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	<title>Food &amp; Drink Archives | OUPblog</title>
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		<title>Holiday cheer [podcast]</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2021/12/holiday-cheer-podcast/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Steven Filippi]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 13:30:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[*Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arts & Humanities]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Audio & Podcasts]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[The Oxford Comment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Christmas in the Crosshairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Christmas traditions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cocktails]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[david wondrich]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[eggnog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gerry Bowler]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[holiday cheer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hot buttered rum]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[martini]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[negroni]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[noah rothbaum]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[the oxford companion to spirits and cocktails]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2021/12/holiday-cheer-podcast/" title="Holiday cheer [podcast]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-480x185.png" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-480x185.png 480w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-180x69.png 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-120x46.png 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-768x296.png 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-128x49.png 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-184x71.png 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-31x12.png 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-1075x414.png 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage.png 1260w" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="147295" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2021/12/holiday-cheer-podcast/holiday-drinks-collage/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage.png" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="holiday-drinks-collage" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-480x185.png" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2021/12/holiday-cheer-podcast/">Holiday cheer [podcast]</a></p>
<p>As we approach the end of 2021, we can look back at the previous two years of restrictions, lockdowns, COVID tests and vaccination lines, not to mention all the political strife… or we can look to the unknown, ahead to the new year. But let us pause for a moment and enjoy the now: a holiday season that should be livelier than last year’s. After all that’s gone on, we could use some old-fashioned holiday cheer.</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2021/12/holiday-cheer-podcast/" title="Holiday cheer [podcast]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-480x185.png" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-480x185.png 480w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-180x69.png 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-120x46.png 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-768x296.png 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-128x49.png 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-184x71.png 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-31x12.png 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-1075x414.png 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage.png 1260w" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="147295" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2021/12/holiday-cheer-podcast/holiday-drinks-collage/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage.png" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="holiday-drinks-collage" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/holiday-drinks-collage-480x185.png" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2021/12/holiday-cheer-podcast/">Holiday cheer [podcast]</a></p>

<p>As we approach the end of 2021, we can look back at the previous two years of restrictions, lockdowns, COVID tests and vaccination lines, not to mention all the political strife… or we can look to the unknown, ahead to the new year. But let us pause for a moment and enjoy the now: a holiday season that should be livelier than last year’s. After all that’s gone on, we could use some old-fashioned holiday cheer.</p>



<p>On today’s episode, in the spirit of the holiday season, we spoke with Editor-in-chief David Wondrich and Associate Editor Noah Rothbaum of <em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-companion-to-spirits-and-cocktails-9780199311132">The Oxford Companion to Spirits and Cocktails</a></em> to talk about their book, the growth of cocktail culture, and some of their favorite holiday drinks from around the world. Then, to speak on Christmas traditions, we revisited our interview with Gerry Bowler, the author of <em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/christmas-in-the-crosshairs-9780190499006">Christmas in the Crosshairs: Two Thousand Years of Denouncing and Defending the World&#8217;s Most Celebrated Holiday</a></em>, from an Oxford Comment of Christmas Past.</p>



<p>Check out Episode 68 of The Oxford Comment and subscribe to The Oxford Comment podcast through your favourite podcast app to listen to the latest insights from our expert authors.</p>



<iframe width="100%" height="300" scrolling="no" frameborder="no" allow="autoplay" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/1175714908%3Fsecret_token%3Ds-PUOwdOrOHd3&#038;color=%23ff5500&#038;auto_play=false&#038;hide_related=false&#038;show_comments=true&#038;show_user=true&#038;show_reposts=false&#038;show_teaser=true&#038;visual=true"></iframe><div style="font-size: 10px; color: #cccccc;line-break: anywhere;word-break: normal;overflow: hidden;white-space: nowrap;text-overflow: ellipsis; font-family: Interstate,Lucida Grande,Lucida Sans Unicode,Lucida Sans,Garuda,Verdana,Tahoma,sans-serif;font-weight: 100;"><a href="https://soundcloud.com/oupacademic" title="Oxford Academic (OUP)" target="_blank" style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: none;" rel="noopener">Oxford Academic (OUP)</a> · <a href="https://soundcloud.com/oupacademic/holiday-cheer-episode-68-the-oxford-comment/s-PUOwdOrOHd3" title="Episode 68 - Holiday Cheer - The Oxford Comment" target="_blank" style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: none;" rel="noopener">Episode 68 &#8211; Holiday Cheer &#8211; The Oxford Comment</a></div>



<p></p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Recommended reading</h4>



<p>To learn more about holiday drinks (and drinks in general), your first stop will be David Wondrich and Noah Rothbaum’s <em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-companion-to-spirits-and-cocktails-9780199311132">The Oxford Companion to Spirits and Cocktails</a></em>. Here is the <a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199311132.001.0001/acref-9780199311132-miscMatter-7">Introduction</a> and their entry on the holiday drink to end all holiday drinks, <a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199311132.001.0001/acref-9780199311132-e-304">eggnog</a>! Wondrich and Rothbaum have written extensively on cocktails elsewhere, and they can both be heard on their own podcast, <em><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/life-behind-bars-with-noah-rothbaum-david-wondrich/id1223823621">Life Behind Bars</a>.</em></p>



<p>Explore a <a href="https://kentucky.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5810/kentucky/9781949669091.001.0001/upso-9781949669091-chapter-006">chapter</a> (and some recipes) from <em>Which Fork Do I Use with My Bourbon?: Setting the Table for Tastings, Food Pairings, Dinners, and Cocktail Parties</em>, by Peggy Noe Stevens and Susand Reigler, on the many possible variations on the “cocktail party.”</p>



<p>Bridging the gap between drinks and Christmas, here is Paul Freedman in <em>The Oxford Handbook of Christmas </em>on the “<a href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198831464.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780198831464-e-26">food and drink</a>” of Christmas around the world.</p>



<p>How did Christmas traditions develop in America in particular? Penne Lee Restad explores the history behind the <a href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195109801.001.0001/acprof-9780195109801-chapter-5">Christmas tree and gift giving</a> in <em>Christmas in America: A History</em>.</p>



<p>Lastly, for more on the history of Christmas and the controversies surrounding its celebration since its inception, check out Gerry Bowler’s <em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/christmas-in-the-crosshairs-9780190499006">Christmas in the Crosshairs</a></em>. Also, you can listen to Episode 51 of <em>The Oxford Comment, </em>“<a href="https://soundcloud.com/oupacademic/the-history-of-holiday-traditions-episode-51-the-oxford-comment">The History of Holiday Traditions</a>”, from which Katelyn Phillips’ interview with Bowler was excerpted for this podcast, in its entirety on the OUP Academic SoundCloud.</p>



<p>Happy holidays from the Oxford Comment team!</p>



<p><em>Featured image: Photo by Brooke Lark on&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/HjWzkqW1dgI">Unsplash</a>. </em></p>



<p></p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<item>
		<title>Ten refreshing books to read for National Beer Day [reading list]</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2021/04/ten-refreshing-books-to-read-for-national-beer-day-reading-list/</link>
					<comments>https://blog.oup.com/2021/04/ten-refreshing-books-to-read-for-national-beer-day-reading-list/#comments</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Becky Clifford]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 07 Apr 2021 09:30:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[*Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[America]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arts & Humanities]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Books]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[British]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Business & Economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Classics & Archaeology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Food & Drink]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Social Sciences]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sociology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[This Day in History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[beer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[brewing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[national beer day]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.oup.com/?p=146045</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2021/04/ten-refreshing-books-to-read-for-national-beer-day-reading-list/" title="Ten refreshing books to read for National Beer Day [reading list]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="146054" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2021/04/ten-refreshing-books-to-read-for-national-beer-day-reading-list/lance-anderson-82fcb8zgdni-unsplash-2/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2021/04/ten-refreshing-books-to-read-for-national-beer-day-reading-list/">Ten refreshing books to read for National Beer Day [reading list]</a></p>
<p>Beer is one of the world's oldest produced alcoholic beverages and since its invention some 13,000 years ago, people across the globe have been brewing, consuming, and even worshiping this amber nectar. Whether you prefer a pale ale, wheat beer, stout, or lager, from the cask or a humble bottle, beer enthusiasts can agree that the topic of beer is as complex as its taste.</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2021/04/ten-refreshing-books-to-read-for-national-beer-day-reading-list/" title="Ten refreshing books to read for National Beer Day [reading list]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="146054" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2021/04/ten-refreshing-books-to-read-for-national-beer-day-reading-list/lance-anderson-82fcb8zgdni-unsplash-2/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/lance-anderson-82fcB8ZgdNI-unsplash-1-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2021/04/ten-refreshing-books-to-read-for-national-beer-day-reading-list/">Ten refreshing books to read for National Beer Day [reading list]</a></p>
<p>Beer is one of the world&#8217;s oldest produced alcoholic beverages and since its invention some 13,000 years ago, people across the globe have been brewing, consuming, and even worshiping this amber nectar. Whether you prefer a pale ale, wheat beer, stout, or lager, from the cask or a humble bottle, beer enthusiasts can agree that the topic of beer is as complex as its taste.</p>
<p>In celebration of National Beer Day, discover a refreshing selection of titles that explore the social and historical influence of ale, from ancient brewing to the modern craft beer industry.</p>
<p><strong><em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/beer-9780197579800" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Beer: A Global Journey through the Past and Present</a></em></strong><strong> by John W. Arthur</strong></p>
<p>In <em>Beer</em>, archaeologist John W. Arthur takes readers on an exciting global journey to explore the origins, development, and recipes of ancient beer. This unique book focuses on past and present non-industrial beers, highlighting their significance in peoples&#8217; lives. As this book amply illustrates, beer has shaped our world in remarkable ways for the past 13,000 years.</p>
