COMPUTER NETWORK

WAN Network Communications

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Mon, 24 Oct 2011 03:47:00 +0000

WAN network

Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that is used to make the interconnection between local networks that are not physically adjacent to each other, which can be separated physically by city, province, or even across the border geography - across countries and continents. There are several WAN Network Technology now that we can use. In contrast to the LAN network, there are major differences between the two which are located at distances that separate networks are connected. WAN using different transmission media, as well as hardware and different protocols with LAN. Data transfer rate in WAN communication is generally much lower than the LAN.

WAN Network Communications

WAN Network Technology relies on third parties, in this case Telecommunication service provider company that provides services long-distance relationship. unlike in the LAN network where the connections between devices (computers) are transmitted from one digital device / computer to other digital devices through direct physical connections, WAN technology uses a combination of analog signals and digital signals to transmit date.

Japan Launches Internet Satellite Communications

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Wed, 07 Sep 2011 07:49:00 +0000

SATELLITE IN JAPAN: H-2A rocket's JAXA (Japan Aerospace

Exploration Agency) to leave the anvil space launch center in Japan

in the province of Kagoshima,

The rocket carrying the satellite Kizuna,

for superfast internet system.

TOKYO-MI: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency / JAXA), launched a rocket into outer space, carrying the satellite Kizuna was the most advanced experimental project to create a superfast internet communication network system.

The launch of domestically built rocket named H-2A was a success from the Japanese space launch center in the province of Kagoshima, after being delayed from the previous schedule on February 15 last, according to Kyodo reported in Tokyo on Saturday.

Kizuna Japanese design experts as an effort to bring wireless Internet communication system (wireless) superfast capable of reaching the Asia-Pacific region. It was also in response to the difficulty of the Internet network infrastructure on the mainland.

Geographical conditions of Japan is mountainous and rocky indeed quite difficult for the implementation of Internet networking infrastructure across the country that is being accelerated by the Japanese.

Japan eventually chose to accelerate the development of Internet network via a satellite system that does not use wires and the options as well as an effort to anticipate if a permanent communication system suffered severe interference.The ability to transfer data through Kizuna pretty awesome, which is equal to 1.2 gigabits per second. One gigabit equals one billion bits per second. With that capability, Japan is also able to accelerate technology research development broadcastinghigh-definition televisions, or often called HD-TV.Internet data transfer speeds for the Japanese public relatively quickly by using a fiber optic network data transfer speed of at least 100 megabits per second (Mbps).

The manufacturer claimed that the Kizuna satellite communication system is the fastest in the world today. Another benefit of super-fast data transfer capacity that is capable of developing long-distance medical consultation services.

The satellite is the result of collaboration between JAXA and the National Institute of Information and Communication Technology. The total cost spent on the project to reach 52 billion yen, from research, to launch the operation.

http://www.mediaindonesia.com/

Infrared and how it works

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Fri, 26 Aug 2011 08:19:00 +0000

Infrared light is electromagnetic wavelength than visible light is between 700 nm and 1 mm. Infrared light is invisible light. When viewed with a spectroscope the light is infrared radiation to visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths on the wavelength of red light. With this wavelength the infrared light will be invisible to the eye but the resulting heat radiation still feels / detected. Infrared can be divided into three areas namely:

* Near Infrared………………0.75 - 1.5 µm

* Mid Infrared....……………...1.50 - 10 µm

* Far Infrared………………….10 - 100 µm

Direct sunlight contained 93 lumens per watt of radiant flux that includes an infrared (47%), visible light (46%), and ultra violet light (6%).

Infrared rays contained in the firelight, sunlight, radiators asphalt road vehicle or a reflection of the heat affected. Nerves on our skin can menginderai differences in skin surface temperature, but We Can not feel the infrared rays. Infrared rays are used to heat food. For example even at fast-food restaurant.

How can we utilize the principle of infrared to see the objects?

We make use of infra-red detectors every object that emitted infrared and will reflect or absorb infra-red so that the detector captures a different wavelength according to the temperature of the removed objects.

"Because the main source of infra red radiation is thermal radiation or heat, every object has a specific heat that we think are not even hot enough to radiate visible light can expend energy at infrared and visible, more heat can she radiates something more infrared radiation".

This is the basis of the detection of human body temperature and detection sensors to identify people stricken with bird flu or flu Firus pigs at international airports. Many objects absorb infra red radiation, but there is also reflecting in particular near infrared light, near infra red rays are not related to the temperature of the object unless the object is very hot temperature.

Infrared film (infrared detector) on the camera can see objects aided by sunlight and other light source inssue infra red rays from it then reflected and absorbed by object. we can get a color object with the help of reflection and the absorbed infrared object, the color of the object is combination of red color blue, green (RGB) and infra red.

Infra-red can be used also as a wave cariier can extend the distance limit of wave reception, but the transmitted wave must be line of sight (LOS) or straight-infrared can not turn if the transmit radius of vertical beam was blocked by an object even though it was transparent. This theory we apply in the digital wave modulation on the remote tv. Mobile is now integrated with infrared and blue tooth devices to communicate with the pc. Examples of its application of mobile application delivery from pc or vice versa, providing a record of phone number of the pc very much that it can not be stored in phone memory is usually used for broadcasting SMS.

What is the difference infrared rays with blue tooth?

The first, uses infrared light to emit a signal, such as tv remote, while the blue tooth uses radio frequency (RF) (2.4 GHz) for broadcasting signals.

second, infra red can not penetrate objects that prevented to reach the receiver or need reflection, because of its light. However, Bluetooth can penetrate objects such as walls, as far as not having a high skin depth.

QoS ( Quality Of Service )

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Thu, 25 Aug 2011 04:33:00 +0000

When we first heard the word QoS or Quality of Service we would interpret it as the quality of a service. In fact, Quality of Service (QoS) is very popular and save a lot of terms that are very often seen from different perspectives namely in terms of networks (networking), application development (application development) and others.

In terms of networking, QoS refers to the ability to provide different services to network traffic with different classes. The end goal of QoS is to provide a better service network and planned to dedicated bandwidth, controlled jitter and latency and improve loss characteristics. Or QoS is the ability to guarantee delivery of critical data flow or in other words, a collection of various performance criteria that determine the satisfaction level of usage of a service.

Quality of Service (abbreviated as QoS) is a mechanism that allows applications or services can operate as expected.

Quality of Service (QoS) refers to the capability of a network to provide better service to selected network traffic over various technologies, including Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Ethernet and 802.1 networks, SONET, and IP-routed networks that may use any or all of these underlying technologies. The primary goal of QoS is to provide priority including dedicated bandwidth, controlled jitter and latency (required by some real-time and interactive traffic), and improved loss characteristics. Also important is making sure that providing priority for one or more flows does not make other flows fail. QoS technologies provide the elemental building blocks that will be used for future business applications in campus, WAN, and service provider networks.

(http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/internetworking/technology/handbook/QoS.pdf)

Quality of Service (QoS) is used to measure the level of quality network connection TCP / IP Internet or intranet. There are several methods for measuring the quality of the connection as the bandwidth consumption by user, connection availability, latency, losses etc.. Now we discuss the term - a term in the Quality of Service,

Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the capacity or the capacity of an ethernet cable in order to pass traffic in a certain amount of data packets. Bandwidth can also mean the amount of consumption of data packets per unit time is expressed with units of bits per second [bps]. Internet bandwidth provided by the internet provider or ISP that we are familiar with a certain amount depending on the rental customer. With QoS we can set the user does not spend bandwidth provided by the provider.

latency
If we transmit data at 3 Mbyte at network quiet time 5 minutes but at busy 15 minutes, this is called latency. Latency when the network is busy around 50-70 msec.

losses
Losses is the number of packets lost during transmission of data packets to the destination, the best quality of network LAN / WAN has the least amount of losses.

Availability
Availability means the availability of a web services, smtp, pop3 and applications at the network LAN / WAN busy or not.

Multimedia Broadcasting and the Internet

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Tue, 23 Aug 2011 23:16:00 +0000

Introduction

There is a synergy between broadcasting and the Internet which may well be a critical success factor for future growth. Clearly, the Internet has been on a fast growth curve. As we look forward, a number of questions come to mind regarding the future of the Internet as more companies target the consumer market. How far will Internet-based services penetrate into the consumer marketplace? What are the most feasible ways to make Internet resources and services available to the most people? How far can we expect people to change current information and entertainment behaviors?

Even with all the speculation and initial success of the Internet and online services generally, the main conduit into our lives for electronically distributed information and entertainment will remain radio and television broadcasting. In terms of hours of consumption and universal availability, the broadcast infrastructure is the major electronic pipeline for individuals. Broadcasting services are available through various platforms--wired and wireless, mobile and fixed site. The familiar form broadcasting now takes will undergo a metamorphosis which will seamlessly integrate with other parts of the information infrastructure to offer exciting new services. This can help extend and enhance the current means for providing access to Internet resources.

Broadcasting as we think of it today provides for the transport of linear audio and video programming in real time. The basic premise of the broadcasting model has not changed in more than 70 years. We turn on our TVs and radios at particular moments in time to gain access to one program at a time per channel with prescheduled start and end times. We expect radio programming to be audio and television programming to be video. Other than the ability to control whether the receivers are on or off and frequency tuning, we have no expectations of affecting what is presented to us on our speakers and screens. Virtually all of the content offered by radio and TV stations today is available only in this manner.

The move to multimedia broadcasting substantially changes this premise. Multimedia broadcasting will develop in three ways. First, even today's analog transmission technology supports the transport of multiple data types. This means that more than the traditional real-time, linear and pre-scheduled forms of audio and video programming will be available. Second, while some of this data will be related to the main channel programming (i.e., conventional radio and television programming), other data wholly unrelated to conventional programming will be transported. And third, broadcast applications will interoperate with other nonbroadcast client-server applications.

Prospects for new and expanded market segments to be developed by multimedia broadcast and Internet-related services are analyzed here. An analysis of the convergence marketplace in term of the enabling technology, policy, markets, and business missions is presented. Models of how radio and television broadcasters can organize around the opportunities enabled by the Internet are considered. Examples of current and planned broadcaster activities and services are presented. Finally, some thoughts on what it will take to succeed are offered.

The convergence marketplace

The convergence marketplace is typically presented as a more or less technology-driven collision among the entertainment, telecommunications, computer, and media marketplaces. Evidence of this can be seen as companies in these various industries engage in buyouts, mergers, and alliances. On this level, convergence basically means that it is harder to tell the players apart as they tend to start wearing the same company uniforms.

With the notion of convergence there is a habit of focusing on the technology. This precipitates relatively futile polemics like: "Are TVs becoming more like computers or are computers becoming more like TVs?" (By observation, the answer appears to be "Yes.") However, there are at least four formative factors in the convergence marketplace. These factors are (1) technology, (2) policy, (3) markets, and (4) business missions. Beyond this, one might speak of six types of structural economic factors of supply (content, processing, distribution) and demand (choice, convenience, control).

The technology of convergence

One might characterize convergence at the technology level with four essential criteria to describe an idealized infrastructure. At the technology level, we are talking about that which supports or is characterized by: (1) open systems; (2) layered architectures; (3) digital signal processing and (4) platform independence (i.e., true connectivity and interoperability). "Open systems," or those with publicly defined protocols offer scale and scope advantages to the marketplace. Closed or proprietary systems, while securing private advantage, may unnecessarily limit the market (unless the proprietary technology can become a de facto standard).

The enabling technology of convergence is layered architecture which supports connectivity and interoperability. This is the electronic and logical glue which binds the various parts and pieces of the information infrastructure. This ranges from telephone lines, cable television, remote control devices, computers, TVs, set top boxes, modems, games, software, application interfaces, and so on.

The International Standards Organization's (ISO) Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model has proven a useful tool for proprietary and public implementations of layered architectures. The ISO's OSI reference model defines seven layers ranging from physical connections to transport to logical applications. The seven layers are: (1) physical, (2) data link, (3) network, (4) transport, (5) session, (6) presentation, and (7) application.

While the OSI reference model is admittedly an idealized architecture, it has proven useful to those developing proprietary layers which must work with publicly defined layers. For example, while WinSock is a publicly defined application program interface (API), various proprietary implementations of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) stacks must interoperate with this presentation layer. The TCP/IP architecture consists of four layers, the (1) network access, (2) Internet, (3) host-to-host transport, and (4) application layers. While each of these layers has a public definition there are proprietary improvements in this TCP/IP protocol architecture.

