntries().forEach(e=>{if((e=>"script"===e.initiatorType||["link","fetch"].includes(e.initiatorType)&&e.name.endsWith(".js"))(e)){c.size>250&&c.delete(c.values().next().value),c.add(e);const t=[];d.forEach(({test:r,addedAt:n},s)=>{(r(e)||(0,i.t)()-n>1e4)&&t.push(s)}),d=d.filter((e,r)=>!t.includes(r))}})}).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}function u(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return[];const t=new Set,r=e.split("\n");for(const e of r){const r=e.match(o.cn)||e.match(o.hB)||e.match(o.fL);if(r&&r[2])t.add((0,s.L)(r[2]));else{const r=e.match(/\(([^)]+\.js):\d+:\d+\)/)||e.match(/^\s+at\s+([^\s(]+\.js):\d+:\d+/);r&&r[1]&&t.add((0,s.L)(r[1]))}}return[...t]}function l(){let e;try{const t=Error.stackTraceLimit;Error.stackTraceLimit=50,e=(new Error).stack,Error.stackTraceLimit=t}catch(t){e=(new Error).stack}return e}function f(){const e={registeredAt:(0,i.t)(),reportedAt:void 0,fetchStart:0,fetchEnd:0,asset:void 0,type:"unknown"},t=l();if(!t)return e;const r=n.gm.performance?.getEntriesByType("navigation")?.[0]?.name||"";try{const o=u(t),f=(o.length>1?o.filter(e=>!a.endsWith(e)&&!e.endsWith(a)):o)[0];if(!f)return e;if(r.includes(f))return e.asset=(0,s.L)(r),e.type="inline",e;const h=performance.getEntriesByType("resource").find(p)||[...c].find(p);function p(e){const t=(0,s.L)(e.name);return t.endsWith(f)||f.endsWith(t)}function g(t){e.fetchStart=Math.floor(t.startTime),e.fetchEnd=Math.floor(t.responseEnd),e.asset=t.name,e.type=t.initiatorType}h?g(h):function(e){if(!e||!n.gm.document)return!1;try{const t=n.gm.document.querySelectorAll('link[rel="preload"][as="script"]');for(const r of t)if((0,s.L)(r.href)===e)return!0}catch(e){}return!1}(f)&&(e.asset=f,e.type="preload",d.push({addedAt:(0,i.t)(),test:e=>!!p(e)&&(g(e),!0)}))}catch(m){}return e}},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>f,bv:()=>s,gm:()=>o,lR:()=>l,m:()=>c,mw:()=>a,sb:()=>u,zk:()=>h});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,s="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=Boolean("hidden"===o?.document?.visibilityState),c=""+o?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(o.navigator?.userAgent),u=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=(()=>{const e=o.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),f=Date.now()-(0,n.t)(),h=()=>{const e=o?.performance?.getEntriesByType?.("navigation")?.[0];if(e&&e.responseStart>0&&e.responseStart<o.performance.now())return e}},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>u,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>o,Vh:()=>s,_s:()=>a,bc:()=>d,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,s="errorDuringReplay",o=.12,a={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},d={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},u=5e3,l={API:"api",RESUME:"resume",SWITCH_TO_FULL:"switchToFull",INITIALIZE:"initialize",PRELOAD:"preload"}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout(()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)},t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout(()=>{e.apply(this,r)},t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>o,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>s});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||s(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;if("*"===n[0].hostname)return!1;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if(r.hostname.test(e.hostname)&&r.pathname.test(e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function s(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function o(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;if("*"===r)return void(n=[{hostname:"*"}]);0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let s,o;i>0?(s=r.substring(0,i),o=r.substring(i)):(s=r,o="*");let[c]=s.split(":");n.push({hostname:a(c),pathname:a(o,!0)})}}function a(e,t=!1){const r=e.replace(/[.+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g,e=>"\\"+e).replace(/\*/g,".*?");return new RegExp((t?"^":"")+r+"$")}},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},7699:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{It:()=>s,KC:()=>a,No:()=>i,qh:()=>o});var n=r(860);const i=16e3,s=1e6,o="SESSION_ERROR",a={[n.K7.logging]:!0,[n.K7.genericEvents]:!0,[n.K7.jserrors]:!0,[n.K7.ajax]:!0}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>i});var n=r(6154);const i=e=>n.RI&&!0===e?.privacy.cookies_enabled},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>a,ee:()=>c});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),s=r(2646),o=r(5607);const a="nr@context:".concat(o.W),c=function e(t,r){var n={},o={},u={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&d.initializedAgents?.[r]?.runtime.isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,s){!1!==s&&(s=!0);if(c.aborted&&!i)return;t&&s&&t.emit(e,r,n);var a=h(n);g(e).forEach(e=>{e.apply(a,r)});var d=v()[o[e]];d&&d.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach(([e,n])=>{o[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])})},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach(e=>{delete f.backlog[e]})},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[o[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof s.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,a,()=>new s.y(a)):new s.y(a)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return u[t]=u[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=c)},7866:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Nc:()=>s,cn:()=>a,fL:()=>i,h3:()=>n,hB:()=>o});const n=/function (.+?)\s*\(/,i=/^\s*at .+ \(eval at \S+ \((?:(?:file|http|https):[^)]+)?\)(?:, [^:]*:\d+:\d+)?\)$/i,s=/^\s*at Function code \(Function code:\d+:\d+\)\s*/i,o=/^\s*at (?:((?:\[object object\])?(?:[^(]*\([^)]*\))*[^()]*(?: \[as \S+\])?) )?\(?((?:file|http|https|chrome-extension):.*?)?:(\d+)(?::(\d+))?\)?\s*$/i,a=/^\s*(?:([^@]*)(?:\(.*?\))?@)?((?:file|http|https|chrome|safari-extension).*?):(\d+)(?::(\d+))?\s*$/i},8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),s=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let o in s)if(void 0!==e[o])try{if(null===e[o]){r[o]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[o])&&Array.isArray(t[o])?r[o]=Array.from(new Set([...e[o],...t[o]])):e[o]instanceof Map||e[o]instanceof Set||e[o]instanceof Date||e[o]instanceof RegExp?r[o]=e[o]:"object"==typeof e[o]&&"object"==typeof t[o]?r[o]=i(e[o],t[o]):r[o]=e[o]}catch(e){r[o]||(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),s=r(8990),o=r(6154);const a={},c=o.gm.XMLHttpRequest,d="addEventListener",u="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(a[t.debugId]++)return t;a[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[d,u],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(o.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(o.gm,f)),t.on(d+"-start",function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)&&"newrelic"!==e[0]){var i=(0,s.I)(n,l,function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=e[1]=i}}),t.on(u+"-start",function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]}),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,d);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},8362:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>s});var n=r(9566),i=r(1741);class s extends i.W{agentIdentifier=(0,n.LA)(16)}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},9119:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>s});var n=/([^?#]*)[^#]*(#[^?]*|$).*/,i=/([^?#]*)().*/;function s(e,t){return e?e.replace(t?n:i,"$1$2"):e}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AJ:()=>o,F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>s,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.312.1",i="PROD",s="CDN",o="@newrelic/rrweb",a="1.1.0"},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>a,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>o,el:()=>d});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function s(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function o(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map(e=>"x"===e?s(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&s()|8).toString(16):e).join("")}function a(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const o=[];for(var a=0;a<e;a++)o.push(s(r,i++).toString(16));return o.join("")}function c(){return a(16)}function d(){return a(32)}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,s){s?(s.buffer([e],i),s.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var s=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](s,s.exports,i),s.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.312.1.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.312.1.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,s,o)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var a,c;if(void 0!==s)for(var d=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),u=0;u<d.length;u++){var l=d[u];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+s){a=l;break}}if(!a){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-dZhtzLTOyIsYHGHWAipD4+6jjzEIycTqL1F9NwinUiYL8cf0kIXf7WUbskVMB7p/nhDF+zJ9Bfd6LU9PMn0Yhw==",249:"sha512-SJV3E/3SdEyaahYm8FHEFwhJvDQy/nRJJV/o+18MgXENJWR/8tfvIKfc4LE1xV9RniczXT7eQLcZi2G99UlugA==",212:"sha512-dRFaJY5mEo/nxzPqxS/sHnvU66fpkTff91nWUFOafyPR61R+r2GZiy81lT47BWA4MouemCj4tvhHmn8Ofh/UOg=="};(a=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",i.nc&&a.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),a.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+s),a.src=r,0!==a.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(a.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[o]&&(a.integrity=f[o])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{a.onerror=a.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],a.parentNode&&a.parentNode.removeChild(a),i&&i.forEach(e=>e(n)),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:a}),12e4);a.onerror=h.bind(null,a.onerror),a.onload=h.bind(null,a.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(a)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var s=new Promise((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]);r.push(n[2]=s);var o=i.p+i.u(t),a=new Error;i.l(o,r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var s=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),o=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;a.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed: ("+s+": "+o+")",a.name="ChunkLoadError",a.type=s,a.request=o,n[1](a)}},"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,s,[o,a,c]=r,d=0;if(o.some(t=>0!==e[t])){for(n in a)i.o(a,n)&&(i.m[n]=a[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);d<o.length;d++)s=o[d],i.o(e,s)&&e[s]&&e[s][0](),e[s]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.312.1.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.312.1.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(8362),t=i(860);const r=Object.values(t.K7);var n=i(5205);var s=i(9908),o=i(1863),a=i(4261),c=i(1738);var d=i(1687),u=i(4234),l=i(5289),f=i(6154),h=i(944),p=i(5270),g=i(7767),m=i(6389),v=i(7699);class y extends u.W{constructor(e,t){super(e,t),this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.loadedSuccessfully=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=new Promise(e=>{this.loadedSuccessfully=e}),this.deferred=Promise.resolve(),!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart?this.deferred=new Promise((t,r)=>{this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,m.J)(()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e,this.featureName),t()}))}):(0,d.Ak)(e,t)}importAggregator(e,t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate)return;const n=async()=>{let n;await this.deferred;try{if((0,g.V)(e.init)){const{setupAgentSession:t}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,8766));n=t(e)}}catch(e){(0,h.R)(20,e),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[e]),(0,s.p)(v.qh,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,n,e.init))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentRef,this.featureName),void this.loadedSuccessfully(!1);const{Aggregate:i}=await t();this.featAggregate=new i(e,r),e.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),this.loadedSuccessfully(!0)}catch(e){(0,h.R)(34,e),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentRef,this.featureName,!0),this.loadedSuccessfully(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};f.RI?(0,l.GG)(()=>n(),!0):n()}#t(e,r,n){if(this.blocked)return!1;switch(e){case t.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,p.SR)(n)&&!!r;case t.K7.sessionTrace:return!!r;default:return!0}}}var b=i(6630),w=i(2614),R=i(3241);class E extends y{static featureName=b.T;constructor(e){var t;super(e,b.T),this.setupInspectionEvents(),t=e,(0,c.Y)(a.Fw,function(e,r){"string"==typeof e&&("/"!==e.charAt(0)&&(e="/"+e),t.runtime.customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+e,(0,s.p)(a.Pl+a.Fw,[(0,o.t)()],void 0,void 0,t.ee))},t),this.importAggregator(e,()=>i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,5839)))}setupInspectionEvents(){const e=(e,t)=>{e&&(0,R.W)({timeStamp:e.timeStamp,loaded:"complete"===e.target.readyState,type:"window",name:t,data:e.target.location+""})};(0,l.sB)(t=>{e(t,"DOMContentLoaded")}),(0,l.GG)(t=>{e(t,"load")}),(0,l.Qr)(t=>{e(t,"navigate")}),this.ee.on(w.tS.UPDATE,(e,t)=>{(0,R.W)({type:"lifecycle",name:"session",data:t})})}}var T=i(384);class A extends e.d{constructor(e){var t;(super(),f.gm)?(this.features={},(0,T.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(E),(0,n.j)(this,e,e.loaderType||"agent"),t=this,(0,c.Y)(a.cD,function(e,r,n=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof r)||null===r)return(0,c.U)(t,e,r,a.cD,n);(0,h.R)(40,typeof r)}else(0,h.R)(39,typeof e)},t),function(e){(0,c.Y)(a.Dl,function(t,r=!1){if("string"!=typeof t&&null!==t)return void(0,h.R)(41,typeof t);const n=e.info.jsAttributes["enduser.id"];r&&null!=n&&n!==t?(0,s.p)(a.Pl+"setUserIdAndResetSession",[t],void 0,"session",e.ee):(0,c.U)(e,"enduser.id",t,a.Dl,!0)},e)}(this),function(e){(0,c.Y)(a.nb,function(t){if("string"==typeof t||null===t)return(0,c.U)(e,"application.version",t,a.nb,!1);(0,h.R)(42,typeof t)},e)}(this),function(e){(0,c.Y)(a.d3,function(){e.ee.emit("manual-start-all")},e)}(this),function(e){(0,c.Y)(a.Pv,function(t=!0){if("boolean"==typeof t){if((0,s.p)(a.Pl+a.Pv,[t],void 0,"session",e.ee),e.runtime.consented=t,t){const t=e.features.page_view_event;t.onAggregateImported.then(e=>{const r=t.featAggregate;e&&!r.sentRum&&r.sendRum()})}}else(0,h.R)(65,typeof t)},e)}(this),this.run()):(0,h.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}get api(){return this}run(){try{const e=function(e){const t={};return r.forEach(r=>{t[r]=!!e[r]?.enabled}),t}(this.init),n=[...this.desiredFeatures];n.sort((e,r)=>t.P3[e.featureName]-t.P3[r.featureName]),n.forEach(r=>{if(!e[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==t.K7.pageViewEvent)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case t.K7.ajax:return[t.K7.jserrors];case t.K7.sessionTrace:return[t.K7.ajax,t.K7.pageViewEvent];case t.K7.sessionReplay:return[t.K7.sessionTrace];case t.K7.pageViewTiming:return[t.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter(e=>!(e in this.features));n.length>0&&(0,h.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)})}catch(e){(0,h.R)(22,e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const t=(0,T.Zm)();delete t.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return t.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}var x=i(2843),S=i(782);class _ extends y{static featureName=S.T;constructor(e){super(e,S.T),f.RI&&((0,x.u)(()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,o.t)()],void 0,S.T,this.ee),!0),(0,x.G)(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,o.t)()],void 0,S.T,this.ee)),this.importAggregator(e,()=>i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9917))))}}var O=i(3969);class P extends y{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e){super(e,O.TZ),f.RI&&document.addEventListener("securitypolicyviolation",e=>{(0,s.p)(O.xV,["Generic/CSPViolation/Detected"],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),this.importAggregator(e,()=>i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6555)))}}var k=i(6774),N=i(3878),D=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,D.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return M(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic,e?.cause)}function L(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(!e?.reason)return;if(M(e.reason)){try{e.reason.message.startsWith(t)||(e.reason.message=t+e.reason.message)}catch(e){}return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return(r.message||"").startsWith(t)||(r.message=t+r.message),r}function I(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic,e.cause);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return M(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function M(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}function B(e,r,n,i,a=(0,o.t)()){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,s.p)("err",[e,a,!1,r,n.runtime.isRecording,void 0,i],void 0,t.K7.jserrors,n.ee),(0,s.p)("uaErr",[],void 0,t.K7.genericEvents,n.ee)}var H=i(1541),W=i(993),K=i(3785);function F(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=W.p_.INFO}={},n,i,s=(0,o.t)()){(0,K.R)(n.ee,e,t,r,!1,i,s)}function U(e,r,n,i,c=(0,o.t)()){(0,s.p)(a.Pl+a.hG,[c,e,r,i],void 0,t.K7.genericEvents,n.ee)}function V(e,r,n,i,c=(0,o.t)()){const{start:d,end:u,customAttributes:l}=r||{},f={customAttributes:l||{}};if("object"!=typeof f.customAttributes||"string"!=typeof e||0===e.length)return void(0,h.R)(57);const p=(e,t)=>null==e?t:"number"==typeof e?e:e instanceof PerformanceMark?e.startTime:Number.NaN;if(f.start=p(d,0),f.end=p(u,c),Number.isNaN(f.start)||Number.isNaN(f.end))(0,h.R)(57);else{if(f.duration=f.end-f.start,!(f.duration<0))return(0,s.p)(a.Pl+a.V1,[f,e,i],void 0,t.K7.genericEvents,n.ee),f;(0,h.R)(58)}}function G(e,r={},n,i,c=(0,o.t)()){(0,s.p)(a.Pl+a.fF,[c,e,r,i],void 0,t.K7.genericEvents,n.ee)}var z=i(5871),Y=i(9566);const Z=["name","id","type"];function q(e){(0,c.Y)(a.eY,function(t){return X(e,t)},e)}function X(e,r,n){(0,h.R)(54,"newrelic.register"),r||={},r.instance=(0,Y.LA)(8),r.type=H.fQ.MFE,r.licenseKey||=e.info.licenseKey,r.blocked=!1,("object"!=typeof r.tags||null===r.tags||Array.isArray(r.tags))&&(r.tags={}),r.parent=n||{get id(){return e.runtime.appMetadata.agents[0].entityGuid},type:H.fQ.BA};const i=(0,z.Qr)(),a={};Object.defineProperty(r,"attributes",{get:()=>({...a,"source.id":r.id,"source.name":r.name,"source.type":r.type,"parent.type":r.parent?.type||H.fQ.BA,"parent.id":r.parent?.id})}),Object.entries(r.tags).forEach(([e,t])=>{Z.includes(e)||(a["source.".concat(e)]=t)}),r.isolated??=!0;let c=()=>{};const d=e.runtime.registeredEntities;if(!r.isolated){const e=d.find(({metadata:{target:{id:e}}})=>e===r.id&&!r.isolated);if(e)return e}const u=e=>{r.blocked=!0,c=e};function l(e){return"string"==typeof e&&!!e.trim()&&e.trim().length<501}e.init.api.allow_registered_children||u((0,m.J)(()=>(0,h.R)(55))),l(r.id)&&l(r.name)||u((0,m.J)(()=>(0,h.R)(48,r)));const f={addPageAction:(t,n={})=>y(U,[t,{...a,...n},e],r),deregister:()=>{g(),u((0,m.J)(()=>(0,h.R)(68)))},log:(t,n={})=>y(F,[t,{...n,customAttributes:{...a,...n.customAttributes||{}}},e],r),measure:(t,n={})=>y(V,[t,{...n,customAttributes:{...a,...n.customAttributes||{}}},e],r),noticeError:(t,n={})=>y(B,[t,{...a,...n},e],r),register:(t={})=>y(X,[e,t],f.metadata.target),recordCustomEvent:(t,n={})=>y(G,[t,{...a,...n},e],r),setApplicationVersion:e=>v("application.version",e),setCustomAttribute:(e,t)=>v(e,t),setUserId:e=>v("enduser.id",e),metadata:{get customAttributes(){return a},target:r,timings:i}},p=()=>(r.blocked&&c(),r.blocked);function g(){i.reportedAt||(i.reportedAt=(0,o.t)(),f.recordCustomEvent("MicroFrontEndTiming",{assetUrl:i.asset,assetType:i.type,timeToLoad:i.registeredAt-i.fetchStart,timeToBeRequested:i.fetchStart,timeToFetch:i.fetchEnd-i.fetchStart,timeToRegister:i.registeredAt-i.fetchEnd,timeAlive:i.reportedAt-i.registeredAt}))}p()||(d.push(f),(0,x.G)(g));const v=(e,t)=>{p()||(a[e]=t)},y=(r,n,i)=>{if(p()&&r!==X)return;const a=(0,o.t)();(0,s.p)(O.xV,["API/register/".concat(r.name,"/called")],void 0,t.K7.metrics,e.ee);try{return r(...n,i,a)}catch(e){(0,h.R)(50,e)}};return f}class Q extends y{static featureName=k.T;constructor(e){var t;super(e,k.T),t=e,(0,c.Y)(a.o5,(e,r)=>B(e,r,t),t),function(e){(0,c.Y)(a.bt,function(t){e.runtime.onerror=t},e)}(e),function(e){let t=0;(0,c.Y)(a.k6,function(e,r){++t>10||(this.runtime.releaseIds[e.slice(-200)]=(""+r).slice(-200))},e)}(e),q(e);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(t,r)=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,s.p)("ierr",[C(t),(0,o.t)(),!0,{},e.runtime.isRecording,r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),f.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",t=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,s.p)("err",[L(t),(0,o.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},e.runtime.isRecording],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)},(0,N.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),f.gm.addEventListener("error",t=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,s.p)("err",[I(t),(0,o.t)(),!1,{},e.runtime.isRecording],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)},(0,N.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#r,this.importAggregator(e,()=>i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,2176)))}#r(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var J=i(8990);let ee=1;function te(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===f.gm?0:(0,J.I)(e,"nr@id",function(){return ee++})}function re(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,D.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var ne=i(8139),ie=i(7836),se=i(3434);const oe={},ae=["open","send"];function ce(e,t){var r=e||ie.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||ie.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===f.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(oe[n.debugId]++)return n;oe[n.debugId]=1,(0,ne.u)(r);var i=(0,se.YM)(n),s=f.gm.XMLHttpRequest,o=f.gm.MutationObserver,a=f.gm.Promise,c=f.gm.setInterval,d="readystatechange",u=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],p=f.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(e){const r=new s(e),o=n.context(r);o.targets=(0,H.$5)(t);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],o),r.addEventListener(d,(a=o,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!a.resolved&&(a.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,u,"fn-",w)}),(0,N.jT)(!1))}catch(e){(0,h.R)(15,e);try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}var a;return r};function g(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",w)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(s,p),p.prototype=s.