Traveler Information

Pasang Background di Flasdish

2008-09-06T10:59:00.003+07:00

Bagaimana sich cara mengganti background pada flasdish??Kali ini ada cara yang lebih mudah dan praktis untuk mengganti background pada flash disk.
Cukup dengan menggunakan aplikasi IESHWIZ.exe semuanya jadi rebes,,eh salah beres maksudnya,,hehehe
Silah berkunjung kesini untuk mendownload appnya sekaligus tutorialnya.

Backing IBM Linux Replaces Microsoft

2008-08-10T14:16:00.001+07:00

When briefing mass media at event of LinuxWorld in San Fransisco, IBM announces same job(activity has just with Red Hat, Novell, and Canonical to offer PC " Microsoft-Free" with the application of Lotus Notes and Lotus Symphony property of IBM. Its(the purpose is to provide an alternative of complete for Windows and Microsoft Office.

IBM hoped if failure of Vista and in-(un- pastian long-range plan of Microsoft will create opportunity for Linux to stand as strong competitor in market desktop. Package Linux and Lotus will give choice consumer desktop is having cost is low ness developed based on open standard.

Jeff Smith ( IBM): " Desktop is One of The Last of Proprietary Technology and Disproportionately Dominated by One Vendor"

Smith tells if IBM to plan to change the thing and s(he believes if bringing openness and choice for client and desktop area IT as one thing big which will support advancing stroke Linux.

According To IBM, improvement of popularity Linux in desktop and broader interoperability support from with Windows in so many kinds of condition of making Linux sensible choice. Other primary factor is the increasing of industrial awareness of computer about requirement would be technological and open standard.

The distributors Linux gold will the application of kolaborasi IBM bases on Lotus in pra-instalation configuraton through assorted of channel of distribution of hardware. Canonical also will offer the application of IBM through its(the repository.

Shifts Microsoft from its(the throne in market desktop of course not easy to invert palm. But, this business expected acceleration of adoption Linux can and makes free software as practical choice for some white colars computer consumers and also rumahan(Arstechnica)

Mozilla Announces Snowl

2008-08-10T14:01:00.001+07:00

Message delivery of online is an a real common activity is done [by] through various applications, either being based on web and also desktop. Increasinglyly the many protocols and application like instant messaging, social network and enamel, increasingly difficult for us to follow all information sent. To overcome this thing, Mozilla Labs announces project so called Snowl.

Snowl is an prototype extension Firefox uniting online message delivery with activity browsing based on some ideas:

1. Message is message, doesn't care is they sent from traditional enamel server, RSS/ATOM feed, discussion forum, social network and or other source.

2. Some more important messages from the other, and best appearance to read different important message from appearance to read insignificant message.

3. Appearance bases on seeking to open message is more efficient and effectively compared to appearance where message must beforehand is sorted.

4. Browser fungsionality to explore konten web, like tab, bookmark and history of also effective to explore message.

Even has not is sure fully this idea will be received carefully by community, Mozilla has released a prototype to show its(the concept.

Prototype Snowl

Prototype Snowl can receive two form of message: through RSS/Atom feed and Twitter with two different appearance types. First is appearance three traditional panels of like the one is used [by] many enamels client to read important messages.

Second appearance is named " river of news," based on concept developed by special Dave Winer navigation of message to calmly.

Expansion Plan

Mozilla still considering direction of expansion hereinafter, however possibility that they will add some fitur to Snowl like:

* Support from source of new message like Facebook, AIM, Google Talk and others

* Appearance to write and sends message

* FIRE to facilitate the developers is creating way of new appearance, like instant message view

If interesting to try Snowl, gets its(the prototype is here ( Mozilla warns that this version has many bugs).

Opinion myself, the existing Snowl has not so useful because myself has almost does altogether through browser, Google Reader to read RSS and Gmail, Google Talk also has integrated to depth. Besides have been balmy with appearance " river view" Google Reader, extension AideRSS also hardly assists for easily sorts important news, particularly yard iGoogle also has can unite these all.

Snowl still need to be developed farther before becoming solution of effective message delivery. If in Snowl can collect all information types web in one places at the same time enables communications two directions, Snowl potency replaces application like Outlook or Thunderbird.