The philosophy of layered architecture models is that implementation of each layer can occur relatively independent of the other layers. In other words, developers need not worry about the whole vertical stack of layers but can focus resources on just the subset of layers most interesting to their product or service. As a matter of technology, this opens up many new possibilities. Until recently, policy constrained the marketplace from developing much of the promise technology offers. For example, while cable systems could connect to and interoperate with telephone exchanges to provide voice transport, this was not permitted in most states.

Public policy and marketplace convergence

As with technology, public policy can raise or lower barriers to marketplace entry and performance. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 is now the main policy lowering or eliminating many of the barriers to a convergence marketplace (visit http://www.eff.org/pub/Alerts/s652_hr1555_96.act, which is the Electronic Freedom Foundation's Web site to see a version of this act). In particular, cable companies are permitted into the telecommunications services marketplace, telephone companies may enter into the video services marketplace as "open video systems" common carriers, and television broadcasters may enter into the provision of digitally delivered services ancillary and supplementary to the main television service.

A key potential barrier for television broadcasters is which spectrum plan the government will enact. New spectrum is required for broadcasters to begin digital service. For a transition period, both analog and digital transmission would operate in parallel before phasing out the analog service. Some government proposals would require broadcaster payment for the spectrum to be used for digital transmissions. Broadcasters currently pay no spectrum fees for analog services. The quid pro quo for no spectrum fee has always been free over-the-air service in the public interest, convenience, and necessity. Spectrum fees would inevitably impact this economic model of broadcasting.

As digital signal transport providers, radio and television broadcasters can actively participate not only in the content segment of the marketplace but also in the transport and processing segments. "Broadcasting" as we commonly know it today will change. There is nothing inherent to the technology or the public policy that confines "radio" to be talk shows, news, sports, weather, and music. Nor are there similar limits constraining "television" to be syndicated programs, news, movies, or sports. "Broadcasting" will become a means of digitally transporting multimedia objects, some of which will be resolved by standard receivers as traditional broadcast fare. However, other bits will be intended for receipt by computers, personal digital assistants, and other smart devices. This includes HTML pages and other Internet resources. Policy will permit these "ancillary" private data uses. Now the question is, to what extent will entrepreneurial and market forces encourage and support broadcaster entry into the multimedia marketplace.

Markets and business missions

As technology literacy rises, so will product and service expectations. Consumers are becoming less satisfied with the current crop of offerings in terms of price/performance and ease of use. Consumers are trained to continually expect more performance and power features for less money and effort. As younger and more technically capable consumers become of age, this trend will accelerate. The marketplace will demand ever more sophisticated, cost-effective (which is not necessarily the same as cheap--people will spend money to save time), and convenient to use services and products.

That's the demand side. The supply side is seeing an influx of would-be success stories. The mix of products and services, while exploding, is beginning to rely on similar and usually compatible technologies. This allows the entry of more kinds of companies. They have but to redefine their business missions to open up whole new marketplaces. For example, utility companies around the world are using "new media math" to learn about economies of scope. They are beginning to see that their public rights of way, copper lines to every household, billing systems, and technical staff can be redeployed to encompass an entirely new marketplace--cable television! Similarly, cable is getting into telephone, telephone is getting into video, and everybody is getting into the Internet.

Economic structure of convergence--supply and demand

On the supply side, convergence has three product and service groups--content, transport, and processing. The essence of convergence is that the marketplace can supply products and services in any of the groups independent of the other two. In other words, content developers need only worry about content, not how it will be stored, processed, transported, compressed, retrieved, or linked and embedded. Those in the transport business should have to worry only about hauling bits and should not have to be concerned with the underlying logic, applications functionality or data types which are encoded in any bit stream. And finally, processing (read/write, compression, error detection/correction, etc.) should be possible regardless of the transport mode or data type. While this initial description of a convergence marketplace is technocentric, it has enormous implications for the structure and conduct of previously distinct industry segments.

Of course, companies vertically integrating across these stages of production can achieve economies of scale and scope. This realization has fueled much of the merger and acquisition activity in the telecommunications and media segments. Economies of scale refer to the ability to reduce average unit costs by expanding the size of operations to produce one product. Economies of scope refer to a firm's ability to produce two or more products at a lower cost than two separate firms could by taking advantage of synergies.

Companies primarily involved in the transport business see that their product, bandwidth, will fall prey to commodity pricing as the implications of connectivity and interoperability hit home. In other words, if a content provider is trying to move a software application, say an interactive video game, from a server (point A) to a client in a consumer household (point B), there are a number of competitive modes of transport which offer essentially the same bit hauling service. Why should not this content provider simply go with the cheapest price for hauling bits from Point A to Point B? On the other hand, content and processing products and services are likely to be priced on value-added concepts ("My video game is more compelling or exciting than yours").

Consumers in the convergence marketplace tend to be looking for value in at least three major demand areas: choice, convenience, and control. Consumers want choice in content, applications, transactions. They want control. They want to be able to access and move information effectively and securely. This has implications for interfaces, browsers, navigation systems, search engines, etc. And consumers want convenience. They want to be able to use information and entertainment products and services whenever the urge strikes them, wherever they are.

Broadcasting and the convergence marketplace

The broadcasting industry has a role in all three venues of the convergence marketplace--content, distribution, and processing. In terms of content, broadcasting is already the dominant supplier of electronic content to the public. The average American consumes over 2,000 hours of radio and television programming each year. Admittedly, this is so-called "linear" or real-time, one-way programming, with limited processing and control options. Yet, clearly this programming satisfies a market demand. This compares to less than 90 hours of online time.

Utilizing new processing technologies, much of this content repository can be repurposed to become interactive multimedia content. In fact, several of the major networks and broadcast groups are doing just this with their news and entertainment intellectual property. This content can certainly be served in the form of digital signals transmitted over the airwaves. Additionally, in the spirit of convergence, the content can also be served via Internet connections, particularly the World Wide Web. Over 400 commercial television stations and nearly 1,000 radio stations have established their own Web sites and are actively developing content to be published in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) format for online access.

Moving beyond the content role, broadcasting also has a role in the distribution segment of the convergence marketplace. The broadcast infrastructure is particularly well-suited as a transport component in a client-server architecture. There is a natural asymmetry in the bandwidth requirements for the client-server applications. Client requests are usually narrow bandwidth whereas responses from servers tend to consume more bandwidth.

For example, in a Web browser, a single click on a hotlink often precipitates megabytes of transfer as HTML pages, files, or multimedia objects move from the server to the requesting client. By utilizing high-speed digital broadcast signals for the downstream portion of some services, in combination with other media for the back channel, broadcasting can become a value-added participant in the Internet services marketplace by adding what is essentially a ubiquitous, wireless backbone with up to 20 megabits per second of downstream capacity.

In terms of processing, by empowering the consumer with choice, control, and convenience, broadcasters create value in the multimedia marketplace. The business proposition broadcasters now offer the consumer is becoming outmoded. Essentially, the proposition is that "we have some content we think you will like. We'll give it to you for free but you have to view it or listen to it when we decide to broadcast it. If you miss it and didn't record it, you'll have to either wait until the re-run season or live without it." This does not give the consumer as much choice, control, or convenience as emerging alternatives. Broadcasters are now beginning to explore new ways to use both analog and digital transmissions in conjunction with the Internet to enrich this basic business proposition.

Multimedia broadcasting

Multimedia broadcasting or datacasting refers to the use of the existing broadcast infrastructure to transport digital information to a variety of devices (not just PCs). While the existing infrastructure of broadcast radio and television uses analog transmissions, digital signals can be transmitted on subcarriers or subchannels. Also, both the radio and television industries have begun a transition to digital transmissions.

Multimedia broadcasting will be developed in three basic dimensions. First, datacasting supports the transport of multiple data types. This means that more than the traditional real-time, linear, and prescheduled forms of audio and video programming will be available. Broadcast programming will become richer and more involving by expanding its creative palette to encompass different data types and leveraging the processing power of intelligent receivers and PCs on the client side. Second, while some of this data will be related to the main channel programming (i.e., conventional radio and television programming), other data wholly unrelated to conventional programming will be transported. And third, broadcast applications will interoperate seamlessly with other non-broadcast client-server applications such as World Wide Web sessions.

The essential characteristics of multimedia broadcasting include:

digital data stream;
asynchronous;
bandwidth asymmetry;
downstream backbone;
high speed (up to 20 Mbps);
universal access;
low cost;
layered architecture;
wireless;
mobile and fixed service; and
existing infrastructure.

As noted earlier, most client-server applications are asymmetric in bandwidth requirements. As such, the publicly switched telephone network, through which most Internet users get connected, is an inferior transport solution. State-of-the-art modems achieve a 28.8 kbps bidirectional performance. For multimedia content, including streaming audio and video, this is not very satisfactory.

Hoping to capitalize on the presumed demand for more bandwidth to the home, both cable and telephone companies actively plotted fiber optic build-outs in their distribution plant. This would have supported broadband capacity to and from the home. Given the market turn away from video-on-demand products (at least for the moment) and towards the Internet, a new economic picture emerges.

There is no particular reason to optimize a network for symmetric performance (as with a fiber optics build-out), when upstream and downstream bandwidth can be allocated more efficiently with existing infrastructures. Indeed, the telephone industry's promising answer to repurposing much of their existing copper plant is a rejuvenating technology known as asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL). This technology supports a minimum configuration of a downstream data rate of at least 1.544 Mbps per second (e.g., equivalent to a T-1 rate), and an upstream data rate of 16 kbps. (For further information, visit the ADSL Forum at http://www.sbexpos.com/adsl/adsl_tech.html.)

Television broadcasters could transmit data such as HTML pages, Java applets, and virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), streaming audio and video or binary file transfers in their broadcast signals for capture and display by smart TV receivers, PCs, personal digital assistants, or network computers. Consumers could select from this data stream only that which is interesting to them. Further, they could activate agents or filters to grab and store particular resources of interest to them. This data could be accessed later, at their convenience, rather than having to grab it and display it in real time from the data stream being currently broadcast.

This model so far assumes a one-way data stream. One interesting thing about this scenario is that from a technical viewpoint it is one-way. However, given the choice and control, it appears to be interactive to the client. This adds value. Another interesting thing is that since the telecommunications technology supporting this service is one-way, it can be available to remote and mobile users. There is no need to be tethered to any kind of wire to enjoy the benefits of this implementation of Internet service.

Of course, consumers will want more data than the broadcast station can preselect for transmission over their facilities. The service model can be extended in a couple of ways. First, using a return link like a telephone (wired or wireless), the consumer can request a specific set of resources to be transmitted. Depending on the file sizes, the client request could be served via phone link or the request could be forwarded to the broadcast server which then loads the appropriate resources in the data broadcast queue for reception by the client.

A second model is that the client could have his or her Web browser connected to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) with the appropriate enabling technology to permit a multimedia connection to the Internet. In this scenario, the user is sitting at home surfing the Web. The person goes to a Web site where there are lots video objects. Until now, the Internet connection has been supported by a dial-up connection. When the person clicks on a 5-minute video news clip, the session software notes that this is a 3-Mbyte file and instead of pushing it through the 28.8 kbps phone connection, shunts it to a local broadcast station which loads it into the data broadcast queue. The large video file arrives at the client workstation in seconds instead of minutes.

Broadcasting is a universally available service, available to more of the U.S. population than any other telecommunications service. The infrastructure already supports a viable enterprise; any additional revenues coming from Internet-related business would be a value-added use of the infrastructure. This means new business ventures can begin sooner and have a shorter return on investment cycle because of a lower cost structure. The major costs are incremental and relate to client premises equipment (e.g., PC cards, set top boxes, etc.) and server environments (multimedia servers, telecommunications, Internet access, and data injectors to modulate the transmitted broadcast signal). The "network" infrastructure itself is largely built and economically viable on its own (e.g., the system of towers, transmitters, receiving antennas, etc.).

Digital broadcasting standard setting

The digital television standard for the U.S. will likely be that which the Advanced Television Systems Committee (http://www.atsc.org) finalized last fall for submission to the Federal Communications Commission (http://www.fcc.gov). Among other things, it specifies MPEG-2 for video compression and for the transport layer. The standard can support high definition television (HDTV), i.e., the Grand Alliance implementation), multiple standard definition television (SDTV) program streams, and so-called ancillary or private data applications. The data applications could be broadcast facsimile transmissions, multimedia pager data burst, HTML pages, etc.

The exact timing for the FCC's selection of a digital television or for that matter a digital radio standard is unknown. However, consumers can expect to have these services available in the near future. Both radio and television services will run parallel analog and digital services for a transition period. This means today's receivers will not be instantly obsolete but over time, consumers will need to buy new receivers, PC cards, etc.