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,ae,"-xhr-",w),n.on("send-xhr-start",function(e,t){g(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),o&&(m?m.then(b):c?c(b):(v=-v,y.data=v))}(t)}),n.on("open-xhr-start",g),o){var m=a&&a.resolve();if(!c&&!a){var v=1,y=document.createTextNode(v);new o(b).observe(y,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||b()});function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)g(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function w(e,t){return t}return n}var de="fetch-",ue=de+"body-",le=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],fe=f.gm.Request,he=f.gm.Response,pe="prototype";const ge={};function me(e,t){const r=function(e){return(e||ie.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(fe&&he&&f.gm.fetch))return r;if(ge[r.debugId]++)return r;function n(e,n,i){var s=e[n];"function"==typeof s&&(e[n]=function(){var e=[...arguments];const n={},o=(0,H.$5)(t);var a;r.emit(i+"before-start",[e],n),n[ie.P]&&n[ie.P].dt&&(a=n[ie.P].dt);var c=s.apply(this,e);return r.emit(i+"start",[e,a],c),c.then(function(e){return r.emit(i+"end",[null,e,o],c),e},function(e){throw r.emit(i+"end",[e,void 0,o],c),e})})}return ge[r.debugId]=1,le.forEach(e=>{n(fe[pe],e,ue),n(he[pe],e,ue)}),n(f.gm,"fetch",de),r.on(de+"end",function(e,t,n){var i=this;if(i.targets=n||[void 0],t){var s=t.headers.get("content-length");null!==s&&(i.rxSize=s),r.emit(de+"done",[null,t],i)}else r.emit(de+"done",[e],i)}),r}var ve=i(7485);class ye{constructor(e){this.agentRef=e}generateTracePayload(e){const t=this.agentRef.loader_config;if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e)||!t)return null;var r=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,n=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!r||!n)return null;var s=(0,Y.ZF)(),o=(0,Y.el)(),a=Date.now(),c={spanId:s,traceId:o,timestamp:a};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(c.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(s,o),c.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(s,a,r,n,i)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(c.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(s,o,a,r,n,i)),c}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,s){if(!("function"==typeof f.gm?.btoa))return null;var o={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return s&&n!==s&&(o.d.tk=s),btoa((0,D.A)(o))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.agentRef.init?.distributed_tracing?.enabled&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1;const r=this.agentRef.init?.distributed_tracing;if(e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r?.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ve.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=this.agentRef.init?.distributed_tracing;return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=this.agentRef.init?.distributed_tracing;return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=this.agentRef.init?.distributed_tracing;return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var be=i(9300),we=i(7295);function Re(e){return"string"==typeof e?e:e instanceof(0,T.dV)().o.REQ?e.url:f.gm?.URL&&e instanceof URL?e.href:void 0}var Ee=["load","error","abort","timeout"],Te=Ee.length,Ae=(0,T.dV)().o.REQ,xe=(0,T.dV)().o.XHR;const Se="X-NewRelic-App-Data";class _e extends y{static featureName=be.T;constructor(e){super(e,be.T),this.dt=new ye(e),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};f.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach(r=>{if(r.initiatorType in e&&0!==r.responseStatus){const n={status:r.responseStatus},i={rxSize:r.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(r.duration),cbTime:0};Oe(n,r.name),this.handler("xhr",[n,i,r.startTime,r.responseEnd,e[r.initiatorType]],void 0,t.K7.ajax)}})}catch(e){}me(this.ee,e),ce(this.ee,e),function(e,r,n,i){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=T,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.latestLongtaskEnd=0,e.addEventListener("load",function(r){x(t,e)},(0,N.jT)(!1)),f.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded},(0,N.jT)(!1))}function c(e){this.params={method:e[0]},Oe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function d(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var n=i.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var s=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),s=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=n)}}function u(e,t){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],s=this;if(n&&i){var a=re(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,o.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||s.loadCaptureCalled||(s.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||s.called===s.totalCbs&&(s.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof s.end)&&s.end(t)}catch(e){try{r.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var c=0;c<Te;c++)t.addEventListener(Ee[c],this.listener,(0,N.jT)(!1))}function l(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function h(e,t){var r=""+te(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function p(e,t){var r=""+te(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function g(){this.endTime=(0,o.t)()}function m(e,t){t instanceof xe&&"load"===e[0]&&r.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],t)}function v(e,t){t instanceof xe&&"load"===e[0]&&r.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],t)}function y(e,t,r){t instanceof xe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,o.t)()))}function b(e,t){this.xhrCbStart&&r.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,o.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,t],t)}function w(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&f.RI&&(t=""+f.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:f.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ve.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var n=i.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(n&&(n.newrelicHeader||n.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)a(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);else{var s={};for(var o in r)s[o]=r[o];s.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),a(s.headers,n)&&(this.dt=n),e.length>1?e[1]=s:e.push(s)}}function a(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function R(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,o.t)(),this.dt=t;let[r,n={}]=e;Oe(this,Re(r));const i=(""+(r&&r instanceof Ae&&r.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=i,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=re(n.body)||0}function E(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,o.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,we.iW)(this.params))return;let r;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(r=+this.rxSize);const n={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:r,duration:(0,o.t)()-this.startTime},i=[this.params,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"];this.targets.forEach(e=>A(i,this,e))}function T(e){const t=this.params,r=this.metrics;if(this.ended)return;this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<Te;t++)e.removeEventListener(Ee[t],this.listener,!1);if(t.aborted)return;if((0,we.iW)(t))return;r.duration=(0,o.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):x(this,e),r.cbTime=this.cbTime;const n=[t,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"];this.targets.forEach(e=>A(n,this,e))}function A(e,r,i){n("xhr",[...e,i],r,t.K7.ajax)}function x(e,n){e.params.status=n.status;var i=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?re(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?re(e.responseText):void 0}(n,e.lastSize);if(i&&(e.metrics.rxSize=i),e.sameOrigin&&n.getAllResponseHeaders().indexOf(Se)>=0){var o=n.getResponseHeader(Se);o&&((0,s.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,t.K7.metrics,r),e.params.cat=o.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}r.on("new-xhr",a),r.on("open-xhr-start",c),r.on("open-xhr-end",d),r.on("send-xhr-start",u),r.on("xhr-cb-time",l),r.on("xhr-load-added",h),r.on("xhr-load-removed",p),r.on("xhr-resolved",g),r.on("addEventListener-end",m),r.on("removeEventListener-end",v),r.on("fn-end",b),r.on("fetch-before-start",w),r.on("fetch-start",R),r.on("fn-start",y),r.on("fetch-done",E)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e,()=>i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,3845)))}}function Oe(e,t){var r=(0,ve.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const Pe={},ke=["pushState","replaceState"];function Ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||ie.ee).get("history")}(e);return!f.RI||Pe[t.debugId]++||(Pe[t.debugId]=1,(0,se.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,ke,"-")),t}var De=i(3738);function je(e){(0,c.Y)(a.BL,function(r=Date.now()){const n=r-f.WN;n<0&&(0,h.R)(62,r),(0,s.p)(O.XG,[a.BL,{time:n}],void 0,t.K7.metrics,e.ee),e.addToTrace({name:a.BL,start:r,origin:"nr"}),(0,s.p)(a.Pl+a.hG,[n,a.BL],void 0,t.K7.genericEvents,e.ee)},e)}const{He:Ce,bD:Le,d3:Ie,Kp:Me,TZ:Be,Lc:He,uP:We,Rz:Ke}=De;class Fe extends y{static featureName=Be;constructor(e){var r;super(e,Be),r=e,(0,c.Y)(a.U2,function(e){if(!(e&&"object"==typeof e&&e.name&&e.start))return;const n={n:e.name,s:e.start-f.WN,e:(e.end||e.start)-f.WN,o:e.origin||"",t:"api"};n.s<0||n.e<0||n.e<n.s?(0,h.R)(61,{start:n.s,end:n.e}):(0,s.p)("bstApi",[n],void 0,t.K7.sessionTrace,r.ee)},r),je(e);if(!(0,g.V)(e.init))return void this.deregisterDrain();const n=this.ee;let d;Ne(n),this.eventsEE=(0,ne.u)(n),this.eventsEE.on(We,function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,o.t)()}),this.eventsEE.on(He,function(e,r){(0,s.p)("bst",[e[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,o.t)()],void 0,t.K7.sessionTrace,n)}),n.on(Ke+Ie,function(e){this.time=(0,o.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),n.on(Ke+Me,function(e){(0,s.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,t.K7.sessionTrace,n)});try{d=new PerformanceObserver(e=>{const r=e.getEntries();(0,s.p)(Ce,[r],void 0,t.K7.sessionTrace,n)}),d.observe({type:Le,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,()=>i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6974)),{resourceObserver:d})}}var Ue=i(6344);class Ve extends y{static featureName=Ue.TZ;#n;recorder;constructor(e){var r;let n;super(e,Ue.TZ),r=e,(0,c.Y)(a.CH,function(){(0,s.p)(a.CH,[],void 0,t.K7.sessionReplay,r.ee)},r),function(e){(0,c.Y)(a.Tb,function(){(0,s.p)(a.Tb,[],void 0,t.K7.sessionReplay,e.ee)},e)}(e);try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(w.H3,"_").concat(w.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,p.SR)(e.init)&&this.ee.on(a.CH,()=>this.#i()),this.#s(n)&&this.importRecorder().then(e=>{e.startRecording(Ue.Qb.PRELOAD,n?.sessionReplayMode)}),this.importAggregator(this.agentRef,()=>i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6167)),this),this.ee.on("err",e=>{this.blocked||this.agentRef.runtime.isRecording&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,s.p)(Ue.Vh,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===w.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===w.g.ERROR)||(0,p.Aw)(this.agentRef.init)}importRecorder(){return this.recorder?Promise.resolve(this.recorder):(this.#n??=Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,4866)).then(({Recorder:e})=>(this.recorder=new e(this),this.recorder)).catch(e=>{throw this.ee.emit("internal-error",[e]),this.blocked=!0,e}),this.#n)}#i(){this.blocked||(this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==w.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(w.g.FULL,!0,Ue.Qb.API):this.importRecorder().then(()=>{this.recorder.startRecording(Ue.Qb.API,w.g.FULL)}))}}var Ge=i(3962);class ze extends y{static featureName=Ge.TZ;constructor(e){if(super(e,Ge.TZ),function(e){const r=e.ee.get("tracer");function n(){}(0,c.Y)(a.dT,function(e){return(new n).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})},e);const i=n.prototype={createTracer:function(n,i){var a={},c=this,d="function"==typeof i;return(0,s.p)(O.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,t.K7.metrics,e.ee),function(){if(r.emit((d?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,o.t)(),c,d],a),d)try{return i.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw r.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],a),t}finally{r.emit("fn-end",[(0,o.t)()],a)}}}};["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach(r=>{c.Y.apply(this,[r,function(){return(0,s.p)(a.hw+r,[performance.now(),...arguments],this,t.K7.softNav,e.ee),this},e,i])}),(0,c.Y)(a.PA,function(){(0,s.p)(a.hw+"routeName",[performance.now(),...arguments],void 0,t.K7.softNav,e.ee)},e)}(e),!f.RI||!(0,T.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=Ne(this.ee);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}Ge.tC.forEach(e=>{(0,N.sp)(e,e=>{l(e)},!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)});const n=()=>(0,s.p)("newURL",[(0,o.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n),(0,N.sp)(Ge.OV,e=>{l(e),(0,s.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)},!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let d=!1;const u=new((0,T.dV)().o.MO)((e,t)=>{d||(d=!0,requestAnimationFrame(()=>{(0,s.p)("newDom",[(0,o.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),d=!1}))}),l=(0,m.s)(e=>{"loading"!==document.readyState&&((0,s.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),u.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0}))},100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),u.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,()=>i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,4393)),{domObserver:u})}}var Ye=i(3333),Ze=i(9119);const qe={},Xe=new Set;function $e(e){return"string"==typeof e?{type:"string",size:(new TextEncoder).encode(e).length}:e instanceof ArrayBuffer?{type:"ArrayBuffer",size:e.byteLength}:e instanceof Blob?{type:"Blob",size:e.size}:e instanceof DataView?{type:"DataView",size:e.byteLength}:ArrayBuffer.isView(e)?{type:"TypedArray",size:e.byteLength}:{type:"unknown",size:0}}class Qe{constructor(e,t){this.timestamp=(0,o.t)(),this.currentUrl=(0,Ze.L)(window.location.href),this.socketId=(0,Y.LA)(8),this.requestedUrl=(0,Ze.L)(e),this.requestedProtocols=Array.isArray(t)?t.join(","):t||"",this.openedAt=void 0,this.protocol=void 0,this.extensions=void 0,this.binaryType=void 0,this.messageOrigin=void 0,this.messageCount=0,this.messageBytes=0,this.messageBytesMin=0,this.messageBytesMax=0,this.messageTypes=void 0,this.sendCount=0,this.sendBytes=0,this.sendBytesMin=0,this.sendBytesMax=0,this.sendTypes=void 0,this.closedAt=void 0,this.closeCode=void 0,this.closeReason="unknown",this.closeWasClean=void 0,this.connectedDuration=0,this.hasErrors=void 0}}class Je extends y{static featureName=Ye.TZ;constructor(e){super(e,Ye.TZ);const r=e.init.feature_flags.includes("websockets"),n=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.performance.resources.enabled,e.init.user_actions.enabled,r];var d;let u,l;if(d=e,(0,c.Y)(a.hG,(e,t)=>U(e,t,d),d),function(e){(0,c.Y)(a.fF,(t,r)=>G(t,r,e),e)}(e),je(e),q(e),function(e){(0,c.Y)(a.V1,(t,r)=>V(t,r,e),e)}(e),r&&(l=function(e){if(!(0,T.dV)().o.WS)return e;const t=e.get("websockets");if(qe[t.debugId]++)return t;qe[t.debugId]=1,(0,x.G)(()=>{const e=(0,o.t)();Xe.forEach(r=>{r.nrData.closedAt=e,r.nrData.closeCode=1001,r.nrData.closeReason="Page navigating away",r.nrData.closeWasClean=!1,r.nrData.openedAt&&(r.nrData.connectedDuration=e-r.nrData.openedAt),t.emit("ws",[r.nrData],r)})});class r extends WebSocket{static name="WebSocket";static toString(){return"function WebSocket() { [native code] }"}toString(){return"[object WebSocket]"}get[Symbol.toStringTag](){return r.name}#o(e){(e.__newrelic??={}).socketId=this.nrData.socketId,this.nrData.hasErrors??=!0}constructor(...e){super(...e),this.nrData=new Qe(e[0],e[1]),this.addEventListener("open",()=>{this.nrData.openedAt=(0,o.t)(),["protocol","extensions","binaryType"].forEach(e=>{this.nrData[e]=this[e]}),Xe.add(this)}),this.addEventListener("message",e=>{const{type:t,size:r}=$e(e.data);this.nrData.messageOrigin??=(0,Ze.L)(e.origin),this.nrData.messageCount++,this.nrData.messageBytes+=r,this.nrData.messageBytesMin=Math.min(this.nrData.messageBytesMin||1/0,r),this.nrData.messageBytesMax=Math.max(this.nrData.messageBytesMax,r),(this.nrData.messageTypes??"").includes(t)||(this.nrData.messageTypes=this.nrData.messageTypes?"".concat(this.nrData.messageTypes,",").concat(t):t)}),this.addEventListener("close",e=>{this.nrData.closedAt=(0,o.t)(),this.nrData.closeCode=e.code,e.reason&&(this.nrData.closeReason=e.reason),this.nrData.closeWasClean=e.wasClean,this.nrData.connectedDuration=this.nrData.closedAt-this.nrData.openedAt,Xe.delete(this),t.emit("ws",[this.nrData],this)})}addEventListener(e,t,...r){const n=this,i="function"==typeof t?function(...e){try{return t.apply(this,e)}catch(e){throw n.#o(e),e}}:t?.handleEvent?{handleEvent:function(...e){try{return t.handleEvent.apply(t,e)}catch(e){throw n.#o(e),e}}}:t;return super.addEventListener(e,i,...r)}send(e){if(this.readyState===WebSocket.OPEN){const{type:t,size:r}=$e(e);this.nrData.sendCount++,this.nrData.sendBytes+=r,this.nrData.sendBytesMin=Math.min(this.nrData.sendBytesMin||1/0,r),this.nrData.sendBytesMax=Math.max(this.nrData.sendBytesMax,r),(this.nrData.sendTypes??"").includes(t)||(this.nrData.sendTypes=this.nrData.sendTypes?"".concat(this.nrData.sendTypes,",").concat(t):t)}try{return super.send(e)}catch(e){throw this.#o(e),e}}close(...e){try{super.close(...e)}catch(e){throw this.#o(e),e}}}return f.gm.WebSocket=r,t}(this.ee)),f.RI){if(me(this.ee,e),ce(this.ee,e),u=Ne(this.ee),e.init.user_actions.enabled){function h(t){const r=(0,ve.D)(t);return e.beacons.includes(r.hostname+":"+r.port)}function p(){u.emit("navChange")}Ye.Zp.forEach(e=>(0,N.sp)(e,e=>(0,s.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),!0)),Ye.qN.forEach(e=>{const t=(0,m.s)(e=>{(0,s.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)},500,{leading:!0});(0,N.sp)(e,t)}),f.gm.addEventListener("error",()=>{(0,s.p)("uaErr",[],void 0,t.K7.genericEvents,this.ee)},(0,N.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.ee.on("open-xhr-start",(e,r)=>{h(e[1])||r.addEventListener("readystatechange",()=>{2===r.readyState&&(0,s.p)("uaXhr",[],void 0,t.K7.genericEvents,this.ee)})}),this.ee.on("fetch-start",e=>{e.length>=1&&!h(Re(e[0]))&&(0,s.p)("uaXhr",[],void 0,t.K7.genericEvents,this.ee)}),u.on("pushState-end",p),u.on("replaceState-end",p),window.addEventListener("hashchange",p,(0,N.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",p,(0,N.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal))}if(e.init.performance.resources.enabled&&f.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource")){new PerformanceObserver(e=>{e.getEntries().forEach(e=>{(0,s.p)("browserPerformance.resource",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})}).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}}r&&l.on("ws",e=>{(0,s.p)("ws-complete",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)});try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(g){}this.abortHandler=()=>{this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0},n.some(e=>e)?this.importAggregator(e,()=>i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,8019))):this.deregisterDrain()}}var et=i(2646);const tt=new Map;function rt(e,t,r,n,i=!0,s){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,h.R)(29);const o=function(e){return(e||ie.ee).get("logger")}(e),a=(0,se.YM)(o,void 0,s),c=new et.y(ie.P);c.level=n.level,c.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,c.autoCaptured=i;const d=t[r]?.[se.Jt]||t[r];return tt.set(d,c),a.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",()=>tt.get(d),void 0,!0),o}var nt=i(1910);class it extends y{static featureName=W.TZ;constructor(e){var t;super(e,W.TZ),t=e,(0,c.Y)(a.$9,(e,r)=>F(e,r,t),t),function(e){(0,c.Y)(a.Wb,(t,r,{customAttributes:n={},level:i=W.p_.INFO}={})=>{rt(e.ee,t,r,{customAttributes:n,level:i},!1,e)},e)}(e),q(e);const r=this.ee;["log","error","warn","info","debug","trace"].forEach(t=>{(0,nt.i)(f.gm.console[t]),rt(r,f.gm.console,t,{level:"log"===t?"info":t},void 0,e)}),this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",function([e],t,n,i=[]){const{level:s,customAttributes:o,autoCaptured:a}=this;i.forEach(t=>{(0,K.R)(r,e,o,s,a,t)})}),this.importAggregator(e,()=>i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,5288)))}}new A({features:[_e,E,_,Fe,Ve,P,Q,Je,it,ze],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script>
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
  <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="brcbtbhpmq1wi5r01io58a9ox64p8b" />
  <style>
    .gta-home2021-banner--title,.gta-trending-recent--title{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:transparent;text-underline-offset:2px}@media (max-width:768px){.gta-home2021-banner--left.image,.gta-home2021-banner--left.video{width:100%}.gta-home2021-banner--right,.gta-home2021-banner--right.image{padding:20px;transition:none}}#primary-nav a{color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.1em;text-decoration:none;transition:none}.gta-home2021-banner--eyebrow{font-size:.875rem;margin:0;padding-bottom:15px}.gta-home2021-banner--title{font-size:2.625rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1em;padding-bottom:25px;transition:none!important}.gta-home2021-banner--title a{transition:none!important;color:#fff}.gta-home2021-banner--byline,.gta-home2021-banner--eyebrow{letter-spacing:.05em;line-height:1.67em;text-transform:uppercase;transition:none}.gta-home2021-banner--cta,.gta-trending-recent--link,.gta-trending-recent--link .gta-trending-recent--mobile-topic,.gta-trending-recent--link .gta-trending-recent--topic{transition:none!important}.gta-home2021-banner--cta{border-bottom:2px solid transparent;display:inline-block;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.05em;line-height:1.22em;padding-bottom:0;text-transform:uppercase}.gta-trending-recent--title{color:#000;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.3em;margin-top:30px;padding-right:15px;transition:none!important}.gta-site-nav--row{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;justify-content:space-between;max-width:1510px;padding:0}.gta-site-nav--branding{flex:1 1 auto;order:1;padding:.5rem}.gta-site-nav--search{display:block;height:inherit;margin-left:auto!important;order:3;padding:0;position:relative;text-align:center;width:inherit}.gta-trending-recent--topic{font-size:.75rem;left:7px;line-height:2.16em;padding:5px 14px 6px;position:absolute;top:-7px}
    .gta-site-nav--branding img {
      width: 240px !important;
    }
  </style>
  <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />

<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
	var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer";
	var dataLayer = dataLayer || [];

	const gtm4wp_scrollerscript_debugmode         = false;
	const gtm4wp_scrollerscript_callbacktime      = 100;
	const gtm4wp_scrollerscript_readerlocation    = 150;
	const gtm4wp_scrollerscript_contentelementid  = "content";
	const gtm4wp_scrollerscript_scannertime       = 60;
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
	<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v25.5) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
	<title>NATOSource - Atlantic Council</title>
	<meta name="description" content="The objective of NATOSource is to help the citizens of NATO members and the world at large, understand the alliance&#039;s&hellip;" />
	<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/natosource/" />
	<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
	<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
	<meta property="og:title" content="NATOSource" />
	<meta property="og:description" content="The objective of NATOSource is to help the citizens of NATO members and the world at large, understand the alliance&#039;s daily contributions to their peace and security. This blog includes links to key documents, snippets from material published elsewhere, and our own takes on current issues." />
	<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/natosource/" />
	<meta property="og:site_name" content="Atlantic Council" />
	<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-09-06T16:32:26+00:00" />
	<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
	<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/natosource/","url":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/natosource/","name":"NATOSource - Atlantic Council","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2019-08-29T21:45:49+00:00","dateModified":"2019-09-06T16:32:26+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/natosource/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/natosource/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/natosource/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"NATOSource"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/#website","url":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/","name":"Atlantic Council","description":"Shaping the global future together","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}</script>
	<!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->