Light LXDE, DESKTOP for Linux

2008-08-09T17:13:00.005+07:00

Conference LinuxWorld in middle San Francisco taken place and gOS, distro Linux is strarting leaf rising lately merilis version has new. Change very signifikan from this newest version is desktop new environment using LXDE ( Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment) replaces Enlightenment. And gOS is not the only distro is putting into use LXDE, there are some other light distro which has started makes a move to LXDE from Gnome or even XFCE, including Ubuntulite.

Because popular proven Linux Used in netbook and also product ULPC ( Ultra Low Cost PC), no wonder if vendor look for light alternative for Gnome, thing suited for Used in segment hardware under without sacrificing too much fungsionality.

From the angle of fitur, LXDE is not far failed from Gnome. most Important everything that like tabbed file manager, session manager, appearance draws, terminal, editor text, altogether there have in LXDE, however framework applied very efficient and can work in hardware with specification far lower.

Hereunder is some screenshot from gOS showing kapability to give interesting appearance of which is not failed from Gnome and or KDE.

Screenshot gOS

Screenshot gOS

Screenshot gOS

Situs they also tells that " not all people in rich world. a desktop environment which is good there must be for them not ready to buy expensive hardware, and capable us helps them."

Besides light, one of reason of why LXDE also popular among distro Linux be the structure is a real modular. Situs LXDE explains that they " doesn't integrate all components powerfully, but we try makes all components to be able to be self-supporting usable and independently without many dependencies."

increases computer performance

2008-08-09T13:55:00.000+07:00

Along with the many software/program which in install in computer, often we feel computer performance we to become increasingly slow. Or sometime we know it our computer increasingly slow its(the performance. This thing is fair more than anything else increasinglyly the duration usage of computer with various programs in it.

Actually computer performance can be influenced by many factors, either software and also hardware. There is various tips which can be done that computer performance to become better. Following some tips which possibly can be done and possible partly common thing we do or we to hear.

1. Uninstall program that is is not is used [by]

Though is not implemented, program which seldom or have never been applied can influence computer performance. Especially program menyimpan its(the settings in registry. Why ? because each time computer is implemented, registry windows would in load in memory, so that ever greater its(the measure, memory applied to be ever greater also.

2. Investigates programs that is automatically runs with Windows

This thing can in cheque with program like autoruns. Usually there are some program the always runs actually fairly not important or less important.

3. Defragment hardisk

This can be done through menu Properties > System Tools > Disk Defragment. Which its(the purpose to re-arrange files according to its(the priority.

4. Kills service which is out of condition

This thing requires a few knowledges about computer. Services is program/library also implemented ( in load) every life computer. Can be seen through Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services. If computer have never been applied online ( internet), there are some service which able to in non activating. For Example Windows Time and some other service ( can in checking its(the description). But this thing also need to take a care, if wrong can cause some function of windows doesn't run.

5. Avoids consumer Skin windows

Sometime usage of tampilan/skin addition windows can influence performance enough signifikan. Especially usage of software addition. Better if we like to different appearance applied just of Windows Themes ( wafting windows).

6. Kills some visual effects Windows

Besides some effects windows [ xp] which fairly not important can in killing. Can in done [by] through right click in My Computer select;chooses Properties. In tab Advanced in part of Performance knob click Settings. Can in non activating Visual effect which fairly not important.

7. Limits additional amount of font

This influential to application using Pilihan font like Microsoft Office. With the many addition fonts will influence to memory applied and loading will felt farther out.

8. Delete icon in desktop which is insignificant

Often program which in install in computer will make new shortcut ( icon) in desktop. If we seldom apply this icon-icon, better in vanishing only, can a few lessening memory usage.

9. Scan computer from Virus, Spyware, trojan and his(its conspecific

If computer is virus infection, most of its(the performance will decline, even computer can become very slow. Therefore better always is taken care of free computer of virus. then if computer often is terkoneksi to Internet, hence better around one month once computer in scan from spyware, mallware and his(its conspecific.

