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A Good Friday “Pana-ad” to the Guadalupe Shrine in Balubal, Cagayan de Oro City

2026-04-04T23:19:00.000-07:00

It was Good Friday, April 4, 2026, and thousands of Roman Catholic devotees gathered at the entrance of the route leading to the Guadalupe Shrine in Igbalayan Hills, Barangay Balubal, Cagayan de Oro. The entrance was manned by police, local government employees of the city and private volunteers who were ready to assist the devotees on their journey. For the devotees, their activity is termed “pana-ad” or doing act of penance on Good Friday.

Right through the entrance is the Agusan River (not to be confused with the Agusan River of Butuan City and the Caraga Region). Over the water are two ropes, one for the shrine-bound devotees, and the other for those who returned from the shrine. Those ropes are intended for people who have difficulty crossing the river without something to hold old on as they wade through the river. There were devotees though who could easily cross the river alone without anything for support. Crossing the river carries some risks especially to some individuals such as the elderly because of the large stones in the water. A fall to the water with the head hitting a stone could be dangerous.

Going to their destination, the devotees walked along the course of Agusan River that winds into a long stretch of valley. Farther ahead, they passed by a gorge with cliffs on either side of the valley. In most cases the floor of the valley is stony. Along the way are bamboo grooves and trees which provide shelter to the devotees from the hot summer sun.

The distance of the route from the entrance to the shrine is estimated to be 4 to 4.5 kilometers, so that a two-way trek to the shrine will be about 8 to 9 kilometers. Walking on the ground under the heat of the sun was not a difficult thing to do considering the vegetation there is in the valley, and that there is not much higher ground to negotiate because the slope of most of the ground in the valley’s floor is not steep. The difficulty lay in crossing a river with a winding route full of large stones in the water. Although the river is fordable, there are portions of it with a waist-high depth and currents that are strong. Elderly devotees were sometimes assisted by younger people to help them make it to the other banks of the river. Because of the winding course of the river, devotees must cross the river nine times to reach the shrine. In other words, they must make a total of 18 river crossings throughout their trek.

As they proceeded to their journey, devotees made stopovers at the Stations of the Cross which were positioned along the way to their destination, which was the shrine. There, they lit candles and prayed before proceeding to the next stations. Devotees could not be short of food and water because there were vendors who catered to their needs all along the way.

The ninth crossing of the river was the pinnacle of the devotees’ trek. Beyond the river is the sight of the Chapel of the Virgin of Guadalupe. The chapel is perched on a hill and is accessible from the ground through stairs. The top of the hill is also the location of the 14^th and last Station of the cross which is just outside the front of the chapel. Again, before the cross, the devotees lit candles and prayed. They completed their penance with an entry into the chapel to pay homage to the Virgin of Guadalupe and make their vow and supplication to God during one of the most religiously significant days of the year.

Old Butuan: An Early Civilization in the Philippines

2026-03-22T23:03:50.504-07:00

Gold Tara

The polity of Old Butuan was one of the most advanced societies in the pre-colonial Philippines. Its influence extended beyond its present-day location, reaching areas to the east, west, and deep into the south. At the heart of this thriving settlement was the Agusan River—the third longest river in the archipelago—which served as a vital lifeline for trade, food, and transportation.

Butuan flourished between the 10th and 11th centuries CE and was ruled by a rajahnate influenced by Hindu-Buddhist culture. However, rather than fully adopting these religions, the people of Butuan incorporated selected traditions while maintaining their indigenous animist beliefs. This blending of cultures contributed to a unique and distinct identity among the many polities of the archipelago.

A Thriving Trade Hub

Butuan was an active participant in regional trade networks, engaging with China, Champa, Srivijaya, and other Southeast Asian and South Asian polities. It exported valuable resources such as gold, beeswax, timber, animal skins, horns, and tortoise shells. In return, it received ceramics, porcelain, silk, jewelry, iron tools, and weapons.

Chinese records from the Song Dynasty referred to Butuan as Pu’tuan, highlighting its importance in international trade. Notably, Butuan once sought equal diplomatic status with Champa. Although initially denied, this request was eventually granted during the Yuan Dynasty, demonstrating Butuan’s growing prestige in the region.

Geography and Natural Wealth

Butuan’s geography played a crucial role in its development. The Agusan River, with its many tributaries, provided abundant food sources such as fish and other aquatic life, while surrounding forests served as hunting grounds.

Further south, the mountainous regions—home to the river’s headwaters—were rich in gold deposits. Over time, gold sediments were naturally carried downstream, making them accessible along riverbanks. Early inhabitants used panning techniques to collect gold, eventually mastering the craft of transforming it into intricate ornaments and jewelry.

The Gold Tara and Artistic Excellence

One of the most remarkable pieces of evidence of Butuan’s advanced craftsmanship is the Gold Tara—a 12-centimeter, 21-karat gold figurine weighing about 2 kilograms. Dating back to the 9th–10th century, it was discovered in 1917 along the Wawa River in Esperanza, Agusan del Sur by a Manobo woman named Bilay Campos.

Today, the artifact is housed at the Field Museum in Chicago. Although some scholars once speculated that it was imported, studies by F.D.K. Bosch concluded that it was locally made, likely inspired by artistic styles from the Majapahit period. The piece reflects both local skill and regional cultural influences.

Masters of Boat-Building

Photo by Sargoth under Creative Commons

The interior forests of Butuan provided abundant timber, essential for building homes and boats. With the need to transport goods and people, the inhabitants developed advanced boat-building techniques.

They constructed balangays—plank-built wooden boats assembled without nails. In 1970, archaeologists discovered the remains of 11 balangays along the Masao River in Butuan City, dating from 689 to 988 CE. These are considered the oldest known wooden boats in Southeast Asia, highlighting the technological sophistication of early Butuanons.

A Center of Trade and Culture

Archaeological discoveries in Butuan—including artifacts from Southeast Asia, East Asia, and beyond—confirm its role as a major trading hub. These findings show that Butuan was not only an importer of goods but also a key exporter, actively participating in a vibrant maritime trade network.

Decline and Changing Power Dynamics

The arrival of Islam in the 14th century reshaped trade in the southern Philippines. Emerging powers such as the Sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao established extensive trading networks, reducing the need for direct trade with smaller polities like Butuan.

Later, Spanish colonization shifted economic power to new centers such as Cebu and Manila. With Manila established as the colonial capital, centralized governance diminished Butuan’s autonomy. Over time, it lost its prominence as a major center of trade and culture.

Conclusion

Old Butuan stands as a testament to the sophistication of pre-colonial Philippine societies. Through its strategic location, rich natural resources, skilled craftsmanship, and active participation in regional trade, it emerged as one of the earliest centers of civilization in the archipelago. Though its prominence declined over time, its legacy continues to shape our understanding of early Filipino history.

What Was the Philippines Called Before the Spanish Era?

2026-03-14T18:56:00.000-07:00

For this blog, I will refer to the pre-Spanish Philippines simply as “the archipelago.” In the distant past, the archipelago in Southeast Asia that is now known as the Philippines was already active in trade with other ancient civilizations such as China, India, Vietnam, Japan, and the various kingdoms of the Malay Archipelago.

Trade was not a one-sided affair. Local polities such as Butuan also sailed to trade with other regions like Borneo, Malacca, Sumatra, and Java. Although many places in the archipelago were visited by Chinese and other Asian traders, several ports stood out as major trading destinations in the pre-colonial era.

Maynila and Tondo

Maynila, now known as Manila, was an important trading port. Foreign traders often referred to the surrounding region as Luzon, which appeared in foreign records as Lucon, or Lusong. The name is believed to come from the Tagalog word “lusong,” a wooden or stone mortar used for dehusking rice.

Maynila was a rajanate situated along the Pasig River and maintained close ties with the Sultanate of Brunei. Nearby was Tondo, another major trading center frequently visited by Chinese merchants.

Ma-Yi and Mindoro

The island of Mindoro may have been referred to by Chinese traders as Ma-Yi (also spelled Ma-I, Mai, or Mayi). This place was recorded in documents from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) and later in the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368).

Ma-Yi was also mentioned in records connected with the Sultanate of Brunei. However, some historians propose that Ma-Yi might instead have been located in Bay, Laguna. Local traditions in Mindoro also say that the island’s old name was Mait, a name used by the indigenous Mangyan people.

Sugbo (Cebu)

Sugbo, now Cebu City, was another important trading rajanate and a central hub in the Visayas. It traded with neighboring polities such as Butuan and with merchants from China.

Historical records also suggest dynastic connections between Cebu and Butuan. For example, Rajah Humabon of Cebu was related to Rajah Siagu of Butuan. A Chinese work written in 1225 called Zhu Fan Zhi mentioned a place called “Suwo,” which historians believe referred to Cebu.

9th Century Gold Tara found near Agusan River

Butuan

The polity of Butuan in northern Mindanao was a prosperous and gold-rich trading center with strong Hindu-Buddhist cultural influences. Chinese records from the Song Dynasty referred to it as P’u-tuan, showing that it was already an international trading port by the 10th and 11th centuries.

Butuan possessed one of the most advanced societies in the archipelago before Spanish arrival. Its people were highly skilled in gold craftsmanship and boat building, producing large wooden vessels known as balangay. These boats traveled throughout Southeast Asia and even reached Champa, located in present-day central Vietnam.

Sulu and Maguindanao

In the southwestern part of the archipelago were powerful Islamic states such as the Sultanate of Sulu and the Sultanate of Maguindanao. These sultanates actively traded with merchants from China and other parts of the Malay world.

One notable historical figure was Paduka Pahala, a ruler of Sulu who traveled to China and died there on October 23, 1417 while visiting the Ming emperor. He was buried in China, where his tomb still exists today.

Trade in the Archipelago

Chinese merchants were among the most active traders in the archipelago. They brought goods such as porcelain, ceramics, silk, jewelry, iron tools, and weapons.

In return, local communities traded gold, pearls, beeswax, rattan, timber, animal skins and horns, tortoise shells, and other natural products. At the time, paper money was not widely used, so most trade was conducted through barter.

Independent Port States

The major trading ports mentioned above were regarded by foreign traders as separate political entities, each independent from the others. They were not part of a unified state covering the entire archipelago.

Each polity had its own ruler—often called a datu, rajah, or sultan—and their own customs and traditions. Communities were organized into barangays, which served as the basic social and political units. These polities sometimes formed alliances but could also become rivals depending on political or economic interests.

The Arrival of the Spanish

In 1521, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, sailing under the Spanish crown, reached the islands of Leyte and Samar. He called them “Las Islas de San Lázaro” (the Islands of Saint Lazarus).

Later, in 1542, the Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named these islands “Filipinas” in honor of Philip II of Spain, who was then the Prince of Asturias. At first the name referred only to Leyte and Samar, but later Spanish authorities applied “Las Islas Filipinas” to the entire archipelago.

Later Names of the Country

During the revolution against Spain in 1898, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the country the Republica Filipina (Philippine Republic).

After the Philippine–American War, the United States referred to the territory as the Philippine Islands. In 1935, it became the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

Finally, after independence from the United States on Philippine Independence Day (1946), the country officially adopted the name Republic of the Philippines, which remains its official name today.

