How iT

SEO Meta Tag Generator

2020-09-21T04:27:00.006-07:00

Meta Tag Generator By How_iT (SEO Meta Tag Generator)

Distribution: Robots:

Website Title:
Author:
Description:
Keywords*:
* Separate with commas

Your Meta-Tags. Copy and paste into the Head section of your HTML document

SEO Tag

Even if every post you write on your blogger is written with SEO Keywords, they will only make the blogger post SEO Rank. Next, if you want to rank your website SEO, you can give it in the form of an HTML code. In it you have to create your Blogger's key setting i.e. Title, Description, Keywords and many other settings in the form of an HTML Code and give it <head> below. The HTML code to be created in this way is called "Meta Tag" to give it a Tag format. You can easily create this with the tool given on this page.

Meta Tag

Giving each blogger a Meta Tag helps improve your Blogger's SEO Rank. In a previous post we explained how to create this Meta Tag Manual and give it to your Blogger. In your Blogger you will be given the title, description and Meta Tag in the Settings area. Meta Tag is the name given to the same Settings as a Code in your Blogger. You can create this by giving the required details with the tool given above. In this you can create your blogger title, Description, Author, Robots, Distribution, Keywords. Thus creating this Meta Tag and giving it to your Blogger will enhance the SEO quality of Blogger. When someone searches for a keyword on Google, the relevant post will appear on the front page of Google's search engine if it is on your blog. When he is displayed on the front page it will show what description you have given in your Meta Tag. Also, your website is likely to show up first when the keyword someone is looking for is in your description.

Meta Tag Generator

With the tool given above on this page you can create Meta Tag Automatic for your blogger. After giving the details like Title, Description, Author, Keywords, Distribution, Robots asked in this tool, click on the "Create" button below. Once clicked, the Meta Tag required for your Blogger will be created automatically. In the Title section, see what title you have given to your blogger and type it. Next, if you have given your Blogger an Author Name, you can type it in or give it a name of your own. Next you need to write a description, which often depends on what kind of blog post you are posting on your blogger. Lastly Keywords are given as Single Words.

You can retrieve the keywords written in it from Google's Keyword Planner. Often only Low Competition keywords are given in Google Keyword Planner. This is followed by "Global, Local, Intern Use" in the Distribution area. In this you have to select "Global". Finally in the "Robots" setting you will be given the option "All, None, No Index, Follow, No Follow". In the Robots area, select "All". After all these are given and finally click on the "Create" button below, the "Meta Tag" required for your blogger will be created. You need to click on Edit Html in your Blogger Theme Option and paste it under the "<head>" section.

DATABASE SYSTEMS I CHAPTER -01 HANDOUT ( Introduction to DBMS 1.4)

2020-08-20T05:13:00.000-07:00

DATABASE SYSTEMS

1. Introduction to DBMS

The evolution of database technology
Characteristics of the database approach
Components of a DBMS
Advantages of using the DBMS approach - Explain the basic concepts of DBMS

Introduction

The database is now such an integral part of ourday-to-day life that often we are not aware we are using one. We consider a database to be a collection of related data and the Database Management System (DBMS) to be the software that manages and controls access tothe database. A database application is simply a program that interacts with the database at some point in its execution.

Example of Database using day - today life

· Purchases from the supermarket

· Purchases using your credit card

· Booking a holiday at the travel agents

· Using the local library

· Using the Internet

Traditional File-Based Systems

A collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users such as the production of reports. Each program deﬁnes and manages its own data.

File-based systems were an early attempt to

computerize the manual ﬁling system that we are all familiar with. For example, in an organization a manual ﬁle is set up to hold all external andinternal correspondence relating to a project, product, task, client, or employee. Typically, there are many such ﬁles, and for safety they are labeled and stored in one or more cabinets. For security, the cabinets may have locks or may be located in secure areas of the building. In our own home, we probably have some sort of ﬁling system which contains receipts, guarantees, invoices, bank statements, and

such like. When weneed to look something up, we go to the ﬁling system and search through the system starting from the ﬁrst entry until we ﬁnd what we want. Alternatively, we may have an indexing system that helps locate what we want more quickly. For example, we may have divisions in the ﬁling system or separate folders for different types of item that are in some way logically related.

The manual ﬁling system works well while the number of items tobe stored is small. It even works quite adequately when there are large numbers of items andwe have only to store and retrieve them. However, the manual ﬁling system breaks down when we have to cross-reference or process the information in the ﬁles.