<p><strong><em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/in-praise-of-beer-9780190845957">In Praise of Beer</a></em></strong><strong> by Charles W. Bamforth </strong></p>
<p><em>In Praise of Beer</em> is a helpful guide for beer lovers looking to learn more about what they should look for with each sip of beer. In his latest book, Charles Bamforth brings new light to the topic of beer in ways perfect for any beer fan, lover, or connoisseur<em>. In Praise of Beer</em> is a helpful guide for consumers who want to better understand the beer they drink.</p>
<p><strong><em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/smashing-the-liquor-machine-9780190841577?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="146047" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2021/04/ten-refreshing-books-to-read-for-national-beer-day-reading-list/attachment/9780190841577/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190841577.jpg" data-orig-size="362,550" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="9780190841577" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190841577.jpg" class="alignright wp-image-146047 size-medium" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190841577-145x220.jpg" alt="Smashing the Liquor Machine" width="145" height="220" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190841577-145x220.jpg 145w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190841577-107x162.jpg 107w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190841577-128x194.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190841577-175x266.jpg 175w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190841577.jpg 362w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 145px) 100vw, 145px" /></a><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/smashing-the-liquor-machine-9780190841577">Smashing the Liquor Machine: A Global History of Prohibition</a></em></strong><strong><em> </em>by Mark Lawrence Schrad</strong></p>
<p>This is the history of temperance and prohibition as you&#8217;ve never read it before: redefining temperance as a progressive, global, pro-justice movement that affected virtually every significant world leader from the eighteenth through early twentieth centuries. Unlike many traditional &#8220;dry&#8221; histories, <em>Smashing the Liquor Machine</em> gives voice to minority and subaltern figures who resisted the global liquor industry, and further highlights that the impulses that led to the temperance movement were far more progressive and variegated than American readers have been led to believe.</p>
<p><strong><em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-companion-to-beer-9780195367133">The Oxford Companion to Beer</a></em></strong><strong> Edited by Garrett Oliver and Foreword by Tom Colicchio</strong></p>
<p>The first major reference work to investigate the history and vast scope of beer, featuring more than 1,100 A-Z entries written by 166 of the world&#8217;s most prominent beer experts. Edited by Garrett Oliver, the James Beard Winner for Outstanding Wine, Beer, or Spirits Professional, this is an indispensable volume for everyone who loves beer as well as all beverage professionals, including home brewers, restaurateurs, journalists, cooking school instructors, beer importers, distributors, and retailers.</p>
<p><strong><em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/beeronomics-9780198808305?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="146048" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2021/04/ten-refreshing-books-to-read-for-national-beer-day-reading-list/attachment/9780198808305/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198808305.jpg" data-orig-size="341,550" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="9780198808305" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198808305.jpg" class="wp-image-146048 alignright" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198808305-136x220.jpg" alt="Beeronomics" width="145" height="234" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198808305-136x220.jpg 136w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198808305-100x162.jpg 100w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198808305-128x206.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198808305-165x266.jpg 165w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198808305-28x45.jpg 28w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198808305.jpg 341w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 145px) 100vw, 145px" /></a><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/beeronomics-9780198808305">Beeronomics: How Beer Explains the World</a></em></strong> <strong>by Johan Swinnen and Devin Briski</strong></p>
<p>From prompting a transition from hunter-gatherer, to an agrarian lifestyle in ancient Mesopotamia, to bankrolling Britain&#8217;s imperialist conquests, strategic taxation and the regulation of beer has played a pivotal role throughout history. <em>Beeronomics: How Beer Explains the World</em> tells these stories, and many others, whilst also exploring the key innovations that propelled the industrialization and consolidation of the beer market.</p>
<p><strong><em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-economics-of-beer-9780198833390">The Economics of Beer</a></em></strong><strong> Edited by Johan F.M. Swinnen </strong></p>
<p>This book provides a comprehensive and unique set of economic research and analysis on the economics of beer and brewing, exploring the economic history of beer, from monasteries in the early Middle Ages to the recent &#8220;microbrewery movement.&#8221; It considers important questions, such as whether people drink more beer during recessions, the effect of television on local breweries, and what makes a country a &#8220;beer drinking&#8221; nation.</p>
<p><strong><em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/voices-of-guinness-9780190645090?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="146049" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2021/04/ten-refreshing-books-to-read-for-national-beer-day-reading-list/attachment/9780190645090/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190645090.jpg" data-orig-size="364,550" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="9780190645090" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190645090.jpg" class="alignright wp-image-146049 size-medium" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190645090-146x220.jpg" alt="Voices of Guinness" width="146" height="220" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190645090-146x220.jpg 146w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190645090-107x162.jpg 107w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190645090-128x193.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190645090-176x266.jpg 176w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780190645090.jpg 364w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 146px) 100vw, 146px" /></a><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/voices-of-guinness-9780190645090">Voices of Guinness: An Oral History of the Park Royal Brewery</a></em></strong><strong> by Tim Strangleman</strong></p>
<p>In this book, Tim Strangleman tells the story of the Guinness brewery at Park Royal, showing how the history of one of the world’s most famous breweries tells us a much wider story about changing attitudes and understandings about work and the organization in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Drawing on extensive oral history interviews with staff and management as well as a wealth of archival and photographic sources, the book shows how progressive ideas of workplace citizenship came into conflict with the pressure to adapt to new expectations about work and its organization.</p>
<p><strong><em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/becoming-the-worlds-biggest-brewer-9780198829089">Becoming the World&#8217;s Biggest Brewer: Artois, Piedboeuf, and Interbrew (1880-2000)</a></em></strong><strong> by Kenneth Bertrams, Julien Del Marmol, Sander Geerts, and Eline Poelmans</strong></p>
<p>Throughout their histories Artois, Piedboeuf, and their successor companies have kept a controlling family ownership. This book provides a unique insight into the complex history of these three family breweries and their path to becoming a prominent global company, and the growth and consolidation of the beer market through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.</p>
<p><strong><em><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/new-developments-in-the-brewing-industry-9780198854609?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="146050" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2021/04/ten-refreshing-books-to-read-for-national-beer-day-reading-list/attachment/9780198854609/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198854609.jpg" data-orig-size="358,550" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="9780198854609" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198854609.jpg" class="alignright wp-image-146050 size-medium" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198854609-143x220.jpg" alt="New Developments in the Brewing Industry" width="143" height="220" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198854609-143x220.jpg 143w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198854609-105x162.jpg 105w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198854609-128x197.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198854609-173x266.jpg 173w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198854609-29x45.jpg 29w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/9780198854609.jpg 358w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 143px) 100vw, 143px" /></a><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/new-developments-in-the-brewing-industry-9780198854609">New Developments in the Brewing Industry: The Role of Institutions and Ownership</a></em></strong><strong> Edited by Erik Strøjer Madsen, Jens Gammelgaard, and Bersant Hobdari</strong></p>
<p>Institutions and ownership play a central role in the transformation and development of the beer market and brewing industry. This book explores the implications of this dynamic for the breweries, discussing how changes in institutions have contributed to the restructuring of the industry and the ways in which breweries have responded, including a craft beer revolution with a surge in demand of special flowered hops, a globalization strategy from the macro breweries, outsourcing by contract brewing, and knowledge exchange for small-sized breweries.</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-of-yeast-9780190270711">The Rise of Yeast: How the Sugar Fungus Shaped Civilization</a></strong><strong> by Nicholas P. Money </strong></p>
<p>Yeast is responsible for fermenting our alcohol and providing us with bread—the very staples of life. In <em>The Rise of Yeast</em>, Nicholas P. Money argues that we cannot ascribe too much importance to yeast, and that its discovery and controlled use profoundly altered human history. A compelling blend of science, history, and sociology <em>The Rise of Yeast</em> explores the rich, strange, and utterly symbiotic relationship between people and yeast, a stunning and immensely readable account that takes us back to the roots of human history.</p>
<p><em>Featured image by <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/82fcB8ZgdNI" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Lance Anderson</a></em></p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">146045</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Thanksgiving: Behind the Pilgrim Myth</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2019/11/thanksgiving-behind-the-pilgrim-myth/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OUPblog Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 28 Nov 2019 10:30:22 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[*Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[America]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[andrew f. smith]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2019/11/thanksgiving-behind-the-pilgrim-myth/" title="Thanksgiving: Behind the Pilgrim Myth" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="184" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-744x285.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-744x285.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-768x295.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc.jpg 1043w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="143131" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2019/11/thanksgiving-behind-the-pilgrim-myth/give-thanks-piccc/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc.jpg" data-orig-size="1043,400" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1574332101&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="give thanks piccc" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-744x285.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2019/11/thanksgiving-behind-the-pilgrim-myth/">Thanksgiving: Behind the Pilgrim Myth</a></p>
<p>The driving force behind making Thanksgiving a national holiday was Sarah Josepha Hale, who was born in 1788 in Newport, New Hampshire. After her husband&#8217;s death, Hale turned to writing to generate money. Her novel Northwood: A Tale of New England (1827) included an entire chapter devoted to a Thanksgiving dinner. Its publication brought Hale [&#8230;]</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2019/11/thanksgiving-behind-the-pilgrim-myth/" title="Thanksgiving: Behind the Pilgrim Myth" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="184" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-744x285.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-744x285.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-768x295.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc.jpg 1043w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="143131" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2019/11/thanksgiving-behind-the-pilgrim-myth/give-thanks-piccc/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc.jpg" data-orig-size="1043,400" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1574332101&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="give thanks piccc" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/give-thanks-piccc-744x285.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2019/11/thanksgiving-behind-the-pilgrim-myth/">Thanksgiving: Behind the Pilgrim Myth</a></p>