The “Maharlika” Misconception

Some people claim that the Philippines was once called Maharlika, but there are no reliable historical records supporting this claim.

In pre-colonial Tagalog society, maharlika referred to a social class of freemen or warrior-nobles, not the name of a country. The idea of renaming the Philippines to Maharlika appeared much later during the 20th century, but it never gained widespread support.

Conclusion

Before the arrival of the Spanish, the islands that now form the Philippines did not have a single unified name. Instead, foreign traders referred to the specific places they visited—such as Ma-Yi, Lusong, Butuan, Cebu, and Sulu—rather than to the entire archipelago.

The modern territorial concept of the Philippines emerged later during the colonial period, when European powers such as Spain, Portugal, Britain, and the Netherlands established political boundaries throughout Southeast Asia.

In this sense, Spanish rule helped shape the geographic and political framework that eventually became the modern Philippine nation.

Valleys in the Philippines

2026-03-03T19:25:00.000-08:00

Cagayan de Oro River Valley

One of prominent landforms is valleys which are low ground between mountains or hills or a low passage between higher lands and slope in one direction along their entire length and tend to be longer than wide. They are created by water from rain or runoffs. Because water seeks its own level, it always flows downward towards the lowest ground. As it moves downstream, the water also takes with it soil, rocks and sediments. Over time, these processes create river valleys. In the Philippines valleys are usually “V” shaped.

Upper Cagayan de Oro River Vallley

In the upper river valley, fast-flowing water cuts through a channel, and in the middle part of the river the water meanders across a broad valley creating a curved path and in the lower river valley the water flows across a flat plain to empty into the sea or fan out into a delta. Since time immemorial river valleys are important to man because the river provides him water to drink, and the plants, fish and animals that thrive in the river are his sources for food. Soil and rock sediments that are washed downstream and along the river provide him with precious minerals like gold and others and the soil that is washed along the banks makes fertile ground that stimulates agriculture. It is for these reasons that early civilizations such as Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Chinese and others developed along great river valleys.

A valley in the middle of this picture

A valley can have a small or narrow space between two high grounds although its stretch may be long. It can also be in low elevated area between two high grounds or high up in the mountain or hills in the middle of a slope. A valley can also be a tract of land with large area though its high grounds between it are far apart. Examples are Cagayan Valley and Compostela Valley.

The scenic Mangima Canyon

Aside from the river valley, there are also other kinds of valley. One is the canyon which is a deep narrow valley. The difference between a canyon and an ordinary valley is that the higher sides between the low areas of a canyon are very stiff, such as a cliff. Another is a gorge, a kind of valley which has a narrower width and deeper than a canyon. The latter is also larger than a gorge. And there is a ravine which is a type of valley that is shorter in stretch, narrower in width and shallower in depth than either the gorge or the canyon. A ravine is found in the forest, hillside, or sloping land. It can have a small stream or rainwater.

The floor of the gorge covered with vegetations

One of the sides or walls of the gorge

Waters falling down into a river valley

Some valleys are scenic or a spot for those who love nature adventures. Examples are the Mangima Canyon in Bukidnon and the Macahambus Gorge in Cagayan de Oro. In addition, some beautiful watercourses such as waterfalls are also within the valleys. Some maps, especially topographic maps that are used by the military or campers, show valleys and other terrains. Prominent valleys are also used as point of reference in navigation.

Landmark Legislations Under President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.

2026-02-24T23:07:00.000-08:00

Senate of the Philippines

At present both houses of Congress have deliberated on several proposed measures that could significantly impact the social, political, and economic landscape of the Philippines. Among the most notable are the Anti-Political Dynasty Bill, the Party-List Reform Bill, and the Citizen Access and Disclosure of Expenditures for National Accountability (CADENA) Act. If enacted into law, these measures could become landmark legislations under the administration of Pres. Ferdinand Marcos Jr. and form part of his enduring legacy. They may even represent a “wave of the future” in Philippine governance by promoting transparency, accountability, and political reform. Importantly, these bills are not intended to target or malign specific politicians. Rather, they are designed to promote the common good of the Filipino people by strengthening democratic institutions and minimizing corruption.

1. Anti-Political Dynasty Bill (House Bill No. 1297)

The proposed Anti-Political Dynasty Bill seeks to prevent a small number of families from monopolizing political power through their name recognition, political networks, and financial resources. Its primary objective is to provide equal opportunities for qualified and deserving candidates to run for public office, particularly in positions traditionally dominated by political families.

At present, different versions of the bill remain pending in both chambers of Congress. One major point of debate concerns the allowable degree of consanguinity and affinity—essentially, how closely related individuals may be before they are prohibited from simultaneously or successively holding elective office.

Opponents argue that some political dynasties have contributed significantly to the growth and prosperity of their communities. They contend that it is unfair to bar individuals from seeking office solely because they belong to political families. Ultimately, they argue, it should be the voters who decide. While these arguments carry weight, it is also true that not all dynasties are alike. In some cases, entrenched political families maintain their dominance due to electoral conditions that favor them, including allegations of vote-buying, political patronage, and even digital manipulation of election results. Such irregularities, which may involve millions of pesos, undermine the integrity of democratic processes.

Corruption remains a complex issue rooted in human greed and systemic weaknesses. While legislation cannot eliminate corruption entirely, reforms such as the Anti-Political Dynasty Bill may help reduce its prevalence by promoting political competition and accountability.

2. Party-List Reform Bill (House Bill No. 1559)

The 1987 Constitution introduced the party-list system as a mechanism to ensure representation of marginalized and underprivileged sectors in Congress. Under this system, party-list representatives comprise 20% of the total membership in the House of Representatives.

Initially, the system functioned as intended, with representation from labor groups, farmers, and other marginalized sectors. Over time, however, critics argue that political dynasties and wealthy elites have managed to circumvent the spirit of the law. As a result, individuals who do not genuinely represent marginalized sectors have gained party-list seats through financial resources and political connections. This development has led to public disillusionment with the party-list system. Some have even suggested abolishing it. However, because the system is enshrined in the Constitution, its removal would require constitutional amendment.

The Party-List Reform Bill aims to correct these systemic flaws and restore the system’s original purpose. By tightening qualification standards and improving regulatory mechanisms, the reform seeks to make the party-list system more credible, transparent, and faithful to its constitutional mandate.

3. CADENA Act (Senate Bill No. 1506)

The Citizen Access and Disclosure of Expenditures for National Accountability (CADENA) Act was proposed by Bam Aquino in response to public outrage over alleged misuse of public funds, including controversies involving flood control projects.

The core objective of the CADENA Act is to require all government agencies to upload their budget allocations and expenditures to a centralized digital government portal. This would allow stakeholders—including ordinary taxpayers—to monitor in real time how public funds are being spent.

The proposed system would utilize blockchain technology. In blockchain systems, data entries are grouped into “blocks” that are distributed across multiple nodes (computers) within a network. Once verified and approved by the network, a block is permanently added to the chain, making the data secure, transparent, and resistant to tampering.

By implementing blockchain for public expenditure tracking, the CADENA Act aims to enhance transparency, reduce opportunities for corruption, and strengthen public trust in government institutions.

Conclusion

The Anti-Political Dynasty Bill, the Party-List Reform Bill, and the CADENA Act represent significant reform-oriented initiatives under the current administration. While each proposal faces legal, political, and practical challenges, their overarching goal is clear: to improve governance, promote accountability, and ensure that democratic institutions serve the broader interests of the Filipino people.

If enacted and effectively implemented, these measures could indeed become landmark legislations and help shape a more transparent and equitable political future for the Philippines.

Citizen Access and Disclosure of Expenditures for National Accountability (CADENA) Act

2026-02-17T22:25:00.000-08:00

The flood control project scandal in 2025 exposed the alleged massive corruption committed by high government elected officials, heads of government agencies such as the DPWH as well as private contractors in government funded projects. The alleged corruption was done through money received as commissions from project funds that resulted in sub-standard, unfinished, and ghost projects with estimated losses to the government amounting to hundreds of billions of pesos. People marched in the street to protest. President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. addressed the issue by ordering an investigation to make those responsible persons answer for their acts.

Massive outpouring of protests from the people also led to demands for reform measures to curb corruption. In relation to it, Senator Paolo Benigno “Bam” Aquino IV filed Senate Bill 1506 called Citizen Access and Disclosure of Expenditures for National Accountability (CADENA) Act.

Under that act, budget allocations by different government agencies are uploaded in a digital portal through a blockchain which is a technology wherein data such as a transaction is added to a computer network, and a block representing that data is created. Then the block is broadcast to all the nodes or computers in the network. Each node participant chooses to approve or deny the new block. If approved, the new block is added to the chain permanently. Blockchain technology is thus a system for recording information in a way that is secure, fast, transparent, and exceedingly difficult to change or hack. It prevents fraud and unauthorized activities.

CADENA Act mandates the full disclosure of government transactions through the establishment of digital budget portal to enhance transparency, accountability, and public participation in the Philippine budget process which make the use of fund verifiable even by ordinary citizens. The verifiable data includes the amount of allocation, the contractors, the cost of materials, time stamp, procurement records, project details and other pertinent information or records regarding the use or history of the budget flow.

The bill which is certified as priority legislation by Pres. Marcos already passed the third readings in the senate on December 16, 2025, with 17 yes votes and no negative or abstention. However, the lower house has yet to pass their own version of the bill.

In a related development, the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) through Secretary Henry Aguda committed to implement the bill within just one budget cycle once it is passed into law.

In overview, CADENA Act orders all government agencies to upload all their budget allocations with their related documents on a verifiable digital platform that is secured through blockchain technology to make it accessible to the public. Government officials who fail to comply may face administrative and criminal penalties. The passage of this law by both houses of congress and its final signing by the president will significantly minimize corruption in government offices.

Valentine’s Day Celebration in the Philippines

2026-02-12T02:09:00.000-08:00

Saint Valentine’s Day is observed on February 14 all over the world. It is also called the Feast of Saint Valentine. One legend says that Saint Valentine defied an emperor’s order and secretly married couples to prevent husbands from being sent to war. For this reason, his feast day became associated with love. It is also believed that he was either a priest from Rome or a bishop of Terni in Umbria, Italy.

In the Bible, there is no clear basis for celebrating Valentine’s Day, and its historical origin remains uncertain. There are many legends and different versions regarding Saint Valentine’s life. Although the Catholic Church recognizes him as a martyr, his commemoration is low-key, and churches are not required to celebrate a special Mass on his day. Valentine’s Day is neither a church-declared nor a government-declared holiday. In the Philippines, it is largely a secular celebration.

Valentine’s Day is a time when lovers and loved ones express their affection through greetings and gifts. Saint Valentine is sometimes symbolically associated with Cupid, the Roman god of love. The heart symbol, traditionally believed to represent the seat of emotions, is also strongly connected with love. Both Cupid and heart symbols are commonly linked to Valentine’s Day.

