<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#">
<head>
  <!-- Google Tag Manager -->
  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
        new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
      j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
      'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
    })(window,document,'script','dataLayer', 'GTM-KWRSKS');</script>
  <!-- End Google Tag Manager -->

  <meta charset="utf-8" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.usgs.gov/programs/landslide-hazards" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="USGS" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.usgs.gov/programs/landslide-hazards" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Landslide Hazards Program" />
<meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" />
<meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" />
<meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" />

    <title>Landslide Hazards Program | U.S. Geological Survey</title>
    <link rel="manifest" href="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/manifest.json">
    <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/core.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/controlgroup.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/checkboxradio.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/resizable.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/button.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/dialog.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/misc/components/progress.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/misc/components/ajax-progress.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/align.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/fieldgroup.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/container-inline.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/clearfix.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/details.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/hidden.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/item-list.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/js.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/nowrap.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/position-container.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/reset-appearance.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/resize.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-counter.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-counters.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-general-info.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tablesort.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/ckeditor5/css/ckeditor5.dialog.fix.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/jquery_ui/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/core.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/jquery_ui/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/tabs.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/responsive_table_filter/css/responsive-table-filter.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/views/css/views.module.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/theme.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/extlink/css/extlink.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/improved_multi_select/css/improved_multi_select.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/jquery_ui/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/themes/base/theme.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/paragraphs/css/paragraphs.unpublished.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/custom/usgs_products/css/jquery.dataTables.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/custom/usgs_products/css/jquery.datetimepicker.min.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/custom/usgs_products/css/buttons.dataTables.min.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/custom/usgs_views_grid/css/style.css?tglv81" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//use.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.5.1/css/all.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/css/styles.css?tglv81" />

      </head>
<body class="user-public">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KWRSKS"
                  height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<a href="#main-content" class="usa-sr-only focusable">
  Skip to main content
</a>

  <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>
      <section class="usa-banner">
    <div class="usa-banner">
  <div class="usa-accordion">
    <header class="usa-banner__header grid-container">
      <div class="usa-banner__inner">
        <div class="grid-col-auto">
          <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag">
        </div>
        <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto">
          <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p>
          <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here's how you know</p>
        </div>
        <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner">
          <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here's how you know</span>
        </button>
      </div>
    </header>
    <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content grid-container" id="gov-banner" hidden="">
      <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg">
        <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6">
          <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" alt="Dot gov">
          <div class="usa-media-block__body">
            <p>
              <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong>
              <br>
              A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6">
          <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/img/icon-https.svg" alt="Https">
          <div class="usa-media-block__body">
            <p>
              <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong>
              <br>
              A <strong>lock (<i class="fas fa-lock"></i>)</strong> or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
            </p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

  </section>
<header class="usa-header" id="header" role="banner">
      <div class="usa-banner-inner">
      
    </div>
    <div class="grid-container">
    <div class="usa-nav-container">
      <div id="logo">
  <a class="logo-img" href="/" accesskey="1" title="Home" aria-label="Home">
    <img src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/usgs_logo.png" alt="Home" />
  </a>
</div>
      <nav class="p-usa-nav desktop-nav" role="navigation">
        <div class="site-name visually-hidden">U.S. Geological Survey</div>
<ul class="usa-nav__primary" role="menu">
      <li class="usa-nav__primary-item dropdown" role="menuitem">
      <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i>
      <button class="usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-science-desktop">
        Science
      </button>
      <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-science-desktop" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
        <div class="megamenu-grid-container">
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-science-col-1 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/science-explorer" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/277817">Science Explorer</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/science-explorer/biology" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/249826">Biology</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/science-explorer/climate" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265971">Climate</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/science-explorer/coasts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/277818">Coasts</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/search?keywords=energy" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;keywords&quot;:&quot;energy&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="search">Energy</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/search?keywords=environmental%20health" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;keywords&quot;:&quot;environmental health&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="search">Environmental Health</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/search?keywords=geology" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;keywords&quot;:&quot;geology&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="search">Geology</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/search?keywords=information%20systems" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;keywords&quot;:&quot;information systems&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="search">Information Systems</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/science-explorer/maps-and-mapping" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/279192">Maps and Mapping</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/science-explorer/minerals" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/279189">Minerals</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/search?keywords=methods%20and%20analysis" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;keywords&quot;:&quot;methods and analysis&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="search">Methods and Analysis</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/science-explorer/natural-hazards" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/279188">Natural Hazards</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/science-explorer/ocean" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/279187">Ocean</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/science-explorer/planetary-science" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/279186">Planetary Science</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/search?keywords=science%2Btechnology" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;keywords&quot;:&quot;science+technology&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="search">Science Technology</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/search?keywords=water" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;keywords&quot;:&quot;water&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="search">Water</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-science-col-2 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/mission-areas" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50541">Mission Areas</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/mission-areas/core-science-systems" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/124">Core Science Systems</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/mission-areas/ecosystems" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/125">Ecosystems</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/mission-areas/geology-energy-minerals" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/127">Geology, Energy, and Minerals</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/mission-areas/natural-hazards" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/128">Natural Hazards</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/mission-areas/water-resources" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/129">Water Resources</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/programs" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50542">Programs</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-science-col-3 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/regions" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50543">Regions</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/regions/northeast-region">Northeast Region</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/regions/southeast" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/367">Southeast Region</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/regions/midcontinent" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/368">Midcontinent Region</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/regions/rocky-mountain-region">Rocky Mountain Region</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/regions/southwest" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/375">Southwest Region</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/regions/alaska" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/376">Alaska Region</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/regions/northwest-pacific-islands" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/377">Northwest-Pacific Islands Region</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-science-col-4 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/science-centers" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50544">Science Centers</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/observatories" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50545">Observatories</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/laboratories" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50546">Laboratories</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/faqs" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/466">Frequently Asked Questions</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/educational-resources" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/336">Educational Resources</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/special-topics" class="section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/281238">Special Topics</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                  </div>
      </div>
    </li>
      <li class="usa-nav__primary-item dropdown" role="menuitem">
      <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i>
      <button class="usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-products-desktop">
        Products
      </button>
      <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-products-desktop" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
        <div class="megamenu-grid-container">
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-products-col-1 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/products/data" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229161">Data</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/data-and-tools/data-management">Data Management</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/data/data-releases" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229163">Data Releases</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/data/real-time-data" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229162">Real-time Data</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/data/all-data" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229166">All Data</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/products/maps" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229167">Maps</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/programs/national-cooperative-geologic-mapping-program/science/national-geologic-map-database-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/43621">Geologic Maps</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/maps/map-releases" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/281195">Map Releases</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/programs/national-geospatial-program/topographic-maps" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24635">Topographic (Topo) Maps</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/maps/volcanic-maps" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/279182">Volcanic Maps</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/maps/all-maps" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/279183">All Maps</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-products-col-2 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/products/multimedia-gallery" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229181">Multimedia Gallery</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/multimedia-gallery/audio" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229185">Audio</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/multimedia-gallery/images" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229182">Images</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/multimedia-gallery/stereograms" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/279194">Stereograms</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/multimedia-gallery/videos" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229184">Videos</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/multimedia-gallery/webcams" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229186">Webcams</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/multimedia-gallery/all-multimedia" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229183">All Multimedia</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-products-col-3 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/products/publications" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229169">Publications</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/products/web-tools" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265942">Web Tools</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/web-tools/alerts-and-notification-services">Alert and Notification Services</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/web-tools/apis" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265948">APIs</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/web-tools/data-access-tools" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265949">Data Access Tools</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/web-tools/data-analysis-tools" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265950">Data Analysis Tools</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/web-tools/data-visualizations" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265951">Data Visualizations</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/web-tools/interactive-maps" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265952">Interactive Maps</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/products/web-tools/all-web-tools" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265954">All Web Tools</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-products-col-4 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/products/software" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265943">Software</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/us-board-on-geographic-names" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/321">U.S. Board on Geographic Names</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/programs/national-geospatial-program/national-map" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25338">The National Map</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/library" class="menu-sub-section section-title">USGS Library</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="https://store.usgs.gov" class="menu-sub-section section-title">USGS Store</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="https://store.usgs.gov/recreational-passes" class="menu-sub-section section-title" target="_blank">Park Passes</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                  </div>
      </div>
    </li>
      <li class="usa-nav__primary-item dropdown" role="menuitem">
      <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i>
      <button class="usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-news-desktop">
        News
      </button>
      <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-news-desktop" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
        <div class="megamenu-grid-container">
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-news-col-1 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/news/news-releases" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265956">News Releases</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/news/news-releases/national-news-releases" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265959">National News Releases</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/news/news-releases/state-news-releases" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265960">State News Releases</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/news/news-releases/all-news-releases" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265968">All News Releases</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-news-col-2 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/news/featured-stories" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265955">Featured Stories</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/news/science-snippets" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265969">Science Snippets</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/news/technical-announcements" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265970">Technical Announcements</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-news-col-3 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/news/media-contacts" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265974">Media Contacts</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col"></div>
                  </div>
      </div>
    </li>
      <li class="usa-nav__primary-item dropdown" role="menuitem">
      <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i>
      <button class="usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-connect-desktop">
        Connect
      </button>
      <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-connect-desktop" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
        <div class="megamenu-grid-container">
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-connect-col-1 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/connect/headquarters" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265978">Headquarters</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <span>12201 Sunrise Valley Drive  Reston, VA 20192</span>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-connect-col-2 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/connect/locations" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265983">Locations</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/connect/staff-profiles" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265984">Staff Profiles</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-connect-col-3 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/connect/social-media" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265985">Social Media</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/human-capital" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/169">Careers</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-connect-col-4 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="https://answers.usgs.gov" class="menu-sub-section section-title">Contact Us</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="https://answers.usgs.gov/">Email</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="tel:+18882758747">USGS Store 1-888-275-8747</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                  </div>
      </div>
    </li>
      <li class="usa-nav__primary-item dropdown" role="menuitem">
      <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i>
      <button class="usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-about-desktop">
        About
      </button>
      <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-about-desktop" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
        <div class="megamenu-grid-container">
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-about-col-1 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/about/about-us" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229174">About Us</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/about/about-us/who-we-are" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229175">Who We Are</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1050/">Our History</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/about/about-us/past-directors" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229176">Past Directors</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/survey-manual" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/325">Survey Manual</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/about/key-officials" class="section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229172">Key Officials</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/media/images/usgs-organizational-chart-key-officials" data-drupal-link-system-path="media/101429">Organizational Chart</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-about-col-2 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/about/organization" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229173">Organization</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/mission-areas" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50541">Mission Areas</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50542">Programs</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/regions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50543">Regions</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/science-centers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50544">Science Centers</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/observatories" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50545">Observatories</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/science/laboratories" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50546">Laboratories</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/about/organization/science-support-offices" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/279224">Science Support Offices</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-about-col-3 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/about/congressional" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229177">Congressional</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/about/congressional/statements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229179">Statements</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/about/about-us/congressional/contactss">Contacts</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/budget" class="menu-sub-section section-title">Budget</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/human-capital" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/169">Careers and Employees</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/office-of-diversity-and-equal-opportunity" class="menu-sub-section section-title">Diversity and Equal Opportunity</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-about-col-4 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/about/doing-business" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/280954">Doing Business</a>
                            <ul class="dropdown-menu">
                      <li>
                                                                      <a href="/office-of-acquisition-and-grants" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/350">Acquisition and Financial Assistance </a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/programs/emergency-management" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/160">Emergency Management</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                  </div>
      </div>
    </li>
  </ul>
      </nav>
      <div class="search-social">
          <div class="region region--tools">
    <div id="block-sharebuttons" class="block block-simple-block block-simple-blockshare-buttons">
  
