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	<title>Opinio Juris</title>
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		<title>Events and Announcements: 20 September 2026</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/20/events-and-announcements-20-september-2026/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/20/events-and-announcements-20-september-2026/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Sun, 20 Sep 2026 07:00:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Emilia Klebanowski]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Announcements]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Calls for Papers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53114</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[To have your event or announcement featured in next week’s post, please send a link and a brief description (1-2 paragraphs) to ojeventsandannouncements@gmail.com. Calls for Applications Mainz Masterclass in International Adjudication: Applications are invited for participation in the First Mainz Masterclass in International Adjudication on 9 April 2027, organized by the Mainz International Adjudication Centre (MAIAC) at Johannes Gutenberg University...]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53114</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>The Iran IIFFM&#8217;s Unconvincing War Crimes Analysis</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/19/the-iran-iiffms-unconvincing-war-crimes-analysis/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/19/the-iran-iiffms-unconvincing-war-crimes-analysis/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Sat, 19 Sep 2026 11:17:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Kevin Jon Heller]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Criminal Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Humanitarian Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Middle East]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53130</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[The Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Islamic Republic of Iran (IIFFM), created by the Human Rights Council, has released a new report. It&#8217;s a depressing read, painstakingly cataloging Iran&#8217;s human-rights violations and analysing two airstrikes carried out by the United States on 28 February 2026 &#8212; the notorious attack on the the Shajareh Tayyebeh Primary School in Minab, which...]]></description>
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						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53130</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>UN Fact-Finding Mission on Iran: U.S. War Crimes and Precautions in AI-Enabled Warfare</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/18/un-fact-finding-mission-on-iran-u-s-war-crimes-and-precautions-in-ai-enabled-warfare/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/18/un-fact-finding-mission-on-iran-u-s-war-crimes-and-precautions-in-ai-enabled-warfare/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 13:30:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Jessica Dorsey]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Criminal Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Humanitarian Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Middle East]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[North America]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Organizations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public International Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Technology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Use of Force]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fact-finding mission]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[War Crimes]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53117</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[Jessica Dorsey is an Assistant Professor of International Law at Utrecht University School of Law and Managing Editor of Opinio Juris.] The UN Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Islamic Republic of Iran (FFMI) released its 18-page report to the Human Rights Council on 17 September 2026. In the report, among other findings, the Mission outlines reasonable grounds to believe that the...]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53117</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Key International Legal Obligations and Principles Relevant to Marine Geoengineering</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/18/key-international-legal-obligations-and-principles-relevant-to-marine-geoengineering/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/18/key-international-legal-obligations-and-principles-relevant-to-marine-geoengineering/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Fri, 18 Sep 2026 08:00:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Stephanie Prufer]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[international law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[London convention]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[London protocol]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[marine geoengineering]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UNCLOS]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=52615</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[Stephanie Prufer J.D. is a Legal and Policy Officer at OceanCare and holds a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School and a Master of Environmental Management from the Yale School of the Environment. She was involved in negotiations at the London Convention and London Protocol and the BBNJ Agreement. She previously interned at ITLOS. Dr James Kerry is Chief Scientist at OceanCare and an adjunct...]]></description>
						<wfw:commentRss>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/18/key-international-legal-obligations-and-principles-relevant-to-marine-geoengineering/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">52615</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>INTERPOL and the Enforcement Gap in War Crimes Cases</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/17/interpol-and-the-enforcement-gap-in-war-crimes-cases/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/17/interpol-and-the-enforcement-gap-in-war-crimes-cases/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2026 08:00:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Veronika Vozniuk]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Europe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Criminal Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Organizations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public International Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[INTERPOL]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Russia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ukraine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[War Crimes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[War in Ukraine]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53099</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[Veronika Vozniuk is a Ukrainian legal and policy professional working on issues related to international humanitarian law, human rights, and the legal consequences of armed conflict.] Since the beginning of Russia’s full-scale invasion, Ukraine has made significant efforts to investigate and prosecute individuals responsible for war crimes committed on its territory. The scale of the alleged crimes is immense and...]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53099</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Inter-NATO-inal: Centres of Excellence in Contestation</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/16/inter-nato-inal-centres-of-excellence-in-contestation/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/16/inter-nato-inal-centres-of-excellence-in-contestation/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 12:00:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Madara Meļņika]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Europe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[North America]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Organizations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NATO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NATO Centres of Excellence]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53095</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[Madara Meļņika is a PhD Researcher in Law at the European University Institute, where her research examines how international security organisations respond to environmental realities.] In May 2026, the media reported plans for NATO’s AI Centre of Excellence to be established in Rennes, a city already famous for France’s armed forces’ cyber-defence command and other AI institutions. Allegedly, France was...]]></description>