Many people—especially unmarried young people and single adults—hope to have a Valentine partner. Lovers, married couples, family members, and even friends exchange gifts such as greeting cards, chocolates, and flowers. Red roses, which symbolize love and beauty, are especially popular. White roses symbolize purity or affection, while yellow roses represent friendship. During this season, the prices of flowers—particularly roses—usually increase. Chocolate remains one of the top gifts given on this day. In modern times, many people send greetings through the internet, such as via Facebook Messenger and other social media platforms.

In the Philippines, Valentine’s Day is also a popular time for married couples to renew their wedding vows. Many barangays and city halls organize free mass weddings for hundreds of couples, complete with music and small giveaways.

Shopping malls are favorite destinations for couples celebrating Valentine’s Day. Popular activities include dinner dates, buying chocolates and flowers, and watching live Valentine’s performances or special premieres. Restaurants often offer Valentine meal promotions or candlelit dinners for couples.

Parks and public plazas are also popular, especially among lower-income couples who want a pleasant and peaceful place for personal conversations without spending much money.

Hotels, lodgings, and inns are among the most popular places during Valentine’s Day. Many are fully booked even before February 14. On the day itself, it can be very difficult to find available rooms. Some upscale hotels offer romantic Valentine packages that include an overnight stay and dinner. These places are frequented by married couples, long-term partners, and young sweethearts. While there may be instances of illicit relationships, such behavior is generally not socially or religiously accepted among Filipinos.

Valentine’s Day is not only about romantic love. It is also a time to express love for family and friends. In schools, children exchange greetings and small tokens. At home, families prepare special meals and share them together. Parents may give gifts or treats to their children, and siblings exchange simple expressions of affection.

Marriage Practices of Major World Religions

2026-02-06T21:41:00.000-08:00

Religion is a significant force that shapes the culture and traditions of societies around the world. Across cultures, marriage exists as a social institution through which families are formed, values are transmitted, and religious beliefs are expressed. While marriage is universal, its practices differ widely depending on religious teachings, cultural norms, and historical contexts. Below is an overview of marriage practices in several major world religions.

Christianity

Christianity, the largest religion in the world, is an offshoot of Judaism and centers on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. In Christian belief, marriage is founded on love, commitment, and mutual consent. Because of this emphasis, the giving of dowry is not required and is generally unfamiliar to Christian couples. Marriage is entered into freely by both partners, and arranged marriages initiated by parents are uncommon.

The Bible does not explicitly prohibit cousin marriage, but such unions are traditionally frowned upon in many Christian communities. Eastern Orthodox Churches explicitly prohibit cousin marriage. Christianity upholds monogamy, drawing from New Testament teachings that a person should have only one spouse. Polygamy is considered a transgression and is illegal in most Christian-majority societies.

Christian marriages may be conducted as civil weddings, which are legally valid, but many couples prefer a church wedding officiated by a priest or pastor because of its spiritual solemnity. In some cultures, a proposal visit by the groom and his parents to the bride’s family is still practiced, especially among younger couples.

The wedding ceremony typically takes place in a church and may be integrated into a religious service or mass. During the ceremony, the bride and groom exchange vows, rings, and a kiss to seal their union. The bride wears an elegant wedding gown, while the groom usually wears a suit, coat and tie, or traditional attire such as the barong in the Philippines. A celebration follows, often including a banquet, gift-giving, and other festivities. These activities usually last about half a day. After the wedding, couples often go on a honeymoon lasting several weeks. The scale of the celebration depends on the couple’s preferences and financial capacity. Different Christian denominations may have specific rules governing marriage practices.

Islam

Islam is the youngest of the major world religions and the second largest after Christianity. Islamic teachings generally discourage interfaith marriage for Muslim women, although Muslim men are permitted to marry women from other Abrahamic religions. A non-Muslim man who wishes to marry a Muslim woman must first convert to Islam.

In Islamic marriage, the groom is required to give mahr (dowry) to the bride. The amount is agreed upon by the parties and often reflects social and economic considerations. Marriage between cousins, including first cousins, is permitted in Islam, though its prevalence varies by culture and country.

Islam allows a man to marry up to four wives, provided he can treat them equally in terms of financial support, emotional care, and time. In practice, most Muslim men have only one wife due to the responsibilities involved. While the consent of the first wife is not legally required for subsequent marriages, it is often socially important.

Muslim weddings may be simple or elaborate. Essential requirements include the nikah (marriage contract), the consent of both bride and groom, the mahr, and witnesses. Wedding celebrations may last from one to three days or longer, depending on cultural tradition.

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism is one of the world’s oldest monotheistic religions, dating back over 3,000 years and originating in ancient Persia (modern-day Iran). Following the spread of Islam, the religion declined significantly, though communities still exist in Iran, India, and the global diaspora. Zoroastrians in India are commonly known as Parsis.

Traditionally, Zoroastrians practiced endogamy, allowing marriage only within the faith, including cousin marriages. In contemporary times, especially among Parsis and diaspora communities, interfaith marriage and marriage outside the clan are increasingly accepted. Interfaith families may be recognized within the community, although such marriages remain rare in Iran.

Zoroastrians do not traditionally practice dowry or parent-arranged marriages. Individuals marry of their own free will. While ancient Zoroastrian societies practiced polygamy as a cultural custom, modern Zoroastrianism strongly favors monogamy, and polygamy is discouraged.

A Zoroastrian wedding ceremony conducted in a fire temple typically lasts 45 minutes to one hour, followed by a reception that may last three to five hours, usually completed within a single day.

Judaism

Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions and the religious foundation from which Christianity emerged. While conversion to Judaism is permitted, it involves a deliberate and rigorous process. Judaism has a relatively small number of adherents worldwide.

Historically, cousin marriage, including first-cousin unions, has been permitted in Jewish law. In modern times, however, such marriages are generally discouraged, particularly among Reform and Conservative Jewish communities. In Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox communities, pre-arranged marriages known as shidduch are common. In these arrangements, parents or matchmakers suggest potential partners, but the consent of both the man and the woman is essential. Among Reform and Conservative Jews, individuals usually choose their own partners.

In Jewish marriage, the bride does not give dowry. Instead, the husband makes a financial commitment to the wife through a marriage contract called the ketubah. The wedding ceremony takes place under a canopy known as the chuppah, symbolizing the home the couple will build together. The ketubah is signed before or during the ceremony. At the conclusion, the groom breaks a glass, and the guests exclaim “Mazel tov,” meaning “congratulations.”

Jewish weddings are joyful events marked by music, singing, and lively dances such as the hora, during which the couple may be lifted on chairs. The ceremony typically lasts 20 to 45 minutes, while the celebration and banquet may continue for three to six hours. Although weddings can be grand and elaborate, the central emphasis remains on the couple’s commitment rather than the scale or cost of the celebration.

Buddhism

Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, and is both a religion and a philosophy emphasizing ethical living, wisdom, and mental discipline to reduce suffering and attain inner peace. Buddhism is highly flexible regarding marriage and places importance on mutual respect, compassion, and ethical conduct.

Interfaith marriage is allowed in Buddhism, and neither partner is required to convert. While pre-arranged marriages may exist in some cultures influenced by Buddhism, they are generally uncommon. Dowry is not a religious requirement, as marriage is viewed primarily as a harmonious partnership rather than a contractual exchange.

Buddhist weddings are usually civil ceremonies, sometimes accompanied by cultural traditions and Buddhist blessings. These blessings may be offered even when one spouse is not Buddhist. In modern Buddhist societies, polygamy is not practiced and is often illegal, with monogamy being the norm.

Hinduism

Hinduism is among the world’s oldest religions, encompassing a wide range of philosophies, rituals, and social customs. It allows interfaith marriage depending on family, community, and regional traditions. Such marriages are not strictly regulated by religious doctrine, and conversion is not mandatory, though social opposition may exist, particularly in caste-based communities.

Arranged marriage has long been a respected practice in Hindu society, although its form has evolved over time. Love marriages and arranged marriages are both recognized. Cousin marriage is socially accepted in many South Indian Hindu communities, including marriages between a man and his mother’s brother’s daughter or his father’s sister’s daughter, as well as uncle–niece marriages in some regions. In contrast, most North Indian Hindu communities consider cousin marriage incestuous and strictly follow gotra (clan lineage) rules, which prohibit marriage within the same lineage. Hindu scriptures do not clearly ban cousin marriage; instead, marriage rules are governed largely by local customs and traditions.

Traditional Hindu marriage types include Brahma marriage (the most respected form, in which parents give the bride to a suitable groom), Daiva marriage (now rare and obsolete), Arsha or Prajapatya marriage (simple, duty-oriented unions), and Gandharva marriage (a love marriage based on mutual consent).

Hindu weddings are often colorful, elaborate, and multi-day celebrations. Common events include engagement rituals, mehndi (henna ceremony), sangeet (music and dance night), the wedding ceremony around a sacred fire, and a reception. Celebrations may last from two to five days or longer. Weddings feature vibrant attire, jewelry, floral decorations, sacred chants, music, dance, and large communal feasts. While Hindu weddings are traditionally grand, simplicity is also acceptable, and extravagance is not a religious requirement.

Hinduism does not religiously mandate polygamy, nor does it encourage it. Monogamy is the norm, and polygamy is illegal for Hindus in India. Dowry is not a religious requirement in Hindu marriage, although it has existed historically as a social custom in some regions.

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The Benefits of Tree Planting

2026-02-01T00:25:00.000-08:00

The occurrence of global warming has brought about serious environmental problems such as floods, rising sea levels, drought, the extinction of plant and animal species, and the disappearance of coral reefs. Some people blame these effects solely on deforestation. However, the destruction of trees is not the only cause of global warming. Other contributing factors include the excessive use of fossil fuels to operate vehicles and factories, methane emissions from animals, and various agricultural and industrial activities. These activities cause greenhouse gases to be trapped in the atmosphere instead of escaping into space, resulting in the heating of the Earth’s surface.

To address these problems, we need to regulate activities that harm the Earth’s ability to sustain life, and we must also develop practical solutions. In this article, the discussion is limited to tree planting. Plants and trees are essential to human existence, yet over the past centuries, humans have destroyed vast forest areas, contributing significantly to climate change. Restoring the world’s lost rainforests to their original state is difficult because of logging, urbanization, industrial and agricultural development, and the construction of government infrastructure projects. However, we can compensate for some of this loss through reforestation or tree planting. By doing so, we can help mitigate the harmful effects of global warming. The long-term benefits of tree planting include the following:

Trees absorb waste gases and provide fresh air. To sustain life, trees and plants undergo a process called photosynthesis, in which they use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose as food. During this process, plants release oxygen as a waste product—the air that humans and animals breathe. Without photosynthesis, life on Earth would not exist. Through this process, trees help maintain the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere. An excess or deficiency of either gas is harmful. Fewer trees result in higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which contributes to global warming.

Trees also help provide clean water. Their roots act as natural water filtration systems by absorbing rainwater and trapping pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Beneficial microorganisms around the roots break down harmful substances, helping produce clean groundwater. In addition, tree roots hold soil in place, preventing soil erosion. This reduces the amount of sediment and pollutants that flow into rivers and streams. Trees planted along riverbanks help keep water sources clear and clean.