    
      <div class="tex2jax_process">
<div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_default_style" aria-labelledby="share-social-media" role="menu">
<ul>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_facebook"><span class="fab fa-facebook-f">&nbsp;</span><span>Facebook</span></a></li>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_twitter"><span class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter">&nbsp;</span><span>Twitter</span></a></li>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_linkedin"><span class="fab fa-linkedin-in">&nbsp;</span><span>Linkedin</span></a></li>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_digg"><span class="fab fa-digg">&nbsp;</span><span>Digg</span></a></li>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_reddit"><span class="fab fa-reddit">&nbsp;</span><span>Reddit</span></a></li>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_pinterest"><span class="fab fa-pinterest">&nbsp;</span><span>Pinterest</span></a></li>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_email"><span class="far fa-envelope-open">&nbsp;</span><span>Email</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

  </div>
<div id="block-tools" class="block block-simple-block block-simple-blocktools">
  
    
      <div class="tex2jax_process">
<p><a href="https://www.usgs.gov/science/faqs">Frequently Asked Questions</a></p>
</div>

  </div>

  </div>

          <div class="region region--search">
    <div id="block-exposedformsearchpage-results" class="views-exposed-form-search-page-results block block-views block-views-exposed-filter-blocksearch-page-results">
  
    
      <form class="views-exposed-form usa-form" data-drupal-target-view="search-page_results" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-search-page-results" action="/search" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-search-page-results" accept-charset="UTF-8" novalidate>
  <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-keywords js-form-item-keywords form-no-label">
          <input placeholder="Search" data-drupal-selector="edit-keywords" type="text" id="edit-keywords" name="keywords" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input" aria-label="Input"/>
        
  
  </div>
<div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><label class="usa-sr-only">Label</label>
  <input class="fas fa-search button js-form-submit form-submit usa-button" aria-label="Search" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-search" type="submit" id="edit-submit-search" value="" aria-label="Button" /></div>


</form>

  </div>

  </div>

      </div>
      <button class="mobile-nav-open">
        <span class="usa-sr-only">Menu</span>
      </button>
    </div>
  </div>
</header>
<nav class="p-usa-nav mobile-nav" role="navigation">
  <div class="mobile-nav-top">
    <div id="block-exposedformsearchpage-results--2" class="views-exposed-form-search-page-results block block-views block-views-exposed-filter-blocksearch-page-results">
  
    
      <form class="views-exposed-form usa-form" data-drupal-target-view="search-page_results" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-search-page-results-2" action="/search" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-search-page-results--2" accept-charset="UTF-8" novalidate>
  <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-keywords js-form-item-keywords form-no-label">
          <input placeholder="Search" data-drupal-selector="edit-keywords" type="text" id="edit-keywords--2" name="keywords" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input" aria-label="Input"/>
        
  
  </div>
<div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--2"><label class="usa-sr-only">Label</label>
  <input class="fas fa-search button js-form-submit form-submit usa-button" aria-label="Search" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-search-2" type="submit" id="edit-submit-search--2" value="" aria-label="Button" /></div>


</form>

  </div>

    <button class="mobile-nav-close">
      <span class="usa-sr-only">Close</span>
    </button>
  </div>
  <div class="main-menu">
    <div class="site-name visually-hidden">U.S. Geological Survey</div>
<ul class="usa-nav__primary" role="menu">
      <li class="usa-nav__primary-item dropdown" role="menuitem">
      <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i>
      <button class="usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-science-mobile">
        Science
      </button>
      <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-science-mobile" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
        <div class="megamenu-grid-container">
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-science-col-1 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/science-explorer" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/277817">Science Explorer</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-science-col-2 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/mission-areas" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50541">Mission Areas</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/programs" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50542">Programs</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-science-col-3 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/regions" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50543">Regions</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-science-col-4 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/science-centers" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50544">Science Centers</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/observatories" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50545">Observatories</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/laboratories" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50546">Laboratories</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/faqs" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/466">Frequently Asked Questions</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/educational-resources" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/336">Educational Resources</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/science/special-topics" class="section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/281238">Special Topics</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                  </div>
      </div>
    </li>
      <li class="usa-nav__primary-item dropdown" role="menuitem">
      <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i>
      <button class="usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-products-mobile">
        Products
      </button>
      <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-products-mobile" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
        <div class="megamenu-grid-container">
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-products-col-1 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/products/data" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229161">Data</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/products/maps" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229167">Maps</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-products-col-2 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/products/multimedia-gallery" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229181">Multimedia Gallery</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-products-col-3 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/products/publications" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229169">Publications</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/products/web-tools" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265942">Web Tools</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-products-col-4 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/products/software" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265943">Software</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/us-board-on-geographic-names" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/321">U.S. Board on Geographic Names</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/programs/national-geospatial-program/national-map" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/25338">The National Map</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/library" class="menu-sub-section section-title">USGS Library</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="https://store.usgs.gov" class="menu-sub-section section-title">USGS Store</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="https://store.usgs.gov/recreational-passes" class="menu-sub-section section-title" target="_blank">Park Passes</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                  </div>
      </div>
    </li>
      <li class="usa-nav__primary-item dropdown" role="menuitem">
      <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i>
      <button class="usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-news-mobile">
        News
      </button>
      <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-news-mobile" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
        <div class="megamenu-grid-container">
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-news-col-1 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/news/news-releases" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265956">News Releases</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-news-col-2 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/news/featured-stories" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265955">Featured Stories</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/news/science-snippets" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265969">Science Snippets</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/news/technical-announcements" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265970">Technical Announcements</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-news-col-3 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/news/media-contacts" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265974">Media Contacts</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col"></div>
                  </div>
      </div>
    </li>
      <li class="usa-nav__primary-item dropdown" role="menuitem">
      <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i>
      <button class="usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-connect-mobile">
        Connect
      </button>
      <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-connect-mobile" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
        <div class="megamenu-grid-container">
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-connect-col-1 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/connect/headquarters" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265978">Headquarters</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-connect-col-2 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/connect/locations" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265983">Locations</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/connect/staff-profiles" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265984">Staff Profiles</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-connect-col-3 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/connect/social-media" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/265985">Social Media</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/human-capital" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/169">Careers</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-connect-col-4 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="https://answers.usgs.gov" class="menu-sub-section section-title">Contact Us</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                  </div>
      </div>
    </li>
      <li class="usa-nav__primary-item dropdown" role="menuitem">
      <i class="fa fa-angle-down" aria-hidden="true"></i>
      <button class="usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="extended-mega-nav-section-about-mobile">
        About
      </button>
      <div id="extended-mega-nav-section-about-mobile" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden="">
        <div class="megamenu-grid-container">
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-about-col-1 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/about/about-us" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229174">About Us</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/survey-manual" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/325">Survey Manual</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/about/key-officials" class="section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229172">Key Officials</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-about-col-2 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/about/organization" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229173">Organization</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-about-col-3 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/about/congressional" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/229177">Congressional</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/budget" class="menu-sub-section section-title">Budget</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/human-capital" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/169">Careers and Employees</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/office-of-diversity-and-equal-opportunity" class="menu-sub-section section-title">Diversity and Equal Opportunity</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                      <div class="megamenu-grid-col">
      <ul class="menu menu--mega-menu-about-col-4 nav">
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/about/doing-business" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/280954">Doing Business</a>
                  </li>
                      <li>
                                                                                            <a href="/programs/emergency-management" class="menu-sub-section section-title" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/160">Emergency Management</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>
                  </div>
      </div>
    </li>
  </ul>
  </div>
  <ul class="mobile-tools">
    <li role="menuitem">
      <a href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map" target="_blank">
        Latest Earthquakes
      </a>
    </li>
    <li role="menuitem" tabindex="0">
      <span class="mobile-share" id="share-social-media">Share Social Media</span>
      <div id="block-sharebuttons--2" class="block block-simple-block block-simple-blockshare-buttons">
  