<p>The driving force behind making Thanksgiving a national holiday was <a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195066081.001.0001/acref-9780195066081-e-0349" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sarah Josepha Hale</a>, who was born in 1788 in Newport, New Hampshire. After her husband&#8217;s death, Hale turned to writing to generate money. Her novel <em>Northwood: A Tale of New England </em>(1827) included an entire chapter devoted to a Thanksgiving dinner. Its publication brought Hale fame, and she ended up as editor for <em>Godey&#8217;s Lady&#8217;s Book</em>, the most influential women&#8217;s magazine in the pre-Civil War era. For seventeen years Hale campaigned to proclaim the last Thursday in November Thanksgiving Day. Hale encouraged other magazines to join the quest of making Thanksgiving a national holiday, and many published Thanksgiving-related stories, poems, and illustrations. During the Civil War, Hale redoubled her efforts. A few months after the North&#8217;s military victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in the summer of 1863, President Abraham Lincoln declared the last Thursday in November a national day of thanksgiving. Every president since has proclaimed Thanksgiving Day a national holiday.</p>
<p>Hale&#8217;s pre-1865 letters and editorial promoting Thanksgiving Day made no mention of the Pilgrims or the first Thanksgiving feast. There were several good reasons for this. Jamestown had been settled before Plymouth, and colonists in Jamestown had observed days for thanksgiving before Plymouth was settled. Hale made the connection between the Pilgrims and the first Thanksgiving holiday in an 1865 editorial in <em>Godey&#8217;s Lady&#8217;s Book</em>. This connection was picked up by newspapers and by other magazines. By 1870 school textbooks contained the story of the &#8220;first Thanksgiving.&#8221;</p>
<p>By the late 1880s the concept of a Pilgrim-centered Thanksgiving had blossomed in popular books. Thanksgiving plays were produced annually, and many schools offered special dinners based on fictional visions of life in Plymouth in 1621. This curriculum spawned a large body of children&#8217;s literature focused on the Pilgrims and the &#8220;first Thanksgiving.&#8221; These myths were enshrined in books, magazines, and artworks during the twentieth century.</p>
<p>The rapid adoption of the Pilgrim Thanksgiving myth had less to do with historical fact and more to do with the hundreds of thousands of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe flooding into the United States. Because the immigrants came from many lands, the American public education system needed to create an easily understood history of America. The Pilgrims were an ideal symbol for America&#8217;s beginning, so they became embedded in the nation&#8217;s schools, as did the Thanksgiving feast.</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: Priscilla Du Preez via <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/bJPn27RFg0Y">Unsplash</a></em></p>
<p>Find the original post <a href="https://blog.oup.com/2010/11/pilgrim-myth/">here</a>.</p>
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		<title>How drawing pictures can help us understand wine</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2019/06/drawing-pictures-help-understand-wine/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 28 Jun 2019 09:30:59 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2019/06/drawing-pictures-help-understand-wine/" title="How drawing pictures can help us understand wine" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="142131" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2019/06/drawing-pictures-help-understand-wine/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="kym-ellis-391585-unsplash" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2019/06/drawing-pictures-help-understand-wine/">How drawing pictures can help us understand wine</a></p>
<p>It’s notably very difficult for most people to talk about wine. Part of this may because wine is a fairly complex product. But the language itself may also be a barrier to understanding. </p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2019/06/drawing-pictures-help-understand-wine/" title="How drawing pictures can help us understand wine" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="142131" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2019/06/drawing-pictures-help-understand-wine/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="kym-ellis-391585-unsplash" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/kym-ellis-391585-unsplash-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2019/06/drawing-pictures-help-understand-wine/">How drawing pictures can help us understand wine</a></p>
<p>It’s notably very difficult for most people to talk about wine. Part of this may because wine is a fairly complex product. But the language itself may also be a barrier to understanding. John Cleese once satirized the pretentious oenophile in Monty Python: “Real emetic fans will also go for a ‘Hobart Muddy’, and a prize winning ‘Cuiver Reserve Chateau Bottled Nuit San Wogga Wogga,’ which has a bouquet like an aborigine&#8217;s armpit.” But actual terms commonly used to describe wine are often almost equally ridiculous.</p>
<p>Watch <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKNmcCCE15E" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a> as Master Sommelier candidate Ian Cauble describes a wine blind and identifies its grape variety, vintage and region almost perfectly. The analytic manner in which he does this process is based on the deductive tasting method.</p>
<p>Unfortunately Ian did not pass the exam the year the film was made. Many other students never even reached this point in their tasting career. Most fail.</p>
<p>But despite that, interest in becoming a taste master has never been higher.  Since 2011, registration for the Court of Master Sommeliers’ introductory course has jumped 71 percent, and registration for the certified exam is up 95 percent. There are still under 250 Master Sommeliers in the world, and candidates can expect up to a decade or more of intense training in advance of the grueling three-part test that, on average, takes three tries to pass.</p>
<p>Thousands paid to vicariously experience the Master Sommelier exam through the movie SOMM, whose success has spurred two sequels (<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5161502/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SOMM 2</a> and <a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7959898/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SOMM 3</a>) as well as launching an annual <a href="http://sommconusa.com/overview.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">conference dedicated to the SOMM</a> that started in 2015.</p>
<p>Consumers today are not content with merely knowing about a product, they desire mastery. Expertise can seen as a social cue for when it comes to high status products. Certification can also lead to professional opportunities and higher salaries. A list of wine certifications are available <a href="http://www.spiritedbiz.com/best-in-class-professional-certifications-can-give-you-a-boost-in-the-job-market-but-which-one-is-right-for-you/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.</p>
<p>Taste and smell, which combine to form flavor, are two of the senses that humans least understand (or trust). Constellation Brands <a href="http://www.cbrands.com/news-media/constellation-brands-reveals-third-phase-cutting-edge-consumer-insights-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">research</a> finds about a third of consumers state that they are confused about wine.</p>
<p>Learning to taste and appreciate the target product is key to become an expert in all taste domains. In wine education programs students are given a template for wine analysis (see grid from the Court of Master Sommeliers <a href="https://www.mastersommeliers.org/sites/default/files/ES%20Tast-Deductive%20Tasting%20Format%20March%202017.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a> ) and taught to learn the language of wine. This is supposed to make the otherwise ambiguous taste experience more concrete and reduceable to different attributes (color, aroma, taste, quality, etc.).</p>
<p>Beyond wine and the <a href="https://www.winearomawheel.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">wine aroma wheel</a>, other domains have developed similar systems such as <a href="https://www.cheesescience.org/wheel/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">cheese</a>, <a href="http://www.scaa.org/?d=scaa-flavor-wheel&amp;page=resources" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">coffee</a>, <a href="http://chocolatecodex.com/portfolio/system-codex-part-two-the-flavor-wheel/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">chocolate</a>, <a href="https://www.australianteamasters.com.au/tea-flavour-wheel/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">tea</a>, <a href="https://malt-review.com/2015/09/10/whisky-flavour-wheels-and-colour-charts/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">whisky</a>, and <a href="http://www.beerflavorwheel.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">beer</a>. Beer has its own <a href="https://www.cicerone.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">certification system</a>, as does <a href="https://www.cheesesociety.org/certification/certification-2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">cheese</a>, <a href="https://whiskymarketing.org/5-levels-of-certification/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">whisky</a>, <a href="https://www.itei.ca/itei-Level-2-AwardinWorldTeas.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">tea</a>, <a href="https://www.chocolatetastinginstitute.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">chocolate</a> and there is even a <a href="http://finewateracademy.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">water sommelier</a>.</p>
<p>Part of the purpose of education is to provide experts a meaningful way to communicate to consumers about how a wine tastes. The problem is that verbal descriptors can only go so far when describing a perceptual experience like wine. The expert lexicon can distance the average consumer from the taste experience.</p>
<p>Media coverage on the “most irritating wine words” to consumers, which include terms like “firm skeleton,” “old bones,” and “nervy.” Some 55% of consumers said that many descriptors <a href="http://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2013/04/confusing-wine-descriptions-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">did not help them understand</a> the taste of wine. Yet, instead of changing the terms, or way wine is described, publications like <em>Wine Spectator </em>have <a href="https://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show?id=48772" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">encouraged consumers to learn the lexicon</a>.</p>
<p>But while the traditional verbal and analytic tasting notes are important for the novice taster, over time, to become expert, a different way of tasting is called for.</p>
<p>It may be useful to encourage consumers to harness their overall impression of the wine by thinking of it as a shape, and to have them draw it as an image. The drawing process allows consumers to pay more attention to their taste experience and notice subtle differences. This also allows consumers to think about flavor more holistically: The process of doing the drawing allows consumer to see whole experience of wine and how develops on their own palate, in turn allowing them to better connect what’s in the glass with the flavor they perceive. Using a visual sense to portray a lesser understood sensory modality is effective in learning as the image can serve as a mnemonic device for later memory. See an example below:</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_142129" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-142129" style="width: 501px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="142129" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2019/06/drawing-pictures-help-understand-wine/d4scj70qmca/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/D4sCj70qMCA.jpg" data-orig-size="544,597" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/D4sCj70qMCA.jpg" class="wp-image-142129" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/D4sCj70qMCA.jpg" alt="" width="501" height="550" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/D4sCj70qMCA.jpg 544w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/D4sCj70qMCA-120x132.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/D4sCj70qMCA-180x198.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/D4sCj70qMCA-128x140.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/D4sCj70qMCA-184x202.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/D4sCj70qMCA-31x34.jpg 31w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 501px) 100vw, 501px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-142129" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Drawing from one of the wine studies in the article. Used with permission by the article author.</em></figcaption></figure></p>