Trees help regulate temperature and create a more pleasant environment. They provide shade during hot days, and their leaves block sunlight, reducing the amount of heat that reaches the ground. Shaded areas with trees can be 2 to 8 degrees cooler than areas without them. Leaves also release water vapor, which absorbs heat from the air. As a result, the surrounding temperature becomes cooler, more comfortable, and more livable.

Trees beautify the environment and improve human well-being. Garbage in backyards and landfills is an eyesore, while plants and trees with green leaves and colorful flowers are visually pleasing. Green surroundings reduce glare from sunlight and are often associated with life and vitality. The presence of trees, along with birds and insects that depend on them, adds beauty and liveliness to our daily surroundings.

Trees help prevent floods and soil erosion. During rainfall, leaves intercept some raindrops, reducing the amount of water that directly hits the ground. This lessens soil erosion. Tree roots also absorb water from the soil, decreasing surface runoff and the risk of flooding. By holding soil together, roots help prevent landslides. Areas without trees are more prone to erosion, which causes sediments to accumulate in waterways and leads to flooding during heavy rains.

Trees enrich ecosystems and promote biodiversity. They provide habitats for birds, insects, and animals that depend on their leaves, flowers, and fruits. Underground, tree roots support earthworms, fungi, microbes, and other microorganisms. Plants, animals, and humans depend on one another and on their non-living environment to survive. This interaction between living and non-living components forms ecosystems in forests, parks, and even urban areas. If the Earth were to lose all its forest cover, many plant and animal species would become extinct.

We already know the many benefits trees provide. The right time to plant them is now. Trees can be planted in backyards, along city streets, or in wildlife conservation areas. Large-scale tree planting requires coordinated efforts among private sectors, non-government organizations, government agencies, and civic groups. Trees are essential for human survival and for the protection of our planet.

Balete Tree in History and Superstitions

2026-01-25T00:29:00.000-08:00

The balete tree which is called weeping fig in English is endemic to the Philippines and belongs to the genus Ficus. Balete is thus a species of fig tree and is a close relative of the banyan tree of India. It grows in the forest and in built-up areas.

Balete grows about 15 meters or more when mature. It has a drooping branch with elliptical green leathery leaves. The fruit is small, round, and fleshy with a dark or purple color which people do not consider edible although birds, bats, and monkeys feed on it. The wood is soft and inferior in quality and not fit for furniture or housing purposes. The tree has wide spreading branches that make it ideal for shade. Balete comes into many species. Some are big while others are small which make them suitable for use as bonsai and ornaments.

Although balete can grow independently as plant on the ground, it can also grow dependent on other trees for its nutrients and development. Birds and other animals eat the fruit. The seeds that are still intact are egested from animals’ stomachs through their drooping. On the ground, seeds sprout then develop as saplings. Next to another tree, the young balete through its roots will gradually attach to that tree. Over time, the parasitic balete spreads its invasive roots down to the ground and wraps around its host until it envelops and strangles it. The host tree will die later and the balete takes its place. It is for that reason that most balete when it is fully grown has a hollow in its trunk.

Balete grows in the forest and in the urban areas of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. The tree is known for its longevity. Balete trees that are left alone can grow to be hundreds or over thousand-year-old. When I was in elementary school in Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro, there was a balete which stood at the gate of the school. It was said that it was already there even at the time of our parents. Decades passed since I graduated from that school and the tree is still there and a fixture at the school’s entrancel. By now the tree must have been more than a hundred years old. There is also an old balete that stands on the ground of Malacañang palace, the Philippine equivalent of the white house. It is the first officially declared heritage tree in Manila. It is said that the tree has adorned the palace ground even during the time of the Spanish governors-general, and into the time of the American civil governors and the Filipino Presidents. Huge balete trees are also found along the streets of Manila and in other cities in the Philippines. The oldest reported balete tree is in Lumapao, Canlaon City, Negros Oriental which is believed to be 1,328 years old. Its huge trunk will take about 42 people to encircle. The tree is also known for the glow of fireflies that can be seen at night. Another balete in Campalanas, Lazi, Siquijor Island is believed to be 400 years old, and is noted for its spring whose water comes from the tree’s underground. Those trees in Canlaon and Siquijor are tourist attractions.

Balete is a tree associated with folktales and superstitions. Most people do not want it near their house believing that its presence would invite ghosts and evil spirits. For them, balete is a dwelling place of fairies, dwarves, “white ladies” and mythical creatures called in Filipino as Kapre, tikbalangs, among others. For this reason, the tree has received undeserved and unsavory reputation because some people consider all fully grown balete as enchanted. In Siquijor Island in central Philippines sorcerers are said to perform their rituals in the hollow of the balete’s trunk. In other places offerings are made by shamans at the tree to seek protection or blessing from nature spirits. And it is usual for some superstitious people to utter appeasing words to the “spirits” if they pass by the tree lest they will be harmed.

Parts of the tree are used for folkloric medicines. The barks of the root, the root and the leaves boiled in oil are used to cure wounds and bruises. The juice of the bark is said to cure liver disease, and pounded leaves and bark are used to cure headaches.

The Coptic Christianity in Egypt

2026-01-19T23:15:00.000-08:00

St. Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral
Photo by Roland Unger

Christianity in Egypt was brought by Saint Mark the evangelist and apostle of Christ. Saint Mark is regarded as the founder of the Coptic Orthodox Church and the first bishop of Alexandria, Egypt. Christianity became the majority religion of Egypt from 4^th to 6^th century until the Islamic conquest in the 7^th century. The church of Egypt which is also called Coptic Orthodox Church belongs to the oriental orthodox family of churches. The Copts were the original native inhabitants of Egypt who were Christians. The word Copt is a westernized version of the Arabic “qubt” which was derived from Greek “Aigyptus” or Egypt. There are also other foreign Christian groups such as the Europeans and the Americans, but Copts only refer to native Egyptian Christians. Coptic is a language which was spoken in Egypt until it was supplanted by Arabic in the 8^th century. Coptic is now extinct and used only in liturgical services in the church. Other languages used in church services include Greek and Arabic.

Coptic Altar in the Church of Holy Sepulchre
Photo by Afandus

Alexandria, a city founded by Alexander the Great and named after him was the center of trade and learning during the Greek and Roman eras in Egypt. It was also a hub for the spread of Christianity to that country and to Africa and some parts of Asia. In ancient times Alexandria rivaled Rome and Constantinople as the capital cities of Christendom.

The different interpretation on the nature of Christ led to schism among early Christians. A priest named Arianus maintained that Christ was not co-equal with God the Father because He created him. Nestorius, a patriarch of Constantinople disputed the adoration of Virgin Mary as the mother of God. Two bishops of Alexandria, Saints Athanasius and Cyril, defended the Christian orthodoxy against Arianism and Nestorianism. To settle misunderstandings, Pope Leo of Rome called the Council of Chalcedon in 451 A.D. to settle the issue. In the council the church authorities defined the nature of Christ as one person with two distinct natures which are human and divine a position that was accepted by the churches of Rome and Constantinople.

Most Egyptian Christians who rejected the council’s decree were accused by Rome of Monophysitism, a doctrine that says that Christ has only one nature. Taking exception of that labelling, the churches of Alexandria broke away from Rome. For them, their doctrine is miaphysitism which is believing in incarnate word, and that Christ is united in divine and human natures without mingling, without confusion and without alteration. Doctrinal and cultural differences created rift between most Egyptians and their Byzantine rulers. This situation facilitated the Arab conquest of Egypt in the 7^th century.

During the Arab conquest, the Arabs were regarded as liberators at first. But later the Copts were made to pay jizya tax and relegated to dhimmi status. These impositions caused discontent on the Copts, but the Islamic authorities were able to deal effectively with them. Later the tax was abolished, and Copts were allowed to join the army, and they were given equal rights as other citizens of Egypt such as the freedom to exercise their religion. But despite those accommodations Copts complained of being discriminated against and of being treated as second class citizens. A case in point is the construction of a church. Christians are required to seek first the permission from the president before a construction could be undertaken. The authority to grant them permits was later lowered to the office of a provincial governor. On the other hand, there is no restriction regarding the construction of a mosque. The degree of freedom the faithful exercised depended on the personality of who the incumbent ruler was. Some officials could be harsh while others could be kind. The restrictions placed on the Copts forced many of them to convert to Islam or to immigrate to other countries such as the United States, Canada, and Europe. This situation has resulted in the decrease of the Copts’ population. Once the majority of Egypt the Copts now constitute only about 10% of the population.

Sectarian problem in Egypt manifests itself during a riot in the early second decade of 2000 which killed 26 people mostly Christians. After a destruction of a church, Christian made a sit-in strike in front of a TV stations. Suddenly, men with sticks barged in their midst and attacked them. Clashes ensued. Instead of quelling the violence, the army soldiers rammed the Christian protesters with their vehicles. Christians accused the authorities for not doing enough to stop the violence and for not bringing the perpetrators of the attack to justice.

At present the headquarters of the Coptic Orthodox Church is the Saint Mark’s Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Cairo, Egypt and is headed by Pope Tawadros II. There are also churches in Africa, Asia and overseas churches in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia. Coptic Christians makes up the largest and most significant minority in Egypt’s 2025 population of 118, 365, 995.

Although Copts constitute only a minority in Egypt, most of them are economically better off than other Egyptians, and they hold about 25% of the nation’s wealth. Among the famous Copts are Boutrous Boutrous Ghali, the sixth Secretary General of the United Nations and the late Fayez Sarofim, who was one of the richest men in the world.

Tabon-tabon, an Exotic Southern Philippine Fruit

2026-01-15T18:53:00.000-08:00

The tabon-tabon which is scientifically named atuna racemosa is a native tree of Northern Mindanao in Southern Philippines. It also grows in Papua, New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and other tropical Asian countries as well as in the Pacific islands.

Some people consider the tabon-tabon a nut because it has a hard outer shell with a single seed that does not split or open to release the seeds to the world. The difference between tabon-tabon with other nuts is that its kernel is juicy.

Tabon-tabon tree has elliptical leaves and can grow from 8 to 10 meters tall and bears fruit all year long. The brown ovate-shaped fruit has a hard shell. Inside the shell is a single large seed. When cut vertically in half, the fruit bares a cross section of a seed that resembles a brain. The fruit must be used within 10 days after harvest because it hardens after several days.

The seed of tabon-tabon is not usually eaten. It is mainly used as an ingredient of raw fish dish called in the local dialect as kinilaw. The seed is scraped off with a spoon and then the bits are squeezed to extract off their sap to mix with vinegar and other ingredients. The sap of tabon-tabon removes the “fishy” smell of the fish and neutralizes the acidity of the vinegar. Without the sap, the vinegar will change the texture of the fish meat. The vinegar will sort of “cook” the fish and toughens it. Because of it, tabon-tabon is an essential ingredient in kinilaw prepared Northern Mindanao style.

Many people in the coastal areas of Northen Mindanao love to eat kinilaw and tabon-tabon is always associated with the dish. Tabon-tabon along with tuba or coconut toddy, suwa or native lime, wild native chili peppers or siling labuyo make the taste of the dish distinctive from those that are prepared from other parts of the Philippines. One fruit is enough for one kilo of kinilaw. The anti-bacterial properties of the tabon-tabon extract not only make the dish desirable but also keep it safe to eat.