    
      <div class="tex2jax_process">
<div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_default_style" aria-labelledby="share-social-media" role="menu">
<ul>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_facebook"><span class="fab fa-facebook-f">&nbsp;</span><span>Facebook</span></a></li>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_twitter"><span class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter">&nbsp;</span><span>Twitter</span></a></li>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_linkedin"><span class="fab fa-linkedin-in">&nbsp;</span><span>Linkedin</span></a></li>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_digg"><span class="fab fa-digg">&nbsp;</span><span>Digg</span></a></li>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_reddit"><span class="fab fa-reddit">&nbsp;</span><span>Reddit</span></a></li>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_pinterest"><span class="fab fa-pinterest">&nbsp;</span><span>Pinterest</span></a></li>
<li role="menuitem"><a class="a2a_button_email"><span class="far fa-envelope-open">&nbsp;</span><span>Email</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>

  </div>

    </li>
  </ul>
</nav>

<main class="main-content usa-layout-docs usa-section " role="main" id="main-content" tabindex="-1">
        <div class="grid-container">
              <aside>
            <div class="region region--content-top">
    <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div>

  </div>

        </aside>
          </div>
    <div class="desktop:grid-col-12">
        <div id="block-usgs-tantalum-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block">
  
    
      

  <div class="carousel ">
		  
  

<div class="usgs-carousel">
      


          


    <div class="paragraph--type--carousel-item" style="background: url(&#039;https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/carousel/public/media/images/Montecito2.jpg?h=65d7f2e6&amp;itok=0H-rnv7U&#039;) 50% 50% no-repeat; background-size: cover;" aria-label="Large boulders and person walking in front of damaged house">
    
      <div class="grid-container carousel-content-wrapper">
        <div class="carousel-content outer-carousel">
                    <div class="usgs-carousel-box-wrapper">
              <div class="usgs-breadcrumbs__list">
                <div class="usgs-breadcrumbs__list-item">
                  
                </div>
              </div>

                                                <span class="carousel-above-title">    <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb">
        <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="usa-sr-only">Breadcrumb</h2>
        <ol class="usgs-breadcrumbs__list">
                                            <li class="usgs-breadcrumbs__list-item ">
                                            <a href="/science/programs" class="usgs-breadcrumbs__link">Programs</a>
                                    </li>
                                    </ol>
    </nav>
</span>
                              
                              <h2 class="carousel-title widescreen:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-12"> Multi-site evaluation of a postfire debris-flow runout forecast method</h2>
                                          
<div class="field field--name--field-ctas field--type--link field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-ctas"><a href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70274552" class="usgs-button carousel-cta">Read the Publication</a></div>
  
</div>

            </div>
                </div>
              </div>
      </div>
  
      


          


    <div class="paragraph--type--carousel-item" style="background: url(&#039;https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/carousel/public/media/images/20230220_102242.jpg?h=4894057c&amp;itok=h9EJio8K&#039;) 50% 50% no-repeat; background-size: cover;" aria-label="person points at dirt and shrub covered hillslide">
    
      <div class="grid-container carousel-content-wrapper">
        <div class="carousel-content outer-carousel">
                    <div class="usgs-carousel-box-wrapper">
              <div class="usgs-breadcrumbs__list">
                <div class="usgs-breadcrumbs__list-item">
                  
                </div>
              </div>

              
                              <h2 class="carousel-title widescreen:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-12">Landsliding follows signatures of wildfire history and vegetative regrowth in a steep coastal shrubland</h2>
                                          
<div class="field field--name--field-ctas field--type--link field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-ctas"><a href="https://www.usgs.gov/publications/landsliding-follows-signatures-wildfire-history-and-vegetative-regrowth-a-steep" class="usgs-button carousel-cta">Learn More</a></div>
  
</div>

            </div>
                </div>
              </div>
      </div>
  
      


          


    <div class="paragraph--type--carousel-item" style="background: url(&#039;https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/carousel/public/media/images/LHP-Seminar-20240410-Ahrendt-Thumbnail.JPG?h=5778517f&amp;itok=z-8YIXY0&#039;) 50% 50% no-repeat; background-size: cover;" aria-label="Several landslides above a river">
    
      <div class="grid-container carousel-content-wrapper">
        <div class="carousel-content outer-carousel">
                    <div class="usgs-carousel-box-wrapper">
              <div class="usgs-breadcrumbs__list">
                <div class="usgs-breadcrumbs__list-item">
                  
                </div>
              </div>

              
                              <h2 class="carousel-title widescreen:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-12">Dynamic feedbacks between river meandering and landsliding in northwestern Washington glacial terraces</h2>
                                          
<div class="field field--name--field-ctas field--type--link field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-ctas"><a href="https://www.usgs.gov/publications/dynamic-feedbacks-between-river-meandering-and-landsliding-northwestern-washington" class="usgs-button carousel-cta">Read the publication</a></div>
  
</div>

            </div>
                </div>
              </div>
      </div>
  
      


          


    <div class="paragraph--type--carousel-item" style="background: url(&#039;https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/carousel/public/media/images/20241104_NC_BlueRidge_LandslideDamage.jpg?h=b7a962a4&amp;itok=7OBeCdra&#039;) 50% 50% no-repeat; background-size: cover;" aria-label="road damaged by undercutting caused by a landslide along the Blue Ridge Parkway, North Carolina">
    
      <div class="grid-container carousel-content-wrapper">
        <div class="carousel-content outer-carousel">
                    <div class="usgs-carousel-box-wrapper">
              <div class="usgs-breadcrumbs__list">
                <div class="usgs-breadcrumbs__list-item">
                  
                </div>
              </div>

              
                              <h2 class="carousel-title widescreen:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-12">Constraining landslide frequency across the United States to inform county-level risk reduction</h2>
                                          
<div class="field field--name--field-ctas field--type--link field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-ctas"><a href="/publications/constraining-landslide-frequency-across-united-states-inform-county-level-risk" class="usgs-button carousel-cta">Learn More</a></div>
  
</div>

            </div>
                </div>
              </div>
      </div>
  
      


          


    <div class="paragraph--type--carousel-item" style="background: url(&#039;https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/carousel/public/media/images/For_Carousel_0.png?itok=-bgOweEs&#039;) 50% 50% no-repeat; background-size: cover;" aria-label="Map of the continental US with multiple colors showing landslide susceptibility">
    
      <div class="grid-container carousel-content-wrapper">
        <div class="carousel-content outer-carousel">
                    <div class="usgs-carousel-box-wrapper">
              <div class="usgs-breadcrumbs__list">
                <div class="usgs-breadcrumbs__list-item">
                  
                </div>
              </div>

              
                              <h2 class="carousel-title widescreen:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-12">Landslide Inventory and Susceptibility Map</h2>
                                            <h3 class="carousel-subtitle widescreen:grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-12">
<div class="field field--name--field-subtitle field--type--string field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-subtitle">New Release</div>
  
</div>
</h3>
                            
<div class="field field--name--field-ctas field--type--link field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-ctas"><a href="https://www.usgs.gov/tools/us-landslide-inventory-and-susceptibility-map" class="usgs-button carousel-cta">Learn More</a></div>
  
</div>

            </div>
                </div>
              </div>
      </div>
  
  </div>



      <div class="carousel-arrows">
      <div class="grid-container">
        <div class="carousel-prev carousel-arrow hidden-xs"><i class="fa fa-chevron-left"></i></div>
        <div class="carousel-next carousel-arrow hidden-xs"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></div>
      </div>
    </div>

  

	</div>
<div class="clearfix"></div>

<div class="grid-container">
	
	<div class="group group--full group--microsite group--type--microsite microsite--type--programs group--view-mode--full grid-row grid-gap-3">