10. Applies alternative of software which is lighter

Some software cage only be applied for a few thing that is simple. For example using ACDSee just for looking around picture or photograph only. If only wishs melihatl to see picture with standard format, hence can apply Fasilitas wafting windows, because ACDSee enough weights especially newest versions.

11. Applies Software TuneUp, defragment and his(its conspecific.

If difficulty us with optimalisation of manual system and wishs easy way, hence we can apply programs TuneUp, Defragment registry, and his(its conspecific.

12. Upgrade of hardware

If having additional fund and specification of computer still by the skin of one's teeth hence poison in upgrading its(the hardware like Memory, CPU or VGA. Which very influential usually Memory and CPU>Central Processing Unit.

13. re- Install

Sometime a real old system and full of program which many used tidak/jarang, even have been in optimalisation still slow. If like that, possibly re- install is best solution, because usually with system which more “ fresh” performance can be maximum.

Upgrade way of Komputer

2008-08-09T13:45:00.002+07:00

Increasinglyly fast of development of computer and software ( application) what applied, sometime “ forces” we are as computer consumer for always increases ability of its(the computer. Specification of standard computer bought by 2 or 3 last year, possibly if it is applied for the application of now starts felt slow.

Might possibly buy new computer and old computer is sold. But the price of the stripper computer possibly will decline sharply, hence its(the alternative is meng-upgrade computer component. Any kind of that need to in upgrading and how tips to choose correct computer component?

Here I will only study 3 principal components that is very influential to computer performance or application implemented in Komputer, that is : Memory ( LOUVRE), CPU>Central Processing Unit ( Processor) and VGA ( Graphical card). Even other component like hardisk and motherboard also influential, but 3 the component which its(the biggest influence. Following each explanation and its(the influence in computer.

UPGRADE of MEMORY ( LOUVRE)

Memory computer is easy component to be upgraded. To check how big memory computer, right click My Computer > Properties will come up information about computer and memory applied ( Windows). But as described is memory applied by windows, because might possibly some of its(the capacitieses is divided with VGA in motherboard.

Memory hardly having an effect on to computer performance, because every processing the application in hardisk, would always is kept beforehand in Memory and has just in process by Processor. If using Windows XP and memory computer only 128 MB, hence to implement just standard programs of possibility will felt weight. If implementing application like Corel Draw, Photoshop and the application of other graph with Memory 256 MB also less optimal.

To know how big usage Memory, can in cheque through Task Manager ( Ctrl+Alt+Del), then is seen part of tab Performance > PFF Usage. If it is used implements beberepa the application of computer and memory which is used almost always full, hence upgrading Memory can increase performance enough big.

To upgrade memory, ready to buy memory matching with memory computer, and installs side [by] memory which there [are], because usually is provided minimum of 2 slot Memory ( place of installing memory). That need to be paid attention is type memory applied. For stripper computer, usually still using SDRAM, while the existing average of type DDR SDRAM ( or often is called as DDR only). For DDR there are DDR1, DDR2 and DDR3, and this must be same type his(its with the Memory in computer.

What knowing Tipe Memory in computer ?

If stills has guide-book ( manual) Motherboard, hence there is explained about specification of component that is supported is including Tipe Memory. Other way is with free software of CPU-Z which able to in download from http://www.cpuid.com/. With the application of this can be known type memory and its(the Ukuran/kapasitas.

If computer still had memory 512 MB or less, hence upgrading memory usually would enough assisting increases computer speed.

UPGRADE of CPU>Central Processing Unit ( PROCESSOR)

Processor will have an effect on enough big to computer performance. But to upgrade processor is not easy to upgrade memory, because to release and installs some CPU>Central Processing Units sometime must require special technique. That need to be paid attention is equality of socket CPU>Central Processing Unit in motherboard. To know it can be seen in book Manual Motherboard or with program CPU-Z.

Upgrade of CPU>Central Processing Unit will increase speed most all computer programs, especially program using very complex calculation like Matlab, Rendering animation 3D, Programming, Processing of Citra/Image in Photoshop, Memproses quite a lot graph with Corel Draw and other.