Other standard-setting activities

There are several standard-setting activities which have the objective of supporting datacasting within both the current analog and emerging digital broadcasting infrastructures (http://www.nab.org/scitech/files/standard.htm). This includes developing standards for analog television (National Data Broadcasting Committee), digital television (http://www.atsc.org), and analog AM and FM radio.

National Data Broadcasting Committee (NDBC)

Even today's analog broadcasting signals can transport digitally encoded signals on subcarriers at competitive data rates. The capacity of television vertical blanking interval lines or active video lines is at least 500 kbps. This capacity will increase dramatically and can be more dynamically allocated after the transition to digital broadcasting. To help develop a standard, the National Data Broadcasting Committee was formed (for more information, visit NAB's Web site on this topic at http://www.nab.org/scitech/files/standard.htm).

The NDBC is jointly sponsored by the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) and the Electronic Industries Association (EIA). The purpose of the NDBC is to develop voluntary national technical standards for high-speed data broadcasting using the NTSC television service as a delivery medium. Such standards are intended to lead to the development of a Data Broadcasting Service that will be used for over-the-air delivery of database information services to bring to the U.S. public the benefits of new broadcast technologies and services while, at the same time, preserving the public's ability to continue to receive existing services with present equipment.

High-Speed FM Subcarrier Committee

The standards work for radio revolves around radio data systems technology (for more information visit http://www.rds.org.uk/rdsfcontents.html) and high-speed FM subcarrier technology (http://www.nab.org/scitech/files/standard.htm). Radio is also transitioning to digital audio broadcasting (DAB). The DAB standard will be set by the Federal Communications Commission in the near future.

Multimedia broadcasting--some examples of early entrants

Intercast Industry Group

The Intercast Industry Group (http://www.intercast.org) is a nonprofit alliance of computer, television, cable, and online companies creating a "new" medium which combines television and the Internet on the PC. Their charter is to "develop technology, PC platforms, software applications, and content for broad market deployment." Their goal is to "create an industry accepted, open medium which will spawn industry-wide implementations." According to Intercast, their technology is a transport standard for digital data associated with TV signals.

Intercast technology (i.e., Internet + Broadcast = Intercast) is a means for transmitting HTML pages over broadcast television signals. The HTML pages can either be related to the traditional television programming or not. Links embedded in the HTML pages can be supported if the intercast-equipped PC also has a modem link for full interactivity.

For example, one implementation of this technology is that while a program or commercial is being broadcast, related HTML pages could be simultaneously broadcast to PCs. These pages could contain more details about the program, related information, scheduling information, plot summaries, or promotional material. For commercials, maps showing local dealers, full pricing information, current inventory stocks, or additional benefits can be presented in HTML pages.

WavePhore multimedia datacasting

WavePhore (http://www.wavephore.com/datacast/datacast.htm) is a public company (NASDAQ: WAVO) which uses different parts of the analog television signal to net a 384 kbps throughput. It is a partner in the intercast venture. The primary user platform is the PC. Its WavePhore Networks venture is part of the intercast alliance. In addition to analog TV, WavePhore can also use other transport infrastructure such as FM radio, satellite, microwave, or cable.

DirecPC

DirecPC, (http://www.direcpc.com) is a PC version of the direct broadcast satellite service from GM's Hughes Networks Systems division (NYSE:GMH). It is a data service using digital satellite signals for transport from the server to the client at up to 400 kbps. The client must have a DBS antenna (24 inches) installed and the necessary reception electronics, subscription service, and PC. Back channel or upstream capacity can be enabled via a dial-up connection. The service is packaged and marketed as sort of a cable version of the Internet with a basic subscription which includes news, financial, sports, and other information in multimedia formats. DirecPC has its own implementation of a datacast technology.

Datacast partners

Former NAB executive, John D. Abel, now heads up Datacast Partners http://www.databroadcast.com) based in Reston, VA. According to his estimates, a television station can equip itself for $50,000 to upgrade its facilities for datacasting. Datacast is planning a system test this summer using currently deployed (i.e., analog) television technology to provide a 700 kbps service. Datacast will use Digideck's technology which translates radio frequency (RF) signals to bitstream data for plug-in PC cards. Versions of the PC cards could also be incorporated into TV sets.

Abel's view of an appropriate match between broadcasting's transport strengths and content affinity is that a database which is relatively large and constantly changing is well suited to a datacast application. He provides the Yellow Pages as an example of a database that could be updated daily and rebroadcast for local storage. In addition to database services, news and entertainment information can be datacast using this technology. This service plans to derive revenues from advertising and data management fees.

Conclusion

The World Wide Web portion of the Internet has shown dramatic growth in both the consumer and business sectors over the past 12 months. Among the success factors for the Internet in general and the World Wide Web in particular are WinSock and TCP/IP. The public availability of these protocols led to an open systems environment providing an unprecedented level of connectivity. The ability to develop applications and content independent of underlying architectural layers is tremendously empowering. The marketplace can focus on content and applications without having to worry about the expense and risk of porting to different platforms and environments. Clearly, open systems and the ability to interconnect and interoperate are key success factors in the convergence marketplace. This is supported best by layered architectures such as the OSI reference model developed by the ISO.

What consumers value is content. This can be defined broadly to include traditional television program fare like "Roseanne," The Wall Street Journal site on the World Wide Web, and Internet catalog shopping. Consumers will increasingly assume they have the ability to selectively access, store, and control that content. They will also have a great desire to connect with content conveniently, regardless of their location or whether they are connected to a wire.

With all the developments in set top boxes, PCs, network computers, software applications, transactional databases, and various modes of distribution, we might pay attention to the marketing axiom, "Consumers don't buy drills, they buy holes." In other words, technology for technology's sake does not a market make. Now matter how fancy, fast, or powerful the drill, if it does not make the right size holes in the right materials, it is no good.

Furthermore, much of the World Wide Web data flows follow a typical client-server asymmetric pattern. This has implications for the role of transport and processing technology in the marketplace. In a world where bandwidth is rapidly becoming a commodity, mixed transport solutions which are cost-effective should be pursued. Companies do not need to build or buy huge bandwidth in symmetric networks when asymmetric architectures and topologies will work just fine.

In the short run, the Internet faces the challenge of meeting demand in a bandwidth-constrained world. Most people connect to the Internet via dial-up services or must share LAN-based connectivity. Downloading huge files is a constraint on network resources. This could prove to be a growth inhibitor for the Internet. Leveraging the natural advantages of the broadcast infrastructure with the industry's traditional and emerging role as content providers can lead to substantial value being added to the Internet marketplace. The broadcasting infrastructure adds a substantial wireless backbone to the Internet. It is universally available, low-cost, and has a large downstream data transport capacity which will grow in the transition from analog to digital broadcasting.

Already, even with analog broadcasting and digital satellite services, we can see the emerging business models which are taking advantage of this infrastructure to develop new ways to use the Internet. These businesses offer value-added content, actually add resources to the Internet at the transport layer and can interoperate with much of the processing level in terms of browsers, client-server architectures, and other interactive applications.

As for standards in general, the more dependent a business plan is on using a proprietary implementation rather than a government or industry coalition standard, the more risky the venture. Thus, while companies may have wonderful technology, to the consumer this is transparent or should be. It is content and applications that they really want. If a business plan relies on a closed system, the content and applications better be so good that it is worth the risk of going it alone.

The revenue models for the early entrants into the multimedia broadcasting and Internet marketplace encompass the range of possibilities - advertising support, direct subscriptions for services packages, usage fees (storage, compression, transmission), and access fees. Many of the Internet applications and sites today are premised largely on a "give the razors away, sell the blades" loss leader marketing philosophy. The objective is to get market share by developing a consumer appetite for these services in general and for a given company in particular.

The future of the Internet is contingent on how well the marketplace takes advantage of technology and policy to develop and execute business missions which serve marketplace demands. The scientific and educational imperative of early Internet culture has given way to an ethic of electronic enterprise. The Internet has breathed exciting new life into what the plain old telephone can do when used to connect computers to the Internet. So too can the radio and television infrastructure extend the reach of the Internet even further as it continues to penetrate the consumer marketplace.

source of http://www.isoc.org/

The structure of IP Addressing / Address

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Tue, 23 Aug 2011 09:07:00 +0000

In a computer network known as a name, called protocols, which set a node to communicate with other nodes. Protocol to be a translator between computers in a network. Nationally standardized protocol used is known as TCP / IP. With the TCP / IP is a variety of computer hardware and operating systems can communicate.

Internet Protocol is the holding of the TCP / IP, all the data in the upper layer were processed in this section. IP version of the most widely used today is IP version 4.

Development of the internet very rapidly at this time causes reduced allocation of IP addresses, especially IP legal. This dikarenaan model addressing in IPv4 (IP version 4) only 32 bits long. To address this problem then it led to the latest version of the IETF IP is IPv6 (IP version 6). In IPv6, the address length of 128 bits, while IPv4 only 32 bits. so that IPv6 can provide as many as 2 ^ 128 addresses [2 to the power 128] or 3x10 ^ 38 addresses, while IPv4 addresses are only able to provide as many as 2 ^ 32 or 4.5 X10 ^ 10 addresses.

The difference between IPv4 with IPv6 that I try searching on the Internet, among others, lies in:

1. In addressing structure

#IPv4
IPv4 uses 32-bit addressing which each bit separated by a dot notation.

IPv4 addressing notation is as follows:

XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX where each symbol X is replaced with a combination of bits 0 and 1.

ex:

10000010.11001000.01000000.00000001 (in binary numbers) are converted to decimal form into 4 130 200 127 254

#IPv6
IPv6 address notation is as follows:

X: X: X: X: X: X: X: X

If the binary form is written as follows:

1111111001111000:0010001101000100:1011111001000001:1011110011011010:
0100000101000101:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0011101000000000
Converted to a combination of four hexadecimal numbers separated by a colon symbol [:]. for the example above can be written as follows:

FE78: 2344: BE43: BCDA: 4145:0:0:3 A

Another example, if there is address 0 i:

8088:0:0:0:0:0:4508:4545 ---> 8088:: 4508:4545

· Addressing system

#IPv4
In IPv4 addressing modes are divided into five classes;

1. Class A : range 1-126

2. Class B : range 128-191

3. Class C : range 192-223

4. Class D : range 224-247

5. Class E : range 248-255

Of the five classes above address, type alamata often using that address is a class A, B, C class D addresses are typically used for multicasting and class E for Experimental. In terms well known IPv4 subnet mask is 32 bit binary number that is used to distinguish the network ID and host ID, showing the location of a host in one network or another network.

# IPv6

On IPv6 is not known the term classes. IPv6 provides 3 types pengalamatanyaitu: Unicast, Anycast and Multicast. Unicast address is the address that points to an address or a host interface, used to communicate one on one. In unicast address is divided into 3 types again that is: local link address, site address local and global addresses.

Anycast address is the address that shows some of the interface (usually different nodes). Packets sent to this address will be delivered to one address of the interface closest to the router. anycast addresses do not have a specific allocation, because if some nodes / interfaces are given the same prefix, then the address is an anycast address.

Multicast address is the address that shows some of the interface (usually to different nodes). Packets sent to this address will be delivered to all interfaces are shown by this address. Multicast address is designed to replace IPv4 broadcast address at which consume lots of bandwidth

2. Advantages of IPv6

Excess or solution contained in the design of IPv6 is one of the triggers accelerated implementation. Advantages of IPv6 are as follows:

1. IPv6 is the solution to the limitations of IPv4 addresses (32 bits). IPv6 with 128 bit addressing which allows for more, allowing the IP's organizations a variety of devices (PDAs, mobile phones, home appliances, automotive supplies).

2. Safety and quality of service (QoS) which has been integrated.

3. Autokonfigurasi design and structure berhirarki IPv6 enables support for the mobile communication without disrupting the end-to-end.

4. IPv6 enables peer-to-peer without going through the NAT, thus facilitating the process of collaboration / communication end-to-end: human to human, machine to machine, human to machine and vice versa.

3. Subnet Calculation of Network Address as follows:

class C a. 192.168.10.0/28

Subnet Mask: / 28 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 = 255 255 255 240 Calculating Subnet:
Number of Subnet: 24 = 16 Subnet

Number of Hosts per Subnet: 24 - 2 = 14 hosts

Block Subnet: 256-240 = 16, the next block: 16 +16 = 32, 32 +16 = 48, 48 +16 = 64, 64 +16 =

80, 80 +16 = 96, 96 +16 = 112, 112 + 16 = 128, 128 +16 = 144, 144 +16 = 160, 160 +16 = 176,

176 +16 = 192, 192 +16 = 208, 208 +16 = 224, 224 +16 = 240

So the valid subnets are: 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160, 176, 192, 208, 224

Subnet
192.168.10.0 through 192.168.10.240

First Host

192.168.10.0 through 192.168.10.241

Last Host

192.168.10.14 to 192.168.10.238

Broadcast
192.168.10.65 to 192.168.10.239

Know Android and HP Android

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Sat, 20 Aug 2011 12:48:00 +0000

I wrote this just for personal reference only, if you are already on more on Android, just ignore. But if you do not already know all about the Android please read who knows useful for you. If asked, I myself do not know you well know this is his name Android only know if there is HP's Android.
If we read on Wikipedia, meaning Android is the operating system for mobile phones based on linux functions just as in Nokia Symbian operating system, IOS at Apple and BlackBerry. Android is not tied to one brand of mobile phones, some well-known brand that HP has been using Android including Samsung, Sony Ericsson, HTC, Nexus, Motorola, and others.