		<aside class="desktop:grid-col-3 c-usgs-sidebarnav">
			<div class="group-menu"><div class='microsite-title visually-hidden'>
  Landslide Hazards Program
</div>



      <ul class="menu group-menu group_menu_link_content-158">
                      <li class="active active-trail group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards" class="active active-trail group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link active-trail is-active" data-drupal-link-system-path="group/158" aria-current="page">Home</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12933">Science</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/monitoring" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24544">Monitoring</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/education" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12936">Education</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/faqs" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12935">FAQs</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/data" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12937">Data</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/maps" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12938">Maps</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/multimedia" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12939">Multimedia</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/publications" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12944">Publications</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/software" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12946">Software</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/news" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12948">News</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/connect" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12949">Connect</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/partners" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12952">Partners</a>
                  </li>
                      <li class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item">
                                                  <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/what-we-do-landslide-hazards-program" class="group-menu-item usa-nav__primary-item usa-nav__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/28665">About</a>
                  </li>
          </ul>
  
</div>

		</aside>
		<div class="desktop:grid-col-9">

      <div class="grid-row grid-gap-3">
        <div class="node-intro desktop:grid-col-12">
                                    <h1 class="microsite-title desktop:grid-col-12">Landslide Hazards Program</h1>
                                <div class="desktop:grid-col-12">
            <div class="intro-cta">
              
<div class="field field--name--field-intro field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
  
      <div  class="field-intro"><p>The primary objective of the National Landslide Hazards Program&nbsp;is to reduce long-term losses from landslide hazards by improving our understanding of the causes of ground failure and suggesting mitigation strategies.</p></div>
  
</div>

              
            </div>
          </div>

                    
          
<div class="info-links info-links-3 tablet:grid-col-12">
  <div class="grid-row grid-gap-5">
          
      <div  class="tablet:grid-col-4 field-info-links field-loop-count-1 field-first">
          <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--info-block paragraph--view-mode--default">
          <h3>
<div class="field field--name--field-title field--type--string field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-title">Landslide Basics</div>
  
</div>
</h3>
                        <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/programs/landslide-hazards/landslide-basics">
                
<div class="field field--name--field-image field--type--entity-reference field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-image">  <img loading="lazy" src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/info_block/public/media/images/Landslide%20Basics%20cover%20photo.png?itok=QMe14iCS" width="586" height="293" alt="Words &quot;Landslide Basics&quot; on green background next to an illustration of a landslide." />


</div>
  
</div>

                  </a>
                    
<div class="field field--name--field-text field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-text"><p>What is a landslide? Where do they happen and what causes them? Learn all about the basics of landslides here.</p></div>
  
</div>

      
<div class="field field--name--field-cta field--type--link field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-cta"><a href="https://www.usgs.gov/programs/landslide-hazards/landslide-basics" class="usgs-button">Learn About Landslides</a></div>
  
</div>

      </div>

      </div>

          
      <div  class="tablet:grid-col-4 field-info-links field-loop-count-2">
          <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--info-block paragraph--view-mode--default">
          <h3>
<div class="field field--name--field-title field--type--string field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-title">U.S. and Puerto Rico Landslide Hazard Map</div>
  
</div>
</h3>
                        <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/tools/us-landslide-inventory-and-susceptibility-map">
                
<div class="field field--name--field-image field--type--entity-reference field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-image">  <img loading="lazy" src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/info_block/public/media/images/For_Carousel_0.png?itok=KyndAkqE" width="586" height="293" alt="Map of the continental US with multiple colors showing landslide susceptibility" />


</div>
  
</div>

                  </a>
                    
<div class="field field--name--field-text field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-text"><p>New high-resolution map of landslide susceptibility for the entire U.S. and Puerto Rico.&nbsp;</p></div>
  
</div>

      
<div class="field field--name--field-cta field--type--link field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-cta"><a href="https://www.usgs.gov/tools/us-landslide-inventory-and-susceptibility-map" class="usgs-button">Learn More</a></div>
  
</div>

      </div>

      </div>

          
      <div  class="tablet:grid-col-4 field-info-links field-loop-count-3 field-last">
          <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--links-block paragraph--view-mode--default">
          <h3>
<div class="field field--name--field-title field--type--string field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-title">Quick Links</div>
  
</div>
</h3>
      
<div class="field field--name--field-text field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-text"><p>Here is where to find some of our most popular content:</p></div>
  
</div>

      
<ul class="field field--name--field-links field--type--link field--label--hidden usa-list--unstyled">
    
      <li  class="field-links"><a href="https://www.usgs.gov/tools/us-landslide-inventory-and-susceptibility-map">U.S. Landslide Inventory and Susceptibility Map</a></li>
      <li  class="field-links"><a href="/natural-hazards/landslide-hazards/science/emergency-assessment-post-fire-debris-flow-hazards">Postfire Debris-Flow Hazards</a></li>
      <li  class="field-links"><a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/landslide-and-debris-flow-event-summaries">Debris-Flow and Landslide Event Summaries</a></li>
      <li  class="field-links"><a href="/natural-hazards/landslide-hazards/science/current-monitoring-stations">Monitoring Stations</a></li>
      <li  class="field-links"><a href="https://usgs.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=2b6f1e57135f41028ea42ebc6813d967">Earthquake-Triggered Ground-Failure Inventories</a></li>
  </ul>

      
<div class="field field--name--field-cta field--type--link field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-cta"><a href="/natural-hazards/landslide-hazards/science" class="usgs-button">All Research Topics</a></div>
  
</div>

      </div>

      </div>

      </div>
</div>


        </div>
      </div>
			<div class="group-main grid-row grid-gap-3">
        <div class="group-home-content desktop:grid-col-12">
          
                      <div class="group-lp-view">
  



<div class="js-view-dom-id-425ffe4a8e116d2f2ac2d5f2d7e46afe1bdb25ff3a29e81e128d4df4b85c3078 view view-group-lp view-id-group_lp view-display-id-news_overview view-group_lp_display-news_overview__not-empty view-bottom-border view-not-empty">
  
  
  

      <header>
      <h2>News</h2>
    </header>
  
  
  

  
<div class="views-view-grid horizontal cols-3 clearfix">
      
                          <div class="grid-row grid-gap last-row">
                  <div class="uswds-grid-desktop__grid-col-4">
  
<div class="c-usgs-overview-card" style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), url(&#039;https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/image_card/public/media/images/Image%20%2811%29%20copy.jpg?itok=j-NpFSyg&#039;) 50% 50% no-repeat; background-size: cover;">
    <a href="/news/featured-story/hurricane-helenes-deadly-landslide-legacy" class="d-link"><span class="usa-sr-only">  Hurricane Helene’s Deadly Landslide Legacy
</span></a>
  <div class="d-title-info">
    <div class="d-info">  <time datetime="2025-06-09T13:00:00Z">June 9, 2025</time>

</div>
    <h4 class="d-title">  Hurricane Helene’s Deadly Landslide Legacy
</h4>
  </div>

</div>

</div>
                  <div class="uswds-grid-desktop__grid-col-4">
  
<div class="c-usgs-overview-card" style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), url(&#039;https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/image_card/public/media/images/LS-1667%201.jpg?itok=Gb5JXppo&#039;) 50% 50% no-repeat; background-size: cover;">
    <a href="/news/national-news-release/usgs-awards-a-dozen-landslide-risk-reduction-grants-enhance-public" class="d-link"><span class="usa-sr-only">  USGS Awards a Dozen Landslide Risk Reduction Grants to Enhance Public Safety and Hazard Preparedness Nationwide
</span></a>
  <div class="d-title-info">
    <div class="d-info">  <time datetime="2025-04-22T13:00:00Z">April 22, 2025</time>

</div>
    <h4 class="d-title">  USGS Awards a Dozen Landslide Risk Reduction Grants to Enhance Public Safety and Hazard Preparedness Nationwide
</h4>
  </div>

</div>

</div>
                  <div class="uswds-grid-desktop__grid-col-4">
  
<div class="c-usgs-overview-card" style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), url(&#039;https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/image_card/public/media/images/socialmedia.jpg?itok=8IXKhHkJ&#039;) 50% 50% no-repeat; background-size: cover;">
    <a href="/news/technical-announcement/usgs-seeks-landslide-risk-reduction-proposals-fy25" class="d-link"><span class="usa-sr-only">  USGS Seeks Landslide Risk Reduction Proposals (FY25)
</span></a>
  <div class="d-title-info">
    <div class="d-info">  <time datetime="2024-10-15T10:00:00Z">October 15, 2024</time>

</div>
    <h4 class="d-title">  USGS Seeks Landslide Risk Reduction Proposals (FY25)
</h4>
  </div>

</div>

</div>
              </div>
      </div>


        
  
  

  
  <div class="more-link"><a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/news">View All</a></div>


  
  
</div>


</div>
<div class="group-lp-view">
  



<div class="js-view-dom-id-3b13d47d46e6ac16a0170d03c9a4bad09bb7d00ace712058924d96acd3d842b6 view view-group-lp view-id-group_lp view-display-id-publications_overview view-group_lp_display-publications_overview__not-empty view-bottom-border view-not-empty">
  