UPGRADE of VGA ( Graphical Card)

VGA ( Graphical card) be component processing image and presents it in monitor. Ability of VGA mempergaruh would to picture yielded in monitor, usually to present Animasi 3D, Game 3D, graph 3D with other and high complexity. Otherwise applies the applications, VGA standard or usualy becomes one with motherboard ( on-board) usually has fullfilled.

That need to be paid attention when meng-upgrade VGA is slot applied. There is slot AVG, PCI, PCI-E and PCI-E 2. To know can be seen in manual book motherboard figured in or direct vision in motherboard. Then often wrong, only assess big of Memory VGA only. Because more important is Clock Memory VGA and GPU Frequency ( the Processor in VGA). For Example VGA 128 MB with Clock Memory 500 MHZ and GPU 400 MHZ would be quicker compared to VGA 256 MB with Clock Memory 400 MHZ and GPU Frequnecy 300 MHZ. If familiar had with VGA, Bus Width ( data bandwith) also haves an effect on to speed VGA.

To increase computer performance from the angle of software, please be read this article. Hopefully useful.

Deception precautions applies name of Cellular Diary

2008-08-09T12:47:00.003+07:00

Announcement for all visitor Cellular Diary, including for which member and or which is not member, that Cellular Diary doesn't sell product handphone or beautiful number or other product, Cellular Diary will never sell any. If there is trying to party(side sells something upper named Cellular Diary, requests soon reported to webmaster.

Cellular Diary has received report there are a upper deception named Cellular Diary, following is party(side data which has done deception:

Name: Tommy Andreas ( alias Julia Estele)

Owner Of Bank account: Commercial

Code SWIFT: BNIAIDJA

Bank Account Number: 022-01-00056-15-3

Bank Address: Jakarta, IBC Elephant Mada No: 18

Home address: JL. Studio No: 25, Palmerah, Jakarta Barat 11480

Enamel address: cellulardiary@gmailcom (<<== do not property of Cellular Diary) Telp: 021 - 9983-0707 HP: 0817-77-61-56 Deception modus is apply official letter format Cellular Diary by using address and telephone number Cellular Diary but is added with other address and telephone number mentioned upper. Product sold is handphone handphone having brand but with far price is mark down [by] marketing. For feeling other visitor cheated please contact Cellular Diary, or if feeling knows who is this party(side hence passed in to contacts Cellular Diary. Said this announcement reported on, requests visitor to give really attention.

Symbian Foundation : OS Smartphone

2008-08-09T12:33:00.002+07:00

After experiencing many expansions, Symbian which is OS Smartphone and which its(the asset has been bought total by Nokia will be made a group so-called as Symbian Foundation. this Group will be applied as bridge to make open source mobile platform.

Many reason of Nokia to change Symbian becomes Symbian Foundation, one of its(the reason is merger some versions OS Symbian differs in, now has circulated smartphone Symbian having interface which is different but has the same function, some its(the examples is :

* Symbian UIQ which often used by Sony Ericsson ( P990, M600, W950, etc), Motorola ( MOTORIZR Z8, MOTORIZR Z10 : UIQ 31 - Symbian OS v92) and Nokia also ( Nokia 6708), UIQ has interface touch screen without key pad to operate handphone.

* break even Symbian 60 or often is conceived of S60 which formerly only applies key pad for its(the operation and now has owned interface touch screen ( S60 touch 3rd edition) is looking like UIQ.

* Symbian MOAP ( Mobile Oriented Applications Platform) the existing finite still only available to smartphone Symbian in Japan market only, one of its(the example is Mitsubishi D800iDS having dual of screen which its(the operation looks like Nintendo DS that is 2 screen and only screen underside having function of touch screen.

Nokia expects with making of Symbian Foundation hence there will be many maker companies handphone to apply OS Symbian, because Symbian Foundation will give OS Smartphone onlyly only free alias, and Nokia also will that the CP ( Content Provider) to be more many again makes the application of Symbian.

To know development Symbian Foundation, you please see in website its(the opening is http://symbianfoundationorg/

Will Nokia later change mind and takes opportunity business ( draws expense of license usage) usetelah Symbian Foundation becomes a OS Smartphone open source which most famous and at most applied ? Is community developer of the application of handphone can jack up name of Symbian Foundation ? what according to you ?