A study at Xavier University in Cagayan de Oro has found out that the fruit has anti-bacterial properties. This is probably the reason why over a long time there have been no reported health issues or food poisoning related with the consumption of raw fish added with tabon-tabon sap. Another reason is that only fresh fish is used in the preparation of kinilaw.

Aside from its culinary use in the locality, there are no other reported applications of tabon-tabon such as herbal medicine. In other places in the Pacific the seed of the fruit is made as putty for sealing canoes, as wood glues, and as basket water proofing.

The Feast Day of the Black Nazarene 2026

2026-01-08T22:53:00.000-08:00

An estimated 23,000 devotees celebrated the Feast Day of the Black Nazarene in Cagayan de Oro on January 9, 2026. The feast activity started on the evening of January 8, 2026, at 8 p. m. with the transport of the replica of the Black Nazarene from Jesus Nazareno Parish along C.M. Recto Ave. to Saint Augustine Metropolitan Cathedral. The following day at dawn on January 9, 2025, a mass was held at 3:00 a.m. After it was a holy procession with the image boarded on an open carriage drawn by devotees of Santo Nino. The procession passed the thoroughfare of Velez St. and made a right turn at the junction of Julio Pacana St. and C.M Recto Ave., and from there it proceeded to its destination, the Jesus Nazareno Parish.

Following the Nazarene, some devotees were carrying along with them statuettes of the infant Jesus as the procession went on. Others had their face towels or banners. They then tossed those towels to the escorts who were on the carriage. The escorts then wiped those towels on the Nazarene and tossed them back to their owners. The faithful believed that the towels and statuettes that were touched to the Black Nazarene would have miraculous healing power.

Occasionally, the carriage paused so that the escorts would be able to catch the towels and to take the statuettes. Throughout the procession the devotees were shouting “Viva Señor Jesus Nazareno!” and waiving their small towels or banners or raising their statuettes.

The feast and its related activities which is called “translacion” originated in Quiapo, Manila. Jesus Nazareno Parish copied it after the Archdiocese of Manila sent a replica of the statue of the Black Nazarene to the church.

The original statue of the Nazarene is believed to have come from Mexico via the Galleon Trade during the Spanish colonial era. The original sculpture is said to have a fair color. But it was burned in transit when a ship that carried it was sailing to the Philippines. That incident caused its color to turn into dark.

Reforming the Party List System

2026-01-06T17:17:00.000-08:00

The year 2025 was rainy in the Philippines which resulted in massive floodings in Metro Manila. Investigations revealed that corruption in flood control projects aggravated the sufferings of people because of substandard, overpriced and ghost projects. There were allegations of commission received by legislators on projects worth billions of pesos. With that amount, those accused politicians are believed to have earned big money that could make an ordinary Filipino an instant multi-millionaire. As an example, a billion-peso project with just 10% commission will yield 100 million pesos earnings!

The scandals angered people and galvanized them so that thousands in various walks of life took to the streets in Metro Manila and some parts of the country. They asked for accountability to those who are involved in corruption and the government to take the necessary measures to stop or minimize corruption. Other issues they brought up included the constitutionally mandated but long taken for granted political anti-dynasty law and along with it the reform of the party list system. In this blog I shall focus more on the party list reform which is my main topic.

Under the previous Philippine constitutions there were only representatives elected from electoral districts. That set up was good enough for legislature. However, in1987, the framers of the new constitution introduced a novel concept in Philippines congress that was the party list. Under that system members of congress should consist of district and party list representatives. Originally, congress should be composed of 250 members with 20% of that coming from the Party list. The concept of the party list was to give the marginalized and underrepresented sectors of the society a voice in congress.

In the beginning, candidates including those from the leftist groups were elected through the party list without issues from the public. But later, some dynastic politicians, business and influential religious groups also set their eyes on the party list. Their desire came to a head in 2013 when the Supreme Court ruled that party list representatives should not necessarily belong to the parties or groups they claim to represent. That ruling opened the doors for dynastic families and other interested groups to infiltrate the party list.

Although not all the representatives from the party list come from political dynasties and elites, many of them are. A 2025 study by election watchdog Kontra Daya found that 86 of the 156 accredited party list groups in 2025 were linked to political dynasties and big business corporations.

The adoption by the country of the party list system is not an ideal experience because it does not serve the purpose to which it was originally intended. Instead, it is exploited by powerful political dynasties, business groups, and religious groups using their fronts to further enrich and empower them.

As an offshoot of the flood control scandal and the resulting people’s clamor for justice and reforms, there is a big possibility that the anti-political dynasty law will be passed in the 20^th congress; and it is hoped that it will be implemented in the 2028 elections and the succeeding 21^st congress. At present Senator Paolo “Bam” Aquino IV filed Senate Bill 1559 which is called the “Party List Reform Act”.

In the bill the COMELEC is mandated to thoroughly vet the parties or groups who wish to be elected through the party list to ensure their authenticity, and that the nominees should truly belong to the sectors or parties they claim to represent. In addition, the nominees should not be related within the third degree of consanguinity to incumbent elected government officials or connected to government funded infrastructure projects as a contractor or as an officer of a company building the projects. The passing of the bill plus the Anti-Political Dynasty Law will hopefully improve the country’s political and electoral situations and usher economic prosperity.

A system that is deviated from its original purpose for the benefit of those who should be excluded from it needs to be reformed so that it would not become a burden to our political system. Keeping it defies logic and insults our common sense. The other alternative is to abolish it. However, doing so is difficult because the system is embedded in the constitution.

The Biblical Magi (Wise Men from the East)

2025-12-14T02:19:00.000-08:00

In the New Testament is an account of “wise men” who visited the infant Jesus. They came from the east and travelled far distances to pay homage to Him. Early Christian scholars described them as kings, but the book of Matthew in the New Testament never implied that they were rulers of any kind. They were called as “wise men from the east.” They are also called magi. The Bible did not give the exact number of how many of them were. Western Christians gave their number as three to match with the number of gifts that were given to the infant Jesus while Syriac Christians put the number at twelve.

Magi were priestly advisers to kings who were also astrologers or the people who studied and observed stars and their movements and interpreted their meanings. They were also associated with predictions and occults. The English word magic is derived from the word magi.

The magi were identified as Gaspar or Caspar who came from India, Melchoir from Persia, and Balthazar from Arabia. These magi were also probably adherents of pre-Christians religions that were practiced in the ancient Middle East region such as Zoroastrianism and paganism, and they might also have knowledge of Jewish Biblical prophecies. Their sight of a particular star that they considered as a sign of the birth of a new king was a call for them to pay him homage.

They went off for the journey and came over to King Herod in Jerusalem to ask him where the newborn king was. King Herod became troubled in the thought that the infant they were looking for may one day replace him as king. He then summoned the chief priests and scribes of the people to ask them the whereabout of the Christ. They then answered him in Bethlehem of Judea as foretold by the prophets. Herod relayed to the magi that information and added that after their visit they should return to him to know his location and to honor him. The magi then followed the star of the infant that they also saw in the east. The star which is called the star of Bethlehem stopped right there in the house where the infant Jesus was. There, they met Mary, the mother of Jesus. They bowed down to the infant Jesus and worshipped Him. They then opened their treasure chests and presented to him the gift of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. After the homage, the magi returned to their places taking a different route thereby defying the order of King Herod because they were warned by God in a dream that the king had a sinister plot to the infant.

When Herod knew that he was tricked by the magi, he became furious and ordered that all children in Bethlehem with age two and under should be killed.

In the Christian tradition the date of visit by the magi to the infant Jesus is named as Feast of Epiphany. It is twelve days after Christmas and falls in January 6. It is also called Three Kings’ Day. Orthodox Christianity celebrates the feast in January 19.

The symbolism of the Magi’s gifts is gold- the kingship of Jesus to the Jews, frankincense- the divinity of Jesus as a Son of God, and myrrh- the human side of Jesus that he is also mortal like all humans.

Pasko de Oro at Gaston Park

2025-12-09T21:44:00.000-08:00

The local government of Cagayan de Oro under Mayor Rolando “Klarex” Uy marked its Christmas celebration with the launching of Pasko de Oro in the evening of December 9, 2025. A formal ceremony with a program started the occasion near the city hall. The ceremony culminated with firework displays which delighted thousands of spectators. Simultaneously, Christmas lights were lit on trees and in the fountain at Gaston Park. The fountain stood out as the main attraction after the fireworks. The main fountain and smaller fountains in the pool shoot water that was illuminated with colored lights. The trees in the park become natural Christmas trees with colored lights. At the backdrop is the Saint Augustine Metropolitan Cathedral whose front is also adorned with lights. The atmosphere around the place signifies that Christmas spirit is in the air for people who were there during the event.

The French Revolution and the Reign of Terror

2025-11-26T17:37:00.000-08:00

The success of the revolution made it a necessity to purge citizens suspected to undermine its gains. The abolition of the monarchy paved the way for the establishment of the First Republic of France, and a constitutional convention was called. The unfolding of events brought the Girondists to prominence in the revolution’s political landscape. The convention dismantled the former governing council and replaced it with a new provisional council. France’s war with neighboring countries and opposition at home necessitated drastic measures to protect the gains of the revolution.

The convention established the Committee of Public Safety on April 6, 1793, as the executive organ of the republic and reorganized the Committee of General Security and the Revolutionary Tribunals.

Military reversals, mounting civil war, and the advance of the enemy forces towards the French frontiers eroded the Girondists’ influence in the convention. It also caused a rift between the Girondists and the Montagnards, which were the most radical group in the convention. On June 2, 1793, radical journalist Jacques Rene Hebert ordered the arrest of 29 Girondist delegates and ministers. This action helped enhance the radicals’ hold in the convention.

A new constitution was promulgated on June 24, 1793, but it was never put into effect. Leadership of the Committee on Public Safety passed on July 10, 1793, to the Jacobins a political group under the Montagnards. On July 13, radical politician Paul Marat who was identified with the Jacobins was assassinated by a Girondist sympathizer which caused public indignation. This incident coupled with public support for the Jacobins put them in a dominant position in the convention.

Maximillien Robespierre

On July 10, 1793, the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety was passed on to the Jacobins who completely reorganized it. On July 27, 1793, Maximillien Robespierre was added to the committee and soon became its dominant member. The power of the committee was renewed monthly by the national convention from April 1793 to July 1794.

To cope with setbacks of the French forces in neighboring countries and reactionary elements at home, the convention called for 14 new armies numbering about 750,000 men who were speedily organized, equipped, and sent to the fronts.

Dealing with the opposition at home, the Jacobin dominated convention had Queen Marie Antoinette guillotined on October 16, 1793. Suspected Girondists, royalists, priests and other opposition groups were charged before the revolutionary tribunals, convicted and sent to the guillotine. A vast number of victims were peasants and workers charged with desertion, draft dodging, and other war crimes.