  
  

      <header>
      <h2>Publications</h2>
    </header>
  
  
  

      <div class="views-row"><div class="node node--type--publication node--view-mode--list grid-row grid-gap-3">
    <div class="grid-col-12">
            <time datetime="2026-03-12T14:43:31Z">March 12, 2026</time>


        <h4>
              <a href="/publications/multi-site-evaluation-a-postfire-debris-flow-runout-forecast-method">
        <span class="usa-sr-only usgs-screenreader-only">  Multi-site evaluation of a postfire debris-flow runout forecast method
</span>
                Multi-site evaluation of a postfire debris-flow runout forecast method

              </a>
          </h4>
    
<div class="field field--name--field-intro field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
  
      <div  class="field-intro">  Postfire debris flows pose a hazard to human life, property, and infrastructure when they travel from steep source areas to urbanized alluvial fans or other developed areas. Existing methods for rapid (

</div>
  
</div>

        
    
    

    
<div class="field field--name--field-api-authors field--type--string-long field--label--inline">
      <div class="field-label">Authors</div>
    
      <div  class="field-api-authors">Katherine R. Barnhart, Jason W. Kean, Donald N. Lindsay, Eric Leland Bilderback</div>
  
</div>


    
<div class="field field--name--field-attributions field--type--computed-string-long field--label--inline">
      <div class="field-label">By</div>
    
      <div  class="field-attributions"><span class='attribution'><a href="/programs/landslide-hazards" hreflang="en">Landslide Hazards Program</a>, </span><span class='attribution'><a href="/centers/geologic-hazards-science-center" hreflang="en">Geologic Hazards Science Center</a></span></div>
  
</div>

  </div>
</div>
</div>
    <div class="views-row"><div class="node node--type--publication node--view-mode--list grid-row grid-gap-3">
    <div class="grid-col-12">
            <time datetime="2025-08-11T13:34:53Z">August 11, 2025</time>


        <h4>
              <a href="/publications/landsliding-follows-signatures-wildfire-history-and-vegetative-regrowth-a-steep">
        <span class="usa-sr-only usgs-screenreader-only">  Landsliding follows signatures of wildfire history and vegetative regrowth in a steep coastal shrubland
</span>
                Landsliding follows signatures of wildfire history and vegetative regrowth in a steep coastal shrubland

              </a>
          </h4>
    
<div class="field field--name--field-intro field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
  
      <div  class="field-intro">  Five years after the deadly and destructive 9 January 2018 Montecito debris flows (Santa Barbara County, California, USA), an atmospheric river storm on 9 January 2023 triggered widespread landsliding that affected many of the same drainages in the Santa Ynez Mountains. Using high-resolution aerial imagery, we identified &gt;10,000 landslides over an ∼160 km2 area. Most of the landslides...

</div>
  
</div>

        
    
    

    
<div class="field field--name--field-api-authors field--type--string-long field--label--inline">
      <div class="field-label">Authors</div>
    
      <div  class="field-api-authors">Matthew A. Thomas, Donald N. Lindsay, Jason W. Kean, Andrew Paul Graber, Rebecca K. Rossi, Jaime Kostelnik, Francis K. Rengers, Jonathan Y. Schwartz, Brian J. Swanson, Nina S. Oakley, Paul W. Richardson, Alexander E. Morelan, Andrew C. Ritchie, Jonathan A. Warrick, Lindsey L. Rotche, Brian D. Penserini, Stephen L. Slaughter</div>
  
</div>


    
<div class="field field--name--field-attributions field--type--computed-string-long field--label--inline">
      <div class="field-label">By</div>
    
      <div  class="field-attributions"><span class='attribution'><a href="/programs/landslide-hazards" hreflang="en">Landslide Hazards Program</a>, </span><span class='attribution'><a href="/centers/geologic-hazards-science-center" hreflang="en">Geologic Hazards Science Center</a></span></div>
  
</div>

  </div>
</div>
</div>
    <div class="views-row"><div class="node node--type--publication node--view-mode--list grid-row grid-gap-3">
    <div class="grid-col-12">
            <time datetime="2025-08-09T13:32:05Z">August 9, 2025</time>


        <h4>
              <a href="/publications/dynamic-feedbacks-between-river-meandering-and-landsliding-northwestern-washington">
        <span class="usa-sr-only usgs-screenreader-only">  Dynamic feedbacks between river meandering and landsliding in northwestern Washington glacial terraces
</span>
                Dynamic feedbacks between river meandering and landsliding in northwestern Washington glacial terraces

              </a>
          </h4>
    
<div class="field field--name--field-intro field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
  
      <div  class="field-intro">  Landsliding in river valleys poses unique risks for cascading hazards and can damage infrastructure and cause fatalities. In postglacial valleys, many landslides are posited to occur in relation to lateral river erosion, but the dynamics of fluvial-hillslope interactions are not well understood. Here, we investigate a section of the Nooksack River in western Washington State where the...

</div>
  
</div>

        
    
    

    
<div class="field field--name--field-api-authors field--type--string-long field--label--inline">
      <div class="field-label">Authors</div>
    
      <div  class="field-api-authors">Shelby Marie Ahrendt, Benjamin B. Mirus, Sean Richard LaHusen, Jonathan Patrick Perkins</div>
  
</div>


    
<div class="field field--name--field-attributions field--type--computed-string-long field--label--inline">
      <div class="field-label">By</div>
    
      <div  class="field-attributions"><span class='attribution'><a href="/programs/landslide-hazards" hreflang="en">Landslide Hazards Program</a>, </span><span class='attribution'><a href="/centers/geologic-hazards-science-center" hreflang="en">Geologic Hazards Science Center</a>, </span><span class='attribution'><a href="/centers/gmeg" hreflang="en">Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center</a></span></div>
  
</div>

  </div>
</div>
</div>


        
  
  

  
  <div class="more-link"><a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/publications">View All</a></div>


  
  
</div>


</div>
<div class="group-lp-view">
  



<div class="js-view-dom-id-b6f140141bd5b5ceff82849240fa48d594a036f1e514215826a22161763c0441 view view-group-lp view-id-group_lp view-display-id-science_overview view-group_lp_display-science_overview__not-empty view-bottom-border view-not-empty">
  
  
  

      <header>
      <h2>Science</h2>
    </header>
  
  
  

      <div class="views-row"><div class="science-desktop">
<div class="node node--type--science node--view-mode--list grid-row grid-gap-3">
      <div class="grid-col-2 image">
              <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/postfire-monitoring-and-data-collection" alt="  Postfire Monitoring and Data Collection
">
              
<div class="field field--name--field-thumbnail field--type--entity-reference field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-thumbnail">  <img loading="lazy" src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/list_item/public/media/images/Chambers_0.jpg?h=b2db0143&amp;itok=v4TVaD1y" width="180" height="180" alt="mountainous valley with burn scar in foreground and person near an instrument with a solar panel" />


</div>
  
</div>

              </a>
          </div>
    <div class="grid-col-10 info">
      <time datetime="2026-06-01T21:16:52Z">June 1, 2026</time>


    <h4>
              <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/postfire-monitoring-and-data-collection">
                Postfire Monitoring and Data Collection

              </a>
          </h4>
          
<div class="field field--name--field-intro field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
  
      <div  class="field-intro">  The USGS collects data after wildfires and following storm events to better understand debris-flow hazards and their impacts.

</div>
  
</div>

            
    
    
    
<div class="field field--name--field-attributions field--type--computed-string-long field--label--inline">
      <div class="field-label">By</div>
    
      <div  class="field-attributions"><span class='attribution'><a href="/programs/landslide-hazards" hreflang="en">Landslide Hazards Program</a></span></div>
  
</div>

  </div>
</div>
</div>



  
<div class="science-mobile">
<div class="contextual-region node node--type--science node--view-mode--teaser c-usgs-teaser">
  <div class="d-image" style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), url(&#039;https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/teaser/public/media/images/Chambers_0.jpg?itok=Ie0gfVHj&#039;) 50% 50% no-repeat; background-size: cover;">
    <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/postfire-monitoring-and-data-collection" class="d-link"><span class="usa-sr-only">  Postfire Monitoring and Data Collection
</span></a>
    <div class="d-title-info">
      <div class="d-info">  <time datetime="2026-06-01T21:16:52Z">June 1, 2026</time>

</div>
      <h4 class="d-title">  Postfire Monitoring and Data Collection
</h4>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="d-teaser-body">
    
<div class="field field--name--field-intro field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
  
      <div  class="field-intro">  The USGS collects data after wildfires and following storm events to better understand debris-flow hazards and their impacts.