Spesificasi Nokia 7500 Prism

2008-08-09T12:13:00.003+07:00

Nokia introduces the line of ponsel fashion is having theme prism adopting levator skapula dint recently. Two ponsel impresif is having coronet Nokia 7900 Prism and Nokia 7500 Prism of course addressed for consumer wishing solidarity between styles elegan with sophisticated facility inculcated in it.

Ponsel which dibanderol around US$ 290 for 7500 Prism and US$ 559 for 7900 Prism is will be available in marketing at third quarter of the year 2007.

Nokia 7500 Prism

With price which cheaper than you its(the, 7500 Prism can be spelled out members more simplely without presence of technology 3G which is notabene becomes condition for a recent handphone. But in physical, this ponsel appearance seen more nicely because having curve in corner to his(its compared to 7900 impressing more box.

To assure its(the fashionn side, ponsel is having background this is black dotted with light accent which can be changed according to desire. Presents it internal memory 30 MB and additional memory slot in the form of microSD equal to 2 GB is felt more than enough menyimpan to until 1500 songs and also picture. Camera 2 MP inculcated able to record short picture and also film in quality of height. For business transfer of data, available of microUSB and Bluetooth

Main Fitur:

Network: GSM quadband 850/900/1800/1900, WCDMA 850/2100

Battery resilience: standby 240 hours, speaks 3 hour(clock

Memory: internal of 1 GB

Camera: 2 MP

[screen/sail]: OLED 16 million colours

Nokia 7900 Prism

Dual technology of 3G and quadband GSM is pre-eminent fitur of Nokia 7900 Prism enabling it is operated in all state in world. Keelokan side fashion ponsel can be seen from [screen/sail] OLED depth 16 million colours to support effect wallpaper “ lived” what is fickle every when following commutation of time, signal strength, and condition of battery. In default, this ponsel provides 49 kinds of light colour theme which able to be selected according to appetite. If one of theme is selected, hence [light/ray] encircling bodi ponsel, [screen/sail] OLED, and key pad will change, including LED is notifikasi the message or admission phonecall on the top ponsel.

Having stock internal memory equal to 1 GB without option of addition memory slot, consumer must be clever arranges file which will be kept is including result of jepretan and film record from camera beresolusi 2 MP its(the property. Fitur the FM radio is expected will cure disappointment of consumer which saving seabreg file MP3 its(the property cannot in this ponsel. Transfer of data between peripherals can be done through Bluetooth and also microUSB.

Network: GSM triband 900/1800/1900

Battery resilience: standby 280jam, speaks 28 hours

Memory: internal 30 MB, eksternal 2 GB microSD

Camera: 2 MP

[screen/sail]: TFT 16 million colours

Technology TV Programming

2008-06-29T12:45:00.002+07:00

When television was limited to a handful of channels it only made sense for networks and television companies to offer only the most universal programming. Why offer something that would only appeal to 10 % of a potential audience when it was possible to appeal to over 70% with some other programming. By offering shows that everyone could enjoy the television companies were able to keep customers happy even without having a huge selection. As the capacity for television channels has increased, however, the trend has been to offer more shows and entire channels that are dedicated to a specific interest. Consider channels like Discovery Health, HGTV, the Golf Channel and The Military Channel, for instance. Each of these channels has a specific group of people that have enough interest in the subject to want to watch multiple shows about it. Now, people who love golf can spend entire days watching shows about it, while people who love home improvement can stick with HGTV and other similar channels.

The trend toward specialization extends to other types of programming as well. Just look at Dish Network's channel listings. You will find hundreds of channels dedicated to foreign language programming, a wide assortment of interactive television listings, and plenty of specialized sports channels. Each of these channels is meant to appeal to a limited group of people with special interests. Because Dish Network offers over 500 channels, it is now possible to offer such specialized programming.

Foreign language programming is a great example of how new technologies let television viewers have more choices. Years ago nobody would have even considered offering channels dedicated to languages like Farsi, Greek, and Polish. Now it is possible to choose from dozens of foreign languages packages and a wide variety of individual channels. Spanish speaking people have the most choices with four packages designed especially for the Spanish speaking family. However, options also exist in Arabic, Chinese, Russian, and many other languages. This makes it possible for people who speak more than one language or who are still shaky in English to get news and information from other areas of the world.