Problem of the File-Based Approach

· Separation and isolation of data

· Duplication of data

· Data dependence

· Incompatible ﬁle formats

Separation and isolation of data

When data is isolated in separate ﬁles, it is more difficult to access data that should be available.

Duplication of data

Owing to the decentralized approach taken by each department, the ﬁle-based approach encouraged, if not necessitated, the uncontrolled duplication of data.

Why we don't need duplication?

· Duplication is wasteful. It costs time and money to enter the data more than once.

· It takes up additional storage space

· Perhaps more importantly, duplication canlead to loss of data integrity; in other words, the data is no longer consistent.

Data dependence

As we have already mentioned, the physical structure and storage of the data ﬁles and records aredeﬁned in the application code. This means that changes to an existing structure are difficult to make.

Incompatible ﬁle formats

Because the structure of ﬁles is embedded in the application programs, the structures are dependent onthe application programming language.

The Database

A shared collection of logically related data, and a description of this data, designed to meet the information needs of an organization.

The database is a single, possibly large

repository of data that can be used simultaneously by many users.

The database holds not only the organiza- tion’s operational data but also a description of this data. For this reason, a database is also deﬁned as a self-describing collection of integrated records. The description of the data is known as the system catalog or data dictionary or metadata (the ‘data about data’). It is the self-describing nature of a database that provides program–data independence.

Data abstraction, separates the structure of thedata from the application programs and stores it in the database.

If new data structures are added or existing structures are modiﬁed then the application programs are unaffected, provided they do notdirectly depend upon what has been modiﬁed. For example, if we add a new ﬁeld

to a record or create a new ﬁle, existing applications are unaffected. However, if we remove a ﬁeld from a ﬁle that an application program uses, then that application program is affected by this change and must be modiﬁed accordingly.

The Database Management System (DBMS) A software system that enables users to deﬁne, create, maintain, and control access tothe database.

The DBMS is the software that interacts with

the users’ application programs and the database. Typically, a DBMS provides the following facilities:

It allows users to deﬁne the database, usually through a Data Deﬁnition Language (DDL). The DDL allows users to specify the data types and structures and the con- straints on the data to be stored in the database.

It allows users to insert, update, delete, and retrieve data from the database, usually through a Data Manipulation Language (DML). Having a central repository for all data and data descriptions allows the DML to provide a general inquiry facility to this data, called a query language. The provision of a query language alleviates the prob-lems with ﬁle-based systems where the user has towork with a ﬁxed set of queries or there is a proliferation of programs, giving major software management problems.The most

Database Designers

In large database design projects, we can distinguish between two types of designer: logical database designers andphysical database designers.

The logical database designer is concerned with identifying the data (that is, the entities and attributes), the relationships between the data, and the constraints on the data that is to be stored in the database. The logical database designer must have a thorough and complete understanding of the organization’s data and any constraints on this data.

The physical database designer decides how the logical database design is to be physic- ally realized.

Application Developers

Once the database hasbeen implemented, the application programs that provide the required functionality for the end-users must be implemented. This is the responsibility of the application developers.

End-Users

The end-users arethe ‘clients’ for the database, which has been designed and implemented, and is being maintained to serve their information needs.

Advantages of DBMS

· Control of data redundancy

· Data consistency

· Sharing of data

· Improved data integrity

· Improved security

Control of data redundancy

Redundancy mean storing the same data multiple times. As we discussed in early, traditional ﬁle-based systems waste space by storing the same information in more than oneﬁle. The database approach attempts to eliminate the redundancy by integrating the ﬁles so that multiple copies of the same data are not stored. However, thedatabase approach does not eliminate redundancy entirely, but controls theamount of redundancy inherent in the database. Sometimes, itis necessary to duplicate key data items to model relationships. At other times, it is desirable to duplicate some data items to improve performance.

Data consistency

By eliminating or controlling redundancy, we reduce the risk of inconsistencies occurring. If adata item is stored only once in the database, any update to its value has to be performed only once and the new value is available immediately to all users. If a data item is stored more than once and the

system is aware of this, the system can ensure that all copies of the item arekept consistent. Unfortunately, manyof today’s DBMSs do not automatically ensure this type of consistency.

Sharing of data

More users share more of the data.

Improved data integrity

Database integrity refers to the validity and consistency of stored data. Integrity is usually expressed in terms ofconstraints, which are consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. Constraints may apply to data items within a single record or they may apply to relationships between records.

Improved security

Database security is the protection of the database from unauthorized users. Without suitable security measures, integration makes the data more vulnerable than ﬁle- based systems.