Android was first developed by a company called Android Inc. that later in the year 2005 in the acquisition by Internet giant Google. Android is made on the basis of a modified Linux kernel, and for each release its code-named by the name of food dish.

The main advantage Android is free and open source, making Android smartphones sold cheaper than the Blackberry or the iPhone even though the features (hardware) has to offer Android better.

Some key features of Android among others, WiFi hotspots, Multi-touch, multitasking, GPS, Java support, supports multiple networks (GSM / EDGE, iDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, and WiMAX) mobile phones and also basic skills in general.

Oh yes there is some level of Android since the commencement of development in 2008 include:

Android version 1.1

Released in 2009 with a simple menu

Android version 1.5 (Cupcake)

Android Version 1.5 is an improved version 1.1. In this version there is the addition of several features in mobile version is the ability to record and watch videos with the camera mode, upload video to Youtube and images to Picasa directly from the phone.

Android version 1.6 (Donut)

Donut (version 1.6) was released in September by displaying the search process better than before, the use of a battery indicator and control applet VPN. Another feature is the gallery that allows the user to select which photos will be deleted; cameras, camcorders and galleries dintegrasikan; CDMA / EVDO, 802.1x, VPN, Gestures, and Text-to-speech engine; ability to dial contacts; technological change text to speech (not available on all phones; procurement VWGA resolution.

Android version 2.0/2.1 (Eclair)

Early version of Android that came into use by many smartphones, the main features of Eclair is a total change of structure and appearance of user interface and an Android version of the first support HTML5 format.

Android version 2.2 (Froyo: Frozen Yogurt)

Android version 2.2 (Froyo) was launched in 2010. Android 2.2 was released with 20 new features, including the increase in speed, features Wi-Fi hotspots tethering and support for Adobe Flash.

Android version 2.3 (Gingerbread)

The changes generally obtained from the Android version upgrades include games (gaming), improved copy and paste function,, support and WebM VP8 video formats, the new audio effects (reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass boost)

Android version 3.0/3.1 (Honeycomb)

Android Honeycomb designed specifically for the tablet. Android version supports a larger screen size. User Interface on the Honeycomb is also different because it is designed for tablets. Honeycomb also supports multi-processor and hardware acceleration (hardware) for graphics.
The first tablet is made by running the Honeycomb is the Motorola Xoom.

Google Nexus one
HTC Desire
HTC Droid Incredible
iMobile iE6010
HTC Hero
Motorola Milestone
Sony Ericson Experia
Samsung Epic 4g:
HTC EVO shift 4G
Motorola Droid X
HTC Thunderbolt
Samsung Galaxy S 4G
Motorola Atrix 4G:
Samsung Galaxy Mini
LG Optimus Black P970
Samsung Galaxy Tab
And still many others

source of :

http://mas-tony.com/

Best Motherboard 2011

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Thu, 18 Aug 2011 07:18:00 +0000

For friends who want to know the Best Motherboard for 2011 which is suitable for PC gaming, then through this post you can fully see the information. The variety of information about this Best Motherboard and I get the information collected from various sites on the virtual media. Hopefully with the presence of this article can broaden all of us in terms of selecting the best motherboard that certainly at this time.

In order to directly address a topic that matches the title, the Best Motherboard 2011, then complete the following you can see a list of recommended Best Motherboard is best used as a motherboard in a CPU that is used for playing games:

1. Motherboard Asus Rampage II Extreme

Specifications:

- Processor Socket: Intel Socket B (LGA 1336)

- Supported Processor: Intel Core i7

- Memory Technology: DDR3

- Max System Memory: 12 GB

- Multi GPU Support: ATI CrossFire | nVIDIA SLI

- Price: U.S. $ 359

2. Motherboard XFX NVIDIA GeForce 9300 Desktop Board - MI93007AS9

Specifications:

- Processor Support: Celeron, Core 2 Quad, Pentium D, Core 2 Extreme Quad-Core, Pentium Dual-Core

- Maximum Memory: 8GB

- Memory Standard: DDR2-800/PC2-6400

- Price U.S. $ 113

3. Motherboard Intel DX58SO

Specifications:

- Supported Processor: Intel Core i7

- DDR3 Memory Technology

- Max System Memory: 8 GB

- Multi GPU Support: ATI CrossFire

- Price U.S. $ 209

4. Motherboard ASUS Republic of Gamers Series Rampage Formula ATX Intel

Specifications:

- Supported Processor: Intel Core 2 Duo

- 2-Phase DDR2 = Higher over clock ability

- Price U.S. $ 207

5. Motherboard MSI P45D3 Platinum

Specifications:

- Intel P45 Express

- Socket 775

- Dual-Channel DDR3

- CrossFireX

- PCI Express 2.0 x16

- SATA

- Price U.S. $ 179

That list of 5 Best Motherboard 2011 that I can convey information to all my friends. Hopefully this information can be useful for you all, especially those that have made time to read this article.

GPS (Global Positioning System)

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Wed, 17 Aug 2011 10:50:00 +0000

Understanding GPS

GPS (Global Positioning System) is a system of navigation and positioning satellite owned and managed by the United States. The system is designed to provide position and velocity of three-dimensional as well as information about the time, continuously around the world without time-dependent and weather, for many people simultaneously. Currently GPS is widely used around the world in various fields of application that requires information about the position, velocity, acceleration time or throughput. GPS can provide position information with accuracy varying from a few millimeters (zero-order) up to tens of meters.
GPS capability

Some GPS capabilities, among others, can provide information about the position, velocity, and time quickly, accurately, cheaply, anywhere in the world without depending on the weather. It should be noted that GPS is the only navigation system or positioning systems in some of this century which has such powerful capabilities. The accuracy of GPS can achieve accuracy of position a few mm to some cm / s for speed and accuracy of a few nanoseconds for time accuracy. Positioning accuracy obtained will depend on several factors: the positioning method, satellite geometry, the level of data accuracy, and data processing methods.

Products supplied GPS

In general, GPS is a product of the position, velocity, and time. In addition there are several other products such as acceleration, azimuth, attitude parameters, the TEC (Total Electron Content), WVC (Water Vapour Content), Polar motion parameters, as well as some products that need to be combined with external information from other systems, products include high ortometrik , undulasi geoid and vertical deflection.

Composer segments GPS System

In general there are three segments in the segment of the GPS system control system, the satellite segment and user segment.

GPS satellites can be analogous to the space station, equipped with antennas to transmit and receive wave signals. These signals are then received by a GPS receiver on / near the surface of the earth, and is used to determine position information, speed, and time. Besides the GPS satellites are also equipped to control the satellite attitude. The GPS satellites can be divided over several generations, namely: block I, block II, IIA blocks, block IIR and IIF block. Until April 1999 there were 8 block II satellites, 18 satellites and 1 block II A II R satellites are operational blocks.

In general, the segment control system serves to control and monitor satellite operations and ensure that the satellite is working properly

User segment consists of GPS satellite users everywhere. In this case the GPS signal receiver (GPS receiver) is required to receive and process signals from GPS satellites to be used in the determination of position, velocity and time. The main components of a GPS receiver in general is an antenna with a pre-amplifier, the RF section with the identifier signal and the signal processor, micro processor for controlling the receiver, the data sampling and data processing (navigation solution), precision oscillator, power supply, unit command and display , and memory as well as data recorder

The principle of positioning with GPS

The principle of positioning with GPS is using the method of resection of the distance, where distance measurements carried out simultaneously to multiple satellites that have known coordinates. On GPS measurements, each epoknya has four parameters that must be determined: ie 3 parameters the coordinates X, Y, Z or L, B, h and a parameter error due to time ketidaksinkronan clock oscillator in the satellite with a clock in the GPS receiver. Therefore, a minimum required distance measurements to four satellites.

Type tool (Receiver) GPS

There are three types of GPS devices, with each providing a level of accuracy (position) is different. The first type is the type of GPS Navigation (Handheld, Handy GPS). Type nagivasi price is quite cheap, about 1-4 million dollars, but the accuracy of the current position given the new can reach 3 to 6 meters. The second type of tool is a single-frequency geodetic type (type mapping), commonly used in survey and mapping that takes a position accuracy of about an inch up to several decimetre. Last type is type of geodetic dual frequency which can provide position accuracy up to millimeters. This type is commonly used for precise positioning applications such as web development point of control, deformation surveys, and geodinamika. Price geodetic type receivers are quite expensive, reaching hundreds of millions of dollars for one unit.

Signal and Bias on GPS

GPS emits two signals of frequencies L1 (1575.42 MHz) and L2 (1227.60 MHz). L1 signal is modulated with two pseudo-random signal that is the code P (Protected) code and C / A (coarse / Acquisition). L2 signal carries only the code P. Each satellite transmits a unique code so that the receiver (GPS receiver) can identify the signals from each satellite. At the feature "Anti-Spoofing" is enabled, then the P code will be encrypted and subsequently known as the code P (Y) or Y-code

When the signal through the atmospheric layers, then the signals will be disturbed by the content of the atmosphere. The amount of interference is called bias. Bias signals are mainly composed of two kinds of bias ionosphere and troposphere bias. This bias must be taken into account (modeled or estimated or perform differencing technique for the differential method with a baseline distance is not too long) to get the coordinates of the final solution with good accuracy. If a bias is ignored then it can provide position error up to order m.

Error Source in GPS

In the GPS system there are some errors system components that will affect the accuracy of the results obtained position. Mistakes are for example satellite orbit errors, satellite clock errors, receiver clock errors, antenna phase center errors, and multipath. Other things also have accompanying imaging system errors such as effects, and noise. These errors can be eliminated one by using data differencing techniques.

Method of positioning with GPS

Method of determining GPS position with the first two, the absolute method, and the differential method. Each method can then be done by real time or post-processing. If the object is stationary then the determined position is called static methods. Conversely, if the specified object moves its position, then the method is called kinematic. Further more detail we will find methods such as tuition, DGPS, RTK, GPS Survey, Rapid static, pseudo-kinematic, and stop and go, and there are still some other methods.

The position accuracy obtained from the GPS System

For civilian applications, GPS provides the positioning accuracy in a fairly broad spectrum, ranging from meters to millimeters. Prior to May 2000 (SA on) the accuracy of GPS positioning with an absolute method of data psedorange reach 30-100 meters. Then after SA off accuracy improved to 3-6 meters. Meanwhile DGPS technique provides 1-2 meter accuracy, and precision engineering provide 1-5 centimeter RTK. For positions with millimeter accuracy provided by GPS survey techniques with GPS equipment the type of geodetic dual frequency and specific data processing strategy.

Applications of GPS Technology

GPS (Global Positioning System) satellite navigation system is the most popular and most widely applied in the world today, both on land, sea, air and space. Besides military applications, GPS applications areas are quite rampant today include mapping surveys, geodinamika, geodesy, geology, geophysics, transportation and navigation, deformation monitoring, agriculture, forestry, and even sports and recreation. In Indonesia alone, the use of GPS has been started since a few years ago and continues to grow until now, both in volume and type of application

Crime Cyberspace

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Tue, 16 Aug 2011 06:20:00 +0000

As usual renewal of technology, the Internet in addition to benefiting also a negative impact by opening up opportunities misuse of these technologies. It happens to the data and information are done electronically.

In a computer network like the Internet, the problem of crime is becoming increasingly complex because of the broad scope. According to Edmon Makarim (2001: 12) crime on the Internet or cybercrime essentially is a criminal offense relating to cyberspace, whether that attack public facilities in private ownership in cyberspace atupun.
The types of crimes on the Internet are divided into various versions. One version says that crime is divided into two types, namely the crime with intellectual motive. Usually the first type does not cause any harm and done for personal satisfaction. The second type is a crime with political motives, economic, or criminals with potentially devastating losses even information warfare.