The execution of Queen Marie Antoinette

As the most prominent and influential member of the Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre envisioned France as a “republic of virtue” possessing the attributes of humanitarianism, social idealism, and patriotism.

The Jacobin dominated convention replaced the Julian calendar with a republican calendar. In November 1793, the commune of Paris closed all churches in the city and began to actively sponsor the revolutionary religion known as the Cult of Reason. This action brought about a rift between the groups within the Jacobins. One group was led by Robespierre and the other by Hebert, which was the most radical in the convention. The factional in-fighting was settled with the execution of Hebert and his associates on March 24, 1793.

Robespierre also went after groups who demanded peace and an end to his terroristic measures. His passion to defend the revolution against its real or perceived enemies and the reactionaries led to purges and reprisals that led to the executions and deaths of people. The victims of his actions included not only the Girondists but also the Jacobins. His excesses made some members of the convention fear for their own lives. Robespierre was gradually losing popular support.

Military victories at Fleurs, Belgium on June 26, 1794, were encouraging indication of further successful advance across Europe. There was optimism in France for eventual triumph, and there was widespread perception that Robespierre’s extreme measures to protect the revolution were no longer necessary. In a bid to eliminate Robespierre, some members of the convention hatched a conspiracy against him. On July 27, 1794, Robespierre and some of his allies were seized, and on the next day they were beheaded.

When Robespierre was gone the National Convention was dominated by a group called the Thermidoreans. Their initial actions included the abolition of the revolutionary tribunal and the extreme decrees. And the Girondists and other expelled rightists were restored to the convention.

The period from April 1793 to July 1794 is known in history as the Reign of Terror. All over France the revolutionary tribunals and commissions were responsible for the execution of 17,000 individuals. Overall, the estimated number of deaths to include those who died in prison, and those who were summarily executed by the revolutionary forces totaled 40,000 individuals. The death of Maximillien Robespierre ended the Reign of Terror.

The French Revolution and the End of French Monarchy http://lapasan-myblognoel145.blogspot.com/2025/11/the-french-revolution-and-end-of-french.html

The Legacies of the French Revolution to Our Democratic Principles https://lapasan-myblognoel145.blogspot.com/2025/11/the-legacies-of-french-revolution-to.html

Enchanting Tunnel of Memories in Lim Ket Kai

2025-11-25T21:13:00.000-08:00

Lim Ket Kai Center of Cagayan de Oro has come up with a spectacle to give its shoppers a joyful spirit of Christmas inside the mall. Welcoming the shoppers to the rotunda event venue is the “Enchanting Tunnel of Memories” which they can enjoy for free. The main attraction is the semi-circular tunnel. In front of its entrance or exit are decorations of Christmas trees and Christmas lights. Added to the display are replicas of white bears, penguins and lions. The tunnel can be accessed on either of the two entrances. Inside are Christmas lights and photos of the old Lim Ket Kai stores that are hung on the wall.

The French Revolution and the End of the French Monarchy

2025-11-24T18:53:00.000-08:00

In the late 18^th century, the loans provided by France to the US colonies during the American Revolution and the excessive cost of the privilege given to the noble and clergies and corruption caused the country financial difficulties and heavy indebtedness. The burden of taxation which was passed mostly to the lower class worsened the poverty of the people and fueled more discontent and hatred towards the government. The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the example of the American Revolution made the people especially the peasantry receptive to radical ideas to change the status quo and improve their living condition.

To deal with the social and economic problems, King Louis XVI appointed Robert Jacques Turgot as comptroller general who then instituted strict economy in government expenditures. The latter’s action did not find favor to Queen Marie Antoinette and the nobility. Using their influence, they made the king removed him from office.

The move by the king only exacerbated the problem so that he appointed another comptroller general who was Jacques Necker who also followed the policies of his predecessor. Both the king and Necker agreed that the Estates-General, which was in adjournment for a long time had to be convoked to address the mounting unrest and discontent of the people. The Estates-General was composed of three estates. The first estate was the clergy, the second estate was the nobility, and the third estate was the commoners. Necker convinced the king that the third estate would have the same number of representatives as that of the first estate and the second estate combined.

On May 5, 1789, the Estates-General convened. The third estate, the majority caucus, wanted individual voting and majority rule in the proceedings. The proposal was opposed by the first and second estates. And as a result, there was a deadlock.

In defiance, the third estate, the insurgent caucus, proclaimed itself as the National Assembly and made resolution vesting itself with the sole power to legislate taxation. The king responded by denying the National Assembly the use of its session hall. Upon the instigation of the Comte d’ Artois and queen Marie Antoinette, Jacques Necker was removed from his position. The king also issued orders for the concentration of several loyal foreign regiments in Paris and Versailles.

Open insurrections and rioting in Paris followed because of the king’s actions. Rebellious acts by the people also took place all over France. On July 14, 1789, the insurrectionists stormed and captured the Bastille, a prison that symbolized the despotism of the royalty. In panic, the prominent reactionaries as well as the comte d’ artois fled from the country.

The Paris bourgeoisie afraid that the lower classes would take advantage of the situation hastily established a provisional local government and organized a people militia that would be designated as the National Guard throughout France. It was placed under the command of Marquis de Lafayette, a hero of the American Revolution.

The king accepted the measures taken by the provisional authorities, and reinstated Necker. On June 27, 1789, the king, in a move to restore harmony, ordered the refractory clergy and the nobility to join the unicameral assembly which later called itself the Constituent National Assembly.

On August 4, 1789, the clergy and the nobility renounced their privileges during the night session of the Constituent National Assembly. These were the abolition of feudal and manorial prerogatives, the prohibition and sale of public office, the rights of the Catholic Church to levy taxes and exemption from taxation and other privileges...

While a new constitution was drafted by the Constituent National Assembly, there was a report that the royal family held a grand banquet at Versailles. This angered the hungry people of Paris. As a result, a large body of Parisians mostly women marched to the palace. King Louis and his family were rounded up but they were rescued by Lafayette, who, on demand of the crowd, escorted the royal family to Paris.

The king approved the first draft of the constitution on July 14, 1790, with elaborate ceremonies in Paris. In its preamble was the Declaration of Rights of man and of the Citizen which included equality before the law, trial by jury and other democratic provisions. But by the institution of the property qualification of the vote, the constitution confined the electorates to the middle and upper classes. The constitution that was drafted was also set to limit and control the power of the king, to clip the power of the clergies and to divest them of their vast holdings.

Despite acquiescence of the king to give in to the desire of the people, there were suspicions that he and his wife were in constant secret communications with the other monarchies of Europe to undermine the revolutionary government. And another reason for the suspicion was that Queen Marie Antoinette was a sister of King Leopold II, the Holy Roman Emperor. The people’s suspicion was confirmed when King Louis XVI and his wife were caught on June 21, 1791, at Varennes while trying to escape to another country.

On July 17, 1791, the republicans in Paris took to the street and demanded that the king be deposed. But on order of Marquis de Lafayette, the National Guards opened fire and dispersed the crowd. The bloodshed further widened the divide between the royalists and the radicals.

After suspending the king for a brief period, the Constituent National Assembly re-instated him to his office. He took the oath to support the revised constitution on September 14, 1791. Two weeks later with the election of new members of the Legislative Assembly authorized by the constitution, the Constituent National Assembly was dissolved. The Legislative Assembly began its session on October 1, 1791, with 750 members. They were grouped as the Feuillants who were royalists, the Plains who were the majority of the caucus but had no defined opinion or programs, and the Republicans who were for a representative government. The Republicans were grouped as Girondists and Montagnards. The Girondists espoused for federal republican government patterned after that of the United States. The Montagnards who were composed of the Jacobins and the Cordeliers espoused for a centralized and indivisible republic. The Montagnards were the most radical members of the Legislative Assembly.

Meanwhile, King Leopold II and King Frederick William II of Prussia issued a joint declaration against France which threatened an armed intervention against the revolutionary government.

Later, the Girondists gained power in the Legislative Assembly, and it adopted belligerent attitude toward Francis II, who succeeded his father Leopold II as the Holy Roman emperor and to Frederick William II. On April 20, 1792, the Legislative Assembly declared war on the Austrian part of the Holy Roman Empire. That declaration started a series of conflict known as the French Revolutionary War.

The European monarchies attacked Paris. They also issued threat to the effect that if the King and his family were harmed, they would destroy the city. The invasion only sparked the nationalist fervor of the people and made them more radical. The Legislative Assembly’s call for volunteers all over France to defend Paris was met willing cooperation by the people. The volunteers stormed Tuileries, the residence of the royal family. When contingent from Marseilles arrived, they sang the patriotic song “Marseilles”. The volunteers were able to overrun the King’s Swiss guards and massacred them. King Louis and his family were captured while hiding near the hall of the Legislative Assembly. The insurrectionists deposed the governing council and replaced it with a new provisional executive council. The Montagnards dominated the new Parisian council and swiftly controlled the Legislative Assembly. It approved election by universal male suffrage and a new constitutional convention. After the invaders were repulsed about 1,000 royalists and suspected traitors were rounded up and summarily executed.

On September 20, 1792, the newly elected National Constitutional Convention convened in Paris. It proclaimed the establishment of the First Republic of France and formally abolished the monarchy.

The execution of King Louis XVI

Some of the convention’s first moves were to approve the resolutions initiated by the Montagnards to try King Louis for treason. It also approved a resolution that the country would extend help to other peoples of Europe in fighting oppression, a move that in effect would export the ideals of the French Revolution across Europe through armed struggle. King Louis XVI was found guilty during the trial and was sent to guillotine on January 21, 1793.

The French Revolution and the Reign of Terror https://lapasan-myblognoel145.blogspot.com/2025/11/the-french-revolution-and-reign-of.html

The Legacies of the French Revolution to Our Democratic Principles https://lapasan-myblognoel145.blogspot.com/2025/11/the-legacies-of-french-revolution-to.html

Gaston Park

2025-11-17T19:45:00.000-08:00

Gaston Park is a tree covered recreational area situated right at the heart of Cagayan de Oro and is one of the landmarks of the city. It sits on the ground near other landmarks such as the Saint Augustine Metropolitan Cathedral, the city hall, the city museum which is also the old water tower, the Ysalina Bridge and the Cagayan River.

The historic park is named after Segundo Gaston who was the mayor of Cagayan de Misamis, the former name of the city, from 1916 to 1919. Its location was the site of early Spanish-led native settlement, and the training ground of Filipino warriors during the Philippine-American War. It was also there where a battle on April 7, 1900, between the Filipino, led by Gen. Nicolas Capistrano, and American forces took place. In the year 2000, a marker was erected to commemorate that historic event.

Medium-sized trees of different varieties adorn the area of the circular shaped park. Among the trees are Cherry Blossoms which were donated by the Japanese. The trees with their lush green leaves and flowers give a sense of eco-friendly environment in and around the park.

The fountain with pool, which is one of the park’s attractions, forms a concentric circle within the park. The circular park is divided into sections with the fountain at the center. The edge of the park is surrounded by trees and pairs of tree planted islands serve as boundaries of the sections. In between the pairs of islands are walkways. The tops on both sides of each island double as benches for visitors. The park’s floor is covered with adobe like pavements. Other attractions include Typhoon Sendong Memorial which gives a glimpse of the devastation caused by the event in December 2011, and the list of the people who perished in the tragedy.