Characteristics ofthe Database

Approach

· Self-describing nature of a database system

· Insulation between programs and data, and data abstraction

· Support of multiple views of the data

· Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing

Self-Describing Nature of a Database

System

This definition is stored in the DBMS catalog,

which contains information such as the structure of each file, the type and storage format of each data item, and various constraints on the data. The information stored in the catalog is called meta-data, and it describes the structure of the primary database

Insulation between Programs and Data

In traditional file processing, the structure of data files is embedded in the application programs, so any changes to the structure of afile may require changing all programs that

access that file. By contrast, DBMS access programs do not require such changes in most cases. The structure of data files is stored in the DBMS catalog separately from the access programs.

Support of Multiple Views of the Data
A database typically has many users, each of whom may require a different perspective or view of the database. A view may be a subset of the database or it may contain virtual data that is derived from the database files but is not explicitly stored.

Sharing of Data
A multi user DBMS, as its name implies,must allow multiple users to access the database at the same time. This is essential if data for multiple applications is to be integrated and maintained in a single database.

***** End *******

BY: C.SIVAKARAN

JAFFNA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Sri Lanka

What is Networking?

2020-07-24T04:58:00.001-07:00

What is Networking?

Networking

Is is a practice of connecting multiple computing devices in order to share the resources, Exchange files And allow Electronic Communication. The Computer Network can be liked through a medium such as Cables ,Telephone lines, Radio wave, Satellites or Infrared beams

Local Area Network (LAN) is used to connect devices in a Shortest distance , Such as within a Building, School or Home.
Wide Area Network (WAN) is used to connect devices across large Geo graphic Area , Such as Communication between different counties.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a Data Network Designed for a town or a city .
Storage Area Network (SAN) is a Network designed to share the Storage Area Multiple devices .

Topology refers to virtual layout to Arrangement of the devices in a Network.

Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Star Topology
Tree Topology
Mesh Topology

Bus Topology

This topology Utilizes a Common backbone, in General a single cable will be used to connect all the devices on a Network.

Advantages

- Failure of one station does not affect the others.
- Well suited for temporary networks that must be set up quickly.
- Simple and easy to setup.
- Uses the least amount of cable to setup; cost effective.
- Has a collision handling system which ensures that data will
travel without errors and is delivered correctly.

Disadvantages

-The whole network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
- Difficult to identify the problem when the entire network shuts down.
- Limits the number of nodes you can set up for one single cable.
- As the number of computers in the network increases the data transfer rate goes down.
- If the data transfer rate is high then the bus network performs poorly
because the data travels in a stream and cannot be overloaded.

Ring Topology

Each device will have two neighbors for Communication. All data travels a ring , and a failure of that ring will bring the whole network down.

Advantages

- All data flows in one direction, reducing the chance of packet collisions.

- A network server is not needed to control network connectivity between each workstation.

- Data can transfer between workstations at high speeds.

- Additional workstations can be added without impacting performance of the network.

Disadvantages

- All data being transferred over the network must pass through each workstation on the network, which can make it slower than a star topology.

- The entire network will be impacted if one workstation shuts down.

- The hardware needed to connect each workstation to the network is more expensive than Ethernet cards and hubs/switches.

Star Topology

The central Connection Known as a "hub" ,It will be connected to all the devices on the Network. This hub could be a Router or a Switch.

Advantages

- Centralized management of the network, through the use of the central computer, hub, or switch.

- Easy to add another computer to the network.

- If one computer on the network fails, the rest of the network continues to function normally.

Disadvantages

- Can have a higher cost to implement, especially when using a switch or router as the central network device.

- The central network device determines the performance and number of nodes the network can handle.

- If the central computer, hub, or switch fails, the entire network goes down and all computers are disconnected from the network.

Tree Topology

It combines characteristics of linear Bus And Star - configured workstations Connected to a linear Bus backbone cable.

Advantages

- Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.

- Supported by several hardware and software venders.

Disadvantages

- Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.

- If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.

- More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies

Mesh Topology

In mesh ,each devices in the Network are interconnected to other devices every node not only sends its own signals but also relays data from other node.

Advantages

Can handle high amounts of traffic, because multiple devices can transmit data simultaneously.

A failure of one device does not cause a break in the network or transmission of data.

Adding additional devices does not disrupt data transmission between other devices.

Disadvantages

The cost to implement is higher than other network topological, making it a less desirable option.

Building and maintaining the topology is difficult and time consuming.