Interactive television options are another great example of specialized programming. Some interactive options, like the news, sports info and weather appeal to pretty much everyone. But others like interactive games and entertainment appeal to a specific segment of the population who loves things like online games or Karoake. Because Dish Network offers an assorted variety of game playing channels and other entertainment, subscribers can get the type of entertainment that best suits them.

Sports have mass appeal, but some people are much more excited about sports than others. That is why Dish Network offers special sports subscriptions that are meant to appeal to those who are extreme fans of a particular sport. Once again, the technology that allows for more channels lets those who have a specific interest indulge themselves. For example, a baseball fan can get the entire season of both the major league and college level teams and be able to watch every game that is played. Same goes for soccer, ice hockey, college football, and basketball. Someone who loves every game might purchase most of the subscriptions while a soccer fan might just purchase one.

Overall, the idea that more is better definitely applies when it comes to television programming. Having more channels lets everyone get the programming that is most appealing and keeps people from having to watch unappealing programming just because nothing better is on.

Technology as Applied Science

2008-06-28T21:41:00.000+07:00

Because science has been central to the development of new technologies and the improvement of existing ones, many people believe that technology is merely the application of science. However, it takes much more than applied science to create or improve technology. Technology is a product and a process involving both science and engineering.

Yet in public discourse, innovations and events that have a significant technological component are often described as science. Take the building and launching of the Hubble Space Telescope. Although its purpose is scientific-to gather data about the universe and its origins-the telescope itself is the product of science and engineering. Similarly, the development of new drugs is often misidentified solely as science. Obviously, a great deal of scientific research underlies the development of a new drug, but that research is put to work toward a technological end. Even in the computer industry, the first thing that comes to many people's minds when they think of technology, cramming more transistors onto a chip or more memory onto a magnetic disk is a technological, rather than a scientific, advance.

It is not surprising that many people attribute technological advances exclusively to science. Science and technology are closely related. But the confusion is significant because it indicates that many people do not appreciate the combined role of science, engineering, and technology in shaping modern life. A sense of this complementary relationship is crucial to many policy decisions, for example, how public research dollars should be allocated.

Technological Determinism

2008-06-28T21:39:00.000+07:00

Some believe that technological change is somehow disconnected from human influence. Technology seems to appear "out of the blue" with little if any input from its intended users. Technology has a dramatic, direct, one-way effect on our lives. In other words, technology affects society, but society does not affect technology. This idea, sometimes called technological determinism, suggests that technology follows its own course independent of human direction.

Technological determinism is based on a misperception of the central role people play in the design and uses of technology. Members of Congress, company CEOs and the scientists and engineers who work for them. and the consuming public all have a say in what technology should do, what it is capable of doing, and what it actually does. Technology mirrors our values, as well as our flaws.

If we perceive technology through the lens of technological determinism, we cannot weigh the risks or costs associated with a technology or its benefits. Certain technologies are used in ways that some people find objectionable or that result in unintended and sometimes undesirable consequences. And almost always, technologies are more advantageous for some people, animals, plants, generations, or purposes, than others. If one views technology as being outside human control, these considerations may never come up.

Thoughtful consideration of the technological advantages and disadvantages is extremely important, therefore, before a technology is developed. At the same time, we must recognize that perfectly sensible uses of a technology can sometimes have undesirable consequences and that these may not show up for decades or even longer. We may decide, therefore, that not every possible technological advance-human cloning, for example-should be pursued. Or, conversely, we may decide a technology should be developed for the greater good, even though a vocal minority opposes it. In either case, the decision is ours!

More Information Banner
Postman, N. 1993. Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Tenner, E. 1996. Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences. New York: Knopf.

Winner, L. 1977. Autonomous Technology: Technics-out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Misconceptions About Technology

2008-06-28T21:25:00.001+07:00

In large part because of the dramatically changing nature of technology and our relationship to it, a number of misconceptions about technology have grown up. These misconceptions can lead to questionable conclusions concerning the development and use of technology, and they pose challenges for creating a technologically literate citizenry.