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						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53095</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Targeting Merchant Ships in the Strait of Hormuz: The Iran–U.S. MoU and the Resumption of Hostilities</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/16/targeting-merchant-ships-in-the-strait-of-hormuz-the-iran-u-s-mou-and-the-resumption-of-hostilities/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/16/targeting-merchant-ships-in-the-strait-of-hormuz-the-iran-u-s-mou-and-the-resumption-of-hostilities/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Wed, 16 Sep 2026 08:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Amirabbas Kiani]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Middle East]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public International Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Use of Force]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ceasefire]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[international armed conflict]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strait of Hormuz]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[united states]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53092</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[Amir Abbas Kiani is a collaborating researcher in International Law at Shiraz University, Iran.] On June 17, 2026, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America (U.S.) signed an agreement, formally entitled the ‘Islamabad Memorandum of Understanding’ (MoU), to resolve certain disputes arising from the international armed conflict (IAC) that broke out between them on February 28,...]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53092</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Where the Miss Lands: Kuhestak, Minab and the Precautions that Come Before the Balance</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/15/where-the-miss-lands-kuhestak-minab-and-the-precautions-that-come-before-the-balance/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/15/where-the-miss-lands-kuhestak-minab-and-the-precautions-that-come-before-the-balance/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2026 12:00:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Neil Cameron]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Humanitarian Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Middle East]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public International Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[civilian harm]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Geneva Conventions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Iran]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Strait of Hormuz]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[united states]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53090</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[Neil Cameron is a barrister and an Affiliate Scholar at the Judith Reppy Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies, Cornell University.] On the evening of 1 September a United States glide bomb came through the roof of a house in Kuhestak, a small port town on the Iranian shore of the Strait of Hormuz, where about 150 women and children were waiting...]]></description>
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						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53090</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>A Digital Architecture of Disruption and Silence: The Internet Shutdown in Pakistan-administered Kashmir</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/15/a-digital-architecture-of-disruption-and-silence-the-internet-shutdown-in-pakistan-administered-kashmir/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/15/a-digital-architecture-of-disruption-and-silence-the-internet-shutdown-in-pakistan-administered-kashmir/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2026 08:00:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Mohammad Zayaan Asimi]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Asia-Pacific]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Human Rights Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public International Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Autonomy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[freedom of expression]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ICCPR]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Kashmir]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pakistan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[right to education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[right to peaceful assembly]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[right to protest]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53086</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[Mohammad Zayaan Asimi is a D.Phil. candidate in socio-legal studies at the University of Oxford.] Introduction Internet services in Pakistan-administered Kashmir (Kashmir) were severely restricted since 5th June 2026 after widespread protests in the region linked to electoral reforms and other socio-political demands of the people. More than forty people were killed, and hundreds were wounded after the army and...]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53086</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Hard Facts and the Threshold: What the Gambia v. Myanmar Should Not Decide</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/14/hard-facts-and-the-threshold-what-the-gambia-v-myanmar-should-not-decide/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/14/hard-facts-and-the-threshold-what-the-gambia-v-myanmar-should-not-decide/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2026 12:00:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Filipo Tarakinikini]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public International Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[evidence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[genocide]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Genocide Convention]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ICJ]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53082</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[His Excellency Filipo Tarakinikini is the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Fiji to the UN. He has spent more than two decades as an infantry officer and then another two in United Nations service.&#160; Geert-Jan Alexander Knoops is a professor by special appointment of Politics of International Law at the University of Amsterdam and defence counsel before the ICC,...]]></description>