The chance of redundant connections is high, which adds to the high costs and potential for reduced efficiency.

Pure CSS Coronavirus Illustration

2020-07-22T14:24:00.001-07:00

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Airtm account verification is failed | Airtm account create problem 2020 in tamil

2020-07-22T14:13:00.002-07:00

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Introduction To DBMS 1.3 _Data Base System - 1_ ICT NVQ Level - 5 (Semester -1)

2020-07-17T13:56:00.002-07:00

3.0 DATA BASE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

A database is usually a fundamental component of the information system, especially in business oriented systems. Thus database design is part of system development. The following picture shows how database design is involved in the system development life cycle.

There are various methods of how the different phases of information system design, analysis and implementation can be done. Here the main tasks or goals are described but no method is introduced.

Database Planning

The database planning includes the activities that allow the stages of the database system development lifecycle to be realized as efficiently and effectively as possible. This phase must be integrated with the overall Information System strategy of the organization.

The very first step in database planning is to define the mission statement and objectives for the database system. That is the definition of:
- the major aims of the database system
- the purpose of the database system
- the supported tasks of the database system
- the resources of the database system

Systems Definition

In the systems definition phase, the scope and boundaries of the database application are described. This description includes:
- links with the other information systems of the organization
- what the planned system is going to do now and in the future
- who the users are now and in the future.

The major user views are also described. what is required of a database system from the perspectives of particular job roles or enterprise application areas.

Requirements Collection and Analysis

During the requirements collection and analysis phase, the collection and analysis of the information about the part of the enterprise to be served by the database are completed. The results may include:
- the description of the data used or generated
- the details how the data is to be used or generated
- any additional requirements for the new database system

Database Design

The database design phase is divided into three steps:
- conceptual database design
- logical database design
- physical database design

Database Management System Selection

This in an optional phase. When there is a need for a new database management system (DBMS), this phase is done. DBMS means a database system like Access, SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle.
In this phase the criteria for the new DBMS are defined. Then several products are evaluated according to the criteria. Finally the recommendation for the selection is decided.

Application Design

In the application design phase, the design of the user interface and the application programs that use and process the database are defined and designed.

Prototyping

The purpose of a prototype is to allow the users to use the prototype to identify the features of the system using the computer.
There are horizontal and vertical prototypes. A horizontal prototype has many features (e.g. user interfaces) but they are not working. A vertical prototype has very few features but they are working.

Implementation

During the implementation phase, the physical realization of the database and application designs are to be done. This is the programming phase of the systems development.

Data Conversion and Loading

This phase is needed when a new database is replacing an old system. During this phase the existing data will be transferred into the new database.

Testing

Before the new system is going to live, it should be thoroughly tested. The goal of testing is to find errors! The goal is not to prove the software is working well.

Operational Maintenance

The operational maintenance is the process of monitoring and maintaining the database system.

Monitoring means that the performance of the system is observed. If the performance of the system falls below an acceptable level, tuning or reorganization of the database may be required.

Maintaining and upgrading the database system means that, when new requirements arise, the new development life cycle will be done.

Introduction To DBMS 1.2 _Data Base System - 1_ ICT NVQ Level - 5 (Semester -1)

2020-07-15T13:47:00.002-07:00

Introduction To DBMS

1.1 Introduction

Databases and database systems are an essential component of life in modern society: most of us encounter several activities every day that involve some interaction with a database.

For example,

Ø if we go to the bank to deposit or withdraw funds,

Ø if we make a hotel or airline reservation,

Ø if we access a computerized library catalog to search for a bibliographic item,

Ø if we purchase something online—such as a book, toy, or computer— chances are that our activities will involve someone or some computer program accessing a database.

Ø Even purchasing items at a supermarket often automatically updates the database that holds the inventory of grocery items.

These interactions are examples of what we may call traditional database applications, in which most of the information that is stored and accessed is either textual or numeric.

In the past few years, advances in technology have led to exciting new applications of database systems. New media technology has made it possible to store images, audio clips, and video streams digitally. These types of files are becoming an important component of multimedia databases.

Geographic information systems (GIS) can store and analyze maps, weather data, and satellite images.

Data warehouses and online analytical processing (OLAP) systems are used in many companies to extract and analyze useful business information from very large databases to support decision making.

Real-time and active database technology is used to control industrial and manufacturing processes. And database search techniques are being applied to the World Wide Web to improve the search for information that is needed by users browsing the Internet

Definition of Terms

Before we start with the use and architecture of data management solutions we discuss the terminology of this field to get to know the basic terms like information, data, database systems. A lot of these basic terms are used daily but most often not in the right context.