<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//unpkg.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//player.vimeo.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.typekit.net' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Atlantic Council &raquo; Feed" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fnatosource%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fnatosource%2F&#038;format=xml" />
<style id='wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css' type='text/css'>
img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
</style>
<style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>

	img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
		display: inline !important;
		border: none !important;
		box-shadow: none !important;
		height: 1em !important;
		width: 1em !important;
		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
		background: none !important;
		padding: 0 !important;
	}
/*# sourceURL=wp-emoji-styles-inline-css */
</style>
<style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'>
:root{--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);--wp-editor-canvas-background:#ddd;--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,160.5;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}.has-text-align-center{text-align:center}.has-text-align-left{text-align:left}.has-text-align-right{text-align:right}.has-fit-text{white-space:nowrap!important}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}

/*# sourceURL=wp-block-library-inline-css */
</style>
<style id='wp-block-heading-inline-css' type='text/css'>
h1:where(.wp-block-heading).has-background,h2:where(.wp-block-heading).has-background,h3:where(.wp-block-heading).has-background,h4:where(.wp-block-heading).has-background,h5:where(.wp-block-heading).has-background,h6:where(.wp-block-heading).has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}h1.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h1.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h2.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h2.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h3.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h3.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h4.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h4.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h5.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h5.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h6.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h6.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]){rotate:180deg}
/*# sourceURL=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-includes/blocks/heading/style.min.css */
</style>
<style id='wp-block-paragraph-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.is-small-text{font-size:.875em}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden}:root :where(p.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg}
/*# sourceURL=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-includes/blocks/paragraph/style.min.css */
</style>

<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css */
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,0) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
</style>

<link rel='stylesheet' id='cookie-notice-front-css' href='https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/cookie-notice/css/front.min.css?ver=2.5.7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='qtip2css-css' href='https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltips-pro/js/qtip3/jquery.qtip.min.css?ver=6.9.1' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='tooltipscss-css' href='https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltips-pro/tooltips.css?ver=6.9.1' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='directorycss-css' href='https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltips-pro/js/jdirectory/directory.min.css?ver=6.9.1' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='tooltipglobalcss-css' href='https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltips-pro/asset/css/global/tooltip/tooltips_global.css?ver=6.9.1' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='directorytemplates-css' href='https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltips-pro/js/jdirectory/templates/glossary-blue.css?ver=6.9.1' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='plyr-css' href='https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/wplyr-media-block/assets/css/plyr.min.css?ver=3.7.8' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wplyr-css' href='https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/wplyr-media-block/assets/css/wplyr.css?ver=1.3.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='wplyr-inline-css' type='text/css'>
:root { --plyr-color-main: #fca311; }
/*# sourceURL=wplyr-inline-css */
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='content-visibility-public-css' href='https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/content-visibility/includes/public/content-visibility-public.css?ver=6.9.1' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='typekit-css' href='https://use.typekit.net/ndq7mul.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='roboto-slab-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Slab:400,700&#038;display=swap' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='main-styles-css' href='https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/dist/styles/main.css?ver=174845645642590' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ac-algolia-search-css-css' href='https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/ac-algolia-search/build/ac-algolia-search.css?ver=02e60a05c99daf57937d' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type="text/javascript" id="cookie-notice-front-js-before">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var cnArgs = {"ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/www.atlanticcouncil.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"651bfe449a","hideEffect":"fade","position":"bottom","onScroll":false,"onScrollOffset":100,"onClick":false,"cookieName":"cookie_notice_accepted","cookieTime":2592000,"cookieTimeRejected":2592000,"globalCookie":false,"redirection":false,"cache":false,"revokeCookies":false,"revokeCookiesOpt":"automatic"};

//# sourceURL=cookie-notice-front-js-before
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/cookie-notice/js/front.min.js?ver=2.5.7" id="cookie-notice-front-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltips-pro/js/qtip3/jquery.qtip.js?ver=6.9.1" id="qtip2js-js"></script>
<script async type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/dist/js/analytics-talk-content-tracking.js?ver=1.21.1" id="gtm4wp-scroll-tracking-js"></script>
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/166862" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.9.1" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/?p=166862' />
  <script type="text/javascript">
    _linkedin_partner_id = "1698650";
    window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || [];
    window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id);
  </script>
  <script type="text/javascript">
    (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
    var b = document.createElement("script");
    b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true;
    b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js";
    s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})();
  </script>
  <noscript>
    <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=1698650&fmt=gif" />
  </noscript>
<script>
	function expand(param) {
		param.style.display = (param.style.display == "none") ? "block" : "none";
	}
	function read_toggle(id, more, less) {
		el = document.getElementById("readlink" + id);
		el.innerHTML = (el.innerHTML == more) ? less : more;
		expand(document.getElementById("read" + id));
	}
	</script>        <style type="text/css">
					</style>
        	<style type="text/css">
	.tooltips_table .tooltipsall
	{
		border-bottom:none !important;
	}
	.tooltips_table span {
		color: inherit;
	}
	.qtip-content .tooltipsall
	{
		border-bottom:none !important;
		color: inherit !important;
	}
	</style>
		<style type="text/css">
	.tooltipsall:hover {
		color: #f2783e;
	}
	</style>
			<style type="text/css">
			.tooltipsall
			{
		    	border-bottom:2px dotted #888;
			}
		</style>
			<style type="text/css">
			.navitems a
			{
				text-decoration: none !important;
			}
		</style>
		
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- GTM Container placement set to automatic -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
	var dataLayer_content = {"pageTitle":"NATOSource - Atlantic Council","pagePostType":"page","pagePostType2":"single-page","pagePostAuthor":"David Wemer","pagePostDate":"August 29, 2019","pagePostDateYear":2019,"pagePostDateMonth":8,"pagePostDateDay":29,"pagePostDateDayName":"Thursday","pagePostDateHour":17,"pagePostDateMinute":45,"pagePostDateIso":"2019-08-29T17:45:49-04:00","pagePostDateUnix":1567100749,"pagePostTerms":{"meta":[]},"postID":166862,"postFormat":"standard"};
	dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content );
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WDZXTM6');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
		<script>
		(function(h,o,t,j,a,r){
			h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)};
			h._hjSettings={hjid:3116116,hjsv:5};
			a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];
			r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1;
			r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv;
			a.appendChild(r);
		})(window,document,'//static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv=');
		</script>
		<!-- YouTube Feeds CSS -->
<style type="text/css">
[id^=sb_youtube_].sb_youtube .sby_ls_message { font-size: 15px !important; }
</style>
<style>.wp-block-gallery.is-cropped .blocks-gallery-item picture{height:100%;width:100%;}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/favicon-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/favicon-300x300.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/favicon-300x300.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/favicon-300x300.png" />
<style type="text/css">

*[id^='readlink'] {
 font-weight: normal;
 color: #000000;
 background: #ffffff;
 padding: 0px;
 border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;
 -webkit-box-shadow: none !important;
 box-shadow: none !important;
 -webkit-transition: none !important;
}

*[id^='readlink']:hover {
 font-weight: normal;
 color: #191919;
 padding: 0px;
 border-bottom: 1px solid #000000;
}

*[id^='readlink']:focus {
 outline: none;
 color: #000000;
}

</style>
		<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
			.page-id-907101 .site-content {
	background-color: #000;
}
.page-id-907101 .gta-site-banner {
	min-height: 350px;
}
#sby_feed_57 .sby_meta {
    /* Your custom styles here */
	font-size: 18px;
}

/* ===================================================
   Smash Balloon YouTube Feed Meta Styling
   Page: /war-with-iran/ (page-id-909354)
   =================================================== */

body.page-id-909354 .sby_meta {
    font-size: 15px;
    line-height: 1.5;
    font-weight: 500;
    color: #4a4a4a;
    letter-spacing: 0.2px;
}

/* Links inside the meta area */
body.page-id-909354 .sby_meta a {
    font-family: inherit;
    font-size: inherit;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: #c62828;
    text-decoration: none;
}

body.page-id-909354 .sby_meta a:hover {
    text-decoration: underline;
    color: #8e1c1c;
}

/* Optional: target specific meta components if present */
body.page-id-909354 .sby_meta .sby_date,
body.page-id-909354 .sby_meta .sby_views,
body.page-id-909354 .sby_meta .sby_author {
    font-size: 13px;
    color: #666;
}		</style>
		</head>

<body class="wp-singular page-template-default page page-id-166862 wp-theme-atlantic-council cookies-not-set group-blog natosource">
  <div id="acShareMenu" popover hidden>
  <section class="popover-content">
    <div class="popover-header">
      <h5 class="popover-title">Share</h5>
      <button type="text" class="popover-close" aria-labelledby="sr-close" title="Close" popovertarget="acShareMenu" popovertargetaction="close">
        <span id="sr-close" hidden>Close</span>
        <svg aria-hidden="true" class="symbol-xmark"><use xlink:href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/dist/images/ac_global-icons.svg?ver=174845645642590#xmark"></use></svg>
      </button>
    </div>
    <a href="mailto:?subject=NATOSource&#038;body=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/natosource/"
  title="Share by Email"
  data-share-link="email"
  class="e-share-link">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" class="symbol-envelope">
      <use xlink:href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/dist/images/ac_global-icons.svg?ver=174845645642590?ver=174845645642590#envelope"></use>
  </svg>
  Mail
</a>
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fnatosource%2F"
  title="Share on Facebook"
  data-share-link="facebook"
  onclick="window.open(this.href,'targetWindow', 'toolbar=no, location=no, status=no, menubar=no, scrollbars=yes, resizable=yes, width=800px, height=600px'); return false;"
  class="e-share-link">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" class="symbol-facebook">
    <use xlink:href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/dist/images/ac_global-icons.svg?ver=174845645642590?ver=174845645642590#facebook"></use>
  </svg>
  Facebook
</a>
<a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fnatosource%2F&#038;text=NATOSource"
  title="Share on Twitter"
  data-share-link="twitter"
  onclick="window.open(this.href,'targetWindow', 'toolbar=no, location=no, status=no, menubar=no, scrollbars=yes, resizable=yes, width=800px, height=600px'); return false;"
  class="e-share-link">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" class="symbol-twitter">
    <use xlink:href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/dist/images/ac_global-icons.svg?ver=174845645642590?ver=174845645642590#twitter"></use>
  </svg>
  Twitter / X
</a>
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/natosource/&#038;text=NATOSource%20%5Bhttps://www.atlanticcouncil.org/natosource/%5D"
  title="Share on LinkedIn"
  data-share-link="linkedin"
  onclick="window.open(this.href,'targetWindow', 'toolbar=no, location=no, status=no, menubar=no, scrollbars=yes, resizable=yes, width=800px, height=600px'); return false;"
  class="e-share-link">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" class="symbol-linkedin">
    <use xlink:href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/dist/images/ac_global-icons.svg?ver=174845645642590?ver=174845645642590#linkedin"></use>
  </svg>
  LinkedIn
</a>
  </section>
</div>
  <div id="page" class="site">