</div>
  
</div>

    <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/postfire-monitoring-and-data-collection" class="green-link">Learn More</a><i class="fa fa-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i>
  </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
    <div class="views-row"><div class="science-desktop">
<div class="node node--type--science node--view-mode--list grid-row grid-gap-3">
      <div class="grid-col-2 image">
              <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/postfire-debris-flow-hazard-maps" alt="  Postfire debris-flow hazard maps
">
              
<div class="field field--name--field-thumbnail field--type--entity-reference field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-thumbnail">  <img loading="lazy" src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/list_item/public/media/images/Hazard%20Example.jpg?h=e4fa01fe&amp;itok=yaIuSUhn" width="180" height="180" alt="Multi colored polygons and lines on top of topographic map" />


</div>
  
</div>

              </a>
          </div>
    <div class="grid-col-10 info">
      <time datetime="2026-06-01T17:04:34Z">June 1, 2026</time>


    <h4>
              <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/postfire-debris-flow-hazard-maps">
                Postfire debris-flow hazard maps

              </a>
          </h4>
          
<div class="field field--name--field-intro field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
  
      <div  class="field-intro">  Wildfires can dramatically alter how water moves across the landscape. As a result, even modest rainstorms can trigger dangerous flash floods and debris flows in steep burned areas. In response, the USGS produces postfire debris-flow hazard assessments for recently burned areas. These hazard assessments estimate the likelihood, volume, and combined hazard of debris-flows in recently burned. This...

</div>
  
</div>

            
    
    
    
<div class="field field--name--field-attributions field--type--computed-string-long field--label--inline">
      <div class="field-label">By</div>
    
      <div  class="field-attributions"><span class='attribution'><a href="/programs/landslide-hazards" hreflang="en">Landslide Hazards Program</a></span></div>
  
</div>

  </div>
</div>
</div>



  
<div class="science-mobile">
<div class="contextual-region node node--type--science node--view-mode--teaser c-usgs-teaser">
  <div class="d-image" style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), url(&#039;https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/teaser/public/media/images/Hazard%20Example.jpg?h=68881ab9&amp;itok=iBE0Qov9&#039;) 50% 50% no-repeat; background-size: cover;">
    <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/postfire-debris-flow-hazard-maps" class="d-link"><span class="usa-sr-only">  Postfire debris-flow hazard maps
</span></a>
    <div class="d-title-info">
      <div class="d-info">  <time datetime="2026-06-01T17:04:34Z">June 1, 2026</time>

</div>
      <h4 class="d-title">  Postfire debris-flow hazard maps
</h4>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="d-teaser-body">
    
<div class="field field--name--field-intro field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
  
      <div  class="field-intro">  Wildfires can dramatically alter how water moves across the landscape. As a result, even modest rainstorms can trigger dangerous flash floods and debris flows in steep burned areas. In response, the USGS produces postfire debris-flow hazard assessments for recently burned areas. These hazard assessments estimate the likelihood, volume, and combined hazard of debris-flows in recently burned. This...

</div>
  
</div>

    <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/postfire-debris-flow-hazard-maps" class="green-link">Learn More</a><i class="fa fa-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i>
  </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
    <div class="views-row"><div class="science-desktop">
<div class="node node--type--science node--view-mode--list grid-row grid-gap-3">
      <div class="grid-col-2 image">
              <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/fairview-north-carolina-recent-conditions" alt="  Fairview, North Carolina - Recent Conditions
">
              
<div class="field field--name--field-thumbnail field--type--entity-reference field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="field-thumbnail">  <img loading="lazy" src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/list_item/public/media/images/newsletter-search-default-thumbnails-science.png?h=6bc574fb&amp;itok=fZycIoh0" width="180" height="180" alt="Image Collage of Landsat, pollinator, and volcanologist" />


</div>
  
</div>

              </a>
          </div>
    <div class="grid-col-10 info">
      <time datetime="2026-05-29T18:31:18Z">May 29, 2026</time>


    <h4>
              <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/fairview-north-carolina-recent-conditions">
                Fairview, North Carolina - Recent Conditions

              </a>
          </h4>
          
<div class="field field--name--field-intro field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
  
      <div  class="field-intro">  Recent Monitoring Data

</div>
  
</div>

            
    
    
    
<div class="field field--name--field-attributions field--type--computed-string-long field--label--inline">
      <div class="field-label">By</div>
    
      <div  class="field-attributions"><span class='attribution'><a href="/programs/landslide-hazards" hreflang="en">Landslide Hazards Program</a></span></div>
  
</div>

  </div>
</div>
</div>



  
<div class="science-mobile">
<div class="contextual-region node node--type--science node--view-mode--teaser c-usgs-teaser">
  <div class="d-image" style="background: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), url(&#039;https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/teaser/public/media/images/newsletter-search-default-thumbnails-science.png?itok=xxnFIDqp&#039;) 50% 50% no-repeat; background-size: cover;">
    <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/fairview-north-carolina-recent-conditions" class="d-link"><span class="usa-sr-only">  Fairview, North Carolina - Recent Conditions
</span></a>
    <div class="d-title-info">
      <div class="d-info">  <time datetime="2026-05-29T18:31:18Z">May 29, 2026</time>

</div>
      <h4 class="d-title">  Fairview, North Carolina - Recent Conditions
</h4>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="d-teaser-body">
    
<div class="field field--name--field-intro field--type--text-long field--label--hidden">
  
      <div  class="field-intro">  Recent Monitoring Data

</div>
  
</div>

    <a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science/fairview-north-carolina-recent-conditions" class="green-link">Learn More</a><i class="fa fa-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i>
  </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>


        
  
  

  
  <div class="more-link"><a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/science">View All</a></div>


  
  
</div>


</div>
<div class="group-lp-view">
  



<div class="js-view-dom-id-cbc26a7e2966a04767f5a2de88fd167ece96fd2078fa01d45c4f416078c1888d view view-group-lp view-id-group_lp view-display-id-multimedia_overview view-group_lp_display-multimedia_overview__not-empty view-bottom-border view-not-empty">
  
  
  

      <header>
      <h2>Multimedia</h2><div class="grid-list-switch-widget ui-widget">
  <div class="switch list-switch">
    <button name="list" >List</button>
  </div>
  <div class="switch grid-switch">
    <button name="grid" disabled="disabled">Grid</button>
  </div>
</div>
    </header>
  
  
  

  <div data-drupal-masonry-layout class="masonry-layout-group-lp grid-list-loading">
    <div class="ajax-progress ajax-progress-fullscreen"></div>

      <div class="grid-sizer"></div>
      <div class="gutter-sizer"></div>

    <div class="masonry-item views-row item-1">
    <div class="media--masonry media--type--video media--view-mode--masonry">
  <img src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/Calwood4a.jpg?itok=9faJqu87" alt="distant hillslopes covered in burnt trees" title="Updating methods for postfire debris-flow hazard assessment" />


  <a href="/media/videos/updating-methods-postfire-debris-flow-hazard-assessment" class="d-link" aria-label="Updating methods for postfire debris-flow hazard assessment"><span class="usa-sr-only">distant hillslopes covered in burnt trees</span></a>
      <div class="d-overlay"></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay"><i class="fas fa-play-circle"></i></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay-title">Updating methods for postfire debris-flow hazard assessment</div>
</div>

  </div>
    <div class="masonry-item views-row item-2">
    <div class="media--masonry media--type--video media--view-mode--masonry">
  <img src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/LHP.png?itok=_XzGw4aI" alt="screen shot with photo of mountains and text" title="Seismic Monitoring of the Geohazard Chain Following the Matai&#039;an Landslide and Subsequent Landslide Dam Breach" />


  <a href="/media/videos/seismic-monitoring-geohazard-chain" class="d-link" aria-label="Seismic Monitoring of the Geohazard Chain Following the Matai&#039;an Landslide and Subsequent Landslide Dam Breach"><span class="usa-sr-only">screen shot with photo of mountains and text</span></a>
      <div class="d-overlay"></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay"><i class="fas fa-play-circle"></i></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay-title">Seismic Monitoring of the Geohazard Chain Following the Matai&#039;an Landslide and Subsequent Landslide Dam Breach</div>
</div>

  </div>
    <div class="masonry-item views-row item-3">
    <div class="media--masonry media--type--video media--view-mode--masonry">
  <img src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/Yanites_thumbnail.jpg?itok=XJsYoMyY" alt="blue lake in foreground and mountains in the background" title="Cascading River Hazards from Seismic and Tropical Cyclone Triggered Landslides in Taiwan" />


  <a href="/media/videos/cascading-river-hazards-seismic-and-tropical-cyclone-triggered-landslides-taiwan" class="d-link" aria-label="Cascading River Hazards from Seismic and Tropical Cyclone Triggered Landslides in Taiwan"><span class="usa-sr-only">blue lake in foreground and mountains in the background</span></a>
      <div class="d-overlay"></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay"><i class="fas fa-play-circle"></i></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay-title">Cascading River Hazards from Seismic and Tropical Cyclone Triggered Landslides in Taiwan</div>
</div>

  </div>
    <div class="masonry-item views-row item-4">
    <div class="media--masonry media--type--video media--view-mode--masonry">
  <img src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/Thumbnail_5.png?itok=VTSlWadY" alt="map and chart" title="Landslide Detection, Monitoring, and Research Using OPERA Data" />


  <a href="/media/videos/landslide-detection-monitoring-and-research-using-opera-data" class="d-link" aria-label="Landslide Detection, Monitoring, and Research Using OPERA Data"><span class="usa-sr-only">map and chart</span></a>
      <div class="d-overlay"></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay"><i class="fas fa-play-circle"></i></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay-title">Landslide Detection, Monitoring, and Research Using OPERA Data</div>
</div>