Other versions of cybercrime divide into three parts, namely access violations, data theft, and information dissemination

for evil purposes;

Broadly speaking, there are several types of cybercrime, such as the proposed Philip Renata in Warta Ekonomi No. BisTek supplements. 24th edition in July 2000, h.52 namely:
- Joy computing, namely the use of someone else's computer without permission. This includes theft of computer operating time.

- Hacking, namely access illegally or without permission by means of a terminal.
- The Trojan Horse, the manipulation of data or programs by changing the data or instructions in a program, erase, add, making unaffordable for the purpose of personal or private interests of others.

- Data Leakage, namely regarding data leaking out, especially concerning the data should be kept confidential.

Disclosure of computer data that can be a form of state secrets, the company, data is entrusted to a person and data in certain situations.

- Data Diddling, ie an act that changes the data valid or legitimate in a way not valid, change the input data, or output data.

- To frustate data communication or a waste of computer data.

- Software piracy is software piracy of copyright-protected intellectual property rights.
Of the seven types of cybercrime, it seems that the core is the assault on the content of cybercrime, computer systems and communication systems owned by others or the public in cyberspace (Edmon Makarim, 2001: 12).

The general pattern is used to attack computer networks are gaining access to user accounts and then use the victim's system as a platform to attack other sites. This can be completed within 45 seconds and automate will greatly reduce the time required (Purbo, and Wijahirto, 2000:9).

The phenomenon of cybercrime is to watch out because the crime is somewhat different from other crimes in general. Cybercrime can be done without knowing the territorial limits and not required for direct interaction between perpetrators with crime victims. Certainly the global nature of the Internet, all countries that perform almost certainly will be exposed to internet development breakeven this cybercrime.

Kompas Cyber Media News (03/19/2002) writes that according to AC Nielsen survey of 2001 Indonesia was ranked sixth largest in the world and fourth in Asia dala crime on the internet. Although not mentioned in detail what kind of crime is happening in Indonesia as well as citizens who are involved in the crime, this is a warning to all parties to be aware of the crime has been, is, and will emerge from users of information technology (Heru Sutadi, Kompas, 12 April 2002 , 30).

cybercrime cases which are prevalent in Indonesia at least three types based on the mode, namely:

1. Theft of Credit Number.

According Rommy Alkatiry (Deputy Head of Informatics KADIN), misuse of credit cards owned by others on the internet is the largest cybercrime case relating to the world of internet business in Indonesia.

Misuse of credit cards owned by others is not complicated and can be done physically or on-line. The names and credit cards of others acquired in various places (restaurants, hotels, or any place that do payment transactions by credit card) is inserted in the application of purchase of goods on the internet.

2. Entering, Modifying or damaging Homepage (Hacking)

According to John. S. Tumiwa generally act hacker Indonesia has not been as severe action abroad. Indonesia hacker behavior is merely entered into a computer sites of others who were vulnerable to infiltration and notify the owner to be careful. Overseas hackers have entered the banking system and damage the bank's data base.

3. The attack site or e-mail through a virus or spamming.

The most common mode is to send a virus via e-mail. According to RM Roy M. Suryo, overseas crimes like this have been given a pretty severe punishment. Unlike in Indonesia that are difficult to overcome because existing regulations do not reach them.
Meanwhile, Yusuf As'ad detailing cases of cybercrime that often occur in Indonesia to five,namely:
- Theft of credit card numbers.

- Takeover web sites owned by others.

- Theft of Internet access that is often experienced by ISPs.

- Crime domain name.

- Business competition by causing a nuisance to rival sites.

Cybercrime specialized in e-commerce, by Edmon Makarim defined as any action that inhibits and on behalf of others in the trade over the internet. Edmon Makarim predicted that the new modes such as buying and selling of consumer data and presenting information that is not true in the business began to frequent the site in e-commerce.
According Wigrantoro in BisTek No Mas. 10, July 24, 2000, p. 52 outline there are five topics of Cyberlaw in each country, namely:

- Information security, concerns the problem of authenticity and integrity of the sender or receiver of messages flowing through the internet. In this case the regulated issues of confidentiality and validity of electronic signatures.

- On-line transactions, including bidding, buying and selling, payment until the shipment of goods via the internet.

- Right in electronic information, the issue of copyright and the rights that arise for users and content providers.

- Regulation information content, the extent of the law regulate content that is streamed over the internet.

- Regulation on-line contact, good-karma in communicating and doing business via the internet, including taxation, export-import retriksi, crime and legal jurisdiction.

CDMA WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Fri, 12 Aug 2011 04:23:00 +0000

Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Techniques
Spread spectrum technique is emitting a signal on the tape frekuensiyang much wider than the bandwidth required on the transmission standard (eg: TDMA, FDMA). An example is the IS-95 CDMA menggunakanlebar 1.25 MHz frequency band, whereas only 30 kHz for AMPS voice menyalurkansinyal. The process of widening the frequency band is called spreading.Spread spectrum signal used to transmit digital information are influenced by the characteristics of the bandwidth W is larger than the information rate R in bits / s, so that little power is required. Another understanding of the spread spectrum technique is a technique that allows multiple users using the same bandwidth at the same time without interference from each other.

A system can be called a spread spectrum system if it meets the following requirements: 1. Signal requires a large bandwidth to transmit information. 2. Spreading signal or code signal is called independent data. 3. At the receiver, despreading is done by adjusting the received spread signal with a replica synchronization of a spread information signal.

Spread spectrum signal is used for: 1. Eliminate or suppress the detrimental effects of interference on jamming, interference from other users in the channel and interference due to multipath propagation. Jammer should be eliminated because it would interfere with communication because it confuses the receiver. Interference from other users because users share the same channel bandwidth to transmit different information to different destinations at the same time. 2. Hiding a signal by transmitting at low power is obscured by noise. Hiding behind the message is done by spreading the noise bandwidth by coding and transmitting the resultant signal at low power. In these circumstances the probability of another listener to know the content is very low Pean, otherwise known as Low-probability-ofintercept (LPI). 3. Giving private messages to other users without being heard. This is done by superimposing a pseudo-random pattern in the transmission of messages. Messages can be demodulated by the receiver in question, who knows the pseudo-random pattern or code used transmitter, while the other receivers who do not know the code is not able to receive the message. In other applications in addition to communications, spread spectrum signal is used to generate an accurate calculation of time delay and the average speed on the radar and navigation.

Two types of techniques sektrum spreads:

1. Frequency Hoping Frequency Hoping obtained by changing the frequency-fox pembawaberdasarkan time with near-random pattern, pseudo random .Whereas CDMA signal obtained by modulating the information with spreadingsequence known as pseudo noise (PN) signal makes the signal information digitalyang ribbon width and shaped like noise (noise) .

2. DS (Direct Sequence)-CDMA
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum is the most popular technique. Data signal is multiplied by a Pseudo Random Noise code (PN-code).
PN-code is a sequence of chips valued -1 and 1 (polar) or 0 and 1 (non-polar). The number of chips in one code is called the period of the code. PN-code is code that resembles the noise (noise-like code) with the properties of certain properties.
There are several classes of binary (two-phase) PN-codes: M-sequences (base), Gold-codes and Kasami-codes. PN-code can be made with one or more shiftregisters. If the length of shiftregister is n, in general the period N can be expressed as follows:
N = 2n -1
In the simplest case, the PN-code is multiplied by one bit of data

(see figure, in this example N = 7). Bandwidth of the data signal is multiplied by a factor of N, this factor is referred to as processing gain.

Professionals in IT and his desk job in some countries

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Thu, 11 Aug 2011 06:36:00 +0000

IT profession is a profession associated with computing technologies, such as networking, hardware, software, Internet, or people who work with the technology. Many companies now have IT departments to manage computers, networks, and other technical areas of their business.Professions in the IT field include computer programming, network administration, computer engineering, Web development, technical support, and many other related occupations. Because we live in an information age, information technology has become part of our everyday lives.

1. System Analyst
Is the person in charge of analyzing the system to be implemented, ranging from analyzing the existing system, about the benefits and drawbacks, to feasibility studies and system design will be developed.

2. Programmer
Is the person in charge of implementing the design of the systems analyst is making a program (either application or operating system) according to previously analyzed systems.

3. IT Administrator
Is a person who provides the implementation and administration which include Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) and dial up connections, a firewall, proxy, aserta technical support.

4. Web Designer
Web designers are the people doing the planning, including feasibility studies, analysis and design of a project of making a web-based applications.

5. Database Administrator
Is the person responsible for administration and technical maintenance-related companies in the distribution of the database system.

6. Networking Engineer
Is a person engaged in the technical field of computer network maintenance to the trobleshooting.

7. System Engineer
Is a person who provides system design and consulting to customers. It also provides a response to technical queries and support requests. Included also conduct training to customers and IT administrators.

8. Techincal EngineerTechnical engineer, often also referred to as a technician that is, those who engaged in both technical field of maintenance and repair computer system devices.

9. EDP OperatorIs the person in charge to operate the programs related to electronic data processing within a company or other oranisasi.

10. System AdministratorIs the person in charge of administering the system, perform system maintenance, has the authority to set access rights to the system, as well as other matters relating to operational arrangements of a system.

Job Desc in some countries:
Job description IT professions in Indonesia, among others:

1. IT Support Officer, his responsibilities are:• receive, prioritize and resolve IT support requests.• purchase of IT hardware, software and other things associated with it.• installation, maintenance and provision of daily support for both hardware & software Windows & Macintosh, equipment including printers, scanners, external hard-drives, etc..• correspondence with external service providers including Internet Service Provider, email service providers, hardware, and software suppliers, etc..• set the bid price of goods and a receipt with the suppliers for needs related to IT.• provide data / information required for making regular department reports.

2. Network Administrator, managing, operating, maintaining, and maintenance of LAN and WAN networks, system management and support of hardware, data archiving, as well as maintain and computer maintenance.

3. Network Engineer, implement communications and networking systems analysis, design planning for integration, support networks on the Internet, intranets and extranets, as well as analyze and take part in the development of standardization and implementation of security controls for LAN and WAN security. As for the duties and responsibilities is the maintenance of LAN and Internet connections, maintenance of hardware, database and file maintenance, help desk, and inventory.

4. IT Programmer, his responsibility is to take part in the development and integration software, is actively developing capabilities in software development, receives a user request for the problems to be solved, provide customer support and problem resolution for both internal and external consumers, responsible on the latest customer satisfaction, perform tasks and responsibilities relating the required, working on various related tasks as given, and form the maximum compactness within the company along with colleagues within the company.

5. Analyst Programmer, designing, programming code and test programs to support the planning application development system.

6. Web Designer, developed the innovative design of web-based applications and content of the application.

7. Systems Programmer / Software Engineer, familiar with software development 'life cycles', have skills in designing applications, setting up programs according to specifications, documentation / 'coding', and testing.

8. IT Executive, maintain adequacy standards and the readiness of the system / infrastructure to ensure its operation can be effectively and efficiently, and implement IT procedures and processes to ensure data is protected to the maximum.

9. IT Administrator, provide implementation and administration which include LAN, WAN and dial-up connection, firewall, proxy and technical support.

10. Database Administrator, responsible for administrative and technical maintenance-related companies in the distribution of the database system.

IT professions in Germany, among others:

1. SW application engineer.2. IT System Administrator.3. SAP basis consultant.4. Senior developer.5. Test Engineer.6. PHP web developer.7. Web designer.8. Database management system9. Web applications.10. Java/J2EE-developer.

Job description IT professions in the United States, among others:
1. Network Administrator, responsible for preparing, installing, and monitoring LAN and WAN networks, perform a variety of evaluation, maintenance, installation, and training tasks to ensure the performance of corporate computer networks and meet user satisfaction.
2. IT Manager, oversees all staff in IT departments, as well as providing guidance, direction and training to junior staff, especially in the various tasks that may be difficult for them to do. IT managers also implement the organization's IT security systems to ensure data security and IT systems, oversee the organization's WAN systems, oversee the management and maintenance of computer work stations, overseeing staff training to ensure they are able to use the software and computer hardware competently, provide support in addressing the problem computer issues, supervise the proper storage of all corporate data and records archiving and backing up, as well as providing technical support to employees of other computer experts in the organization. IT managers interact with clients every day to dpat see and understand their IT problems and provide competent solutions to those problems. IT managers ensure the system runs smoothly and efficiently from all IT systems within the organization, maintaining employee information on a variety of technological changes taking place within the organization, communicate with top management in IT-related issues, as well as identifying new computer systems and trends in the market so status of the IT organization has always been at the forefront. IT manager to organize and lead team meetings, maintain timya motivated and help them to meet company objectives, to ensure that licensing requirements are met and met local standards, and comes with a budget for the department and implement it.