    <header id="masthead" class="gta-site-header" role="banner">
      <nav id="site-nav" class="gta-site-nav" role="navigation">
        <div class="gta-site-nav--row">
          <div class="gta-site-nav--branding">
            <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/" rel="home" class="gta-site-nav--logo">
                              <img src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/dist/images/AC-logo-light.svg" alt="Atlantic Council Logo" width="240" height="34" fetchpriority="high">
                          </a>
          </div>
          <ul id="primary-nav" class="menu"><li class="menu-depth-0 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="#">Insight</a><ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Issue briefs and reports</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><div class="menu-highlight"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/"><div class="menu-highlight--img" style="background-image: url( https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2021-03-03T180700Z_2075616308_MT1SIPA000JD7O9L_RTRMADP_3_SIPA-USA-1024x683.jpg)"></div><h4 class="menu-highlight--title">Issue briefs and reports</h4><p class="menu-highlight--content">Our programs and centers deliver in-depth, highly relevant issue briefs and reports that break new ground, shift opinions, and set agendas on public policy, with a focus on advancing debates by integrating foundational research and analysis with concrete policy solutions.</p></a></div></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/fastthinking/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Fast Thinking</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><div class="menu-highlight"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/fastthinking/"><div class="menu-highlight--img" style="background-image: url( https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2014-03-12T000000Z_549186714_GM1EA3C1A3O01_RTRMADP_3_MALAYSIA-AIRLINES-1024x681.jpg)"></div><h4 class="menu-highlight--title">Fast Thinking</h4><p class="menu-highlight--content">When major global news breaks, the Atlantic Council’s experts have you covered—delivering their sharpest rapid insight and forward-looking analysis direct to your inbox.</p></a></div></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="/dispatches"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Dispatches</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><div class="menu-highlight"><a href="/dispatches"><div class="menu-highlight--img" style="background-image: url( https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/dispatches-logo-menu.svg)"></div><h4 class="menu-highlight--title">Dispatches</h4><p class="menu-highlight--content">Reports from the front lines of global policy—by the experts shaping it. </p></a></div></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/content-series/inflection-points/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Inflection Points</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><div class="menu-highlight"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/content-series/inflection-points/"><div class="menu-highlight--img" style="background-image: url( https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/1989-11-10T120000Z_692258117_RP1DRILKGPAB_RTRMADP_3_ANNIVERSARY-WALL-2-1024x777.jpg)"></div><h4 class="menu-highlight--title">Inflection Points</h4><p class="menu-highlight--content">A weekly column by Atlantic Council President and CEO Frederick Kempe, Inflection Points focuses on the global challenges facing the United States and how to best address them.</p></a></div></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/ukrainealert/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">UkraineAlert</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><div class="menu-highlight"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/ukrainealert/"><div class="menu-highlight--img" style="background-image: url( https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/thumb-UkraineAlert-Unsplash-Silver-Ringvee-hZvVWVhk3g.jpg)"></div><h4 class="menu-highlight--title">UkraineAlert</h4><p class="menu-highlight--content">UkraineAlert is a comprehensive online publication that provides regular news and analysis on developments in Ukraine’s politics, economy, civil society, and culture. UkraineAlert sources analysis and commentary from a wide-array of thought-leaders, politicians, experts, and activists from Ukraine and the global community.</p></a></div></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/menasource/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">MENASource</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><div class="menu-highlight"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/menasource/"><div class="menu-highlight--img" style="background-image: url( https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Gulf-1.jpg)"></div><h4 class="menu-highlight--title">MENASource</h4><p class="menu-highlight--content">MENASource offers the latest news from across the Middle East, combined with commentary by contributors, interviews with emerging players, multi-media content, and independent analysis from fellows and staff.</p></a></div></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/econographics/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Econographics</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><div class="menu-highlight"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/econographics/"><div class="menu-highlight--img" style="background-image: url( https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/MicrosoftTeams-image-25-1024x683.jpg)"></div><h4 class="menu-highlight--title">Econographics</h4><p class="menu-highlight--content">Econographics provides an in-depth look at trends in the global economy utilizing state-of-the-art data visualization tools.</p></a></div></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="#"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">More sections</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/africasource/">AfricaSource</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/energysource/">EnergySource</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/geotech-cues/">GeoTech Cues</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/turkeysource/">TurkeySource</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-0 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="#">Events</a><ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/events/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Upcoming events</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/acfrontpage/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">AC Front Page</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/events/galas-and-flagships/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Galas and flagship events</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-0 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.tv/">ACTV</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-0 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-0 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="#">Issues</a><ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/politics-diplomacy/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Politics & Diplomacy</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><span class="menu-depth-1--sub-menu-title">Sub-issues</span><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/politics-diplomacy/">All Politics & Diplomacy</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/corruption/">Corruption</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/democratic-transitions/">Democratic Transitions</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/elections/">Elections</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/politics-diplomacy/freedom-and-prosperity/">Freedom and Prosperity</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/international-norms/">International Norms</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/media/">Media</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/political-reform/">Political Reform</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/rule-of-law/">Rule of Law</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/international-organizations/">International Organizations</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/united-nations/">United Nations</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/security-defense/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Security & Defense</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><span class="menu-depth-1--sub-menu-title">Sub-issues</span><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/security-defense/">All Security & Defense</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/arms-control/">Arms Control</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/conflict/">Conflict</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/defense-industry/">Defense Industry</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/defense-policy/">Defense Policy</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/defense-technologies/">Defense Technologies</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/extremism/">Extremism</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/intelligence/">Intelligence</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/national-security/">National Security</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/nato/">NATO</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/non-traditional-threats/">Non-Traditional Threats</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/security-defense/nuclear-deterrence/">Nuclear Deterrence</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/nuclear-nonproliferation/">Nuclear Nonproliferation</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/peacekeeping-and-peacebuilding/">Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/security-partnerships/">Security Partnerships</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/terrorism/">Terrorism</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/economy-business/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Economy & Business</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><span class="menu-depth-1--sub-menu-title">Sub-issues</span><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/economy-business/">All Economy & Business</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/digital-currencies/">Digital Currencies</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/digital-policy/">Digital Policy</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/dollar-dominance/">Dollar Dominance</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/eurozone/">Eurozone</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-issues"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/financial-crimes-illicit-trade/">Financial Crimes &amp; Illicit Trade</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/financial-regulation/">Financial Regulation</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/fiscal-and-structural-reform/">Fiscal and Structural Reform</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/financial-sanctions-and-economic-coercion/">Financial Sanctions and Economic Coercion</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/g20/">G20</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/inclusive-growth/">Inclusive Growth</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/international-financial-institutions/">International Financial Institutions</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/macroeconomics/">Macroeconomics</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/positive-economic-statecraft/">Positive Economic Statecraft</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/trade-and-tariffs/">Trade & Tariffs</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/energy-environment/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Energy & Environment</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><span class="menu-depth-1--sub-menu-title">Sub-issues</span><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/energy-environment/">All Energy & Environment</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/climate-change-climate-action/">Climate Change & Climate Action</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/critical-minerals/">Critical Minerals</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/energy-markets-governance/">Energy Markets & Governance</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/energy-transitions/">Energy Transitions</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/geopolitics-energy-security/">Geopolitics & Energy Security</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/energy-environment/infrastructure/">Infrastructure</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/nuclear-energy/">Nuclear Energy</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/oil-and-gas/">Oil & Gas</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/renewables-advanced-energy/">Renewables & Advanced Energy</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/resilience-society/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Resilience & Society</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><span class="menu-depth-1--sub-menu-title">Sub-issues</span><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/resilience-society/">All Resilience & Society</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/civil-society/">Civil Society</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/coronavirus/">Coronavirus</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/education/">Education</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/migration/">Migration</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/nationalism/">Nationalism</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/populism/">Populism</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/resilience/">Resilience</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/women/">Women</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/youth/">Youth</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/technology-innovation/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Technology & Innovation</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><span class="menu-depth-1--sub-menu-title">Sub-issues</span><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/technology-innovation/">All Technology & Innovation</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/disinformation/">Disinformation</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/drones/">Drones</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/entrepreneurship/">Entrepreneurship</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/internet/">Internet</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/space/">Space</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-0 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="#">Regions</a><ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/africa"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Africa</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><span class="menu-depth-1--sub-menu-title">Sub-regions</span><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/africa">All Africa</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/angola/">Angola</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/democratic-repubic-congo/">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/east-africa/">East Africa</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/eritrea/">Eritrea</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/ethiopia/">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/morocco/">Morocco</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/nigeria/">Nigeria</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/north-and-west-africa/">North & West Africa</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/sahel/">Sahel</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/south-central-africa/">South & Central Africa</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/south-africa/">South Africa</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/sudan/">Sudan</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/somalia/">Somalia</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/americas/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Americas</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><span class="menu-depth-1--sub-menu-title">Sub-regions</span><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/americas">All Americas</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/united-states-canada/">United States and Canada</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/latin-america/">Latin America</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/brazil/">Brazil</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/caribbean/">Caribbean</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/colombia/">Colombia</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/Mexico/">Mexico</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/central-america/">Central America</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/venezuela/">Venezuela</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/europe-eurasia"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Europe & Eurasia</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><span class="menu-depth-1--sub-menu-title">Sub-regions</span><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/europe-eurasia">All Europe & Eurasia</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/european-union/">European Union</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/balkans/">The Balkans</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/belarus/">Belarus</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/the-caucasus/">The Caucasus</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/france/">France</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/germany/">Germany</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/greenland/">Greenland</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/hungary/">Hungary</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/italy/">Italy</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/moldova/">Moldova</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/poland/">Poland</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/russia/">Russia</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/turkey/">Turkey</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/ukraine/">Ukraine</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/united-kingdom/">United Kingdom</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/indo-pacific/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Indo-Pacific</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><span class="menu-depth-1--sub-menu-title">Sub-regions</span><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/indo-pacific">All Indo-Pacific</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/afghanistan/">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/australia/">Australia</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/bangladesh/">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/china/">China</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/india/">India</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/japan/">Japan</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/korea/">Korea</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/pakistan/">Pakistan</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/taiwan/">Taiwan</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/middle-east/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Middle East</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><span class="menu-depth-1--sub-menu-title">Sub-regions</span><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/middle-east">All Middle East</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/the-gulf/">The Gulf</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/north-africa/">North Africa</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/iran/">Iran</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/iraq/">Iraq</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/israel/">Israel</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/lebanon/">Lebanon</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/libya/">Libya</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/saudi-arabia/">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/syria/">Syria</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/yemen/">Yemen</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-0 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="#">Experts</a><ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/people/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Find an expert</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/media#contact"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Request a media interview</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-0 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="#">About</a><ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Programs</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a><ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/adrienne-arsht-latin-america-center/">Adrienne Arsht Latin America Center</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/africa-center/">Africa Center</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/atlantic-council-turkey-program/">Atlantic Council Turkey Program</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/climate-resilience-center/">Climate Resilience Center</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/cyber-statecraft-initiative/">Cyber Statecraft Initiative</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/digital-forensic-research-lab/">Digital Forensic Research Lab</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/eurasia-center/">Eurasia Center</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/europe-center/">Europe Center</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/freedom-and-prosperity-center/">Freedom and Prosperity Center</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/geoeconomics-center/">GeoEconomics Center</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/geotech-center/">GeoTech Center</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/global-china-hub/">Global China Hub</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/global-energy-center/">Global Energy Center</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/millennium-leadership-program/">Millennium Leadership Program</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/middle-east-programs/">Rafik Hariri Center & Middle East programs</a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-2 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/scowcroft-center-for-strategy-and-security/">Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security</a></li>
	</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/visiting-atlantic-council/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Visit or contact us</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">About the Atlantic Council</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/get-involved/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Get involved</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/leadership-and-governance/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Leadership & governance</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/media/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">For media</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="#colophon"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Subscribe by email</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a></li>
<li class="menu-depth-1 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/careers/"><span class="menu-depth-1-inner-span">Find job opportunities</span><div class="menu-depth-1-hover"></div></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="menu-depth-0 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/donate/">Donate</a></li>
</ul>          <button class="gta-site-nav--search j-desktop-menu--button" data-pane="search">
            <img src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/dist/images/icon-search.svg" alt="Search Icon" width="24" height="24" fetchpriority="high" />
          </button>
          <button class="gta-site-nav--mobile-switch j-mobile-switch" aria-label="Open navigation menu">
            <span></span>
            <span></span>
            <span></span>
          </button>
        </div>
        <div class="gta-mobile-2021">
          <ul id="mobile-nav" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-436537" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-436537"><a href="#">Insight</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li id="menu-item-438518" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438518"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/">Issue briefs and reports</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438520" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438520"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/fastthinking/">Fast Thinking</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438519" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438519"><a href="/dispatches">Dispatches</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438529" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438529"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/content-series/inflection-points/">Inflection Points</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438521" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438521"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/ukrainealert/">UkraineAlert</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438530" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438530"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/menasource/">MENASource</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438537" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-438537"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/category/blogs/econographics/">Econographics</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438532" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438532"><a href="#">More sections</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-436538" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-436538"><a href="#">Events</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li id="menu-item-438535" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-438535"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/events/">Upcoming events</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438546" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438546"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/acfrontpage/">AC Front Page</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438548" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438548"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/events/galas-and-flagships/">Galas and flagship events</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-682223" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-682223"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.tv/">ACTV</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-917381" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-917381"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-436535" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-436535"><a href="#">Issues</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li id="menu-item-438562" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438562"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/politics-diplomacy/">Politics &#038; Diplomacy</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438563" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438563"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/security-defense/">Security &#038; Defense</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438564" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438564"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/economy-business/">Economy &#038; Business</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438615" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438615"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/energy-environment/">Energy &#038; Environment</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438565" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438565"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/resilience-society/">Resilience &#038; Society</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438568" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438568"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/technology-innovation/">Technology &#038; Innovation</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-436536" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-436536"><a href="#">Regions</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li id="menu-item-438572" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438572"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/africa">Africa</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438573" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438573"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/americas/">Americas</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438574"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/europe-eurasia">Europe &#038; Eurasia</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438575" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438575"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/indo-pacific/">Indo-Pacific</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438576" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438576"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/middle-east/">Middle East</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-436543" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-436543"><a href="#">Experts</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li id="menu-item-438551" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-438551"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/people/">Find an expert</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-438553" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-438553"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/media#contact">Request a media interview</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-436544" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-436544"><a href="#">About</a>
<ul class="sub-menu">
	<li id="menu-item-441846" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-441846"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/">Programs</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-441840" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-441840"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/visiting-atlantic-council/">Visit or contact us</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-441837" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-441837"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/">About the Atlantic Council</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-622159" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-622159"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/get-involved/">Get involved</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-441838" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-441838"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/leadership-and-governance/">Leadership &#038; governance</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-441841" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-441841"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/media/">For media</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-441843" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-441843"><a href="#colophon">Subscribe by email</a></li>
	<li id="menu-item-441845" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-441845"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/careers/">Find job opportunities</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="menu-item-441844" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-441844"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/donate/">Donate</a></li>
</ul>        </div>
        <div id="searchModule" hidden></div>
      </nav>
      
    </header>

    <main id="content" class="site-content">


      <section class="gta-site-banner gta-page-site-banner section-page-banner-image  ">

  
	
	<div class="gta-site-banner--row gta-page-site-banner--row">
		<div class="gta-site-banner--column gta-page-site-banner--column">

			
			<h1 class="gta-site-banner--title gta-page-site-banner--title">NATOSource</h1>
			<div class="gta-site-banner--content gta-page-site-banner--content">
				<p>The objective of NATOSource is to help the citizens of NATO members and the world at large, understand the alliance&#8217;s daily contributions to their peace and security. This blog includes links to key documents, snippets from material published elsewhere, and our own takes on current issues. </p>
			</div>
		
		</div>
	</div>
</section>

	<section class="p-page">

		<div class="p-page--container row">

			<div class="o-page--content columns-12">
			
				<div class="p-page--text gta-gutenburg">

					
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The latest pieces from <em>NATOSource</em></h2>


<div class="align-wrap align-wrap-full">
<section class="gta-collection gutenblock gutenblock--collection collection "
	id="collection-block_5d68477442ed3" >
	<div class="gta-collection--container j-posts collection-block_5d68477442ed3">
		<div class="gta-collection--intro">
											</div>

          <div class="gta-collection--list j-posts--posts">
        <section class="gta-embed gta-post-embed gutenblock">
    <div class="gta-post-embed--container gta-embed--container thumbnail">
          <div class="gta-post-embed--image gta-embed--image">
                    <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/strengthen-european-defense-cooperation-through-nato-and-the-eu/">
                        <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="500" height="350" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/20190504_NATO_EU-500x350.jpg" class="attachment-500_350 size-500_350 wp-post-image" alt="" />            </a>
      </div>
    
    <div class="gta-embed--content gta-post-embed--content">

                <a class="gta-embed--link gta-post-embed--link" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/strengthen-european-defense-cooperation-through-nato-and-the-eu/">
                    <div class="gta-post-embed--heading gta-embed--heading">
            			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
															<span class="gta-embed--tax--cats gta-post-embed--tax--cats">NATOSource</span>
																</p>
		            <span class="gta-post-embed--heading--date">May 3, 2019</span>
          </div>

          <h4 class="gta-post-embed--title gta-embed--title">Strengthen European Defense Cooperation Through NATO and the EU</h4>

          			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
																			<span class="gta-embed--tax--connect gta-post-embed--tax--connect">By </span>
																<span class="gta-embed--tax--expert gta-post-embed--tax--expert">Bogdan Klich, Project Syndicate</span>												</p>
		