  </div>
    <div class="masonry-item views-row item-5">
    <div class="media--masonry media--type--video media--view-mode--masonry">
  <img src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/thumbnails/image/2018Thomas_1.JPG?itok=xVrg8Ywx" alt="Home damaged by post fire debris flow" title="Multi-site evaluation of a postfire debris-flow runout forecast method" />


  <a href="/media/videos/multi-site-evaluation-a-postfire-debris-flow-runout-forecast-method" class="d-link" aria-label="Multi-site evaluation of a postfire debris-flow runout forecast method"><span class="usa-sr-only">Home damaged by post fire debris flow</span></a>
      <div class="d-overlay"></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay"><i class="fas fa-play-circle"></i></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay-title">Multi-site evaluation of a postfire debris-flow runout forecast method</div>
</div>

  </div>
    <div class="masonry-item views-row item-6">
    <div class="media--masonry media--type--image media--view-mode--masonry">
  
<div class="field field--name--image field--type--image field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="image">  <img loading="lazy" src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/Ohara_thumbnail.png?itok=Jaqe7Vjj" width="600" height="400" alt="rocky cliffs with clouds and mountain visible in the background" />


</div>
  
</div>

  <a href="/media/images/piton-de-la-fournaise-collapse-scarps" class="d-link" aria-label="Piton de la Fournaise Collapse Scarps"><span class="usa-sr-only">Piton de la Fournaise Collapse Scarps</span></a>
      <div class="d-overlay-title"></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay-title">Piton de la Fournaise Collapse Scarps</div>
</div>

  </div>
    <div class="masonry-item views-row item-7">
    <div class="media--masonry media--type--image media--view-mode--masonry">
  
<div class="field field--name--image field--type--image field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="image">  <img loading="lazy" src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/10_HubbardGlacier_CollapsedSnowBridges.jpg?itok=pp4IhLXe" width="600" height="400" alt="Snowy ground with labels pointing out collapsed snow bridges over crevasses" />


</div>
  
</div>

  <a href="/media/images/12-12-25-hubbard-glacier-collapsed-snow-bridges" class="d-link" aria-label="12-12-25 Hubbard Glacier Collapsed Snow Bridges"><span class="usa-sr-only">12-12-25 Hubbard Glacier Collapsed Snow Bridges</span></a>
      <div class="d-overlay-title"></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay-title">12-12-25 Hubbard Glacier Collapsed Snow Bridges</div>
</div>

  </div>
    <div class="masonry-item views-row item-8">
    <div class="media--masonry media--type--image media--view-mode--masonry">
  
<div class="field field--name--image field--type--image field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="image">  <img loading="lazy" src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/11_VancouverLogan_Arete.jpg?itok=rF33ISmb" width="600" height="400" alt="Snowy mountain with label showing the elevation different between the peak and glacier as 500m" />


</div>
  
</div>

  <a href="/media/images/12-12-25-mt-vancouver-and-mt-logan-arete-landslides" class="d-link" aria-label="12-12-25 Mt. Vancouver and Mt. Logan Arete Landslides"><span class="usa-sr-only">12-12-25 Mt. Vancouver and Mt. Logan Arete Landslides</span></a>
      <div class="d-overlay-title"></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay-title">12-12-25 Mt. Vancouver and Mt. Logan Arete Landslides</div>
</div>

  </div>
    <div class="masonry-item views-row item-9">
    <div class="media--masonry media--type--image media--view-mode--masonry">
  
<div class="field field--name--image field--type--image field--label--hidden">
    
      <div  class="image">  <img loading="lazy" src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/styles/masonry/public/media/images/1_KingGeorge_EastFace.jpg?itok=q59IyruF" width="600" height="400" alt="Photo of a mountainside with labels showing the landslide on the mountainface" />


</div>
  
</div>

  <a href="/media/images/12-12-25-mt-king-george-east-face-landslide" class="d-link" aria-label="12-12-25 Mt. King George East Face Landslide"><span class="usa-sr-only">12-12-25 Mt. King George East Face Landslide</span></a>
      <div class="d-overlay-title"></div>
    <div class="d-masonry-grid-overlay-title">12-12-25 Mt. King George East Face Landslide</div>
</div>

  </div>

</div>


        
  
  

  
  <div class="more-link"><a href="/programs/landslide-hazards/multimedia">View All</a></div>


  
  
</div>


</div>

                  </div>
            </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

  </div>


    <div class="clearfix"></div>
  </div>
</main>

<footer class="usa-footer usa-footer--big" role="contentinfo">
  <div class="usa-footer__return-to-top">
    <a href="#" id="back-to-top"><span class="usa-sr-only">Back to Top</span></a>
  </div>
      <div class="usa-footer__primary-section">
      <div class="usa-footer__primary-content">
                              <nav class="usa-footer__nav">
      <div class="grid-container">
        <div class="grid-row tablet:grid-gap-4">
    
                        
              <div class="footer-column tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-2">
          <a  href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a>
        </div>
                              
              <div class="footer-column tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-2">
          <a  href="/foia">FOIA</a>
        </div>
                              
              <div class="footer-column tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-2">
          <a  href="/legal">Site Policies</a>
        </div>
                              
              <div class="footer-column tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-2">
          <a  href="https://www.doi.gov/privacy">Privacy Policy</a>
        </div>
                              
              <div class="footer-column tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-2">
          <a  href="/sitemap">Site Map</a>
        </div>
                              
              <div class="footer-column tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-2">
          <a  href="/doi-and-usgs-link-policies-apply">DOI and USGS link policies apply</a>
        </div>
                              
              <div class="footer-column tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-2">
          <a  href="https://www.doi.gov/pmb/eeo/reports-repository">No FEAR Act</a>
        </div>
                              
              <div class="footer-column tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-2">
          <a  href="https://www.usa.gov">USA.gov</a>
        </div>
                              
              <div class="footer-column tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-2">
          <a  href="/legal/usgs-vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a>
        </div>
                              
              <div class="footer-column tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-2">
          <a  href="/human-capital">Careers and Employment</a>
        </div>
                              
              <div class="footer-column tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-2">
          <a  href="/about/doing-business">Doing Business</a>
        </div>
                              
              <div class="footer-column tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-2">
          <a  href="/programs/emergency-management">Emergency Management</a>
        </div>
          
            </div>
      </div>
    </nav>
      





                      </div>
    </div>
        <div class="usa-footer__secondary-section">
      <div class="grid-container">
        <div class="grid-row grid-gap">
                    <div class="usa-footer__logo grid-row mobile-lg:grid-col-6 mobile-lg:grid-gap-2">
                        <a href="https://www.usgs.gov">
                                    <div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-auto">
              <img class="usa-footer__logo-img" src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/usgs_logo.png" alt="Agency logo">
            </div>
                                    </a>
                        <div class="grid-row margin-top-1">
                          <div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-12">
                <a href="https://www.usgs.gov" target="_blank">
                  <span class="usa-footer__logo-heading margin-0 text-heavy">U.S. Geological Survey</span>
                </a>
              </div>
                                      <div class="mobile-lg:grid-col-12">
                <a href="https://www.doi.gov" target="_blank">
                  <span class="usa-footer__logo-heading margin-0">U.S. Department of the Interior</span>
                </a>
              </div>
                        </div>
          </div>
          <div class="usa-footer__contact-links desktop:grid-col-6">
                          <div class="usa-footer__social-links grid-row grid-gap-1">
                                  <div class="grid-col-auto">
                    <a class="usa-social-link" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/USGeologicalSurvey/">
                      <img
                        class="usa-social-link__icon"
                        src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/img/usa-icons/facebook.svg"
                        alt="Facebook" />
                    </a>
                  </div>
                                                  <div class="grid-col-auto">
                    <a class="usa-social-link" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/USGS">
                      <img
                        class="usa-social-link__icon"
                        src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/img/usa-icons/x.svg"
                        alt="Twitter" />
                    </a>
                  </div>
                                                  <div class="grid-col-auto">
                    <a class="usa-social-link" target="_blank" href="https://youtube.com/@usgs?sub_confirmation=1">
                      <img
                        class="usa-social-link__icon"
                        src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/img/usa-icons/youtube.svg"
                        alt="YouTube" />
                    </a>
                  </div>
                                                  <div class="grid-col-auto">
                    <a class="usa-social-link" target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/usgs/">
                      <img
                        class="usa-social-link__icon"
                        src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/img/usa-icons/instagram.svg"
                        alt="Instagram" />
                    </a>
                  </div>
                                                  <div class="grid-col-auto">
                    <a class="usa-social-link" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/usgs/">
                      <img
                        class="usa-social-link__icon"
                        src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/img/usa-icons/linkedin.svg"
                        alt="LinkedIn" />
                    </a>
                  </div>
                              </div>
                                      <div class="usa-footer__contact-heading">Contact USGS</div>
                        <address class="usa-footer__address">
              <div class="usa-footer__contact-info grid-row grid-gap">
                                