<p>Some wineries try to use shapes/imagery as part of their marketing, see Domino wines, where the winemaker uses his shapes on the <a href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wnbdjq/you-dont-need-to-speak-wine-to-read-these-labels" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">label</a>. Gilian Handelman, Director of Wine Education for Kendall Jackson, has used <a href="http://www.timgaiser.com/blog/tasting-interview-gilian-handelman" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">shape drawing</a> to portray differences in their wines. Elaine Chukan Brown (aka <a href="https://wakawakawinereviews.com/about/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hawk Wakawaka</a>) has visual tasting notes that have been used for wine cartoons and <a href="http://betweenfivebells.com/labels/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">labels</a> .Even some wine apps like <a href="https://quiniwine.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">QUINI</a> are moving in the direction of having visual tasting notes. The majority of the wine industry, however, still relies on verbal descriptors which fail to capture the <a href="https://www.wbmonline.com.au/crime-against-wine-how-wset-fails-as-a-tool-to-describe-wine/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">holistic taste experience</a>.</p>
<p>Thinking of wine in this new manner, as a shape, may seem unusual for consumers, but it has the potential to improve how people think about and order wine. In the future, we may order wines in restaurants not by asking for “full bodied” with “red fruit,” but having guests use Etch a Sketch devices so consumers can convey their taste preference to the sommelier.</p>
<p>Featured image credit: &#8220;Okanagan Valley, Canada&#8221; by Kym Ellis. Free use via <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/aF1NPSnDQLw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Unsplash</a>.</p>
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		<title>A classic christmas dinner with the Cratchits</title>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Dec 2018 10:30:17 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/classic-christmas-dinner-cratchits/" title="A classic christmas dinner with the Cratchits" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="Christmas lights" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="140818" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/classic-christmas-dinner-cratchits/christmas-carol-header/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="Christmas lights" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/classic-christmas-dinner-cratchits/">A classic christmas dinner with the Cratchits</a></p>
<p>"There never was such a goose. Bob said he didn’t believe there ever was such a goose cooked. Its tenderness and flavour, size and cheapness, were the themes of universal admiration. Eked out by apple-sauce and mashed potatoes, it was a sufficient dinner for the whole family; indeed, as Mrs Cratchit said with great delight (surveying one small atom of bone upon the dish), they hadn’t ate it all particular, were steeped in sage and onion to the eyebrows!"</p>
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]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/classic-christmas-dinner-cratchits/" title="A classic christmas dinner with the Cratchits" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="Christmas lights" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="140818" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/classic-christmas-dinner-cratchits/christmas-carol-header/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="Christmas lights" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Christmas-Carol-Header-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/classic-christmas-dinner-cratchits/">A classic christmas dinner with the Cratchits</a></p>
<blockquote><p>Following a <a href="https://blog.oup.com/2012/12/mrs-beeton-roast-goose/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">recipe for roast goose</a> by Mrs Beeton, here&#8217;s that classic Christmas dinner portrayed by Charles Dickens in the famous scene from <a href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199536306.do" target="_blank" rel="noopener">A Christmas Carol</a>. Here Ebeneezer Scrooge watches with the Ghost of Christmas Present as the Cratchit family sits down to roast goose and Christmas pudding.</p></blockquote>
<p>&#8220;And how did little Tim behave?&#8221; asked Mrs Cratchit, when she had rallied Bob on his credulity, and Bob had hugged his daughter to his heart’s content.</p>
<p>&#8220;As good as gold,&#8221; said Bob, &#8220;and better. Somehow he gets thoughtful, sitting by himself so much, and thinks the strangest things you ever heard. He told me, coming home, that he hoped the people saw him in the church, because he was a cripple, and it might be pleasant to them to remember upon Christmas Day, who made lame beggars walk, and blind men see.&#8221;</p>
<p>Bob’s voice was tremulous when he told them this, and trembled more when he said that Tiny Tim was growing strong and hearty.</p>
<p>His active little crutch was heard upon the floor, and back came Tiny Tim before another word was spoken, escorted by his brother and sister to his stool before the fire; and while Bob, turning up his cuffs &#8212; as if, poor fellow, they were capable of being made more shabby &#8212; compounded some hot mixture in a jug with gin and lemons, and stirred it round and round and put it on the hob to simmer; Master Peter, and the two ubiquitous young Cratchits went to fetch the goose, with which they soon returned in high procession.</p>
<p>Such a bustle ensued that you might have thought a goose the rarest of all birds; a feathered phenomenon, to which a black swan was a matter of course &#8212; and in truth it was something very like it in that house. Mrs Cratchit made the gravy (ready beforehand in a little saucepan) hissing hot; Master Peter mashed the potatoes with incredible vigour; Miss Belinda sweetened up the apple-sauce; Martha dusted the hot plates; Bob took Tiny Tim beside him in a tiny corner at the table; the two young Cratchits set chairs for everybody, not forgetting themselves, and mounting guard upon their posts, crammed spoons into their mouths, lest they should shriek for goose before their turn came to be helped. At last the dishes were set on, and grace was said. It was succeeded by a breathless pause, as Mrs Cratchit, looking slowly all along the carving knife, prepared to plunge it in the breast; but when she did, and when the long expected gush of stuffing issued forth, one murmur of delight arose all round the board and even Tiny Tim, excited by the two young Cratchits, beat on the table with the handle of his knife, and feebly cried Hurrah!</p>
<p>There never was such a goose. Bob said he didn’t believe there ever was such a goose cooked. Its tenderness and flavour, size and cheapness, were the themes of universal admiration. Eked out by apple-sauce and mashed potatoes, it was a sufficient dinner for the whole family; indeed, as Mrs Cratchit said with great delight (surveying one small atom of bone upon the dish), they hadn’t ate it all particular, were steeped in sage and onion to the eyebrows! But now, the plates being changed by Miss Belinda, Mrs Cratchit left the room alone &#8212; too nervous to bear witness &#8212; to take the pudding up and bring it in.</p>
<p><div class="pull"></p>
<p><figure id="attachment_140817" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-140817" style="width: 422px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="140817" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/classic-christmas-dinner-cratchits/422px-tiny-tim-dickens/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/422px-Tiny-tim-dickens.jpg" data-orig-size="422,599" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Tiny Tim Dickens" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/422px-Tiny-tim-dickens.jpg" class="wp-image-140817 size-full" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/422px-Tiny-tim-dickens.jpg" alt="Tiny Tim Dickens" width="422" height="599" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/422px-Tiny-tim-dickens.jpg 422w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/422px-Tiny-tim-dickens-114x162.jpg 114w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/422px-Tiny-tim-dickens-155x220.jpg 155w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/422px-Tiny-tim-dickens-128x182.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/422px-Tiny-tim-dickens-184x261.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/422px-Tiny-tim-dickens-31x45.jpg 31w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-140817" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Image credit: &#8220;Reproduced from a c.1870s photographer frontispiece to Charles Dicken&#8217;s A Christmas Carol&#8221; by Frederick Barnard (1846-1896). Public domain via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tiny-tim-dickens.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</em></figcaption></figure></p>
<p></div></p>
<p>Suppose it should not be done enough! Suppose it should break in turning out! Suppose somebody should have got over the wall of the back-yard, and stolen it, while they were merry with the goose &#8212; and supposition at which the two young Cratchits became livid! All sorts of horrors were supposed.</p>
<p>Hallo! A great deal of steam! The pudding was out of the copper. A smell like a washing-day! That was the cloth. A smell like an eating-house and a pastrycook’s next door to each other, with a laundress’s next door to that! That was the pudding! In half a minute Mrs Cratchit entered &#8212; flushed by smiling proudly &#8212; with the pudding, like a speckled cannon-ball, so hard and firm, blazing in half of half-a-quartern of ignited brandy, and bedight with Christmas holly stuck into the top.</p>
<p>Oh, a wonderful pudding! Bob Cratchit said, and calmly too, that he regarded it as the greatest success achieved by Mrs Cratchit since their marriage. Mrs Cratchit said that now the weight was off her mind, she would confess she had her doubts about the quantity of flour. Everybody had something to say about it, but nobody said or thought it was at all a small pudding for a large family. It would have been flat heresy to do so. Any Cratchit would have blushed to hint at such a thing.</p>
<p>At last the dinner was all done, the cloth was cleared, the hearth swept, and the fire made up. The compound in the jug being tasted, and considered perfect, apples and oranges were put upon the table, and a shovel-full of chestnuts on the fire. Then all the Cratchit family drew round the hearth, in what Bob Cratchit called a circle, meaning half a one; and at Bob Cratchit’s elbow stood the family display of glass. Two tumblers, and a custard-cup without a handle.</p>
<p>These held the hot stuff from the jug, however, as well as golden goblets would have done; and Bob served it out with beaming looks, while the chestnuts on the fire sputtered and cracked noisily. Then Bob proposed:</p>
<p>&#8220;A Merry Christmas to us all, my dears. God bless us!&#8221; Which all the family re-echoed.</p>
<p>&#8220;God bless us every one!&#8221; said Tiny Tim, the last of all.</p>
<p><em>Feature image credit: &#8220;lights christmas luminaries night&#8221; by Jill111. CC0 via <a href="https://pixabay.com/en/lights-christmas-luminaries-night-1088141/">Pixabay</a>.</em></p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">140589</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Kosher beers for Hanukkah</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/kosher-beers-for-hanukkah/</link>
					<comments>https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/kosher-beers-for-hanukkah/#comments</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OUPblog Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Dec 2018 10:30:50 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[*Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arts & Humanities]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Food & Drink]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[beer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[brooklyn brewery]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[celebration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Channukah]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[drinks]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[garrett oliver]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hanukkah]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[holiday]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[kosher]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[oxford companion to beer]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/kosher-beers-for-hanukkah/" title="Kosher beers for Hanukkah" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="140585" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/kosher-beers-for-hanukkah/beer-5/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="Beer" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/kosher-beers-for-hanukkah/">Kosher beers for Hanukkah</a></p>
<p>I always knew that my family was a little different, but it wasn’t until my mid-teens that I realized exactly how weird we were. An African-American family living in the suburban greenery of Hollis, Queens, at the outskirts of New York City, we thought little of the fact that my father’s big hobby was hunting game birds. With dogs, no less. Often on horseback.</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/kosher-beers-for-hanukkah/" title="Kosher beers for Hanukkah" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="140585" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/kosher-beers-for-hanukkah/beer-5/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="Beer" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Beer-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/12/kosher-beers-for-hanukkah/">Kosher beers for Hanukkah</a></p>
<blockquote><p>Happy Hanukkah from OUP! This year we’re celebrating with a series of eight books celebrating Jewish history and culture over the eight nights of Hanukkah. As your menorah candles burn bright, take this opportunity to honour both the endurance of the Maccabees and the Jewish people.</p>
<p>In this blog post, Garrett Oliver, the author of <em>The Oxford Companion to Beer</em>, recommends kosher beers to compliment your Hanukkah dinners.</p></blockquote>