Data versus Information

Data (especially computer data):

The presentation of facts, information or concepts which are created in a computer readable form or are translated into such a form.

Information:

Information is a useable answer to a concrete question. Something is information if a specific question is answered and that answer increases the understanding of the questioner and enables them to come closer to a specific objective.

Information has the following aspects:

• Structured and syntactic
• Semantic (as regards content)

• Pragmatic (relevant to applications)

Data and Database:

An amount of data which are viewed by the operator as somehow going together plus additional data which is used by the DBMS to work correctly are called a database.

Database Management System:

A database management system (DBMS) is a software product for the persistent, consistent and application independent storage and management of data. But also for the flexible and easy use of big and concurrently used databases.

Database System:

A database system (DBS) consists of a DBMS and one or more databases.

A database is a collection of related data. By data, we mean known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning.

For example, consider the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of the people you know. You may have recorded this data in an indexed address book or you may have stored it on a hard drive, using a personal computer and software such as Microsoft Access or Excel. This collection of related data with an implicit meaning is a database.

The preceding definition of database is quite general; for example, we may consider the collection of words that make up this page of text to be related data and hence to constitute a database. However, the common use of the term database is usually more restricted. A database has the following implicit properties:

Ø A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called the miniworld or the universe of discourse (UoD). Changes to the miniworld are reflected in the database.

Ø A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. A random assortment of data cannot correctly be referred to as a database.

Ø A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group of users and some preconceived applications in which these users are interested

A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database.

The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharingdatabases among various users and applications.

Defining a database involves specifying the data types, structures, and constraints of the data to be stored in the database.

The database definition or descriptive information is also stored by the DBMS in the form of a database catalog or dictionary; it is called meta-data.

Constructing the database is the process of storing the data on some storage medium that is controlled by the DBMS.

Manipulating a database includes functions such as querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating the database to reflect changes in the miniworld, and generating reports from the data. Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs to access the database simultaneously.

An application program accesses the database by sending queries or requests for data to the DBMS. A query typically causes some data to be retrieved; a transaction may cause some data to be read and some data to be written into the database.

Other important functions provided by the DBMS include protecting the database and maintaining it over a long period of time. Protectionincludes system protection against hardware or software malfunction (or crashes) and security protection against unauthorized or malicious access. A typical large database may have a life cycle of many years, so the DBMS must be able to maintain the database system by allowing the system to evolve as requirements change over time.

It is not absolutely necessary to use general-purpose DBMS software to implement a computerized database. We could write our own set of programs to create and maintain the database, in effect creating our own special-purpose DBMS software.

In either case—whether we use a general-purpose DBMS or not—we usually have to deploy a considerable amount of complex software. In fact, most DBMSs are very complex software systems.

To complete our initial definitions, we will call the database and DBMS software together a database system.

1.2 Characteristics of the Database Approach

A number of characteristics distinguish the database approach from the much older approach of programming with files. In traditional file processing, each user defines and implements the files needed for a specific software application as part of programming the application.

For example, one user, the grade reporting office, may keep files on students and their grades. Programs to print a student’s transcript and to enter new grades are implemented as part of the application. A second user, the accounting office, may keep track of students’ fees and their payments.

Although both users are interested in data about students, each user maintains separate files— and programs to manipulate these files because each requires some data not avail able from the other user’s files. This redundancy in defining and storing data results in wasted storage space and in redundant efforts to maintain common up-to-date data.

In the database approach, a single repository maintains data that is defined once and then accessed by various users. In file systems, each application is free to name data elements independently. In contrast, in a database, the names or labels of data are defined once, and used repeatedly by queries, transactions, and applications.

The main characteristics of the database approach versus the file processing approach are the following:

Ø Self-describing nature of a database system

Ø Insulation between programs and data, and data abstraction

Ø Support of multiple views of the data

Ø Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing

1) Self-Describing Nature of a Database System

A fundamental characteristic of the database approach is that the database system contains not only the database itself but also a complete definition or description of the database structure and constraints. This definition is stored in the DBMS catalog, which contains information such as the structure of each file, the type and storage format of each data item, and various constraints on the data. The information stored in the catalog is called meta-data, and it describes the structure of the primary database

2) Insulation between Programs and Data, and Data Abstraction

In traditional file processing, the structure of data files is embedded in the application programs, so any changes to the structure of a file may require changing all programs that access that file. By contrast, DBMS access programs do not require such changes in most cases. The structure of data files is stored in the DBMS catalog separately from the access programs. We call this property program-data independence.