                                  <div class="grid-col-auto">
                    <a href="https://answers.usgs.gov">answers.usgs.gov</a>
                  </div>
                              </div>
            </address>
          </div>
                  </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </footer>

  </div>



  <div class="touchpoint-survey-wrapper">
    <a id="touchpoint-survey-button" class="usa-button">Was this page helpful?</a>
  </div>


<script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"group\/158","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx1UgGOhCAM_BArTyIVu8otUNIWXe_1x6qbvTNeYiidmUraqSdGO3AtELshQKSxgy94GnxqDPnxpo7UhFSYZhxcqlGDE4zo1YYkJoFQ5tUesYuwUtUG69T-ZwW1lk9GlT2aAgwjQ5nk_c4H6WoutY9BJhwMoxTKEmZ0Cn1Edw9Rke0Hv224kVUUk-1B0GhUGGe7B1NllKNMbITv1c0BF3Gvbhv-_CvYEj-RYN4JQWA_2T24B64L8dAkESG3xjaNQlaINVmQ1q6cwIF0_074ndplQaGEJ6ZwyHqjHNcT8cq6HvxDSen8-EZ6YKrNnStubFRxrTD4bQZXmsPFS4r6EPGWYQ4jaKB8JdrcOE_gzfyD79klx5DFcyjn2R1szR70mN7u6shhsK_DtQ1SJ0tQPzXB0jx7LYe9MyRsHj7MVmC3c1_930CioUb8AQZfQVM","theme":"usgs_tantalum","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/search":true},"masonry":{".masonry-layout-group-lp":{"masonry_ids":["masonry_view","masonry_view_group_lp","masonry_view_display_multimedia_overview"],"item_selector":".masonry-item","column_width":"","column_width_units":"css","gutter_width":"","gutter_width_units":"css","resizable":true,"animated":true,"animation_duration":500,"fit_width":false,"rtl":false,"images_first":true,"images_lazyload":false,"lazyload_selector":"lazyload","lazyloaded_selector":"lazyloaded","stamp":"","force_width":true,"percent_position":false,"extra_options":{"columnWidth":".grid-sizer","gutter":".gutter-sizer"}}},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetAppendNewWindowLabel":"(opens in a new window)","extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":true,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"0","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":true,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"([a-zA-Z0-9-\\.]+\\.(gov))|(d9-wret\\.s3)|(usgs-ocapsv2-public)|(doi\\.org\\\/10.((5066)|(3133)|2737|14509|2172|23645|25923|36967|7289|7930|7944))","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssInclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"This link will direct you to a non-government website that may have different privacy policies from those of the U.S. Geological Survey.","extHideIcons":false,"mailtoClass":"0","telClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","telLabel":"(link is a phone number)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"before","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","extAdditionalLinkClasses":"","extAdditionalMailtoClasses":"","extAdditionalTelClasses":"","extFaTelClasses":"fa fa-phone","whitelistedDomains":[],"extExcludeNoreferrer":""}},"improved_multi_select":{"selectors":["[id^=edit-group-tagging] select[multiple]","#edit-field-content-types"],"filtertype":"partial","placeholder_text":"","orderable":false,"js_regex":false,"groupresetfilter":false,"remove_required_attr":false,"buttontext_add":"\u003E","buttontext_addall":"\u00bb","buttontext_del":"\u003C","buttontext_delall":"\u00ab","buttontext_moveup":"Move up","buttontext_movedown":"Move down"},"mathjax":{"config_type":1,"config":{"tex":{"inlineMath":[["$","$"],["\\(","\\)"]],"processEscapes":"true"},"showProcessingMessages":"false","messageStyle":"none"}},"tltagv_gid":"158","usgs_storytelling":{"storytelling":{"bundle":"microsite"}},"views":{"ajax_path":"\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:cbc26a7e2966a04767f5a2de88fd167ece96fd2078fa01d45c4f416078c1888d":{"view_name":"group_lp","view_display_id":"multimedia_overview","view_args":"","view_path":"\/group\/158","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"cbc26a7e2966a04767f5a2de88fd167ece96fd2078fa01d45c4f416078c1888d","pager_element":0},"views_dom_id:b6f140141bd5b5ceff82849240fa48d594a036f1e514215826a22161763c0441":{"view_name":"group_lp","view_display_id":"science_overview","view_args":"","view_path":"\/group\/158","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"b6f140141bd5b5ceff82849240fa48d594a036f1e514215826a22161763c0441","pager_element":0},"views_dom_id:3b13d47d46e6ac16a0170d03c9a4bad09bb7d00ace712058924d96acd3d842b6":{"view_name":"group_lp","view_display_id":"publications_overview","view_args":"","view_path":"\/group\/158","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"3b13d47d46e6ac16a0170d03c9a4bad09bb7d00ace712058924d96acd3d842b6","pager_element":0},"views_dom_id:425ffe4a8e116d2f2ac2d5f2d7e46afe1bdb25ff3a29e81e128d4df4b85c3078":{"view_name":"group_lp","view_display_id":"news_overview","view_args":"","view_path":"\/group\/158","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"425ffe4a8e116d2f2ac2d5f2d7e46afe1bdb25ff3a29e81e128d4df4b85c3078","pager_element":0}}},"usgs_views_grid":{"grid_list_loading_class":"grid-list-loading","grid_switch_storage_name":"gls","list_view_type":"list","grid_view_type":"grid"},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"c27ab8154266b9aecf169c9667c590927b8101f3237055d8d77ea62bad5a0620"}}</script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.7.1"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/once/once.min.js?v=1.0.1"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/drupal.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/version-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/data-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/disable-selection-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/jquery-patch-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/scroll-parent-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/unique-id-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/focusable-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/keycode-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/plugin-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widget-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/labels-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/controlgroup-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/form-reset-mixin-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/mouse-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/checkboxradio-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/draggable-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/resizable-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/button-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/dialog-min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/jquery_ui/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/version-min.js?v=1.13.2"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/jquery_ui/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/keycode-min.js?v=1.13.2"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/jquery_ui/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/safe-active-element-min.js?v=1.13.2"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/jquery_ui/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/unique-id-min.js?v=1.13.2"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/jquery_ui/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widget-min.js?v=1.13.2"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/jquery_ui/assets/vendor/jquery.ui/ui/widgets/tabs-min.js?v=1.13.2"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/tabbable/index.umd.min.js?v=6.3.0"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/tua-body-scroll-lock/tua-bsl.umd.min.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/jquery.form.js?v=4.3.0"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/progress.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/assets/vendor/loadjs/loadjs.min.js?v=4.3.0"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/debounce.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/announce.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/message.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/themes/contrib/uswds_base/js/messages.js?tglv81"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/ajax.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/displace.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/jquery.tabbable.shim.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/position.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/dialog/dialog-deprecation.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/dialog/dialog.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/dialog/dialog.position.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/dialog/dialog.jquery-ui.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/modules/ckeditor5/js/ckeditor5.dialog.fix.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/misc/dialog/dialog.ajax.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/extlink/js/extlink.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/improved_multi_select/js/improved_multi_select.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/libraries/imagesloaded/imagesloaded.pkgd.min.js?v=5.0.0"></script>
<script src="/libraries/masonry/dist/masonry.pkgd.min.js?v=4.2.2"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/masonry/js/masonry.js?tglv81"></script>
<script src="/modules/contrib/mathjax/js/config.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"></script>
<script src="/modules/custom/tltagv/tltagv.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/modules/custom/usgs_filters/js/lazy-views-ajax-fix.js?tglv81"></script>
<script src="/modules/custom/usgs_filters/js/usgs-chosen.js?tglv81"></script>
<script src="/modules/custom/usgs_search/js/search_keywords_cleanup.js?v=1.x"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/uswds.min.js?v=2.0.1"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/dotdotdot.js?v=1.1"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/print-only.js?tglv81"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/back-to-top.js?tglv81"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/slick.min.js?tglv81"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/usgs-carousel.js?v=4.1.0"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/group-topic-view.js?v=1"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/usgs-masonry.js?v=1"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/mobile-nav.js?v=1"></script>
<script src="/modules/custom/usgs_products/js/jquery.dataTables.js?v=1.0.0"></script>
<script src="/modules/custom/usgs_products/js/jquery.datetimepicker.full.min.js?v=1.0.0"></script>
<script src="/modules/custom/usgs_products/js/dataTables.buttons.min.js?v=1.0.0"></script>
<script src="/modules/custom/usgs_products/js/dataTables.fixedColumns.min.js?v=1.0.0"></script>
<script src="/modules/custom/usgs_products/js/buttons.html5.min.js?v=1.0.0"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/usgs-tables.js?v=1"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/usgs-tabs.js?v=1"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/usgs-tantalum.js?v=1.0.1"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/usgs-transcript.js?v=1"></script>
<script src="/themes/custom/usgs_tantalum/assets/js/usgs-truncate.js?tglv81"></script>
<script src="/modules/custom/usgs_views_grid/js/grid-list-switch.js?tglv81"></script>
<script src="/core/modules/views/js/base.js?v=10.6.7"></script>
<script src="/core/modules/views/js/ajax_view.js?v=10.6.7"></script>


</body>
</html>