<p>I always knew that my family was a little different, but it wasn’t until my mid-teens that I realized exactly how weird we were. An African-American family living in the suburban greenery of Hollis, Queens, at the outskirts of New York City, we thought little of the fact that my father’s big hobby was hunting game birds. With dogs, no less. Often on horseback. Around the holidays, my Aunt Emma made wonderful chopped liver, and in the springtime, our table was often festooned with matzoh bread. It never occurred to us that these last two items were Jewish food traditions that rarely made forays into our community, and to this day, none of us are sure how they got there.</p>
<p>In a way, I think that this sort of culinary experience is at the heart of being an American, and as I travel the world, it’s one of the things that makes me proud of this country. As I prepare for Hanukkah celebrations with friends, I’m glad to say that beer is very much at the heart of the holiday meals. Some of my friends keep kosher, and many do not, but thankfully most beers are considered “kosher by default” in most parts of the world. Jewish dietary laws, <em>kashrut</em>, is interpreted by local councils of rabbis. In the United States, Canada and Israel, some people only eat foods that are specifically certified as kosher by rabbis, especially around Passover. At my brewery, we actually have some of our beers certified kosher for Passover, and a rabbi comes and blesses the beer!</p>
<p>Unless your own diet is very strict, there are very few beers that would ever cross your table that are off-limits, so you can tuck right into your holiday beer pairings. It’s nice to start off the meal with light, spritzy saisons, the farmhouse ales of Belgium. They’re dry and lively, and often show appetizing peppery and lemony aromatics. Re-fermentation in the bottle gives them a Champagne-like carbonation and texture, which is one reason why we often drink them out of Champagne flutes. Full-flavored beers can work wonders with the classics on the table, especially beef brisket and latkes. Both of these dishes are fatty, a little salty, and typified by caramelized flavors (no wonder we love them!), and beers with caramel and roasted flavors work well here. British and American brown ales are a good place to start, bringing light chocolate, caramel and coffee flavors that harmonize with everything, even sautéed Brussels sprouts. If you want something more complex, go for dark Trappist and abbey ales, where the dark color and caramel flavors come from highly caramelized sugars rather than grains. This translates into dried fruit and raisin-like flavors, along with rum-like flavors that remind me of Cracker Jacks or the burnt surface of a crème brulee.</p>
<p><a href="http://brooklynbrewery.com/brooklyn-beers/seasonal-brews/brooklyn-black-chocolate-stout"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignright" title=" Brooklyn Black Chocolate Stout" src="http://brooklynbrewery.com/system/beers/10_image_black-chocolate-stout_large.png?1319749955" alt="" width="111" height="358" /></a>When it’s time for dessert, beer really does outshine all other beverages. My favorite dessert beer style is imperial stout, a strong dark beer originally made for Catherine the Great. Brewed with large amounts of malts that have been roasted as dark as espresso coffee beans, imperial stouts taste like dark chocolate, coffee and dark fruit, making them a perfect foil for a range of desserts. With chocolate desserts, they play harmony, rowing in with similar flavors. With pastries such as rugelach, the coffee-like character is perfect, and the beer has just enough sweetness to match without becoming cloying. And these beers are a wonder with ice cream too &#8212; many people enjoy making ice cream floats with imperial stouts. Just make sure to have a soft-drink version ready for the kids!</p>
<p>The great thing about serving and bringing beer to the holiday table is that it’s fun. Everyone’s had one at some point or another, and though wine is great and has a wide range of flavor, it rarely surprises people. Beer, however, can be very surprising, because it can tastes like almost anything, from lemons and bananas to chocolate and coffee. Some friends and family might even leave your holiday table having discovered something brand new to like, and wouldn’t that be cool? This time of year I can’t help wishing that my Aunt Emma was still here; I’ll bet that Belgian abbey ales would have been great with her chopped liver, but I never learned how to make it. So among the other things you do this Hanukkah, teach the kids how to make your latkes! Though I’ll bet they’re not quite as good as mine.</p>
<p><em>Featured Image credit: Glass of IPA by mnm.all. Public Domain via <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/46Yad80Ynp4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>. </em></p>
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		<title>Food labels: Can they help us to pick healthy portions?</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/food-labels-healthy-portions/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Cassandra Ammerman]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Oct 2018 09:30:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Food & Drink]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Health & Medicine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Journals]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[food facts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[food labels]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hannah May Brown]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[healthy diet]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[healthy eating]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[healthy lifestyle]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[healthy living]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Healthy Meals]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[nutrition]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Nutrition Reviews]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.oup.com/?p=140049</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/food-labels-healthy-portions/" title="Food labels: Can they help us to pick healthy portions?" rel="nofollow"><img width="291" height="194" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-744x496.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-744x496.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-120x80.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-180x120.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-768x512.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-128x85.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-184x123.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-31x21.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-188x126.jpg 188w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 291px) 100vw, 291px" data-attachment-id="140050" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/appetite-apple-close-up-262876-jpg/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs.jpg" data-orig-size="3504,2336" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="appetite-apple-close-up-262876.jpg" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-744x496.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/food-labels-healthy-portions/">Food labels: Can they help us to pick healthy portions?</a></p>
<p>From packaged food products on the supermarket shelves to calories listed on menus in fast food outlets, food labels and the nutrition information they contain are all around us. But what effect do these labels have on consumers? Does food marketing influence what you actually eat?</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/food-labels-healthy-portions/" title="Food labels: Can they help us to pick healthy portions?" rel="nofollow"><img width="291" height="194" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-744x496.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-744x496.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-120x80.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-180x120.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-768x512.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-128x85.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-184x123.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-31x21.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-188x126.jpg 188w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 291px) 100vw, 291px" data-attachment-id="140050" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/appetite-apple-close-up-262876-jpg/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs.jpg" data-orig-size="3504,2336" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="appetite-apple-close-up-262876.jpg" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DlIh7O-tSGs-744x496.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/food-labels-healthy-portions/">Food labels: Can they help us to pick healthy portions?</a></p>
<p>From packaged food products on the supermarket shelves to calories listed on menus in fast food outlets, food labels and the nutrition information they contain are all around us. But what effect do these labels have on consumers? Does food marketing influence what you actually eat?</p>
<p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26693944" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Previous research</a> has shown that food labels are a useful tool to assist consumers in making healthier food choices. They have also been found to influence how healthy people perceive products to be. For example, when an unhealthy food product was labelled with the <a href="http://journals.ama.org/doi/abs/10.1509/jppm.30.2.175?code=amma-site" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Smart Choices logo,</a> which is used to indicate a healthy food product, people believed that the product was healthier and contained more nutrients than the same product without a logo.</p>
<p>While there is a lot of research on the impact of food labels on our purchasing and food selection choices, there is little research on the impact of food labels on how much we actually eat. Researchers at the University of Newcastle, Australia conducted a <a href="https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/76/9/655/4995945" target="_blank" rel="noopener">systematic review</a> of the literature to attempt to answer this very question. Instead, they discovered there was no clear cut answer, as food labels were considered to have both a positive and negative role in influencing how much food people consume—as well as having no role at all.</p>
<p>There were nine different food label types identified in this review, and all but one label category (persuasive language labels, i.e. language intended to persuade consumers with words such as “wholesome” and “natural”) had a positive effect on consumption. This means that eight of the nine types of labels decreased consumption of ‘sometimes foods’ (energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods) or increased consumption of healthy, everyday foods (nutrient-dense foods). These findings show that food labels can influence consumption in a way that can improve short-term intake and therefore, have the potential to encourage the consumption of more appropriate portion sizes.</p>
<p>However, all but one label category (exercise equivalent labels, i.e. those that contain information related to the amount of exercise required to “burn off” the food) also had a negative effect on consumption. This means that they increased consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods or foods eaten outside of the home, which <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10207396" target="_blank" rel="noopener">has been associated</a> with a higher intake of energy, fat and sodium. These findings support <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3495296/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">previous research</a> that found that when a food label emphasized one aspect of the food as healthy, it can lead to the creation of a “health halo,” whereby individuals increase their intake because they believe that they can consume as much of the food as they like without guilt or fear of weight gain. For example one of the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666314003481" target="_blank" rel="noopener">studies in this review</a> found that labeling foods as low calorie may create a halo effect which may lead to over-consumption of these foods in people who usually restrain their food intake.</p>
<p>Finally, in this review it was found that all but one label category (Nutrition Facts labels) had no effect on portion size. These findings are in line with <a href="https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5868-8-135" target="_blank" rel="noopener">previous research</a>, which found that calorie menu labeling has no effect on calories from foods ordered or consumed.</p>
<p>So what does all of this mean? Are food labels helpful or unhelpful? Will they encourage you to eat more of the good stuff or trick you into eating the whole tub of yogurt because the label has the word ‘wholesome’ displayed? Well, the University of Newcastle review has definitely highlighted that there is no clear cut answer to this question, and that the topic itself is actually quite complex. Grouping the studies together and comparing the results is difficult, because labels such as those containing energy and fat information had been tested to a much greater extent than more recent food label types, such as exercise equivalent information. Furthermore, there was a large degree of heterogeneity within the included studies, both in widely differing methodologies used to evaluate the impact of food labels, as well as the way in which data were measured and reported.</p>
<p>The most important thing to keep in mind when reading a food label is to remember that it is there to provide you with information to help you make safe and appropriate eating choices. So ignore the buzz words displayed on labels such as ‘wholesome’ and ‘superfood’. They don’t mean anything. Look past the colorful images and symbols that are designed to attract your eye and focus on the nutrition information panel and the ingredients list. This is where you will find all the information you need to make appropriate choices.</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: appetite apple close up, CC0 Public Domain via </em><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/appetite-apple-close-up-delicious-262876/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Pexels</em></a></p>