3)Support of Multiple Views of the Data

A database typically has many users, each of whom may require a different perspective or view of the database. A view may be a subset of the database or it may contain virtualdata that is derived from the database files but is not explicitly stored. Some users may not need to be aware of whether the data they refer to is stored or derived. A multiuser DBMS whose users have a variety of distinct applications must provide facilities for defining multiple views.

4) Sharing of Data and Multiuser Transaction Processing

A multiuser DBMS, as its name implies, must allow multiple users to access the database at the same time. This is essential if data for multiple applications is to be integrated and maintained in a single database. The DBMS must include concurrency controlsoftware to ensure that several users trying to update the same data do so in a controlled manner so that the result of the updates is correct.

1.3 Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach

1) Controlling Redundancy

In traditional software development utilizing file processing, every user group maintains its own files for handling its data-processing applications.

This redundancy in storing the same data multiple times leads to several problems.

This leads to duplication of effort. Second, storage space is wasted when the same data is stored repeatedly, and this problem may be serious for large databases. Third, files that represent the same data may become inconsistent. This may happen because an update is applied to some of the files but not to others.

2) Restricting Unauthorized Access

When multiple users share a large database, it is likely that most users will not be authorized to access all information in the database.

A DBMS should provide a security and authorization subsystem, which the DBA uses to create accounts and to specify account restrictions. Then, the DBMS should enforce these restrictions automatically. Notice that we can apply similar controls to the DBMS software.

3) Providing Persistent Storage for Program Objects

Databases can be used to provide persistent storage for program objects and data structures. This is one of the main reasons for object-oriented database systems. Programming languages typically have complex data structures, such as record types in Pascal or class definitions in C++ or Java. The values of program variables or objects are discarded once a program terminates, unless the programmer explicitly stores them in permanent files, which often involves converting these complex structures into a format suitable for file storage.

the DBMS software automatically performs any necessary conversions.

4) Providing Storage Structures and Search Techniques for Efficient Query Processing

Database systems must provide capabilities for efficiently executing queries and updates. Because the database is typically stored on disk, the DBMS must provide specialized data structures and search techniques to speed up disk search for the desired records. Auxiliary files called indexes are used for this purpose.

The query processing and optimization module of the DBMS is responsible for choosing an efficient query execution plan for each query based on the existing storage structures.

5) Providing Backup and Recovery

A DBMS must provide facilities for recovering from hardware or software failures. The backup and recovery subsystem of the DBMS is responsible for recovery

6) Providing Multiple User Interfaces

Because many types of users with varying levels of technical knowledge use a database, a DBMS should provide a variety of user interfaces

7) Representing Complex Relationships among Data

A database may include numerous varieties of data that are interrelated in many ways. A DBMS must have the capability to represent a variety of complex relationships among the data, to define new relationships as they arise, and to retrieve and update related data easily and efficiently.

8) Enforcing Integrity Constraints

Most database applications have certain integrity constraints that must hold for the data. A DBMS should provide capabilities for defining and enforcing these constraints. The simplest type of integrity constraint involves specifying a data type for each data item.

9) Permitting Inferencing and Actions Using Rules

Some database systems provide capabilities for defining deduction rules for inferencing new information from the stored database facts. Such systems are called deductive database systems.

10) Additional Implications of Using the Database Approach

ü Potential for Enforcing Standards.

ü Reduced Application Development Time

ü Flexibility

ü Availability of Up-to-Date Information

ü Economies of Scale.

1.4 Functional Components of a DBMS

A typical DBMS has the following six basic components:

1.File Manager manages the allocation space on disk storage and the data structures used to represent info stored on other media. In most applications (99.9%) the file is the central element. All applications are designed with the specific goal: generation and use of information. A typical file system layered architecture is the following (see also CPS510).

User Program

Sequential Indexed Random Lists

Logical I/O

Basic File System Structure

Device Drivers (Disk,tape,etc)

Controllers

Actual Device

2. Buffer Manager among other tasks, it transfers blocks between disk (or other devices) and Main Memory (MM). A DMA (Direct Memory Access) is a form of I/O that controls the exchange of blocks between MM and a device. When a processor receives a request for a transfer of a block, it sends it to the DMA which transfers the block uninterrupted.

3. Query Parser translates statements in a query language, whether embedded or not, into a lower level language. (See RL language example from CPS510). This parser is also a strategy selector: i.e., finding the best and most efficient way (faster?) of executing the query.