People of all walks of life visit the park. The shade of the trees shelters them from the blistering heat of the sun during sunny days. Some people hang around there to relax; others stay there to meet or gather with friends. Still others go there to take pictures of themselves, friends and loved ones. Students who are off their class spend their time practicing dancing or doing other activities. The park is a place to stroll around alone or with friends, and, to some lovers, a dating rendezvous. Because of its proximity to the Catholic cathedral, the park is a convenient hangout for faithful coming to and going from the mass.

During fiesta and other occasions, the park is a place where small businesspeople can display their goods to sell to visitors. The goods for sale include decorative plants, vegetables, fruits, foods, and souvenir items.

Santa Claus, the Iconic Figure of Christmas

2025-11-13T00:10:00.000-08:00

Christmas is the time of the year when people spend much money on food and gifts to enjoy the holiday season. Their spending spree boosts economic activities with businesses having their busiest and most lucrative month of the year. People going to shopping malls are buoyed up with Christmas music and other treats that encourage them to buy things. During Christmas there is one figure that people are remarkably familiar with. He is Santa Claus. The Santa Claus is an inanimate object or a person dressed as such.

The history of Santa Claus can be traced to Saint Nicholas who lived in the fourth century in Lycia. Saint Nicholas, the patron saint of Russia, was born in Patara, a city in the ancient district of Lycia, Asia Minor which is now in Türkiye. Nicholas belonged to a wealthy family. He abandoned that status to follow the footstep of Jesus Christ. He became an archbishop of the church in Myra, Lycia and was reported to have been in the first Council of Nicaea. He died on December 6, 343 A.D. in Myra. His remains were later brought by Italian merchants to Bari in Italy. His tomb has since then become a shrine.

Saint Nicholas

Legend has it that there were three poor girls in the place where St. Nicholas lived. The girl’s father could not afford a dowry for their weddings. During that time, it was the woman’s family who would provide dowry to a man to wed his daughters off. The more the amount of the dowry, the greater was the opportunity for the woman to have a better husband. No dowry meant that his three daughters were in danger to be sold to slavery. It was said that on three separate occasions a bag of gold was tossed through the window and landed in shoes or stockings that were hung by the fire. The bags of gold enabled the father to pay for the dowries of his daughters thus averting their misfortune. This legend projected an image of St. Nicholas as a gift giver. Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of children, scholars, virgins, sailors, and merchants. December 6 is his feast day. The eve of his festivity was celebrated by secretly giving gifts.

The discovery of the vast American continent by the Europeans also brought about the introduction of European customs and culture to the New World. The Dutch emigrants who settled in New York brought the tradition of gift giving on the feast of St. Nicholas who was introduced as Sinter Klaas. The feast days of Saint Nicholas and Christmas Eve are just close to each other. For this reason, the practice of gift giving on separate occasions for both festivities was made to be done only once. And the gifts are to be given on Christmas Eve.

A shift from the traditional and Saintly St. Nicholas into an elfin figure was made in the poem written in 1882 which was attributed to Clement Clark Moore. It was entitled A Visit from Saint Nicholas. In it he depicted St Nicholas as a pipe-smoking jolly fat man riding on sleigh that was drawn by flying reindeers. He came down to chimneys to distribute gifts. The names of the reindeer were Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner, and Blitzen. Later, one was added (Rudolph) courtesy of the song Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. American cartoonist Thomas Nast made a drawing of Santa based on descriptions from the poem. He portrayed Santa as a rotund, white-bearded man who was covered with sooth. He had twinkling eyes, berry-like nose, merry dimples, rose cheeks, bow-like mouth, and broad face and round belly. He was clad in fur and carried on his back a bag stuffed with toys.

Later the image of Santa Claus has further evolved into a man wearing attire that is all in red, and the name Saint Nicholas has evolved into Santa Claus. The celebration of Christmas has crossed continents and cultures. It has become a secular tradition that is celebrated the world over. Indeed, the children will be hanging their stockings or shoes on the wall or Christmas tree on Christmas Eve expecting that Santa Claus will stuff them with toys. And Parents should not let them down.

Why the Philippines Needs Anti-Political Dynasty Law

2025-11-07T02:46:00.000-08:00

“The state shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibits political dynasties as maybe defined by law,” says Section 26, State Policies, 1987 Philippine Constitution. The congressmen and senators are therefore required to pass laws to implement that provision. However, after three decades they are yet to act on it. Instead of fading out, political dynasties have grown bigger, dominating the political landscape from Luzon to Mindanao.

The country has had leaders from political families from the national to local levels since its independence from the United States. However, issues such as poverty, corruption, underdevelopment and others persist, and people think that their leaders or their political systems have failed them. It will be an exaggeration to say that political dynasties are the root cause of our problems, but certainly it is one of them. Eliminating one of the issues which is political dynasty is a step in the right direction to move this country forward. It is imperative for the legislators to pass anti-political dynasty laws because: 1) They are mandated by the constitution to do it, 2) the people expected them to do their duty, and 3) the good of the people must prevail over their self-interest. Below are some more reasons to have an anti-political dynasty law:

Political dynasties treat government offices like family business. The head of political dynasty is not content with having an elective position all alone. He wants to share the privilege with his family. This will result in a family with members holding multiple government positions all at the same time from the national down to local levels including the barangay. An example of dynasties monopolizing public office is the senate where there are four pairs of siblings who are senators which is equivalent to 1/3 of the total number of 24 senators in that chamber.

Political dynasties undermine our electoral system. Most often, politicians from political families are among the rich in a community. They have the name, the money, and the political machineries for an election. Over time, long entrenched politicians who mostly belong to political families would learn the tricks of winning elections. These include vote buying and patronage politics such as giving ayudas which are aimed especially to lower income groups who comprised the largest percentage of voters. For these reasons, it is hard for a qualified and well-intentioned candidate to beat them. Candidates from dynasties always win elections because the playing field is not level on the side of their opponents.

Political dynasties hijack the party list system- The party list system is introduced in the 1987 constitution to enable the underprivileged and underrepresented sectors to have a voice in congress. However, political families also intruded into the party list so that some of its representatives came from dynastic families. This creates a situation where two or more representatives come from just one family or clan. This situation has defeated the purpose of party list representation in congress.

Political dynasties breed corruption. Long serving politicians such as senators and representatives who belong to political families have a say on government infrastructure projects under their jurisdiction. This will make them in contact with DPWH officials, other government agencies and private contractors involved in project implementation. Over time, their connections make them close to each other, and it’s highly likely that kickbacks and commissions will become a secret deal in their transactions. In the flood control investigation by congress in Bulacan and other parts of the country hundreds of billions of pesos are wasted through corruption. Most of those involved politicians came from dynastic families. It is not just enough to punish the culprits since people who will take their place might be as corrupt or more corrupt as the people they replace with. Fixing the system might be a better way to prevent the wrongdoings from persisting.

What can be done to check the growth of political dynasties:

Massive information campaigns should be conducted to educate the people about the negative effects of political dynasties. This can be done through the social or mainstream media and even through the ordinary people since nowadays information can be easily accessed with a cell phone. Church, civil society, schools, students and the youth particularly the millennials and Gen Z generations should be tapped for this endeavor. Their clamor will make the topic of anti-political dynasty an issue in the 2028 election which will make voters support anti-political dynasty candidates. If majority of them win, then a law could be passed in the next congress.

If above method fails, then a people’s initiative will be another remedy. People can make laws they want if the lawmakers are negligent or unwilling to perform their mandate. The initiative needs the verified signatures of 10% of total number of registered voters in the Philippines, with at least 3% of total number of verified registered voters for each legislative districts.

The last resort is a constitutional convention. This time there will be delegates who will deliberate not only on political dynasty but also on other matters of importance. There will be amendments or changes to the 1987 Constitution as the delegates may deem appropriate under the circumstances.

The Legacies of the French Revolution to Our Democratic Principles

2025-11-04T20:31:00.000-08:00

The French revolution from 1789 to 1799 was one of the bloodiest in history which resulted to the abolition of the monarchy and the proclamation of the French Republic. The provisional rulers of the revolutionary government proved to be more despotic and brutal than the king they deposed. They executed the reactionaries, the political opposition and even turned against each other to settle their differences. As a result, thousands of people were summarily killed or executed with the infamous guillotine, the beheading machine that was associated with the bloody revolution. However, despite their radicalism and brutalities, the leaders of the revolution were highly committed to their cause to bring about social change, and they had the spirit of nationalism in them. Because of their ideals, most people supported them. The in-fighting of diverse groups within the revolutionary government made it unstable. The ineffectiveness of the civilian rulers to run the government led to a series of coup d’état that later made Napoleon Bonaparte, a military commander, as the ruler and dictator of France.

Napoleon made wars with other European countries to export the ideals of the French Revolution. He was at first victorious. But later the combined forces of Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria finally defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. And the Bourbon monarchy was briefly restored to the throne by those victorious countries.

In France, the revolution resulted to the enactment of laws and adoption of systems that paved the way for the establishment of democratic government. Although France was not the first country to make those laws that expanded a person’s rights and freedom, its examples are the most influential in the world.

Following are some democratic principles that came about because of the French Revolution which are adopted by many countries of the world:

Constitutional government- is one that operates under a set of fundamental laws which is called a constitution.

Representative government- is one that is run by officials that are elected by the people. High government positions are not bestowed by reason of birth.

Merit-based civil service system- non-elective positions or jobs in the government are given to those who are most qualified and talented. It is not given by virtue of one’s birth or connections to the authorities.

Separation of church and state and the abolition of privileges of the clergy and the upper class- the clergy held immense power in pre-revolutionary France. The church had a strong influence over the king so that it could expect from him decisions and policies in its favor. This resulted to the church having vast properties and the clergies along with the nobilities having so many privileges. The revolutionary government of France cut those influences and privileges and even confiscated the properties of the church. Separation of church and state is now the norm of many governments around the world.

Freedom of religion- no religion shall be considered as a state religion. People are free to believe in any religion of their choice, and they are not compelled to believe or not to believe in any religion.

Freedom of the press- is the right of those in the communication media to disseminate information that is of public interest. This freedom is one of the tools for transparency in government activities.

The Napoleonic Code- is a document that was written in the aftermath of the French Revolution. It embodies some of the democratic legal principles that are now adopted in the courts of justice of many countries, especially in the resolution of criminal cases. These principles include:

· presumption of innocence until proven guilty

· equality before the law

· right to legal counsel

· trial by jury in a criminal case

· right of habeas corpus

· provision for a fair trial

The French Revolution’s motto of “Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite” or “Liberty, Equality, and Brotherhood” will always be a cherished ideals to our democracy.