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		<title>‘Service included?’: tipping in the 19th and early 20th century London restaurant</title>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Oct 2018 10:30:59 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/tipping-19th-and-20th-century-london/" title="‘Service included?’: tipping in the 19th and early 20th century London restaurant" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="139852" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/restaurant-jpg/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="restaurant.jpg" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/tipping-19th-and-20th-century-london/">‘Service included?’: tipping in the 19th and early 20th century London restaurant</a></p>
<p>If the letters and commentary sections of national newspapers are anything to go by, the question of whether, and how much, to tip is a source of vexation for restaurant patrons in early 21st century London. There has also been more recent criticism of proprietors not passing on tips to their wait staff.</p>
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]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/tipping-19th-and-20th-century-london/" title="‘Service included?’: tipping in the 19th and early 20th century London restaurant" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="139852" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/restaurant-jpg/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="restaurant.jpg" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DkF3leqlnQI-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/tipping-19th-and-20th-century-london/">‘Service included?’: tipping in the 19th and early 20th century London restaurant</a></p>
<p>If the letters and commentary sections of national newspapers are anything to go by, the question of whether, and how much, to tip is a source of vexation for restaurant patrons in early 21st century London. There has also been more recent criticism of proprietors not passing on tips to their wait staff. These concerns were no less prevalent in the Victorian and Edwardian period, and produced an intense discussion that encompassed diners, proprietors, and waiters. Tipping in the late 19th and early 20th century restaurant is not just an esoteric curiosity. The London restaurant was a critical part of the urban fabric. We need to remember that there was an increasing need for people to eat out because of the growing distance between residence and work, and the dramatic rise in the population. The issue of service and remuneration also tells us something about how contemporaries conceived the workings of capitalism and social mobility.</p>
<p>Unlike today, it was generally not a convention in the 19th and early 20th century restaurant to add a service charge to a bill of fare, so tipping was often left to the discretion of the individual customer. On the question of whether to tip or not to tip, the esteemed restaurateur, Henry Roberts believed that ‘perhaps [the diner] is nervous and wonders what the waiter will think of him; but whatever it is, the waiter gets his tip all the same.’ However, there is actually very little evidence of how regularly diners honoured a commitment to leaving a gratuity, and we have even less ability to substantiate how much they might have left. Contemporary commentators suggested that tips should be substantial, but such prescriptions might indicate the ideal, rather than the realized.</p>
<p><div class="pull"></p>
<p><figure id="attachment_139855" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-139855" style="width: 150px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="139855" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/tipping-19th-and-20th-century-london/1-24/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1.jpeg" data-orig-size="120,245" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="1" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1.jpeg" class="wp-image-139855 " src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/1.jpeg" alt="" width="150" height="293"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-139855" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Image credit: Illustration of a waiter (1), The Caterer, 6 April 1878, p. 8. Image from the author’s collection, used with permission.</em></figcaption></figure></p>
<p></div></p>
<p>Even when tips were left by diners, there was no guarantee that the money ended up in the pocket of the waiter. Many restaurants operated the so-called tronc system under which all the tips received by the entire waiting staff were pooled and then divided each week according to an agreed scale of payment, with head waiters getting more than casual ones. In practice, much could go wrong, for instance when one of the waiters acting as treasurer for staff at a restaurant in the Strand in 1897 absconded with the week’s collection. In such cases, justice was sometimes meted out in the magistrates’ court or alleyway, or both. In still other cases, the restaurateur took the lion’s share of the pot, leaving his staff out of pocket. What might make this seem particularly egregious is that in some restaurants, waiters received no salary at all, or even paid their employers for the privilege of working. The apparently stark inequities of such arrangements, however, should not be allowed to obscure the fact that some waiters were able to work the system to their advantage. This was particularly true of waiters in high-end restaurants, where tips could potentially be not inconsiderable. One observer at the Monico in Shaftesbury Avenue in 1894 claimed that, while they received no salaries and paid between 3s and 4s a day for the privilege of serving, some waiters took home between £12 and £20 a day. Albert Thomas, recalling his career as a waiter at the beginning of the twentieth century, asserted that even in the more modest establishments in which he served, he could “on a good night” take home 10s, which paid for his supper, a drink, and maybe a visit to the music hall and a cigar.</p>
<p>The fact that the financial rewards of waiting were not insubstantial may explain the attraction of employment in the restaurant to two important new categories of social actor in late Victorian and Edwardian London: the foreign waiter, and the waitress. London was a nodal point in a broader international labour market, in which waiters, who began their careers in Italy, Austria or Switzerland relocated to Paris, and then London, and sometimes onward to New York. In so doing, they were often able to build-up not merely an important resumê of experience, but also useful contacts, which allowed many of them to progress from waiting at tables to management, and even ultimately proprietorship of restaurants. For example, Mario Gallati began as a modest <em>commis</em> in his native Italy before becoming a waiter in Paris and London, and then went on to found the illustrious Caprice restaurant. Similarly, waitresses became increasingly prominent in the closing decades of the 19th century, especially in the new chain restaurants, such as J. Lyons and Co., where their presence reflected a broader shift to heterosociability in public spaces that included both customers and workers.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_139856" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-139856" style="width: 170px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="139856" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/tipping-19th-and-20th-century-london/2-26/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2.jpeg" data-orig-size="148,239" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2.jpeg" class="wp-image-139856 " src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2.jpeg" alt="" width="170" height="262"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-139856" class="wp-caption-text"><em>Image credit: Illustration of a waiter (2), The Caterer, 6 April 1878, p. 8. Image from the author’s collection, used with permission.</em></figcaption></figure></p>
<p>The potential allure and glamour of the waitress, celebrated in popular song and fiction, did not preclude episodes of resentment at employer exploitation. Even the illustrious waitresses of J. Lyons and Co., with their legendary starched uniforms and white frilled caps, resorted to strike action in 1895 when their bosses tried to halve their commissions. (The employers were forced to retract these in the face of public sympathy for the waitresses.) However, there is no doubt that women were attracted to waitressing not least because it compared favourably to alternative employment, particularly domestic service. The columns of ladies’ journals in the 1890s regularly disclosed the dudgeon of upper-middle class women who were finding that the refreshment room and tea shop were appropriating young women who would normally work in their households. Whatever its more vexing connotations, the significance of the tip in the restaurant culture of London at this time reflects a metropolitan world that was characterized by heterogeneity, internationalism, and social mobility.</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: &#8216;The Grand Salon&#8217; in Frederick Leal, &#8216;Holborn Restaurant Illustrated&#8217; (1894). Courtesy of the Bishopsgate Institute.</em></p>
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		<title>Paris in Translation: Eugène Briffault&#8217;s Paris à Table [excerpt]</title>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 18 Apr 2018 10:30:47 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/04/eugene-briffaults-paris-table-excerpt/" title="Paris in Translation: Eugène Briffault&#8217;s &lt;i&gt;Paris à Table&lt;/i&gt; [excerpt]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="137683" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/briffault_fig-8-3_paris-a-table_9780190842031-jpg/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="Briffault_Fig 8.3_Paris a Table_9780190842031.jpg" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/04/eugene-briffaults-paris-table-excerpt/">Paris in Translation: Eugène Briffault&#8217;s &lt;i&gt;Paris à Table&lt;/i&gt; [excerpt]</a></p>
<p>"When Paris sits down at the table, the entire world stirs….” Eugène Briffault’s Paris à Table captures the manners and customs of Parisian dining in 1845. He gives a panoramic view of the conception of a dish (as detailed as the amount of coal used in stoves) to gastronomy throughout the city—leaving no bread roll unturned as he investigates how Paris eats. The below excerpt from Paris à Table (translated into English by J. Weintraub) provides statistics to capture the magnitude of the Parisian way of life.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/04/eugene-briffaults-paris-table-excerpt/" title="Paris in Translation: Eugène Briffault&#8217;s &lt;i&gt;Paris à Table&lt;/i&gt; [excerpt]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="137683" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/briffault_fig-8-3_paris-a-table_9780190842031-jpg/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="Briffault_Fig 8.3_Paris a Table_9780190842031.jpg" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2aQzpBarU-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/04/eugene-briffaults-paris-table-excerpt/">Paris in Translation: Eugène Briffault&#8217;s &lt;i&gt;Paris à Table&lt;/i&gt; [excerpt]</a></p>
<blockquote><p><em> &#8220;When Paris sits down at the table, the entire world stirs….”</em> Eugène Briffault’s <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/paris--table-9780190842031" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Paris à Table</em> </a>captures the manners and customs of Parisian dining in 1845. He gives a panoramic view of the conception of a dish (as detailed as the amount of coal used in stoves) to gastronomy throughout the city—leaving no bread roll unturned as he investigates how Paris eats.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>The below excerpt from <em>Paris à Table</em> (translated into English by J. Weintraub) provides statistics to capture the magnitude of the Parisian way of life.</p></blockquote>
<p>What a people eats, then, is known; but nothing is known of those private customs and manners that show their true character under a picturesque and lively appearance, constantly in motion. That is what we are trying to do for Paris.</p>
<p>Homer’s heroes and the children of Master François’ imagination are dwarfs whose pygmy proportions cannot compare with the grandeur of our city. To feed it every day, thousands of individuals devoted to the service of its gullet voluntarily condemn themselves to continual labor. For Paris, in the year 1844, five slaughterhouses killed and carved up: 76,481 steers, 16,374 cows, 77,881 calves, 437,385 sheep, 90,000 hogs. Such is its appetite!</p>
<p>The small bites, pâtés, terrines, preserved meats, crawfish and lobster, delicacies that Paris eats for its pleasure as horsd’oeuvres, to add charm to its leisure and sharpen its appetite, constitute a weight of 112,000 kilograms. The local meats, small gifts that come from the surrounding area, contribute only 821,000 kilograms to its diet; sausages and cold cuts play a more important role there, Paris consuming some 3,418,000 kilograms, sufficiently warranting the burning thirst by which it is constantly tormented. There are also the extremities and the offal; these are the leftovers from the butchering that reaches just about 1,240,779 kilograms. Such are the principal elements of the animal part of its nutritional diet.</p>
<p>The other amenities of its table are not any less than those of which we have just spoken.</p>
<p>The poultry and game, the butter, the oysters, the seafood, the eggs, the cheese consumed annually by Paris are worth twenty-five million francs: ten million for the poultry and game alone, eight million for the fish and the oysters, five to six million for the eggs, close to one and a half million for the cheeses.</p>