4. Authorization and Integrity Manager checks for the authority of the users to access and modify info, as well as integrity constraints (keys, etc).

5. Recovery Manager ensures that the database is and remains in a consistent (sound) state after any kind of failure.

6. Concurrency Controller enforces Mutual Exclusion by ensuring that concurrent interactions with the data base proceed without conflict (deadlocks, etc).

1.5 Components of DBMS

A database management system (DBMS) consists of several components. Each component plays very important role in the database management system environment.

The major components of database management system are:

· Software

· Hardware

· Data

· Procedures

· Database Access Language

Software

The main component of a DBMS is the software. It is the set of programs used to handle the database and to control and manage the overall computerized database

DBMS software itself, is the most important software component in the overall system

Operating system including network software being used in network,To share the data of database among multiple users.

Application programs developed in programming languages such as C++, Visual Basic that are used to to access database in database management system. Each program contains statements that request the DBMS to perform operation on database. The operations may include retrieving, updating, deleting data etc . The application program may be conventional or online workstations or terminals.

Hardware

Hardware consists of a set of physical electronic devices such as computers (together with associated I/O devices like disk drives), storage devices, I/O channels, electromechanical devices that make interface between computers and the real world systems etc, and so on. It is impossible to implement the DBMS without the hardware devices, In a network, a powerful computer with high data processing speed and a storage device with large storage capacity is required as database server.

Data

Data is the most important component of the DBMS. The main purpose of DBMS is to process the data. In DBMS, databases are defined, constructed and then data is stored, updated and retrieved to and from the databases. The database contains both the actual (or operational) data and the metadata (data about data or description about data).

Procedures

Procedures refer to the instructions and rules that help to design the database and to use the DBMS. The users that operate and manage the DBMS require documented procedures on hot use or run the database management system. These may include.

1. Procedure to install the new DBMS.

2. To log on to the DBMS.

3. To use the DBMS or application program.

4. To make backup copies of database.

5. To change the structure of database.

6. To generate the reports of data retrieved from database.

Database Access Language

The database access language is used to access the data to and from the database. The users use the database access language to enter new data, change the existing data in database and to retrieve required data from databases. The user write a set of appropriate commands in a database access language and submits these to the DBMS. The DBMS translates the user commands and sends it to a specific part of the DBMS called the Database Jet Engine. The database engine generates a set of results according to the commands submitted by user, converts these into a user readable form called an Inquiry Report and then displays them on the screen. The administrators may also use the database access language to create and maintain the databases.

The most popular database access language is SQL (Structured Query Language). Relational databases are required to have a database query language.

Users

The users are the people who manage the databases and perform different operations on the databases in the database system.There are three kinds of people who play different roles in database system

1. Application Programmers

2. Database Administrators

3. End-Users

Application Programmers

The people who write application programs in programming languages (such as Visual Basic, Java, or C++) to interact with databases are called Application Programmer.

Database Administrators

A person who is responsible for managing the overall database management system is called database administrator or simply DBA.

End-Users

The end-users are the people who interact with database management system to perform different operations on database such as retrieving, updating, inserting, deleting data etc.

2- Database System Concepts and Architecture

2.1 Introduction

The architecture of DBMS packages has evolved from the early monolithic systems, where the whole DBMS software package was one tightly integrated system, to the modern DBMS packages that are modular in design, with a client/ server system architecture. This evolution mirrors the trends in computing, where large centralized mainframe computers are being replaced by hundreds of distributed workstations and personal computers connected via communications networks to various types of server machines—Web servers, database servers, file servers, application servers, and so on.

In a basic client/server DBMS architecture, the system functionality is distributed between two types of modules.

client module is typically designed so that it will run on a user workstation or personal computer. Typically, application programs and user interfaces that access the database run in the client module. Hence, the client module handles user interaction and provides the user-friendly interfaces such as forms- or menu-based GUIs (graphical user interfaces).

server module is typically handles data storage, access, search, and other functions. We discuss client/server architectures

we must study more basic concepts that will give us a better understanding of modern database architectures.

2.2 Categories of Data Models

Many data models have been proposed, which we can categorize according to the types of concepts they use to describe the database structure.

Ø High-levelor conceptual data models

Close to the way many users perceive data

Ø Low-levelor physical data models

low-level or physical data models provide concepts that describe the details of how data is stored on the computer storage media, typically magnetic disks. Concepts provided by low-level data models are generally meant for computer specialists, not for end users.