3. Database Administrator, in cooperation with other computer professionals such as data analysts, computer programmers and web peveloper. Database Administrator to identify client needs and meet those needs through appropriate research data, collect data, organize, and manage it. Database Administrator to develop a computer database and arrange it, including the right to write instructions through a computer programming language to collect and sort the relevant data. Database Administrator to ensure that computer systems and databases work well as it should, this is known as database performance tuning. Database Administrators to test the database system to ensure that they work properly, make sure to back up data is done periodically in case the data will be lost or destroyed, recover data lost or corrupted, and ensuring the integrity and security of data collected. If a problem occurs in the database, the Database Administrator to fix it to ensure proper functioning of the system, overseeing and controlling the sources of data within an organization. Database Administrator to ensure that the required data is always available for those in need, so the right people can always find the right data when they need it, and spent much time in front of the computer.
4. Programmer Analyst, just write, modify and review computer software. Programmer Analyst is responsible for interpreting coding Software Engineer jobs and run it with a computer, test it, to encoding, document, and debug programs.

5. Software Engineer, was in great demand in various sectors of the IT industry. Software Engineer is responsible for the development of new software and upgrade existing software. More opportunities open to Software Engineer and Software Developers in other industries because they open themselves to the increasing use of computers in performing important tasks. Currently, the Software Engineer can be found in the production and service sectors.
6. Project Manager, ensure that the installation of the system consisting of computer hardware and networking along with the system software and applications create a synergistic whole that allows businesses to benefit from the promised benefits. Often comprised of user department team, the representative firm IT departments, computer and network vendors, OS software and database vendors and application vendors, IT Project Manager brings all the necessary resources together to commission a new system in record time and with minimal cost for company.
7. System Engineer, the primary responsibility of the System Engineer is to ensure that all company systems function smoothly, ensuring that every employee more and more companies are able to specific data, and ensure that corporate IT departments run smoothly.

Arithmetic Operations

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Thu, 11 Aug 2011 02:41:00 +0000

Arithmetic operations are almost always you come across on each program, both programs for engineering problems and other common problems. The discussion chapter will revolve around the various things associated with arithmetic operations, either of a general nature, which you can also meet on other programming languages, or of a special nature, which is owned by the C language, Tubo C in particular.

Arithmetic Operator
Arithmetic operations are known by the Turbo C are as follows:

+ add
-    less
/    for
*    times
% remaining

Example:   A = 10 / 2;   results = 5
                   B = 5 +2-3; result = 4

If in some other programming language you may find operators for reappointment, but in Turbo C is an unknown type of operator. So if you find formulas reappointment, you have to manipulate it with multiplication or other means which will be discussed later.

Example:     A=X2    in Turbo C is written A = X * X;
                     B=5Y3    written in Turbo C B = 5 * Y * Y * Y;

The remaining operators (%) can only be used for data of type char or int, can not be used to float or double.

Example:        A = 5% 2               values A = 1
                                                       the solution is 5 divided by 2 = 2 remainder 1
                        B = 4.3% 3.2         value will be wrong

Arithmetic Expression

In the example above, you come across statements are like A = X * X, the form X * X is called an arithmetic expression. While A = X * X is an assignment statement to a variable. A common form of assignment statement is:

The sign '=' in the above statement is known as the operator giving the value (assignment operator), because the sign '=' is used for member value to a variable, either numeric or character or string.

Left of the sign '=', ie variables, known as an lvalue (Left Value), while the arithmetic expression that terlaetak the right of '=' called RVALUE (Right Value).

Lvalue must always be a single variable, not the other. While RVALUE can be a constant, another variable or an arithmetic expression or formula.

OPERATOR Arithmetic Hierarchy

If in an arithmetic expression you can see the use of several different carriers Artmatika simultaneously, then the hierarchy of these operators is as follows:

MIKROTIK STEP BY STEP

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Wed, 10 Aug 2011 07:23:00 +0000

Mikrotik is now widely used by ISPs, hotspot providers, or by the owner of the cafe. Mikrotik OS router makes the computer into a reliable network that is equipped with various features and tools, for both wired and wireless networks.
In this tutorial, the author presents a discussion and simple instructions and simple in configuring mikrotik for certain purposes and the public is typically collected in server / router cafe or other tissues, such konfirugasi for example, for server NAT, Bridging, BW management, and MRTG.
Mikrotik version I use for this tutorial is a MikroTik RouterOS 2.9.27

Mirotik Access:
1. via console
Mikrotik router board or PC can be accessed directly via the console / shell and remote access using putty (www.putty.nl)
2. via Winbox
Mikrotik can also be accessed / remotely using software tools Winbox
3. via web
Mikrotik can also be accessed via web / port 80 using a browser

Naming Mikrotik

[mikrotik@ IATG-SOLO]> system identity print
name: "MikroTik"
[mikrotik @ IATG-SOLO]> system identity edit
value-name: name

typed into the editor for example I change the name IATG-SOLO:

IATG-SOLO
Cc quit Co save & quit Cu Ck undo the cut line Cy paste
Edit and press Cltr-o to save and exit the editor

Changing the name of the interface:

[mikrotik @ IATG-SOLO]> / interface print
Flags: X - disabled, D - dynamic, R - running
# NAME TYPE RX-RATE TX-RATE MTU
0 R ether1 ether 0 0 1500
1 R ether2 ether 0 0 1500

[mikrotik @ IATG-SOLO]> / interface edit 0
value-name: name

The value 0 is the value ether1, if you want to replace ethet2 replaced with a value of 0.
missal typed into the editor I replace it with local names:

local
Cc quit Co save & quit Cu Ck undo the cut line Cy paste

Edit and press Cltr-o to save and exit the editor
Do the same for two ether interfaces, so that if seen again will appear like this:

[mikrotik @ IATG-SOLO]> / interface print
Flags: X - disabled, D - dynamic, R - running
# NAME TYPE RX-RATE TX-RATE MTU
0 R Local ether 0 0 1500
1 R Public ether 0 0 1500

Select the menu interface, click the name of the interface who want to edit, so the window pops up the edit interface.

Setting IP Address:
[mikrotik @ IATG-SOLO]> / ip address add
address: 192.168.1.1/24
interface: local
[mikrotik @ IATG-SOLO]> / ip address print
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic
# ADDRESS NETWORK BROADCAST INTERFACE
0 192.168.0.254/24 192.168.0.0 192.168.0.255 local

Enter the IP address value in the column address and netmask, who wanted to enter the interface name given ip addressnya.Untuk-2 Interface to the public interface, the same way as above, so that if seen again will be 2 interfaces:

[mikrotik @ IATG-SOLO]> / ip address print
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic
# ADDRESS NETWORK BROADCAST INTERFACE
0 192.168.0.254/24 192.168.0.0 192.168.0.255 local
1 202.51.192.42/29 202.51.192.40 202.51.192.47 public

As a NAT MikrotikNetwork Address Translation, or more commonly referred to as NAT is a method to connect more than one computer to the Internet network using a single IP address. Much use of this method due to the limited availability of IP addresses, security needs (security), and the ease and flexibility in network administration.
Currently, the widely used IP protocol is IP version 4 (IPv4). With a length of 4 bytes address means that there are 2 to the power 32 = 4,294,967,296 IP addresses available. This amount is theoretically the number of computers that can directly connect to the internet. Because of this limitation most of the ISPs (Internet Service Provider) will only allocate one address for one user and this address is dynamic, in the sense of a given IP address will be different each time a user connect to the internet. This would make it difficult for businesses to lower middle class. On the one hand they need a lot of computers that are connected to the internet, but on the other hand only one available IP address, which means there is only one computer that can connect to the internet. This can be overcome by the NAT method. With a NAT gateway running on one computer, an IP address can be shared with several other computers and they can connect to the internet simultaneously.
Suppose we want to hide the local network / LAN 192.168.0.0/24 202.51.192.42 behind one IP address provided by ISP, which we use is a feature of Mikrotik source network address translation (masquerading). Masquerading changes the data packets from the IP address and port from network 192.168.0.0/24 to 202.51.192.42 to be next to the global Internet network.To use masquerading, source NAT rule with action 'masquerade' should be added to the firewall configuration:[mikrotik@ IATG-SOLO]> / ip firewall nat add chain = srcnat action = masquerade out-interface = public

Transparent web proxy mikrotik as

One function is to store the proxy cache. If a LAN uses a proxy to connect to the Internet, it is done by the browser when a user accesses a web server url is taking the request on the proxy server. Whereas if the data has not been contained in the proxy server then get directly from the web proxy server. Then the request is stored in the proxy cache. Furthermore, if there are clients who make requests to the same url, it will be taken from the cache. This will make access to the Internet faster.

How to ensure that every user accessing the Internet through a web proxy that we have enabled? For this we can implement a transparent proxy. With the transparent proxy, every browser on a computer that use this gateway automatically go through a proxy.

All these features enable the web proxy in mikrotik:
[mikrotik @ IATG-SOLO]> / ip proxy set enabled = yes
[mikrotik @ IATG-SOLO]> / ip web-proxy set
cache-administrator = ropix.fauzi @ infoasia.net
[mikrotik @ IATG-SOLO]> / ip web-proxy print

enabled: yes
src-address: 0.0.0.0
port: 3128
hostname: "IATG-SOLO"
transparent-proxy: yes
parent-proxy: 0.0.0.0:0
cache-administrator: "mikrotik.adii @ infoasia.net"
max-object-size: 8192KiB
cache-drive: system
max-cache-size: unlimited
max-ram-cache-size: unlimited
status: running
reserved-for-cache: 4733952KiB
reserved-for-ram-cache: 2048KiB

Creating a rule for transparent proxy on the NAT firewall, rather there is masquerading under the rule for NAT:
[mikrotik @ IATG-SOLO]> / ip firewall nat add chain = dstnat in-interface = local src-address = 192.168.0.0/24 protocol = tcp dst-port = 80 action = redirect to-ports = 3128

[mikrotik @ IATG-SOLO]> / ip firewall nat print
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic
0 chain = srcnat out-interface = Public action = masquerade
1 chain = dstnat in-interface = local src-address = 192.168.0.0/24 protocol = tcp dst-port = 80 action = redirect to-ports = 3128

What is Information Management ?

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 06:16:00 +0000

According to Wikipedia, Information management (IM) is the collection and management of information from one or more sources and the distribution of that information to one or more audiences. This sometimes involves those who have a stake in, or a right to that information. Management means the organization of and control over the structure, processing and delivery of information.

Get vendor neutral training in technologies and global best practices for managing and utilizing information assets at AIIM's Certificate Training Programs.

AIIM agrees with this definition. Information, as we know it today, includes both electronic and physical information. The organizational structure must be capable of managing this information throughout the information lifecycle regardless of source or format (data, paper documents, electronic documents, audio, social business, video, etc.) for delivery through multiple channels that may include cell phones and web interfaces. Given these criteria, we can then say that the focus of IM is the ability of organizations to capture, manage, preserve, store and deliver the right information to the right people at the right time.

Information management environments are comprised of legacy information resident in line of business applications, Enterprise Content Management (ECM), Electronic Records Management (ERM), Business Process Management (BPM), Email Management (EMM), Information Organization and Access (IOA), Knowledge Management (KM), Web Content Management (WCM), Document Management (DM) and Enterprise 2.0 (E2.0) technology solutions and best practices. Information management requires the adoption and adherence to guiding principles that include:

Information assets are corporate assets. This principle should be acknowledged or agreed upon across the organization otherwise any business case and support for IM will be weak.
Information must be made available and shared. Of course not all information is open to anyone, but in principle the sharing of information helps the use and exploitation of corporate knowledge
Information the organisation needs to keep is managed and retained corporately. In other words the retention and archiving, of information. If you save a document today, you expect it to be secured and still available to you tomorrow

Information management is a corporate responsibility that needs to be addressed and followed from the upper most senior levels of management to the front line worker. Organizations must be held and must hold its employees accountable to capture, manage, store, share, preserve and deliver information appropriately and responsibly. Part of that responsibility lies in training the organization to become familiar with the policies, processes, technologies and best practices in IM. That training is available through AIIM. www.aiim.org/training

Nano Technology to Develop Future Technology Market

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Fri, 05 Aug 2011 02:35:00 +0000

Nano technology is a way to control atoms and molecules, the smallest of objects. Researchers have developed a nanoscale technology for 40 years, and new findings allow engineers to create products that are better.

Chip maker Intel microprocessor chip that consists of billions of tiny transistors. Nano technology allows the engineers to make this little smaller product again and digital equipment becomes more intelligent, fast and efficient.

In the field of solar energy, nano technology advances make the process of producing electricity from solar power more efficient and save costs. Also there are advances in medicine.