<p>In 1845 Paris consumed more than a million hectoliters of wine; about 115 liters for each resident. This quantity is for real wine, introduced legally into Paris; but who will say how much it was extended by fraud and processing. The committee for viniculture estimates water sold for wine at 500,000 hectoliters. This is still only a probable figure.</p>
<p><div class="pull"></p>
<p><figure style="width: 415px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV2Z_I5Dtfs.jpg" alt="" width="415" height="432" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Image credit: Illustration by Bertall (Charles Albert d&#8217;Arnoux) featured in Paris à Table. Please do not reuse without permission.</em></figcaption></figure></p>
<p></div></p>
<p>In addition, Paris drank 119 hectoliters of beer and 14,000 liters of apple and pear cider. Alcoholic spirits contributed to its consumption 36,000 hectoliters, which include, admittedly, liqueurs and fruit brandies, perfumed waters, alcoholic varnishes, and pure alcohol in barrels. We think that four-fifths of this quantity should be allocated to consumption down the gullet.</p>
<p>Recalling that grapes alone account for 623,962 kilograms will give some idea of the fruit eaten here. Let us not forget to mention that every year Paris puts into its salads 18,000 hectoliters of vinegar and therefore three times as much oil.</p>
<p>The provinces surrounding it supply its vegetables, coming from more than two hundred kilometers all around: it enlists the entire French countryside. Provence is its greenhouse; Touraine its garden; Normandy raises and fattens its cattle; the flocks of sheep destined for its table graze in the robust meadows salted by the ocean’s waters and along the aromatic crests of the Ardennes; it fishes in three seas; like no other, it is rich in rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds; it holds within its waters the fish most in demand; in its torrents, the ponds of its mountains, it sees trout multiply; at the mouths of its rivers, it finds salmon, sturgeon, and those hybrid species, whose time in fresh water, close to the sea, endows them with such delicate flavors. Its forests and woods do not let it lack for game; those bands of riflemen, those panting hounds, those stallions and hunters surge forth for Paris; the horns sound out for Paris. It counts among its purveyors the most illustrious of names: there have been kings, and there are still princes who kill game for it.</p>
<p>Who will count the number of people who put something in the oven and take it out every day for Paris: cooks, grill men, bakers of pastry and bread, cupbearers, confectioners, cheese and dairymen, ice-cream makers; those who watch over the saucepans, the kitchens, the spits, the service, the ovens, the cellars and liquor cabinets, and those who preside over the fruits and buffets; who then will undertake the census for all this?</p>
<p>The Paris kitchen requires the use of more than 2,773,000 hectoliters of charcoal, not including 98,000 hectoliters of coal dust, separate from the coal itself used more and more for this purpose. Today more than two million hectoliters of that last fuel are consumed.</p>
<p>In every corner of the world, Paris has people mindful of its tastes, its fantasies, its desires, its whims; if its appetites languish, they work to revive them, they think about generating new ones in place of those that have gone away; imagination, art, and industry are united in this competitive rivalry to win the good graces of the master. Paris has thus become the only place where the magical power of gold has been applied to its fullest extent: with gold, Paris knows nothing is impossible.</p>
<p>Elsewhere, greater pomp and greater magnificence can be deployed; but nowhere can the exquisite delicacy of taste and elegance be satisfied as well as in Paris; Parisian comfort does not have the refinements of egoism; but it has the understanding of a life that blends the delights of the mind with the satisfactions of the sensual. This charming secret, whose tendencies are on full display and which retains the natural graciousness of its customary manners, is, for all measures of its existence, an inexhaustible source of attractions, and a privilege belonging to Paris alone; it is envied, it is copied; but it cannot be stolen away.</p>
<p>At the table is where Paris loves to assemble those riches that shape its pride and its happiness.</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: Illustration by Bertall (Charles Albert d&#8217;Arnoux) featured in Paris à Table. Please do not reuse without permission.</em></p>
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		<title>What’s the deal with genetically modified (GM) foods?</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2018/04/engineering-genetically-modified-foods/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 14 Apr 2018 11:30:59 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/04/engineering-genetically-modified-foods/" title="What’s the deal with genetically modified (GM) foods?" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-744x286.jpeg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-744x286.jpeg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-120x46.jpeg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-180x69.jpeg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-768x296.jpeg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-128x49.jpeg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-184x71.jpeg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-31x12.jpeg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-1075x414.jpeg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow.jpeg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="137658" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/modified_tomato_genetically_food_injection_genetic_syringe_science-790954-jpeg/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow.jpeg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="modified_tomato_genetically_food_injection_genetic_syringe_science-790954.jpeg" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-744x286.jpeg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/04/engineering-genetically-modified-foods/">What’s the deal with genetically modified (GM) foods?</a></p>
<p>It’s complicated; but here is a quick summary of what the controversy over genetically modified foods is all about. GM engineering involves reconfiguring the genes in crop plants or adding new genes that have been created in the laboratory. Scientific modification of plants is not something new. Since time began, nature has been modifying plants and animals through natural evolution, meaning that the plants and ani­mals that adapt best to the changing environment survive and pass their genes on to their offspring. Those that are least fit do not survive. </p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/04/engineering-genetically-modified-foods/" title="What’s the deal with genetically modified (GM) foods?" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-744x286.jpeg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-744x286.jpeg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-120x46.jpeg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-180x69.jpeg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-768x296.jpeg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-128x49.jpeg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-184x71.jpeg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-31x12.jpeg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-1075x414.jpeg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow.jpeg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="137658" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/modified_tomato_genetically_food_injection_genetic_syringe_science-790954-jpeg/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow.jpeg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="modified_tomato_genetically_food_injection_genetic_syringe_science-790954.jpeg" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DV27Bekhdow-744x286.jpeg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2018/04/engineering-genetically-modified-foods/">What’s the deal with genetically modified (GM) foods?</a></p>
<p>It’s complicated; but here is a quick summary of what the controversy over genetically modified foods is all about.</p>
<p>GM engineering involves reconfiguring the genes in crop plants or adding new genes that have been created in the laboratory.</p>
<p>Scientific modification of plants is not something new. Since time began, nature has been modifying plants and animals through natural evolution, meaning that the plants and ani­mals that adapt best to the changing environment survive and pass their genes on to their offspring. Those that are least fit do not survive. Farmers, too, have been helping nature improve crops for generations by saving the seeds of the best tomatoes and apples to use for next year’s crop. This is a kind of genetic selection—the most favorable plants succeed.</p>
<p>Seed companies have been contributing to this genetic strengthening, too. Today’s seed catalogs show traditional genetic selection at its finest, promising flowers with bigger blooms, tomatoes that ripen early, and new varieties of old species. Genetic selection has always been cultivated, first by nature and later with help from flower growers and farmers. It’s nature at its best.</p>
<p>But here’s the problem—today’s genetic tinkering is not being undertaken by farmers. It is being driven by chemical (i.e., pesticide) manufacturers and plant geneticists, and it is proceeding on a macro scale. The chemical manufacturers’ goal is not to produce a tastier apple, a juicier tomato, or more nourishing corn, but rather to modify food crops, such as corn and soybeans, so that the crops will be resistant to the pesti­cides that these same companies make. Then, when it comes time to weed vast tracts of planted corn or soybeans, the agro-business can spray the pesticide-resistant crops with the chem­ical company’s product to kill the weeds—rather than perform the tedious task of mechanical weeding. The weeds die, the crops live, and the pesticide company makes money. At first glance it appears to be an efficient way to weed a big field.</p>
<p>But those crops are our food. They go into the cereals, snacks, and processed products that we and our kids eat. Won’t crop plants absorb some of the pesticides that are sprayed on them while they’re growing—especially if more and stronger pesticides are being used on them? All pesticides and herbicides have potential to be toxic to humans, and espe­cially to children.</p>
<p>And what happens when the “survival of the fittest” kicks in? Won’t some weeds figure out how to thwart the herbicides? Will this mean that the industrial farmer has to spray more and stronger herbicides to get the job done?</p>
<p>Despite promises by chemical manufacturers that weeds would not become resistant to Roundup (glyphosate, the herbicide most widely used in the United States on genetically modified food crops), resistant weeds are now rampant. It is reported that weeds resistant to Roundup cover more than 100 million acres across several dozen US states. According to the World Health Organization, Roundup is a probable human carcinogen a chemical judged probably capable of causing cancer in humans. To combat the spread of herbicide-resistant weeds, larger and larger quantities of this probable cancer- causing herbicide are now being used. Use of glyphos­ate has increased in the US by 2,500% over the past 25 years.</p>
<p><iframe loading="lazy" class="youtube-player" width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/QJ9ZZl4WjC8?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-GB&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent" allowfullscreen="true" style="border:0;" sandbox="allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox"></iframe></p>
<p>To combat the problem of glyphosate-resistant weeds, chem­ical companies are now engineering GM seeds to withstand not only to glyphosate, but also to be resistant to two additional, older herbicides: 2,4 D (a component of the notorious Agent Orange, used during the Vietnam War to defoliate jungles) and dicamba (a pesticide highly toxic to birds and other living things). These highly toxic chemicals are now beginning to be added into the chemical regimen sprayed on fields of corn, soybeans, and other commercial crops. In turn, US residents can expect that measur­able levels of these toxic chemicals will carry over into the foods produced from these heavily treated crops—with additional chemicals added to pesticide protocols potentially still to come.</p>
<p>Chemical manufacturers have long portrayed the goal of GM foods as being the provision of more nutritious crops capable of feeding the world. But a 2016 <em>New York Times </em>report, “Uncertain Harvest<em>,” </em>contested this claim, reporting that GM foods crops have actually failed to increase food production or the robustness of crops being harvested. GM crops have also failed to reduce pesticide use, amounting to another undeliv­ered promise made by pesticide manufacturers.</p>
<p>In sum, genetically modified foods are not inherently unhealthy in themselves. The problem is the company they keep—the additional layers of pesticides of ever-increasing toxicity—pesticides that farmers and growers are beholden to because their seeds are genetically modified to accommodate them. As this GM-industrial complex continues to proliferate, the world’s food supply grows increasingly dependent on GM seeds, which in turn increases dependence on chemical fertil­izers and pesticides. These chemicals, as discussed at length, are toxic to humans.</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: CC0 Public Domain via <a href="https://pxhere.com/en/photo/790954" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pxhere</a>.</em></p>