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						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53082</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>“Children in Conflict with the Law”: Gaps, Challenges and Promising Practices in Criminal Proceedings</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/14/children-in-conflict-with-the-law-gaps-challenges-and-promising-practices-in-criminal-proceedings/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/14/children-in-conflict-with-the-law-gaps-challenges-and-promising-practices-in-criminal-proceedings/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Mon, 14 Sep 2026 08:00:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Viktoryia Konashava]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Human Rights Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[children&#039;s rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[criminal law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[deprivation of liberty]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[European Convention on Human Rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ICCPR]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Justice system]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[right to a lawyer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[right to information]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UN Convention on the Rights of the Child]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53080</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[Viktoryia Konashava is a Legal Researcher with the International Commission of Jurists.] Children who come into contact with the criminal justice system as suspects or accused (often referred to as “children in conflict with the law”) often face significant barriers to the effective exercise of their right to a fair trial, including their right to participate meaningfully in criminal proceedings....]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53080</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Sovereign Immunity in the UK: Two Conventions, Two Answers</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/09/sovereign-immunity-in-the-uk-two-conventions-two-answers/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/09/sovereign-immunity-in-the-uk-two-conventions-two-answers/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2026 12:00:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Shantanu Kanade]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[arbitral awards]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sovereign immunity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[treaty law]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53077</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[Shantanu Kanade is an Assistant Professor at Jindal Global Law School. Paridhi Jain is a student at Jindal Global Law School.] The International Court of Justice in Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v Italy) noted that rules of state immunity reflect the principle of sovereign equality of states. In little under a year, English courts have thrice dealt with...]]></description>
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						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53077</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Ceuta and the Politics of ‘Instrumentalised Migration’: How a Border Situation Became Part of Europe’s Wider Legal Battle to Restrict Access</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/09/ceuta-and-the-politics-of-instrumentalised-migration-how-a-border-situation-became-part-of-europes-wider-legal-battle-to-restrict-access/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/09/ceuta-and-the-politics-of-instrumentalised-migration-how-a-border-situation-became-part-of-europes-wider-legal-battle-to-restrict-access/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2026 08:00:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Lena Riemer]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[EU Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Human Rights Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public International Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[border security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Council of Europe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[European Court of Human Rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[migrants]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[refugees]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53075</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[Dr Lena Riemer is an Assistant Professor of Law at Central European University working on migration related topics.] When around 80,000 people (according to the Spanish government) crossed into the Spanish enclave of Ceuta in early August, reactions quickly framed the event as a test of the EU’s border control and policy and the solidarity amongst its member states (for...]]></description>
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						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53075</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Settler Violence: A State-Sponsered Land and Space Domination</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/08/settler-violence-a-state-sponsered-land-and-space-domination/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/08/settler-violence-a-state-sponsered-land-and-space-domination/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2026 12:00:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Mais Qandeel]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Middle East]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public International Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Colonisation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Israel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[occupation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[palestine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[settler violence]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53069</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[Dr Mais Qandeel is an Associate Professor of International Law at the Irish Centre for Human Rights, University of Galway, Ireland, and Örebro University, Sweden. She holds a Ph.D. in international humanitarian law from the University of Fribourg, Switzerland.] Introduction  In addition to the genocide in Gaza perpetrated by Israel since October 2023, Israeli settlers and military have been escalating...]]></description>
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						<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53069</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Losing (the Human) Face: International Law and the Instrumentalization of Development against Palestine</title>
		<link>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/08/losing-the-human-face-international-law-and-the-instrumentalization-of-development-against-palestine/</link>
				<comments>http://opiniojuris.org/2026/09/08/losing-the-human-face-international-law-and-the-instrumentalization-of-development-against-palestine/#respond</comments>
				<pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2026 08:00:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Lara Torbay]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Middle East]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[North America]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Public International Law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[colonialism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gaza]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[palestine]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://opiniojuris.org/?p=53067</guid>
				<description><![CDATA[[Lara Torbay is a PhD candidate at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland.] Recent developments in Gaza reveal the ways in which development cooperation – a putative expression of solidarity – can function as a neocolonial tool. Of course, the weaponization of development cooperation is not new: post-development scholars have highlighted and criticized it arguing that, against colonized peoples, development cooperation...]]></description>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">53067</post-id>	</item>
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