          <p class="gta-post-embed--excerpt gta-embed--excerpt">
            [A] key question remains unanswered: will allied deterrence prevent possible Russian aggression during those 30 days?          </p>

          </a>
                                              <div class="gta-embed--terms gta-post-embed--terms">
                                      <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/european-union/">
                        European Union                      </a>
                                                          <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/france/">
                        France                      </a>
                                                  </div>
                                        </div>
  </div>
</section>
<section class="gta-embed gta-post-embed gutenblock">
    <div class="gta-post-embed--container gta-embed--container thumbnail">
          <div class="gta-post-embed--image gta-embed--image">
                    <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/omega/">
                        <img decoding="async" width="500" height="350" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Omega_JWP-500x350.jpg" class="attachment-500_350 size-500_350 wp-post-image" alt="Jednostka Wojskowa Komandosów soldiers training in the Stołowe Mountains, May 18, 2018 (photo: Polish Ministry of Defense)." />            </a>
      </div>
    
    <div class="gta-embed--content gta-post-embed--content">

                <a class="gta-embed--link gta-post-embed--link" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/omega/">
                    <div class="gta-post-embed--heading gta-embed--heading">
            			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
															<span class="gta-embed--tax--cats gta-post-embed--tax--cats">Art of Future Warfare</span>
																</p>
		            <span class="gta-post-embed--heading--date">Mar 25, 2019</span>
          </div>

          <h4 class="gta-post-embed--title gta-embed--title">Omega</h4>

          			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
																			<span class="gta-embed--tax--connect gta-post-embed--tax--connect">By </span>
																<span class="gta-embed--tax--expert gta-post-embed--tax--expert">Amir Husain and August Cole</span>												</p>
		
          <p class="gta-post-embed--excerpt gta-embed--excerpt">
            Editor’s note: This short story describes a hypothetical future war in Europe between Russian and NATO forces using advanced technology. 22 KILOMETERS NORTH OF KYIV / UKRAINE “Incoming!&#8221; shouted Piotr Nowak, a master sergeant in Poland’s Jednostka Wojskowa Komandosów special operations unit. Dropping to the ground, he clawed aside a veil of brittle green moss [&hellip;]          </p>

          </a>
                                              <div class="gta-embed--terms gta-post-embed--terms">
                                      <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/conflict/">
                        Conflict                      </a>
                                                          <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/defense-technologies/">
                        Defense Technologies                      </a>
                                                  </div>
                                        </div>
  </div>
</section>
<section class="gta-embed gta-post-embed gutenblock">
    <div class="gta-post-embed--container gta-embed--container thumbnail">
          <div class="gta-post-embed--image gta-embed--image">
                    <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/germany-s-defense-minister-the-world-still-needs-nato/">
                        <img decoding="async" width="500" height="350" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/20190121_NATO_von_der_Leyen-500x350.jpg" class="attachment-500_350 size-500_350 wp-post-image" alt="Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg and German Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen, January 14, 2015" />            </a>
      </div>
    
    <div class="gta-embed--content gta-post-embed--content">

                <a class="gta-embed--link gta-post-embed--link" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/germany-s-defense-minister-the-world-still-needs-nato/">
                    <div class="gta-post-embed--heading gta-embed--heading">
            			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
															<span class="gta-embed--tax--cats gta-post-embed--tax--cats">NATOSource</span>
																</p>
		            <span class="gta-post-embed--heading--date">Jan 22, 2019</span>
          </div>

          <h4 class="gta-post-embed--title gta-embed--title">German Defense Minister: The World Still Needs NATO</h4>

          			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
																			<span class="gta-embed--tax--connect gta-post-embed--tax--connect">By </span>
																<span class="gta-embed--tax--expert gta-post-embed--tax--expert">Ursula von der Leyen, New York Times</span>												</p>
		
          <p class="gta-post-embed--excerpt gta-embed--excerpt">
            The alliance is not just about bases and troops. It is about defending the world order.          </p>

          </a>
                                              <div class="gta-embed--terms gta-post-embed--terms">
                                      <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/germany/">
                        Germany                      </a>
                                                          <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/nato/">
                        NATO                      </a>
                                                  </div>
                                        </div>
  </div>
</section>
<section class="gta-embed gta-post-embed gutenblock">
    <div class="gta-post-embed--container gta-embed--container thumbnail">
          <div class="gta-post-embed--image gta-embed--image">
                    <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/trump-discussed-pulling-u-s-from-nato-aides-say-amid-new-concerns-over-russia/">
                        <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="500" height="350" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/20190117_NATO_Trump-500x350.jpg" class="attachment-500_350 size-500_350 wp-post-image" alt="President Donald Trump at NATO headquarters, May 25, 2017" />            </a>
      </div>
    
    <div class="gta-embed--content gta-post-embed--content">

                <a class="gta-embed--link gta-post-embed--link" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/trump-discussed-pulling-u-s-from-nato-aides-say-amid-new-concerns-over-russia/">
                    <div class="gta-post-embed--heading gta-embed--heading">
            			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
															<span class="gta-embed--tax--cats gta-post-embed--tax--cats">NATOSource</span>
																</p>
		            <span class="gta-post-embed--heading--date">Jan 18, 2019</span>
          </div>

          <h4 class="gta-post-embed--title gta-embed--title">Trump Discussed Pulling U.S. From NATO, Aides Say Amid New Concerns Over Russia</h4>

          			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
																			<span class="gta-embed--tax--connect gta-post-embed--tax--connect">By </span>
																<span class="gta-embed--tax--expert gta-post-embed--tax--expert">Julian Barnes and Helene Cooper, New York Times</span>												</p>
		
          <p class="gta-post-embed--excerpt gta-embed--excerpt">
            There are few things that President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia desires more than the weakening of NATO,          </p>

          </a>
                                              <div class="gta-embed--terms gta-post-embed--terms">
                                      <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/nato/">
                        NATO                      </a>
                                                          <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/security-defense/">
                        Security &amp; Defense                      </a>
                                                  </div>
                                        </div>
  </div>
</section>
<section class="gta-embed gta-post-embed gutenblock">
    <div class="gta-post-embed--container gta-embed--container thumbnail">
          <div class="gta-post-embed--image gta-embed--image">
                    <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/president-trump-i-want-europe-to-pay/">
                        <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="500" height="350" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/20190113_NATO_Trump-500x350.jpg" class="attachment-500_350 size-500_350 wp-post-image" alt="President Donald Trump at the NATO Summit in Brussels, July 12, 2018." />            </a>
      </div>
    
    <div class="gta-embed--content gta-post-embed--content">

                <a class="gta-embed--link gta-post-embed--link" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/president-trump-i-want-europe-to-pay/">
                    <div class="gta-post-embed--heading gta-embed--heading">
            			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
															<span class="gta-embed--tax--cats gta-post-embed--tax--cats">NATOSource</span>
																</p>
		            <span class="gta-post-embed--heading--date">Jan 9, 2019</span>
          </div>

          <h4 class="gta-post-embed--title gta-embed--title">President Trump: &#8216;I Want Europe to Pay&#8217;</h4>

          			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
																			<span class="gta-embed--tax--connect gta-post-embed--tax--connect">By </span>
																<span class="gta-embed--tax--expert gta-post-embed--tax--expert">Donald Trump, White House</span>												</p>
		
          <p class="gta-post-embed--excerpt gta-embed--excerpt">
            [Acting Secretary of Defense Patrick Shanahan] is working so hard on the military. We have a — we were taken advantage of by so many countries on our military.          </p>

          </a>
                                              <div class="gta-embed--terms gta-post-embed--terms">
                                      <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/afghanistan/">
                        Afghanistan                      </a>
                                                          <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/germany/">
                        Germany                      </a>
                                                  </div>
                                        </div>
  </div>
</section>
<section class="gta-embed gta-post-embed gutenblock">
    <div class="gta-post-embed--container gta-embed--container thumbnail">
          <div class="gta-post-embed--image gta-embed--image">
                    <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/to-combat-russian-subs-nato-allies-are-teaming-up-to-develop-naval-drones/">
                        <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="500" height="275" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20181023_DARPA_SeaHunter_Drone-500x275.jpg" class="attachment-500_350 size-500_350 wp-post-image" alt="" />            </a>
      </div>
    
    <div class="gta-embed--content gta-post-embed--content">

                <a class="gta-embed--link gta-post-embed--link" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/to-combat-russian-subs-nato-allies-are-teaming-up-to-develop-naval-drones/">
                    <div class="gta-post-embed--heading gta-embed--heading">
            			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
															<span class="gta-embed--tax--cats gta-post-embed--tax--cats">NATOSource</span>
																</p>
		            <span class="gta-post-embed--heading--date">Oct 24, 2018</span>
          </div>

          <h4 class="gta-post-embed--title gta-embed--title">To Combat Russian Subs, NATO Allies are Teaming up to Develop Naval Drones</h4>

          			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
																			<span class="gta-embed--tax--connect gta-post-embed--tax--connect">By </span>
																<span class="gta-embed--tax--expert gta-post-embed--tax--expert">NATO and Defense News</span>												</p>
		
          <p class="gta-post-embed--excerpt gta-embed--excerpt">
            NATO: [O]n Wednesday (3 October 2018), Defence Ministers from thirteen NATO Allies signed a declaration of intent to cooperate on the introduction of Maritime Unmanned Systems.          </p>

          </a>
                                              <div class="gta-embed--terms gta-post-embed--terms">
                                      <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/nato/">
                        NATO                      </a>
                                                          <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/russia/">
                        Russia                      </a>
                                                  </div>
                                        </div>
  </div>
</section>
<section class="gta-embed gta-post-embed gutenblock">
    <div class="gta-post-embed--container gta-embed--container thumbnail">
          <div class="gta-post-embed--image gta-embed--image">
                    <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/new-revelations-of-trump-s-nato-policy-in-sixty-minutes-interview/">
                        <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="500" height="350" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20181005_Skidmore_Trump-500x350.jpg" class="attachment-500_350 size-500_350 wp-post-image" alt="" />            </a>
      </div>
    
    <div class="gta-embed--content gta-post-embed--content">

                <a class="gta-embed--link gta-post-embed--link" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/new-revelations-of-trump-s-nato-policy-in-sixty-minutes-interview/">
                    <div class="gta-post-embed--heading gta-embed--heading">
            			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
															<span class="gta-embed--tax--cats gta-post-embed--tax--cats">NATOSource</span>
																</p>
		            <span class="gta-post-embed--heading--date">Oct 15, 2018</span>
          </div>

          <h4 class="gta-post-embed--title gta-embed--title">Sixty Minutes Interview: New Revelations of Trump&#8217;s NATO Policy</h4>

          			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
																			<span class="gta-embed--tax--connect gta-post-embed--tax--connect">By </span>
																<span class="gta-embed--tax--expert gta-post-embed--tax--expert">Donald Trump and Lesley Stahl, 60 Minutes</span>												</p>
		
          <p class="gta-post-embed--excerpt gta-embed--excerpt">
            Excerpts from President Donald Trump&#8217;s interview with Lesley Stahl, aired on October 14, 2018.          </p>

          </a>
                                              <div class="gta-embed--terms gta-post-embed--terms">
                                      <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/region/european-union/">
                        European Union                      </a>
                                                          <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/international-organizations/">
                        International Organizations                      </a>
                                                  </div>
                                        </div>
  </div>
</section>
<section class="gta-embed gta-post-embed gutenblock">
    <div class="gta-post-embed--container gta-embed--container thumbnail">
          <div class="gta-post-embed--image gta-embed--image">
                    <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/stoltenberg-nato-allies-boost-america-s-military-power/">
                        <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="500" height="350" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/201810_NATO_Stoltenberg-500x350.jpg" class="attachment-500_350 size-500_350 wp-post-image" alt="" />            </a>
      </div>
    
    <div class="gta-embed--content gta-post-embed--content">

                <a class="gta-embed--link gta-post-embed--link" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/stoltenberg-nato-allies-boost-america-s-military-power/">
                    <div class="gta-post-embed--heading gta-embed--heading">
            			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
															<span class="gta-embed--tax--cats gta-post-embed--tax--cats">NATOSource</span>
																</p>
		            <span class="gta-post-embed--heading--date">Oct 5, 2018</span>
          </div>

          <h4 class="gta-post-embed--title gta-embed--title">Stoltenberg: &#8216;NATO Allies Boost America&#8217;s Military Power&#8217;</h4>

          			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
																			<span class="gta-embed--tax--connect gta-post-embed--tax--connect">By </span>
																<span class="gta-embed--tax--expert gta-post-embed--tax--expert">Jens Stoltenberg, NATO</span>												</p>
		
          <p class="gta-post-embed--excerpt gta-embed--excerpt">
            NATO is very important to Europe. That’s widely recognized. But it is also very important to the United States.          </p>

          </a>
                                              <div class="gta-embed--terms gta-post-embed--terms">
                                      <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/nato/">
                        NATO                      </a>
                                                          <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/security-defense/">
                        Security &amp; Defense                      </a>
                                                  </div>
                                        </div>
  </div>
</section>
<section class="gta-embed gta-post-embed gutenblock">
    <div class="gta-post-embed--container gta-embed--container thumbnail">
          <div class="gta-post-embed--image gta-embed--image">
                    <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/us-offers-nato-allies-cyber-warfare-capabilities/">
                        <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="500" height="350" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/20181003_NATO_Mattis-500x350.jpg" class="attachment-500_350 size-500_350 wp-post-image" alt="" />            </a>
      </div>
    
    <div class="gta-embed--content gta-post-embed--content">

                <a class="gta-embed--link gta-post-embed--link" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/us-offers-nato-allies-cyber-warfare-capabilities/">
                    <div class="gta-post-embed--heading gta-embed--heading">
            			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
															<span class="gta-embed--tax--cats gta-post-embed--tax--cats">NATOSource</span>
																</p>
		            <span class="gta-post-embed--heading--date">Oct 4, 2018</span>
          </div>

          <h4 class="gta-post-embed--title gta-embed--title">US Offers NATO Allies Cyber Warfare Capabilities</h4>

          			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
																			<span class="gta-embed--tax--connect gta-post-embed--tax--connect">By </span>
																<span class="gta-embed--tax--expert gta-post-embed--tax--expert">Idrees Ali, Reuters</span>												</p>
		
          <p class="gta-post-embed--excerpt gta-embed--excerpt">
            The United States is expected to announce in the coming days that it will use offensive and defensive cyber capabilities on behalf of NATO if asked, a senior Pentagon official said,          </p>