Describe the details of how data is stored on computer storage media

Ø Representational data models

Representational or implementation data models are the models used most frequently in traditional commercial DBMSs. These include the widely used relational data model, as well as the so-called legacy data models—the network and hierarchical models—that have been widely used in the past.

ü Relational data model

Used most frequently in traditional commercial DBMSs

ü Object data model

New family of higher-level implementation data models

Closer to conceptual data models

Ø Conceptual data models

Conceptual data models use concepts such as entities, attributes, and relationships.

ü Entity

Represents a real-world object or concept

ü Attribute

Represents some property of interest

Further describes an entity

ü Relationship among two or more entities

Represents an association among the entities

Entity-Relationship model

Ø Physical data models

Physical data models describe how data is stored as files in the computer by representing information such as record formats, record orderings, and access paths.

ü Access path

Structure that makes the search for particular database records efficient

ü Index

Example of an access path

Allows direct access to data using an index term or a keyword

Introduction to DBMS

2020-07-14T03:13:00.000-07:00

Introduction to DBMS

The Evolution of Database Technology

Components of Database environment
Hardware, Software, Data, procedures and people
Information and Meta data
File-based Approach and Database Approach
Data hierarchy
Components of DBMS
Functions of DBMS
Advantages and Disadvantages of Database Approach
Uses of Database
Database Architecture

Components of Database System Environment

Hardware

Set of physical devices on which a database resides. Can range from a PC to a network of computers.

Software

– database management system (DBMS)

– operating system

– application programs

– User Interface

Data

– The term data refers to known facts that can be recorded and preserved

Include text, graphics, images, and/or video

– Used by the organization and a description of this data called the schema.

– A representation of facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by human beings or by automatic means.

– Raw data which is unprocessed Text, colours, symbols, shapes, graphics, images, temperatures, sound, video or other facts and figures are data suitable for processing.

E.g. Person or Employee or Customer

name, address, phone, date of birth, designation, department, salary,

employee no, photograph

Procedures

Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the database.

People

Two different types of people (end-users and practitioners) are concerned with the database.

1) End-Users

– are the ‘clients’ of the database, who need information from the database to carry out their duties.

e.g. Executives, managers, staff, clerical personnel

2) Practitioners

– people responsible for the database system and its associated application software.

e.g. Data and Database administrators, Database designers, Application developers.

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DATABASE SYSTEMS I CHAPTER -01 HANDOUT ( Introduction to DBMS 1.4)

1. Introduction to DBMS

The evolution of database technology Characteristics of the database approach Components of a DBMS Advantages of using the DBMS approach - Explain the basic concepts of DBMS

What is Networking?

What is Networking?

Is is a practice of connecting multiple computing devices in order to share the resources, Exchange files And allow Electronic Communication. The Computer Network can be liked through a medium such as Cables ,Telephone lines, Radio wave, Satellites or Infrared beams

Topology refers to virtual layout to Arrangement of the devices in a Network.

Bus TopologyRing Topology Star Topology Tree TopologyMesh Topology

Bus Topology

Advantages

Disadvantages

Ring Topology

Advantages

Disadvantages

Star Topology

Advantages

Disadvantages

Tree Topology

Advantages

Disadvantages

Mesh Topology

Advantages

Disadvantages

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Introduction To DBMS 1.3 _Data Base System - 1_ ICT NVQ Level - 5 (Semester -1)

Introduction To DBMS 1.2 _Data Base System - 1_ ICT NVQ Level - 5 (Semester -1)

Introduction To DBMS

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Characteristics of the Database Approach

1.3 Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach

1.4 Functional Components of a DBMS

1.5 Components of DBMS

2- Database System Concepts and Architecture

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Categories of Data Models

Introduction to DBMS

Introduction to DBMS

Components of Database environmentHardware, Software, Data, procedures and peopleInformation and Meta dataFile-based Approach and Database ApproachData hierarchyComponents of DBMSFunctions of DBMSAdvantages and Disadvantages of Database ApproachUses of DatabaseDatabase Architecture

Components of Database System Environment

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The evolution of database technology
Characteristics of the database approach
Components of a DBMS
Advantages of using the DBMS approach - Explain the basic concepts of DBMS

Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Star Topology
Tree Topology
Mesh Topology

Components of Database environment
Hardware, Software, Data, procedures and people
Information and Meta data
File-based Approach and Database Approach
Data hierarchy
Components of DBMS
Functions of DBMS
Advantages and Disadvantages of Database Approach
Uses of Database
Database Architecture