"We are entering a new era in the ability to understand what we are doing against these nanoscale materials in order to create diverse applications," said Jason Zara, an expert in biomedicine.

He said that the ability to create and manipulate small particles transform cancer care.

"With nano technology, we can point that chemotherapy targeted at specific cells and send a cytotoxic agent, to destroy all the cancer cells found in tumors," said Zara.

In the future doctors hope to devise treatments based on the unique genetic profile of patients.

One of the leading experts in the world of nano technology is Mihail Rocco from the National Science Board. He hopes to see the mass application of nanotechnologies in the near future.

He said, "Now we are still in development stage, discovery, innovation, and the beginning of intensive applications. We are entering a phase of revolutionary products that were previously not possible. "

In July 2011, a team of Swedish doctors successfully transplanting an artificial windpipe to cancer patients using nano composite materials. According to the Wall Street Journal, which continues to grow this industry will create two million new jobs by 2015.

HSDPA vs HSUPA

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Thu, 04 Aug 2011 03:02:00 +0000

HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), commonly referred to as 3.5G, is an upgrade to WCDMA networks that allows for much higher data speeds for internet connectivity. There are two aspects to this technology and each is more or less independent of the other. HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is the one that improves the downlink of the data transmission while HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) is the one that improves the uplink or transmission from the mobile device to the network.

Common practices that would be affected by having HSDPA include watching online videos, browsing sites, downloading files, and a lot more. If you usually send emails with large attachments, upload files to sites, or seed files in a file sharing network, then HSUPA would improve the speed at which you do your tasks.

It is common practice for most mobile networks to deploy HSDPA first before doing HSUPA. Based on the usage patterns of majority of the population, internet bandwidth usage is asymmetrical. This means that we often download more compared to uploading. Telecoms know this and that is why they want to improve downlink as soon as it’s possible. There are areas in the world where only HSDPA is deployed while HSUPA is still pretty much absent. Mainly because telecoms want to allocate as much bandwidth to downlink as they can while spending as little as they could. Even when fully deployed HSDPA would still have much higher speeds compared to HSUPA. This is in keeping with the asymmetric use of the bandwidth. Allocating equal bandwidth to each would result in a huge waste for the bandwidth allocated to the uplink.

Although most telecoms do not deploy HSDPA and HSUPA at the same time, it should not be an issue for users in buying mobile phones. Most of the recent mobile phones that support the HSPA technology already have both HSDPA and HSUPA. Getting one or the other would just then depend on when your network decides to deploy either technology in your area.

Summary:

1. HSDPA is the side of the technology that brings information down to the user while HSUPA is the side of the technology that brings information up from the user

2. HSDPA affects downloading and browsing while HSUPA affects uploading files and sending emails

3. HSDPA is often deployed way ahead of HSUPA

4. HSDPA has much faster speeds compared to HSUPA

Settings Gammu for Applications SMS Gateway

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Wed, 03 Aug 2011 04:20:00 +0000

The advantages of this Gammu is a opensource software available in source code or binary form it, so .. You do not have to worry about licensing. In addition Gammu is also available for Windows and Linux OS.
Issues related to ability, Gammu no doubt because in addition be able to send / receive SMS, Gammu can also send / receive MMS, backup / restore phonebook, as well as upload / download files to HP. In addition Gammu also support for more than 400 types of HP. You can view a list of HP that can be supported by Gammu in Gammu Phone List Database.

To SMS Gateway, I suggest do not use hp NOKIA. Although the file listphone available, and can be recognized by Gammu, but most do not support the full NOKIA. Sometimes it can only send, but received SMS can not be read by Gammu, or vice versa.

Now we will discuss how to set up the Gammu on the Windows platform. To which the Linux please read alone in official website. In this article the discussion will be up to the installation service and run it.

First Steps (Download File)

Please download it first Gammu at http://www.4shared.com/file/LOCzfDhn/gammu-setup.html

Description: the file is a installer that I have modified and simplified to ease the installation process. Gammu that I use is version 1.25.

Step Two (Install Gammu)

By default the setup file above is installed, the file gammu located in the directory C: \ Gammu.

Step Three (Setting Configuration Gammu)

Once the file is installed Gammu, the next step is the configuration setting. This setting is required for purposes of adjusting the type of HP and port number to be used. How does the setting? The trick is to please edit the file 'GAMMURC' that exists in the directory 'C: \ gammu'. Edit the file using Notepad GAMMURC or the like.
And than .. which parts need changing configuration? OK .. parts that need to be changed is the

view sourceprint?
1.[gammu]
2.port =
3.connection =

port parameters were later filled with a port number corresponding location of your HP plugs. To find the port where you plug in your cell phone on your computer, please go to Control Panel -Phone and Modem Options - Modems . Well ... if your HP is plugged in the PC and the driver is installed properly then it will definitely appear on the port number.

Important!

If the Control Panel - Phone and Modem Options - Modem port does not appear, even though the drivers are installed, then you can still see the port through the Control Panel - System - Hardware - Device Manager - Ports (COM & LPT). If the port number appears in both the Control Panel - Phone and Modem Options - Modem and Control Panel - System - Hardware - Device Manager - Ports (COM & LPT) and it turns out different port number, then select the port number in the Control Panel - Phone and Modem Options - Modem.

Tip: HP should be every time you plugged into a PC, use the same USB port location, aka do not move around the plugs, because every change the plugs then the port number will vary. As a result you must change its settings GAMMURC repeatedly anyway because they have to adjust the port number.

Back at the config GAMMURC above, the connection parameters that are used to give information type of connection used to communicate with PCnya HP. Each type HP has the kind of connection is different. To know the type of connections on a particular type of HP, please download the file in here. The file is a compilation of what I do on the types of HP support with Gammu SMS Gateway.

Here is an example configuration when I use a modem GAMMURC Wavecom M1206B connected to the USB port com5.

[gammu]
port = com5:
connection = at115200

(Important: do not forget to sign: at the rear port)
If you use more than one HP is plugged into a PC, then you can add or change the configuration on the

[gammu1]
.
.
 
[gammu2]
.
.
 
dst..

Fourth Step (Test Connection)

The final step for gammu setting process is to test the connection between Gammu with HP / your modem. The move comes after the configuration settings done. The trick is to enter the folder 'C: \ gammu' on your Gammu directory via DOS PROMPT. Then type this command at a command prompt.

1.gammu identify

If after this command then appears dienter information about your HP, then the connection between your HP Gammu with success. If the response is not as expected, then check back to port number or type of connectionnya. Here is an example display that comes out when the setting is successful.

Step Five (Creating a MySQL Database for Gammu)

This step aims to set up a MySQL database to accommodate data needed Gammu SMS Gateway for SMS. Actually, not only MySQL that can be used, but can also SQL Lite or Posgre SQL. But ... in this article only for MySQL Honestly, because I am not familiar with the others.
The trick is to create a database with the name 'sms' or the other (up to) use your phpMyAdmin.
Then make the tables required by Gammu. Oops .. What table aja ya? Do not worry because Gammu dumpnya have prepared a file to create tables. Location of dumpnya files in the folder 'C: \ gammu \ mysql-tabel.sql'. Well .. please use the dump file to create the tables using phpMyAdmin.
In fact Gammu SMS not only be stored in the database, but also as a text file that is stored on your PC. But for the purposes of an SMS gateway it seems better to use the database as storagenya.

CDMA vs. GSM, Which One Is the Best for You?

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Fri, 29 Jul 2011 16:19:00 +0000

Are you looking to pick a side between CDMA vs GSM, the two major telecommunication standards that are used by the cellular networks worldwide?

It can be a hard choice to choose between CDMA vs. GSM, as both have their own advantages. When in the hunt for a cell phone carrier, you may have to figure out which of these two technologies is the best for you and hopefully this article will shed some light on the whole CDMA vs. GSM issue.

CDMA vs. GSM: Breakdown of the technologies

The Origins of CDMA and GSM

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access is a technology developed by Qualcomm in the United States, and it is currently the dominant network standard in North America.

GSM: Global System for Mobile communications was invented in 1987 by the GSM Association, an international organization dedicated to developing this standard worldwide.

CDMA was established earlier in North America and thus has a bit more coverage than GSM. GSM on the other hand is an international standard backed by an international organization and the protocol is a more mature and thus more robust. There is no clear winner in the CDMA vs. GSM debate here; it all depends on your needs.

Coverage of CDMA vs. GSM

CDMA: It is mostly used in America and some parts of Asia. It is currently making progress in other parts of the world, but the coverage is still limited compared to the GSM technology. Its support is currently non-existent in Europe because the European Union mandates the sole use of GSM. In North America however, CDMA generally offers a better coverage than GSM in some rural areas because it was deployed earlier. Its network reaches over 270 million users worldwide.

GSM: Being an international standard, it is better suited for international roaming, provided you own a quad-band cell phone (850/900/1800/1900 MHz). The GSM network is also well established in North America, but not as much as the CDMA network yet. Its network reaches over a billion users worldwide.

CDMA is prominent in North America, but GSM reaches a lot more users worldwide (about 1 billion vs 270 million). In the CDMA vs. GSM debate, GSM wins if you plan to travel to foreign countries but CDMA might have a better coverage in your area.

Data transfer

CDMA: The best data transfer technology it has to offer is the EVDO technology, allowing for a maximum download speed of about 2mb/s (about 700kbps in practice), which is similar to what a DSL line has to offer. EVDO is not available everywhere yet and requires a cell phone that is EVDO ready.

GSM: Offers EDGE, allowing for a maximum download speed of 384kbps (around 140kbps in practice). More technologies are being developed on top of EDGE such as HSDPA to boost the transfer rate to over 384kbps in practice. This technology requires an EDGE-ready cell phone.

CDMA offers faster data download and would therefore be the favoured choice for data transfer. GSM is catching up fast however, but its EDGE technology is subject to interferences.

Phone Identification (SIM cards)

CDMA: Your account information is programmed into your cellular phone. If you want to change your phone, you have to contact your carrier and have them reprogram your new phone. You will also need to re-enter your contact list and calendar information into your new phone. If you have a lot of contacts, your carrier might be able to help you perform this task. Some CDMA2000 cell phones support R-UIM cards (Removable User Identity Module) which are used to store account information and contact lists, but these are not very common in North America yet.

GSM: Your account information along with your contact list and other personal data are stored on a SIM card (Subscriber Identity Module). It is a small chip you can freely remove from your phone. When you get a new mobile device, you can simply insert your SIM card into it and it will work with your current account information and contact list. If you travel to another country, it might even be possible to purchase a prepaid SIM card which you can use to avoid roaming fees.

GSM is a clear winner here. The SIM card technology offers many advantages if you plan to travel or switch phone often. CDMA phones are slowly catching up with R-UIM cards, but cell phones that make use of this technology as still rare.

Which technology is the best for me?

When asking yourself which technology to choose between CDMA vs. GSM, first ask yourself the following questions:

1. Is international roaming important to me? If you travel a lot to foreign countries, you might want to opt for a GSM phone for a better coverage.

2. Am I going to transfer a lot of data using the phone? If you intend to use the phone for mobile web browsing, watching television or downloading MP3s, you might be better off with a CDMA phone. Currently, it offers the best data transfer speed with its EVDO technology and is the clear winner for now.

3. Do I plan to change phone often? If you do, a GSM phone is best for you since you can swap the SIM card to a new device without having to re-enter your personal data.

Once you have established your basic needs, compare CDMA and GSM signals in your region. Also compare the carriers offering both services in your area. Talk to your friends and colleagues and ask them if they are satisfied with their cell phone carrier and how good their signal is. Remember, when choosing between CDMA vs. GSM, preferring a network technology over another also means limiting your choice in carriers.