The Nature of Technology

2008-06-28T21:16:00.001+07:00

The nature of technology has changed dramatically in the past hundred years. Indeed, the very idea of technology as we now conceive it is relatively new.

For most of human history, technology was mainly the province of craftsmen who passed their know-how down from generation to generation, gradually improving designs, and adding new techniques and materials. By the beginning of the twentieth century, technology had become a large-scale enterprise that depended on large stores of knowledge and know-how, too much for any one person to master. Large organizations were now required for the development, manufacture, and operation of new technologies. Complex networks of interdependent technologies were developed, such as the suite of technologies for the automobile. These include gas and oil refineries, filling stations and repair shops, tire manufacturers, automobile assembly plants, the highway system, and many more. The government began to play a larger role in shaping technology through technological policies and regulations.

The meaning of the word "technology" evolved to reflect these changes. In the nineteenth century, technology referred simply to the practical arts used to create physical products, everything from wagon wheels and cotton cloth to telephones and steam engines. In the twentieth century, the meaning of the word was expanded to include everything involved in satisfying human material needs and wants, from factories and the organizations that operate them to scientific knowledge, engineering know-how, and technological products themselves.

As the nature of technology changed, its meaning became more vague, leaving room for misconceptions that sometimes led to questionable conclusions.

Technologi and Science

2008-06-28T19:08:00.001+07:00

Science and technology are tightly coupled. A scientific understanding of the natural world is the basis for much of technological development today. The design of computer chips, for instance, depends on a detailed understanding of the electrical properties of silicon and other materials. The design of a drug to fight a specific disease is made possible by knowledge of how proteins and other biological molecules are structured and how they interact.

Conversely, technology is the basis for a good part of scientific research. The climate models meteorologists use to study global warming require supercomputers to run the simulations. And like most of us, scientists in all fields depend on the telephone, the Internet, and jet travel.

It is difficult, if not impossible, to separate the achievements of technology from those of science. When the Apollo 11 spacecraft put Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon, many people called it a victory of science. When a new type of material, such as lightweight, superstrong composites, emerges on the market, newspapers often report it as a scientific advance. Genetic engineering of crops to resist insects is also usually attributed wholly to science. And although science is integral to all of these advances, they are also examples of technology, the application of unique skills, knowledge, and techniques, which is quite different from science.

Technology and innovation

2008-06-28T19:02:00.003+07:00

Technology is also closely associated with innovation, the transformation of ideas into new and useful products or processes. Innovation requires not only creative people and organizations, but also the availability of technology and science and engineering talent. Technology and innovation are synergistic. The development of gene-sequencing machines, for example, has made the decoding of the human genome possible, and that knowledge is fueling a revolution in diagnostic, therapeutic, and other biomedical innovations.

Technology ???

2008-06-28T17:37:00.001+07:00

What is Technology?

Technology is the process by which humans modify nature to meet their needs and wants. Most people, however, think of technology in terms of its artifacts: computers and software, aircraft, pesticides, water-treatment plants, birth-control pills, and microwave ovens, to name a few. But technology is more than these tangible products.

Technology includes all of the infrastructure necessary for the design, manufacture, operation, and repair of technological artifacts, from corporate headquarters and engineering schools to manufacturing plants and maintenance facilities. The knowledge and processes used to create and to operate technological artifacts -- engineering know-how, manufacturing expertise, and various technical skills -- are equally important part of technology.

Technology is a product of engineering and science, the study of the natural world. Science has two parts: (1) a body of knowledge that has been accumulated over time and (2) a process-scientific inquiry-that generates knowledge about the natural world. Engineering, too, consists of a body of knowledge-in this case knowledge of the design and creation of human-made products-and a process for solving problems. Science aims to understand the "why" and "how" of nature, engineering seeks to shape the natural world to meet human needs and wants. Engineering, therefore, could be called "design under constraint," with science-the laws of nature-being one of a number of limiting factors engineers must take into account. Other constraints include cost, reliability, safety, environmental impact, ease of use, available human and material resources, manufacturability, government regulations, laws, and even politics. In short, technology necessarily involves science and engineering.