          </a>
                                              <div class="gta-embed--terms gta-post-embed--terms">
                                      <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/cybersecurity/">
                        Cybersecurity                      </a>
                                                          <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/nato/">
                        NATO                      </a>
                                                  </div>
                                        </div>
  </div>
</section>
<section class="gta-embed gta-post-embed gutenblock">
    <div class="gta-post-embed--container gta-embed--container thumbnail">
          <div class="gta-post-embed--image gta-embed--image">
                    <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/angry-trident/">
                        <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="500" height="350" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/20180923_UKMoD_CommandoNorway-500x350.jpg" class="attachment-500_350 size-500_350 wp-post-image" alt="" />            </a>
      </div>
    
    <div class="gta-embed--content gta-post-embed--content">

                <a class="gta-embed--link gta-post-embed--link" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/angry-trident/">
                    <div class="gta-post-embed--heading gta-embed--heading">
            			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
															<span class="gta-embed--tax--cats gta-post-embed--tax--cats">NATOSource</span>
																</p>
		            <span class="gta-post-embed--heading--date">Sep 24, 2018</span>
          </div>

          <h4 class="gta-post-embed--title gta-embed--title">ANGRY TRIDENT</h4>

          			<p class="gta-embed--tax gta-post-embed--tax">
																			<span class="gta-embed--tax--connect gta-post-embed--tax--connect">By </span>
																<span class="gta-embed--tax--expert gta-post-embed--tax--expert">August Cole</span>												</p>
		
          <p class="gta-post-embed--excerpt gta-embed--excerpt">
            Editor’s note: This short story describes a hypothetical future war in northern Europe between Russian and NATO forces using advanced technology. RUSSIA-NORWAY BORDER Small mountains of bicycles marked the Norwegian-Russian border at the Storskog crossing, piled high like shimmering haystacks in the November moonlight. Alongside them on the Russian side were cars and buses dusted [&hellip;]          </p>

          </a>
                                              <div class="gta-embed--terms gta-post-embed--terms">
                                      <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/conflict/">
                        Conflict                      </a>
                                                          <a class="s-pill large" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/issue/defense-technologies/">
                        Defense Technologies                      </a>
                                                  </div>
                                        </div>
  </div>
</section>
      </div>
      <div class="j-posts--pagination columns-12 o-archives--pagination" >
                  <a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/natosource?ac-page-collection-block_5d68477442ed3=2" class="s-button j-posts--loadmore secondary  o-archives--pagination-button">Load More</a>
              </div>
        </div>
</section>
</div>
				</div>

			</div>

		</div>

	</section>

<div id="contentActionItems" class="gta-hover-share-container">
  <section class="gta-hover-share">
    <button class="no-print " aria-labelledby="sr-print-this-page" title="Print this page" type="text" onclick="window.print();">
  <span id="sr-print-this-page" hidden>Print this page</span>
  <svg aria-hidden="true" class="symbol-print"><use xlink:href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/dist/images/ac_global-icons.svg?ver=174845645642590#print"></use></svg>
</button>
    <!-- share -->
<button
  id="shareTrigger"
  class="no-print "
  popovertarget="acShareMenu"
  popovertargetaction="getUserAgentShareCaps"
  aria-labelledby="sr-share-this-page"
  title="Share this page"
  data-share-text="The objective of NATOSource is to help the citizens of NATO members and the world at large, understand the alliance&#039;s daily contributions to their peace and security. This blog includes links to key documents, snippets from material published elsewhere, and our own takes on current issues. "
  data-share-title="NATOSource"
  data-share-url="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/natosource/"
>
  <span id="sr-share-this-page" hidden>Share this page</span>
  <svg aria-hidden="true" class="symbol-share-nodes"><use xlink:href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/dist/images/ac_global-icons.svg?ver=174845645642590#share-nodes"></use></svg>
</button>
  </section>
</div>

</main>

  <footer id="colophon" class="gta-footer ps--hidden" role="contentinfo">
    <div class="gta-footer--upper">
      <h4 class="footer-cta">Join our network</h4>
      <p class="footer-cta--summary">Sign up to receive expert analysis from our community on the most important global issues, rapid insights on events as they unfold, and highlights of the Council's best work.</p>
              <div id="globalCTAForm">
  <!-- hubspot embed -->
  <style type="text/css">
    #hsForm_c93256d8-58e1-4a9f-ac49-d40f2065653e {
      display: flex;
      flex-flow: column nowrap;
      gap: 0.5rem;
    }
    #hsForm_c93256d8-58e1-4a9f-ac49-d40f2065653e > .hs-form-field {
      position: relative;
    }
    #hsForm_c93256d8-58e1-4a9f-ac49-d40f2065653e > .hs-form-field .hs-error-msg {
      font-size: 0.875rem;
      color: var(--ac-color--alt-orange);
      line-height: inherit;
    }
    #hsForm_c93256d8-58e1-4a9f-ac49-d40f2065653e > .hs-form-field > ul {
      pointer-events: none;
      position: absolute;
      list-style-type: none;
      list-style-position: unset;
      display: flex;
      bottom: 0;
      width: 100%;
      height: calc(100% - 1.25rem);
      flex-flow: column nowrap;
    }
    #hsForm_c93256d8-58e1-4a9f-ac49-d40f2065653e .hs-form-field > ul > li {
      padding: 0;
      margin: auto;
    }
    #hsForm_c93256d8-58e1-4a9f-ac49-d40f2065653e .hs-submit {
      margin-top: 2rem;
    }
    #hsForm_c93256d8-58e1-4a9f-ac49-d40f2065653e .hs-richtext {
      color: inherit;
      line-height: inherit;
      font-family: 'proxima-nova', sans-serif;
      font-size: 12px;
      margin-top: 1rem;
    }
    #hsForm_c93256d8-58e1-4a9f-ac49-d40f2065653e .hs-richtext a {
      color: var(--ac-color--orange);
      text-decoration: none;
    }
    .hs-form-c93256d8-58e1-4a9f-ac49-d40f2065653e.submitted-message {
      color: var(--ac-color--white);
    }
    .hs-form-c93256d8-58e1-4a9f-ac49-d40f2065653e.submitted-message p {
      color: inherit;
      text-align: center;
    }
  </style>
  <script src="//js.hsforms.net/forms/embed/v2.js" defer>// load the hbspt object without blocking page render (note: this is not the actual form)</script>
  <script>
    (function() {

      // email form loaded
      // (4) display form
      function hubspotFormLoadCallback(inst) {
        // console.info('fn: hubspotFormLoadCallback %o', inst);
        const form_ele = document.getElementById(`hbspt-form-${inst.instanceId}`);
        const form_ele_wrapper = document.getElementById('globalCTAForm');
        if ( form_ele && form_ele_wrapper ) {
          const relocate_form_ele = form_ele.parentElement.removeChild(form_ele);
          form_ele_wrapper.append(relocate_form_ele);
        }
      }

      // hbspt loaded
      // (3) load actual email form
      function hubspotFormLoad() {
        // console.info('fn: hubspotFormLoad', hbspt);
        if ( hbspt && hbspt.forms && typeof hbspt.forms.create === 'function' ) {
          const hbsptInstance = hbspt.forms.create({
            portalId: '43957839',
            formId: 'c93256d8-58e1-4a9f-ac49-d40f2065653e',
            region: 'na1'
          });

          if ( hbsptInstance ) {
            // console.info('o: hbsptInstance', hbsptInstance);
            hbsptInstance.onFormReady((e) => {
              // console.log('e: onFormReady', e);
              hubspotFormLoadCallback(hbsptInstance);
            });
          }
        }
      }

      // (2) track hbspt load progress
      function hubspotDeferredLoadReport() {
        // console.info('fn: hubspotDeferredLoadReport');
        if ( typeof hbspt !== 'object' ) {
          document.addEventListener('load', hubspotDeferredLoadReport, true);
        } else if ( ! hubspotDeferredLoadReport.done ) {
          document.removeEventListener('load', hubspotDeferredLoadReport, true);
          hubspotDeferredLoadReport.done = true;
          hubspotFormLoad();
        }
      }

      // (1)
      hubspotDeferredLoadReport();
    })();
  </script>
  <!-- / hubspot embed -->
</div>
          </div>
    <div class="gta-footer--lower">
              <img class="gta-footer--logo" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/dist/images/AC-logo-light.svg" alt="Atlantic Council Logo" width="200" height="90" />
      <div class="gta-footer--copyright">
        <p>&copy; 2026 Atlantic Council<br />All rights reserved.</p>
      </div>
      <ul id="footer-legal" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-167665" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-167665"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-173583" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-173583"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/cookie-policy/">Cookie Policy</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-173584" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-173584"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/terms-of-use/">Terms and conditions of use</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-167667" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-167667"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/intellectual-independence-policy/">Intellectual Independence Policy</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-167670" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-167670"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/government-funding-review-process/">Government Funding Review Process</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-167668" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-167668"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/policy-on-donor-acceptance-and-disclosure/">Policy on donor acceptance and disclosure</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-674214" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-674214"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/modern-day-slavery-and-anti-human-trafficking-policy/">Modern Day Slavery and Anti-Human Trafficking Policy</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-197707" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-197707"><a href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/photo-credits/">Photo credits</a></li>
</ul>    </div>
  </footer>
</div>


<template id="SkeltiTemplate" data-template="skeltiTemplate">
  <div class="skelti-placeholder">
    <hr class="skelti-row" />
    <hr class="skelti-row" />
    <span class="skelti-group">
      <span class="skelti-item"></span>
      <span class="skelti-item"></span>
      <span class="skelti-item"></span>
    </span>
  </div>
</template><template id="UserFeedback">
  
  <div class="feedback-container">
    <slot name="feedback--heading">ERROR MESSAGE HEADING</slot>
    <slot name="feedback--sub-heading">ERROR MESSAGE SUBHEADING</slot>
    <slot name="feedback--content">ERROR MESSAGE CONTENT</slot>
    <slot name="feedback--info">ERROR MESSAGE INFO</slot>
  </div>
  
</template><template id="TechnicalIssue" data-template="technicalIssue">
  <user-feedback class="feedback-container">
    <h2 class="feedback--heading" slot="feedback--heading">Oops...</h2>
    <h3 class="feedback--sub-heading" slot="feedback--sub-heading">It looks like we're having a technical issue.</h3>
    <p class="feedback--content" slot="feedback--content">If refreshing the page doesn't resolve the issue you could try clearing the sites browser cache.</p>
    <aside class="feedback--info" slot="feedback--info"><strong class="info-highlight">Pro Tip:</strong> <i>If you're on a laptop or desktop you can flush everything the browser currently has cached for the site by simply holding down the Shift key while clicking the browsers refresh icon at the same time.</i></aside>
  </user-feedback>
</template>
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/wp-content/uploads/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">				jQuery(document).ready(function () {
					jQuery('.remove_tooltip_effect .tooltipsall').each
					(function()
					{
					disabletooltipinhtmltagSinglei = jQuery(this).html();
					jQuery(this).replaceWith(disabletooltipinhtmltagSinglei);
					})
				})
				</script><script type="text/javascript">			jQuery(document).ready(function () {
				jQuery('.tooltips_table_items .tooltips_table_title .tooltipsall').each
				(function()
				{
				disabletooltipforclassandidSinglei = jQuery(this).text();
				jQuery(this).replaceWith(disabletooltipforclassandidSinglei);
				})
			})
			</script><script type="text/javascript">				jQuery(document).ready(function () {
					jQuery('.tooltips_table_items .tooltips_table_content .tooltipsall').each
					(function()
					{
					disabletooltipforclassandidSinglei = jQuery(this).html();
					jQuery(this).replaceWith(disabletooltipforclassandidSinglei);
					})
				})
				</script>	<script type="text/javascript">
	var ajaxurl = '/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php';

	function tooltipsdate()
	{
			var d=new Date();
			str='';
			str +=d.getFullYear()+'-';
			str +=d.getMonth()+1+'-';
			str +=d.getDate()+'-';
			str +=d.getHours()+'-';
			str +=d.getMinutes()+'-';
			str +=d.getSeconds();
			return str;
	}
	var nowtime = tooltipsdate();
	var tooltipsClientIP = '20.75.14.144, 104.156.83.103';

	function toolTips(whichID,theTipContent,toolTipPostID,theTipTitle, toolTipCustomizedStyle)
	{
				if (typeof toolTipPostID==='undefined')
		{
			toolTipPostID = '0';
		}

		toolTipPostStyleName = 'ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro';
		if (typeof toolTipCustomizedStyle==='undefined')
		{
			toolTipCustomizedStyle = 'ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro';
		}

			jQuery(whichID).qtip
			(
				{
					content:
					{
													text:theTipContent,
											},
    				postid:toolTipPostID,
						style:
	   					{
							classes:'defaults'

	    				},
											position:
    				{
    					viewport: jQuery(window),
    					my: 'bottom center',
    					at: 'top center'    				},
					show:
						{
												delay:0,
						event: 'mouseover',
												effect: function() {
										                jQuery(this).fadeTo(200, 1);
			                		jQuery('.qtip iframe').attr('id','stopplayingyoutube');
			                		oldsrc =  jQuery("#stopplayingyoutube").attr("oldsrc");

			                		if ('undefined' == oldsrc)
			                		{

			                		}
			                		else
			                		{

			                			jQuery("#stopplayingyoutube").attr("src", jQuery("#stopplayingyoutube").attr("oldsrc"));
			                		}
			            }
						},
					hide:
															{
										event: 'mouseout',
										effect: function(offset)
										{
											jQuery('.qtip iframe').attr('id','stopplayingyoutube');
								 			jQuery("#stopplayingyoutube").attr("oldsrc", jQuery("#stopplayingyoutube").attr("src"));
											jQuery("#stopplayingyoutube").attr("src", '');
								            jQuery(this).slideDown(100); // "this" refers to the tooltip
								        }
									}
											}
			)
	}
</script>

<script type="text/javascript">
var inboxs = new Array();
inboxs['language'] = "en";
inboxs['hidezeronumberitem'] = "no";
inboxs['selectors'] = '.tooltips_list > span';
inboxs['navitemdefaultsize'] = '12px';
inboxs['navitemselectedsize'] = '14px';
inboxs['navitembackground'] = '#007DBD';inboxs['number'] = "yes";
//!!!jQuery('.tooltips_directory').directory(inboxs);
jQuery(document).ready(function () {
	jQuery('.tooltips_directory').directory(inboxs);  //!!!
	jQuery('.navitem').css('font-size','12px');
})
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
jQuery(document).ready(function () {
	jQuery('.classtoolTipsCustomShortCode').each(function()
	{
		   jQuery(this).html(jQuery(this).text());
	});
})
</script>
	<script type="text/javascript">

	jQuery(document).ready(function () {
		jQuery('.tooltipsall:has(img)').css('border-bottom','0px');
		jQuery('.tooltipsall > img').css('border-bottom','2px dotted #888888');
		jQuery('.tooltipsall > img').css('padding','0px 0px 6px 0px');
	})
	</script>
<script type="text/javascript">jQuery("document").ready(function(){ var tt_store_content = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit\. Proin fringilla commodo metus, ut dictum ipsum luctus sed\. Aliquam erat volutpat\. Nulla vel ultrices nulla\."; toolTips('.classtoolTips280405, .tooltip_post_id_custom_icon_280405',tt_store_content,'280405','Tooltiptest2020',' ui-wordpress-tooltip-pro  tipscale '); });</script><!-- YouTube Feeds JS -->
<script type="text/javascript">