Management Computer Network

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Wed, 27 Jul 2011 16:18:00 +0000

1. Details:
• Definition and scope of the Computer Network Management
• Network topology, VLSM, CIDR
• Static IP, ARP, BOOTP, DHCP, Implementation
• Server Farm, Virtual LANs
• Accesslist, Extended Accesslist, URL Based ACL
• IP Address Management
• Routing Protocol, Classless InterDomain Routing, Route Summarization / agregation
• IGP, EGP, BGP, Load Balancing
• Network Address Translation, Port Address Translation, Masquerade
• Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
• SNMP and network monitoring, MRTG, Cacti, Packet Analyzer
• Network Intrusion Detection
2. Management:
• In general terms, include:
- Planning (Planning)
- Organization (Organizing)
- Monitoring
- Accounting and
- Controlling of an activity
3. Definition:
Computer Network / Communicationsü
• Includes:
- Asset Hardware: Computers, Hubs, Switching, Router, PBX, Central Phone, Devices
Transmission / Trunkingü
- Asset Software: Operating Systems (Operating System) / Network Operating System, Applications, Etc..
4. Network Management:
• It is the ability to apply a method for:
- Monitoring of a network
- Controlling a network
- Plan (planning) source (resourses) as well as system components and computer network & communications
5. Network Management targets:
• Keeping the network running
• Maintaining Network Performance
• Reduced cost of ownership (giving added value)
Maintain order for Fixed Network Runningü
• Keeping the system in order to remain in operation
• Gather information about the "health" of a network
Maintaining Network Performanceü
• The network must be able to bring benefits (continuous -> Optimal)
• Understand when customers become dissatisfied
• Maintaining the agreed QoS
• Network Management is able to provide the necessary information u / analysis of short-term and long term
Reduce Cost of Ownershipü
• The device is installed is an expense (cost)
• Management: Reactive (a reactive action against the problems) sometimes do not notice how much the cost u / finish
• Management: Proactive (an act of planned) is expected to lower costs as the management bersifatreaktif
6. Limitation of Network Management:
Computers / Communicationü
• Network Management is an application to manage the resources in the form
Hardware / software of a network
• Able to provide accurate information required for business
7. Network Management Problems In Implementation:
• Multi Vendor:
- Hardware = A variety of technologies, and services (Voice, Video, Message, Data)
- Software = Operating System, Protocols, and Applications
8. Iplementasi Solutions Network Management:
• Total Solution (Solution Architecture) more or less single Vendor
• Standardization (Following an, rules / rule to be mutually agreed)
9. Total Solution
• Pros:
- Simple in its application
• Disadvantages:
- Dependence
10. Standardization:
• Advantages:
- Not dependent on a vendor
• Disadvantages:
- Very complex in its implementation
11. Glossary:
• Subnetting
• Switching
• Routing
• Bridging
• VLSM
• CIDR
• ARP
• BGP
• DHCP
• Repeater
• Dst

What is WiMAX ?

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Tue, 26 Jul 2011 17:01:00 +0000

WiMAX is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. WiMAX is also an acronym meaning "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX).

WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16, that is intended for wireless "metropolitan area networks". WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations. In contrast, the WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 100 - 300 feet (30 - 100m).

With WiMAX, WiFi-like data rates are easily supported, but the issue of interference is lessened. WiMAX operates on both licensed and non-licensed frequencies, providing a regulated environment and viable economic model for wireless carriers.

At its heart, however, WiMAX is a standards initiative. Its purpose is to ensure that the broadband wireless radios manufactured for customer use interoperate from vendor to vendor. The primary advantages of the WiMAX standard are to enable the adoption of advanced radio features in a uniform fashion and reduce costs for all of the radios made by companies, who are part of the WiMAX Forum™ and a standards body formed to ensure interoperability via testing. The more recent Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard is a similar term describing a parallel technology to WiMAX that is being developed by vendors and carriers as a counter point to WiMAX.

Generation Cell Phones

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Mon, 25 Jul 2011 02:33:00 +0000

Generation I
Stepping on the 1973's, Martin Cooper, a lady who came from Motorola Corp. discovered the first cell phone and he introduced its findings to the general community on April 3, 1973. Yes, the first generation of phones can be also called 1G. 1-G is the first phone that actually (in the sense as we see today or can be taken anywhere). The invention is able to change the world forever, the phone weighs 30 ounces or about 800 grams. However, the technology used 1-G mobile phones are still analog, or better known as AMPS. AMPS technology using a frequency of about 825 MHz s / d operated at 894 Mhz 800 Mhz band. But it can only be used in one area or region, as it still uses technology that is analog. Weighing 800 grams, it is not wrong if ukurang 1G phones are still too large to use hand-held manuasi, and that's one of the weaknesses of the 1G phones. Because these phones require power to run it and still have poor battery performance, then this causes a large space needed to install the battery and automatic cell size becomes large. Besides the generation 1-G still has problems with mobility users. When making a call, the user mobility is limited to coverage area of cellular phones.

Generation II
second generation or 2G began to emerge. 2G technology in the United States has brought the CDMA technology, whereas in continental Europe and brought the GSM technology. GSM technology is a technology that uses a frequency standard at 900 Mhz and 1800 Mhz frequencies, using these frequencies, then the GSM technology has a larger customer capacity. 2G-generation mobile phone is no longer using analog signals such as used in the first generation, analog signal has been replaced using a digital signal. By using a digital signal then able to complete the generation 2G phones with voicemail, call waiting, and SMS. 2G-generation mobile phone uses a digital chip technology, then make the size of mobile phones become smaller and lighter. In addition to the smaller size and also due to the need for a smaller battery. Another advantage of the 2G-generation mobile radio signals is lower, thus reducing the effects of radiation that can damage the health of mobile phone users.

Generation III
3G technology generation (three G), circa 2009 3G technology is very popular and likely to date. Because the 3G generation provides more facilities and many functions were added. Generation 3G also allows network operators to provide users of their services a wider range, internet, video calls are high-tech. In 3G there are also third-generation standard for the world of telecommunications, including EDGE (Enhance Datarates for GSM Evolution), Wideband-CDMA, and CDMA 2000. Perhaps because of its features are already carrying a high-tech generation of 3G then it costs a relatively more expensive, besides the lack of network coverage to all corners of the area because the technology is still new.

Generation IV
The next generation is the fourth generation (Fourt Generation) or 4G. Generation 4G is a system of phones where this system uses infrastructure solutions that utilize wireless technology. Wirelees technology is already there before, including WiBro (wireless broadband), 802.16e, CDMA, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, and others are possible. System used by the 4G generation is based on the heterogeneity of IP networks, this allows mobile users to use a diverse generation 4G systems whenever and wherever they want. Generation 4G also provides users with access to high speed, high volume, good quality, global reach, and flexibility to explore a variety of different technologies. Finally, the generation 4G provides fast data delivery service to accommodate a variety of applications such as multimedia, video conferencing, on-line games and others.And no longer will appear mengkin generations of phones, maybe 5G, 6G, 7G. Either let alone a feature that will be offered, we just wait presence.

APLIKATION SMS
In the cellular world, many mobile applications that can be used to communicate, most of them in the interest of the customer is the sms application. SMS applications developed along with the popularity of SMS itself. SMS application was first developed by the network operator as part of a network application services. However with the availability of APIs (Application Programming Interface) to create an SMS application programming development of SMS applications from third-party developers. Here is the history of the development of an SMS application that starts from the construction of the first generation SMS Center developed telecommunications company CMG on GSM networks in Europe.

1. Voice-mail notifications and SMS Mobile Terminate the application is voice-mail arrival notification and message delivery in one direction from the operator to the mobile device users.2. SMS Mobile originate, is the ability of a two-way SMS communication, the customer can send SMS messages to other subscribers. Launch these applications increase the use of SMS by 25% from the beginning.3. E-mail notifications, e-mail service that includes a cell phone number so that customers will receive a notification e-mail when it comes to customer accounts. These services increase the use of SMS by 20%.4. Services Information Services, providing general information that is sent via an SMS message, which contains information on news, travel, weather, sports news, horoscopes, etc.. Because of the complexity in the construction and service provider's server settings, the service is growing relatively slowly and only increase the volume of SMS usage by 10%. Here is information services from the most frequently used by customers: information telephone number, mobile chat, logos, ringing tones, humor, horoscope, stock, TV info, music info, weather info, bank info, current events5. Business Partner Program. Network operators begin to open up business opportunities to develop the SMS Center was built based on specifications and needs of a company. SMS Center was built to help the business processes and communications who want to build companies using SMS. SMS Center was built was originally intended to develop communication networks and the business of the enterprise network operators. This service can increase the volume of SMS to 20%.6. SMS Center Second Generation. SMS Center is built on the need for devices and applications that can accommodate an SMS with the increase in traffic volume of SMS. Hopefully with a new generation SMS Center SMS service reliability and quality can be maintained and even increased. At this stage the proven quality of service has increased and the volume of SMS usage increased 10%.7. SMS Internetworking is a collaboration between operators that allows subscribers of another network system can exchange mail messages, as well as customers of one network can access the voice-mail subscribers from other networks. Previous SMS can only be sent to other customers who are in one network. This service has been very helpful and capable melonjakkan SMS volume by 50%.8. SMS to Pre-Pay customers. With this service is expected to prepaid customers can also enjoy the services of SMS, because previously only the post-paid subscribers are able to use SMS. Launch of this service makes use of SMS volumes surged 100%, and this was expected because the pre-paid customers in general are a customer from a very young age enjoyed the service for exchanging SMS. For example, on the Vodafone network in Britain, even though the number of post-paid subscribers more than prepaid subscribers, prepaid customers using SMS service 2 times more often than the postpaid customers.9. Predictive Text Input Phones, is contained in the mobile phone application that contains the customer's algorithms can predict the words that will be used to construct a sentence in an SMS message. This application is very helpful because the use of person to person SMS still dominates the use of SMS, and for that customers need applications that can simplify and accelerate the process of writing a message using the buttons phone. Launch these applications increase 25% by volume of SMS usage.10. Hardware development support messaging service. Hardware support such as a QWERTY keyboard that can be mounted on a mobile phone for typing SMS messages quickly can increase the volume of SMS services to 15%.SMS application development has been through the stages of the above makes the SMS is very popular and popular today. These stages are believed not to be stopped and will continue to evolve with the development of wireless technology and 3G is still put the SMS as the main service.

Communication Data and Computer Networks

noreply@blogger.com (Azwar Fahmi) — Fri, 22 Jul 2011 05:02:00 +0000

Computer Networking

The computer network is a collection of computers, printers and other devices are connected in one unit. Every computer printer or peripherals connected to the network are called nodes.
In general, a computer network is divided into five types, namely:

1. Local Area Network (LAN), a privately owned network within a building or campus-sized to several kilometers.

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), is basically a LAN version is larger and usually use the same technology as the LAN. MAN can include corporate offices are adjacent or also a town.
3. Wide Area Network (WAN), mecakup reach a wide geographical area, often covering a country or even continent. WAN consists of a collection of machines that aim to run the programs (applications) user.

4. Internet, basically the Internet is a collection of interconnected networks. This happens because people are connected to the network often expect to be able to communicate with others who connect other network. To do this requires a machine called the gateway to engage and implement the necessary translation, both hardware and software.
5. Wireless Networking, a solution to communication that can not be done with a wired network.

Computer Network Topology

Topology is a way of connecting one computer to another computer so that form a network. Way that is currently widely used is the bus, token-ring, and star. Each has a characteristic topology, with the advantages and disadvantages.

1. Bus Topology

Profit ;

• Save cables

• Simple wiring layout

• Easy to develop

Loss

• Detection and isolation of error is very small

• Density of traffic

• If one client is damaged, then the network could not function.

• Required repeater for long distance

2. Token Ring Topology

Token-ring method (often called a ring anyway) is how to connect computers so shaped ring (circle). Each node has the same degree. Network will be called as a loop, data is sent kesetiap node and any information received by the node address is checked whether the data for him or not.

Profit
• Save Cables

Loss
• Be sensitive to errors

• Developing a network of more rigid

3. Star Topology

Centralized control, all links must pass through the channel center all of the data node or the client chooses. Central node is called a primary station or server and ainnya called secondary stations or client server. Once the network connection initiated by the server, each client server at any time can use a network connection without waiting for commands from the server.
Profit
• Most flexible

• Installation of the station is very easy and does not interfere with other parts of the network
• Centralized Control

• Ease of detection and fault isolation / damage

• ease of network management

Loss
• Cable Boros

• Need special handling

• Centralized Control (HUB) be a critical element

Data Communications

Data communication is part of telecommunications that are specifically related to the transmission or transfer of data and information among computers and other devices in digital form that is sent through a data communications medium. Data means information that is presented by the digital signal.

Data Communication Components

Conductor / sender, is any device that sends data
Recipient, is any device that receives data
Data is information that will be moved
Media delivery, is a medium or channel used to transmit data
Protocol, is the rules that serve to harmonize the relationship

A protocol is a rule that defines some functions that exist in a computer network, such as sending messages, data, information and other functions that must be met by the sender and receiver side so that communication can take place properly, although the existing system in the different networks together once.

The popular standard protocols OSI (Open Systems Interconnecting) specified by ISO (International Standard Organization).

The function of the protocol is to connect the sender and receiver side in communicating and exchanging information in order to run properly and correctly.

Consist of 7 layers (layers) which defines the function. For each layernya may consist of a number of different protocols, each providing service for which the function of that layer.
1. Application Layer

2. Presentation Layer

3. Session Layer

4. Transport Layer

5. Network Layer

6. Data-link Layer

7. Physical Layer