The French Revolution and the End of French Monarchy http://lapasan-myblognoel145.blogspot.com/2025/11/the-french-revolution-and-end-of-french.html

The French Revolution and the Reign of Terror https://lapasan-myblognoel145.blogspot.com/2025/11/the-french-revolution-and-reign-of.html

Christmas Trees in the Philippines

2025-11-02T22:57:00.000-08:00

One of the traditions during the Christmas season is the setting up of Christmas trees in homes and public places. The practice originated in Europe and was brought to the Americas by European immigrants. The Philippines being a former colony of Spain and the United States has adopted to the western culture and traditions including the celebration of Christmas. Originally, the setting up of Christmas tree was practiced by Lutheran and protestant Christians. Although it was not a Catholic practice, Filipinos nevertheless adapted to it.

In 1982, Pope John Paul II introduced the Christmas tree custom to the Vatican, and since then Christmas tree has become an integral part of Vatican Christmas celebration. In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI spoke of it as part of normal decoration in Catholic homes. The Popes declarations validated the Catholic faithful’s Christmas tree tradition.

When I was little, Christmas tree always decorated my family’s home during the Christmas season. My mother preferred to have a fresh cut natural pine tree to decorate on. It was adorned with different colored baubles, stars, tinsels, and paper ornaments. Christmas lights were added later as years went by.

In my elementary school it was customary for our classrooms to be decorated with Christmas tree during the yuletide seasons. Since pine trees were hard to come by, we went to swamp where mangrove trees abound. We then brought the tree to school and stripped it of its leaves. Its trunk, its branches and its twigs were then wrapped with green crepe paper, and adorned it with tinsels, baubles, cards, bells, and stars.

Over the years, the use of natural trees for Christmas decorations has gradually become out of fashion because of government policy of tree protection and the difficulty and hassle of cutting off trees and bringing them home. Taking their place are the artificial trees that are mostly imported from China. What is good about it is that they are easy to install and are recyclable for the next Christmas season. Some even come with decorations already on them.

Christmas trees are also displayed in public places such as big malls and other establishments. In SM Downtown and SM Uptown mega malls in Cagayan de Oro giant artificial trees with elaborate adornments and lightings are a sight to delight with. These decorations give ambience of a joyful Yuletide season inside the malls.

Although some Christian sects consider Christmas tree as pagan in origin, some denominations including the Catholic consider the Christmas tree as compatible to Christian tradition. For them, the green tree represents the tree of life which is the full eternal life that God wishes to lavish on humanity. The lighted candles which were replaced by electric Christmas lights today are the shining lights of Jesus. The star on the top of the tree symbolizes the star of Bethlehem, and the angel represents the Angel Gabriel.

Parol, a Traditional Philippine Christmas Decoration https://lapasan-myblognoel145.blogspot.com/2014/12/parol-traditional-philippine-christmas.html

The 13 Round Fruits and Other New Year’s Eve Customs in the Philippines https://lapasan-myblognoel145.blogspot.com/2013/12/the-13-round-fruits-and-other-new-years.html

Vietnam War: The Defeat of the United States and Its Abandonment of South Viet Nam

2025-10-18T22:15:00.000-07:00

ARVN rangers in action

The Viet Nam War is a military struggle fought from 1959 to 1975. The World War II brought about the occupation of Viet Nam by the Japanese forces. After the war, the French wanted to regain its former colonial territories in Indo China that included Viet Nam. The communist forces however, under Ho Chi Minh wanted the country to become independent. The opposing interest of the French and the communist nationalist led by Ho Chi Minh resulted to an armed conflict. The North Vietnamese forces under the leadership of Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap routed the French and captured its remaining soldiers after a 55-day siege at Dien Bien Phu. As a result, France agreed to withdraw all its forces in Viet Nam at the Geneva Conference of 1954. In the aftermath of the conflict under the conference Viet Nam was partitioned at the 17^th parallel on May 8, 1954, and a reunification election of the country was to be held in 1956. The north under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh allied itself with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) and China. The South under the leadership of Ngo Dinh Diem allied itself with the United States and the west. Ho Chi Minh and the League for the Independence of Viet Nam wanted a unified country along the USSR-China ideological line. Diem on the other hand opposed reunification believing that the people of the north had no freedom to choose if election was held. In South Viet Nam there was an underground armed group called the National Liberation Front (NLF) also known as the Viet Cong. The NLF which shared and supported the north’s aspiration engaged South Viet Nam’s army, the ARVN, in its bid to topple the southern government from within using guerilla tactics. The political instability in the south and the in-fighting of its leaders made the south highly vulnerable of being defeated by the north.

US Intervention and Escalation of the War

US marines in Vietnam

ARVN soldiers in action

A police chief executes a Vietcong in the street

To prevent the south from falling into the hands of the communists, the United States sent military advisers to assist the ARVN deal with the threats posed by North Viet Nam and the Viet Cong. In 1961 two helicopter companies composed of 400 soldiers arrived. In 1962 the US soldiers’ strength stood at 11,200. Before the end of 1965 US combat strength was almost 200,000 and reached its highest peak in 1968 at 525,000. During the early stage of US involvement troops from Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Thailand and the Philippines augmented the US and ARVN forces. The allied forces were commanded by Gen William Westmoreland.

A young US marine

In the south the war became a people’s war with guerilla fighters not easily distinguishable from non-combatants and most civilians were mobilized into some sort of active participation. There were no recognizable front lines, and the Viet Cong employed highly effective hit and run tactics against the US forces and their allies. The war resulted in heavy casualties on both sides but majority of them were civilians. Heavy aerial bombings were conducted by US planes to the north as well as in the Ho Chi Min Trail that was inside Laos and Cambodia where the communist transported their military supplies from the north into South Viet Nam. The most notable battle in the conflict was the Tet Offensive of the communists which they coincided with the celebration of the Vietnamese Lunar New Year, hence its name. The communist forces launched a coordinated and massive simultaneous attack against 100 urban targets inside South Viet Nam. The US forces and the ARVN however were able to thwart the attack and defeated the communist assault and sent the enemies back to their former positions. In that attack the communists lost about 85,000 of their best troops.

A wounded US soldier assisted by his comrades

Media Coverage and Anti-War Demonstrations in the Streets Fanned Out Anti-War Sentiment

Victims of MY Lai massacre

The Viet Nam war was a war that was highly covered by the media. The long drawn armed conflict, the reports of atrocities, the huge casualties suffered by the US troops and the huge cost of prosecuting the war which stood at 25 billion dollars per year had created negative sentiment of the war on the American public overtime. Media reports highlighted atrocities committed by US forces while those of the communists were either ignored or not reported at all. The way in which the war was portrayed by the media played into the hands of the communists. The report of the My Lai Massacre in 1968 on which a platoon led by Lt. William Calley killed unarmed villagers composed of elderly men, women and children further put the conduct of the war in negative light.

The Kissinger Peace Deal: Setting the Stage for Communist Victory

Operation in Hue 1967

North Vietnamese troops during Tet Offensive

President Richard M. Nixon ordered continuous aerial bombings in the north to destroy its economic and military infrastructures and to bring the enemy to the negotiating table. But the communists remained adamant. Determined to reach a peace settlement with North Vietnam and put an end to the war, President Richard Nixon sent Henry Kissinger as his emissary to broker a peace deal with the communists in Paris. Kissinger’s communist counterpart was Le Dhuc Tho. Meanwhile, the US continued its bombing runs to make the communists agree with the peace deal. When a peace talk collapsed in December 16, 1972, Nixon ordered massive bombings of Hanoi and Haiphong by B-52s and other planes. On January 27, 1973, in Paris delegation from US, South Vietnam, North Viet Nam and the provisional revolutionary government signed agreement of ending the war and restoring peace. Among the conditions of the Peace accord were: complete cessation of hostilities, withdrawal of all US and allied forces from South Viet Nam within 60 days after the signing, return of POWs on both sides at 15-day intervals within 60 days, recognition of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) as provisional not a political or territorial boundary, creation of international control commission composed of Canada, Hungary, Indonesia and Poland to oversee implementation of the peace accord, and a provision for an international conference to be held within 30 days. The accord allowed some 145,000 North Vietnamese troops to remain in South Vietnam, but with limitation on their future replacement and supplies. South Viet Nam under President Nguyen Van Thieu viewed the peace deal with apprehension. He considered it as a sellout to the communists. However, since his country was totally dependent to the United States for support, he nevertheless signed it. By the end of March 1973 all US troops were withdrawn from South Viet Nam.

Henry Kissinger along with Le Dhuc Tho was nominated for the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for bringing about peace in Viet Nam. But only Kissinger was awarded because Le Dhuc Tho refused to receive the prize stating that lasting peace was yet to be attained. Tho might have correctly thought that larger battles loomed ahead beyond that peace deal.

Vietnamization and the Abandonment of an Ally

The process of turning over the burden of military operations and security of South Viet Nam to the indigenous Vietnamese allies was called Vietnamization. In that process the United States would continue giving financial and material support to South Viet Nam after the US forces had left. Nixon hinted that America would come to the aid of South Viet Nam if the communists violated the terms of the treaty.

The Vietnamization of the war did not bode well to the fledgling South Vietnamese government. The complete withdrawal of the US troops affected the economy because the country derived most of its income from the spending of American troops. The Yom Kippur War of 1973, which sent the price of oil to an unprecedented highest level also adversely affected its economy as well as its military capability. The high cost of oil made it more expensive for the country to use the planes, tanks and other equipment that were left behind by the US military.

The changing political landscape in the United States sealed the fate of South Viet Nam in its war against its Northern brother and neighbor. The anti-war sentiment in America was heightened by the continuous demonstrations in the streets against the war. Nixon resigned amidst the Watergate Scandal. Replacing him was Gerald Ford another republican. The mid-term election of 1974 saw majority of democrats winning the upper and lower houses of congress. The Democratic controlled congress made a resolution to phase out war funding. It was to be decreased in 1975 and to be cut off in 1976. And there was the Case-Church Amendment in June 1974 which prohibited US intervention in case of re-escalation of the war. The politicians virtually drove the final nail in the coffin as far as fate of the war in Viet Nam was concerned.

Violation of the Peace Treaty and the Victory of the Communists

When the American troops were gone the communist forces started to violate the peace deal that was made with Henry Kissinger. The North Vietnamese forces and the Viet Cong started to attack South Vietnamese positions. It seemed that all conditions set forth in the peace treaty were violated except the complete withdrawal of the US forces. In December 1974 North Vietnamese forces attacked route 14 in Phuc Long province. It fell on January 6, 1975. The South Vietnamese made a last-ditch effort to ask help from the United States. President Ford tried to answer the South Vietnamese call for help before they would be completely overrun, but his hands were tied by congress, and no help to an ally was forthcoming. On April 30, 1975, Saigon, the capital, was captured and the republic of Viet Nam surrendered unconditionally to the communist controlled provisional government. At the end of 1975 the war had become a rout.

The defeat of the United States and the fall of Viet Nam came with a heavy price. It cost 57,685 Americans killed and 153,303 wounded with a financial cost of about 140 billion US dollars which is equivalent to 686 billion of today’s US dollars. On the side of the South Vietnamese there were estimated 2 million killed and 3 million wounded with hundreds of thousands orphaned. There were also 12 million Indo-Chinese people who became refugees because of the war. On the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong there were estimated 1,176,000 killed and over 600,000 wounded.

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