</script>
    <style>
        /* Container Spacing & Alignment */
        .ac-accessibility-wrapper {
            margin-right: 45px;
            margin-bottom: 5px;
            display: inline-block;
            vertical-align: middle;
        }

        /* The Blue Circular Icon Button */
        .ac-accessibility-wrapper .gta-access-icon-wrapper div {
            background-color: #005A9C !important; /* Atlantic Council Blue */
            width: 30px !important;
            height: 30px !important;
            border-radius: 50%;
            transition: transform 0.2s ease, box-shadow 0.2s ease;
        }

        /* Hover Effect for the Icon */
        .ac-accessibility-wrapper .gta-access-icon-wrapper:hover div {
            transform: scale(1.1);
            box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 90, 156, 0.5);
        }

        /* Dropdown Panel Styling */
        .ac-accessibility-wrapper .gta-dropdown-panel {
            background: #ffffff;
            border: 1px solid #d1d5db;
            border-radius: 8px;
            min-width: 200px;
            padding: 15px;
        }

        /* Individual Tool Buttons */
        .ac-accessibility-wrapper .access-btn {
            font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
            font-size: 14px;
            padding: 10px;
            margin-bottom: 5px;
            border-radius: 4px;
            transition: background 0.2s ease;
        }

        .ac-accessibility-wrapper .access-btn:hover {
            background-color: #f0f0f0;
        }

        /* Tooltip Styling */
        .ac-accessibility-wrapper .gta-tool-tip {
            background-color: #333;
            font-size: 11px;
            padding: 4px 8px;
        }
        /* --- GLOBAL SHARED STYLES --- */
        .gta-nav-tool-container {
            display: inline-flex;
            align-items: center;
            position: relative;
            vertical-align: middle;
        }

        .gta-header-translate, .gta-access-icon-wrapper {
            position: relative;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            width: 30px;
            height: 30px;
            justify-content: center;
            cursor: pointer;
            color: #ffffff;
            transition: all 0.3s ease;
        }

        .gta-header-translate:hover, .gta-access-icon-wrapper:hover {
            color: #C0C0C0;
            filter: drop-shadow(0 0 6px rgba(192, 192, 192, 0.8));
        }

        .gta-lang-icon svg { width: 24px; height: 24px; fill: currentColor; }

        /* Tooltips */
        .gta-tool-tip {
            visibility: hidden;
            background-color: #333;
            color: #fff;
            text-align: center;
            border-radius: 4px;
            padding: 5px 10px;
            position: absolute;
            z-index: 10000;
            bottom: 125%;
            left: 50%;
            transform: translateX(-50%);
            opacity: 0;
            transition: opacity 0.3s;
            font-size: 12px;
            white-space: nowrap;
            pointer-events: none;
            box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);
        }
        .gta-tool-tip::after {
            content: "";
            position: absolute;
            top: 100%;
            left: 50%;
            margin-left: -5px;
            border-width: 5px;
            border-style: solid;
            border-color: #333 transparent transparent transparent;
        }

        .gta-header-translate:hover .gta-tool-tip,
        .gta-access-icon-wrapper:hover .gta-tool-tip {
            visibility: visible;
            opacity: 1;
        }

        /* Shared Panel Styles */
        .gta-dropdown-panel {
            position: absolute;
            top: 150%;
            right: -10px;
            margin-top: 15px;
            background: #ffffff;
            padding: 15px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0,0,0,0.15);
            border: 1px solid #d1d5db;
            opacity: 0;
            transform: translateY(10px);
            pointer-events: none;
            transition: all 0.3s cubic-bezier(0.165, 0.84, 0.44, 1);
            display: flex;
            flex-direction: column;
            gap: 6px;
            min-width: 180px;
            z-index: 9999;
        }

        .gta-dropdown-panel::before {
            content: "";
            position: absolute;
            top: -6px;
            right: 18px;
            width: 12px;
            height: 12px;
            background: #fff;
            transform: rotate(45deg);
            border-left: 1px solid #d1d5db;
            border-top: 1px solid #d1d5db;
        }

        .gta-nav-tool-container.is-open .gta-dropdown-panel {
            opacity: 1;
            transform: translateY(0);
            pointer-events: auto;
        }

        .translate-panel { max-height: 350px; overflow-y: auto; }
        .translate-panel::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 6px; }
        .translate-panel::-webkit-scrollbar-track { background: #f3f4f6; border-radius: 4px; }
        .translate-panel::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { background: #005A9C; border-radius: 4px; }

        .access-btn {
            background: #f3f4f6;
            border: 1px solid #e5e7eb;
            color: #374151;
            padding: 8px 12px;
            border-radius: 6px;
            cursor: pointer;
            font-size: 13px;
            font-weight: 600;
            text-align: left;
            display: flex;
            align-items: center;
            gap: 10px;
            transition: all 0.2s;
            font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;
            width: 100%;
        }
        .access-btn:hover { background: #e5e7eb; }

        #google_translate_element {
            position: absolute !important;
            top: 0 !important; left: 0 !important;
            width: 0px !important; height: 0px !important;
            opacity: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important;
            z-index: -1 !important; pointer-events: none !important;
        }
    </style>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        function googleTranslateElementInit() {
            new google.translate.TranslateElement({
                pageLanguage: 'en',
                includedLanguages: 'en,zh-CN,hi,es,fr,ar,bn,pt,ru,ur,id,de,ja,sw,mr,te,tr,ta,vi,ko,it,th,fa,gu,pl,ro',
                autoDisplay: false
            }, 'google_translate_element');
        }

        window.GTA_NATIVE_LANG_NAMES = {
            'en': 'English', 'zh-CN': '普通话 (Mandarin)', 'hi': 'हिन्दी', 'es': 'Español',
            'fr': 'Français', 'ar': 'العربية', 'bn': 'বাংলা', 'pt': 'Português',
            'ru': 'Русский', 'ur': 'اردو', 'id': 'Bahasa Indonesia', 'de': 'Deutsch',
            'ja': '日本語', 'sw': 'Kiswahili', 'mr': 'मરાઠી', 'te': 'తెలుగు',
            'tr': 'Türkçe', 'ta': 'தமிழ்', 'vi': 'Tiếng Việt', 'ko': '한국어',
            'it': 'Italiano', 'th': 'ไทย', 'fa': 'فارسی', 'gu': 'ગુજરાતી',
            'pl': 'Polski', 'ro': 'Română'
        };

        window.gta_setLanguage = function(langCode, containerElement) {
            const domain = window.location.hostname;
            if (langCode === '' || langCode === 'en') {
                document.cookie = 'googtrans=; Path=/; Expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT;';
                document.cookie = 'googtrans=; Path=/; domain=.' + domain + '; Expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT;';
                document.cookie = 'googtrans=; Path=/; domain=' + domain + '; Expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT;';
                window.location.reload();
                return;
            }
            const select = document.querySelector('.goog-te-combo');
            if (select) {
                select.value = langCode;
                select.dispatchEvent(new Event('change', { bubbles: true, cancelable: true }));
            } else {
                document.cookie = "googtrans=/en/" + langCode + "; path=/; domain=." + domain;
                document.cookie = "googtrans=/en/" + langCode + "; path=/;";
                window.location.reload();
            }
            if (containerElement) containerElement.classList.remove('is-open');
        };

        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
            function populateLanguages() {
                const panels = document.querySelectorAll('.translate-panel');
                if (panels.length > 0 && window.GTA_NATIVE_LANG_NAMES) {
                    panels.forEach(panel => {
                        if (panel.innerHTML.trim() === '') {
                            let buttonsHTML = `<button class="access-btn" onclick="gta_setLanguage('', this.closest('.gta-nav-tool-container'))" style="color:#d93025; border-color:#d93025;">English (Reset)</button>`;
                            for (const [code, nativeName] of Object.entries(window.GTA_NATIVE_LANG_NAMES)) {
                                if (code !== 'en') {
                                    buttonsHTML += `<button class="access-btn" onclick="gta_setLanguage('${code}', this.closest('.gta-nav-tool-container'))">${nativeName}</button>`;
                                }
                            }
                            panel.innerHTML = buttonsHTML;
                        }
                    });
                } else {
                    setTimeout(populateLanguages, 100);
                }
            }
            populateLanguages();

            document.addEventListener('click', function(e) {
                const translateTrigger = e.target.closest('.gta-header-translate');
                const accessTrigger = e.target.closest('.gta-access-icon-wrapper');
                const panelClick = e.target.closest('.gta-dropdown-panel');

                if (panelClick) { e.stopPropagation(); return; }

                if (translateTrigger || accessTrigger) {
                    e.stopPropagation();
                    const trigger = translateTrigger || accessTrigger;
                    const container = trigger.closest('.gta-nav-tool-container');
                    const wasOpen = container.classList.contains('is-open');
                    document.querySelectorAll('.gta-nav-tool-container').forEach(c => c.classList.remove('is-open'));
                    if (!wasOpen) container.classList.add('is-open');
                } else {
                    document.querySelectorAll('.gta-nav-tool-container').forEach(c => c.classList.remove('is-open'));
                }
            });
        });
    </script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="//translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit"></script>
        <style>
        body.access-zoom-1 { font-size: 120% !important; }
        body.access-zoom-2 { font-size: 150% !important; }
        body.access-contrast, body.access-contrast * { background-color: #000 !important; color: #fff !important; border-color: #fff !important; }
        body.access-contrast a { color: #ffff00 !important; text-decoration: underline !important; }
        body.access-contrast img { filter: grayscale(100%); }
        body.access-links a { text-decoration: underline !important; background: #ffff00 !important; color: #000 !important; padding: 0 2px; }
        body.access-pause * { animation: none !important; transition: none !important; }
    </style>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        const body = document.body;
        function toggleAccessZoom() {
            if (body.classList.contains('access-zoom-2')) { body.classList.remove('access-zoom-2', 'access-zoom-1'); }
            else if (body.classList.contains('access-zoom-1')) { body.classList.replace('access-zoom-1', 'access-zoom-2'); }
            else { body.classList.add('access-zoom-1'); }
        }
        function toggleContrast() { body.classList.toggle('access-contrast'); }
        function toggleLinks() { body.classList.toggle('access-links'); }
        function toggleAnimation() { body.classList.toggle('access-pause'); }
        function resetAccess() { body.classList.remove('access-zoom-1', 'access-zoom-2', 'access-contrast', 'access-links', 'access-pause'); }
    </script>
    <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltips-pro/js/imagesloaded.pkgd.min.js?ver=6.9.1" id="imagesloadedjs-js"></script>
<script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltips-pro/js/jdirectory/jquery.directory.js?ver=6.9.1" id="directoryjs-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/wplyr-media-block/assets/js/plyr.min.js?ver=3.7.8" id="plyr-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="wplyr-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var wplyr = {"iconUrl":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/wplyr-media-block/assets/images/plyr.svg","blankVideo":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/wplyr-media-block/assets/video/blank.mp4","controls":["play-large","play","progress","current-time","mute","volume","captions","settings","pip","airplay","fullscreen"],"settings":["captions","quality","speed"],"seekTime":"10"};
//# sourceURL=wplyr-js-extra
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/wplyr-media-block/assets/js/wplyr.js?ver=1.3.0" id="wplyr-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/plugins/duracelltomi-google-tag-manager/dist/js/gtm4wp-form-move-tracker.js?ver=1.21.1" id="gtm4wp-form-move-tracker-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://unpkg.com/intersection-observer?ver=174845645642590" id="ptko-scrollama-polyfill-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://unpkg.com/scrollama?ver=174845645642590" id="ptko-scrollama-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/dist/scripts/main.js?ver=174845645642590" id="main-scripts-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://player.vimeo.com/api/player.js?ver=2.30.3" id="vimeo-player-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/react.min.js?ver=18.3.1.1" id="react-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/react-dom.min.js?ver=18.3.1.1" id="react-dom-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-includes/js/dist/escape-html.min.js?ver=6561a406d2d232a6fbd2" id="wp-escape-html-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-includes/js/dist/element.min.js?ver=6a582b0c827fa25df3dd" id="wp-element-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/ac-algolia-search/build/ac-algolia-search.js?ver=02e60a05c99daf57937d" id="ac-algolia-search-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/themes/atlantic-council/ac-algolia-search/build/extra.js?ver=48d2edf4adde93ff18a6" id="ac-algolia-search-extra-js"></script>
<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json">
{"baseUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.9.1"}}
</script>
<script type="module">
/* <![CDATA[ */
/*! This file is auto-generated */
const a=JSON.parse(document.getElementById("wp-emoji-settings").textContent),o=(window._wpemojiSettings=a,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),s=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const a=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===a[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,a){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!a(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,a){let r;const o=(r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),s=(o.textBaseline="top",o.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{s[e]=t(o,e,n,a)}),s}function r(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}a.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",a=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const r=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(a),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(r.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),r.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(s,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)a.supports[n]=e[n],a.supports.everything=a.supports.everything&&a.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(a.supports.everythingExceptFlag=a.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&a.supports[n]);var t;a.supports.everythingExceptFlag=a.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!a.supports.flag,a.supports.everything||((t=a.source||{}).concatemoji?r(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(r(t.twemoji),r(t.wpemoji)))});
//# sourceURL=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js
/* ]]> */
</script>

		<!-- Cookie Notice plugin v2.5.7 by Hu-manity.co https://hu-manity.co/ -->
		<div id="cookie-notice" role="dialog" class="cookie-notice-hidden cookie-revoke-hidden cn-position-bottom" aria-label="Cookie Notice" style="background-color: rgba(50,50,58,1);"><div class="cookie-notice-container" style="color: #fff"><span id="cn-notice-text" class="cn-text-container">We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it.</span><span id="cn-notice-buttons" class="cn-buttons-container"><button id="cn-accept-cookie" data-cookie-set="accept" class="cn-set-cookie cn-button" aria-label="Ok" style="background-color: #00a99d">Ok</button></span><span id="cn-close-notice" data-cookie-set="accept" class="cn-close-icon"></span></div>
			
		</div>
		<!-- / Cookie Notice plugin -->
<script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-7d9c53af9425c732ede","applicationID":"1289159516","transactionName":"YgRVNUFWDUtQVkQPCltOdgJHXgxWHkVRAQA=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":1663,"atts":"TkNWQwlMHkU=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body>

</html>