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		<title>Is “food waste” really wasted food?</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/food-waste-cost-policy/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Wed, 29 Nov 2017 10:30:22 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/food-waste-cost-policy/" title="Is “food waste” really wasted food?" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="135293" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/135293/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/food-waste-cost-policy/">Is “food waste” really wasted food?</a></p>
<p>Food waste has become a major cause for concern in the United States. Or at least, that’s what some prominent organizations suggest. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations estimates that the United States wastes 103 million tons of food. The statistics suggest that food waste is a problem, but how do these organizations calculate them? And what, exactly, is food waste?</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/food-waste-cost-policy/" title="Is “food waste” really wasted food?" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="135293" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/135293/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DLD9EP17BLA-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/food-waste-cost-policy/">Is “food waste” really wasted food?</a></p>
<p>In 2012, the Food Network premiered <em>The Big Waste</em>. The show featured world-renowned chefs Bobby Flay, Michael Symon, Anne Burrell, and Alex Guarnaschelli competing in pairs to prepare a gourmet banquet meal.</p>
<p>The twist? They could only use food intended for the landfill. The episode drew attention to the issue of food waste. In 2014, the documentary <em>Just Eat It: A Food Waste Story </em>came out. It, too, focused attention on the issue of food waste and received praise from both critics and viewers.</p>
<p>Food waste has become a major cause for concern in the United States. Or at least, that’s what some prominent organizations suggest. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations estimates that the United States wastes <a href="https://www.refed.com/downloads/ReFED_Report_2016.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">103 million tons of food</a>. This number suggests the United States squanders lots of food and concerns about food insecurity continue to rise.</p>
<p>The statistics suggest that food waste is a problem, but how do these organizations calculate them? And what, exactly, is food waste?  When organizations attempt to monetize the value of the waste, what price do they use? And once they arrive at an appropriate number, what can be done? These questions greatly affect whether food waste represents a policy priority or not.</p>
<p>To understand the difficulties in calculating the extent and cost of food waste, it is useful to begin with recognizing the steps involved from farm to table.</p>
<p>The final product sold to consumers goes through a number of processing, transformation, transportation, and distribution stages before ending up on someone’s plate. To oversimplify a bit, someone first grows the food which she then sells to processors. Retailers buy from the processors. Finally, consumers purchase the food from retailers.</p>
<p>The estimates from FAO overestimate the extent and cost of food waste. First, the definition used by the FAO identifies food waste as the “discarding or alternative (nonfood) use of food that is safe and nutritious for human consumption along the entire food supply chain.”</p>
<p>The problem with this approach is that recovered food is not necessarily wasted food, yet it is still included in the definition. Recovered food may become fertilizer or animal feed. If this happens, there is no waste. What was once a possible future meal for a human has become an input to another productive process. It may have ended up in the stomach of an  animal that ends up on another plate later.  Should discarded food that is still used and does not end up in the landfill be defined as “waste”?</p>
<p><div class="pull"></p>
<p><figure id="attachment_135296" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-135296" style="width: 744px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="135296" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/food-waste-cost-policy/800px-fao_sede/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/800px-FAO_sede.jpg" data-orig-size="800,478" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="800px-FAO_sede" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt; FAO&amp;#8217;s headquarters in Rome, in Via delle Terme di Caracalla by Scopritore. CC-BY-3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.&lt;/p&gt;
" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/800px-FAO_sede-744x445.jpg" class="size-large wp-image-135296" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/800px-FAO_sede-744x445.jpg" alt="" width="744" height="445" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/800px-FAO_sede-744x445.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/800px-FAO_sede-120x72.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/800px-FAO_sede-180x108.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/800px-FAO_sede-768x459.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/800px-FAO_sede-128x76.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/800px-FAO_sede-184x110.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/800px-FAO_sede-31x19.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/800px-FAO_sede.jpg 800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-135296" class="wp-caption-text">FAO&#8217;s headquarters in Rome, in Via delle Terme di Caracalla by Scopritore. CC-BY-3.0 via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FAO_sede.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p></div></p>
<p>Second, calculating the cost of waste depends on the price used. Conventional measures rely on retail prices—the price paid at the end of the process. This makes sense for food that ends up for consumption, but not for food at earlier stages of the production process. Retail prices are higher than the prices growers receive. By only using the highest prices, the estimated monetary loss is much greater than if the relevant prices at each stage were used.</p>
<p>This approach has some shortcomings. First, the prices used to measure food waste do not include externalities. Landfill waste emits CO2 and methane, both of which contributes to climate change. Second, they ignore the opportunity cost of using land as a landfill as well as the transportation costs associated with hauling food waste. A fuller measure would include these costs but the major organizations that calculate the value of waste do not account for these costs.</p>
<p>The appropriate policy response depends on the nature of the problem. For example, developed countries have better infrastructure and technology than developing countries. These affect the amount of food waste likely to occur during the early stages of the productive processes. Farmers with better technology and opportunities to move their products along to the next stage are more likely to have less waste. In developing countries, social norms play a larger role in limiting food waste. A culture that values the efficient use of resources given the importance of food as a share of household budgets generates little waste. Similarly, the proximity of the grower and consumer—in developing countries, they are often the same person—provides powerful incentives for minimal waste. Also, as the available opportunities to utilize food for other purposes increases for growers or processors they reduce waste.</p>
<p>Food waste deserves to be a focus of agricultural policy. But determining its relative importance among all things agricultural policy-related depends crucially on accurately measuring its extent and cost.</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: Time for lunch by Dan Gold. Public domain via </em><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/4_jhDO54BYg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Unsplash.</em></a></p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">135292</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Beer and brewing by numbers [infographic]</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/beer-brewing-numbers-facts-infographic/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 25 Nov 2017 09:30:08 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/beer-brewing-numbers-facts-infographic/" title="Beer and brewing by numbers [infographic]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-744x286.jpeg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-744x286.jpeg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-120x46.jpeg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-180x69.jpeg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-768x296.jpeg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-128x49.jpeg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-184x71.jpeg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-31x12.jpeg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-1075x414.jpeg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o.jpeg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="135223" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/135223/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o.jpeg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;4.5&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 5D Mark III&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1498843471&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;105&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.004&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-744x286.jpeg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/beer-brewing-numbers-facts-infographic/">Beer and brewing by numbers [infographic]</a></p>
<p>Beer has been a vitally important drink through much of human history, be it just as a drink that was safe to consume when water might not have been, through to having significant economic and even political significance. The earliest written laws included regulations on beer, tax income from beer funded centuries of British imperialist conquests, and beer is the subject of the oldest international trademark dispute.</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/beer-brewing-numbers-facts-infographic/" title="Beer and brewing by numbers [infographic]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-744x286.jpeg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-744x286.jpeg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-120x46.jpeg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-180x69.jpeg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-768x296.jpeg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-128x49.jpeg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-184x71.jpeg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-31x12.jpeg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-1075x414.jpeg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o.jpeg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="135223" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/135223/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o.jpeg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;4.5&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 5D Mark III&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1498843471&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;105&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.004&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKlqGa7Qv0o-744x286.jpeg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/beer-brewing-numbers-facts-infographic/">Beer and brewing by numbers [infographic]</a></p>
<p>Beer has been a vitally important drink through much of human history, be it just as a drink that was safe to consume when water might not have been, through to having significant economic and even political significance.</p>
<p>The earliest written laws included regulations on beer, tax income from beer funded centuries of British imperialist conquests, and beer is the subject of the oldest international trademark dispute &#8212; between the American Budweiser and Czech Budweiser Budvar. The industrial and scientific revolutions had a profound impact on the beer brewing industry, and while for many years cheap and reliable lagers were the tipple of choice, we are now in the midst of a craft beer revolution against industrial brewing. Beer is a lens, or glass if you will, through which we can look at the history of the world and maybe better our understanding, but only until the third pint.</p>
<p>Take a look at some more fun beer facts and figures in our infographic below, with content taken from <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/beeronomics-9780198808305" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Beeronomics: How Beer Explains the World</em></a>.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKpScjF4m7o.jpg" /></p>
<p>Download the infographic as a <a href="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Beeronomics-infographic-v4gcedit.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PDF</a> or <a href="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKpScjF4m7o.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JPEG</a>.</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: Beverages Beer Box Bottle by maxmann. CC0 via </em><a href="https://pixabay.com/en/beverages-beer-box-beer-bottle-2484853/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Pixabay.</em></a></p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
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		<title>Thanksgiving traditions from Oxford University Press [slideshow]</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/thanksgiving-traditions-oxford-university-press-slideshow/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Nov 2017 12:30:39 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/thanksgiving-traditions-oxford-university-press-slideshow/" title="Thanksgiving traditions from Oxford University Press [slideshow]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="135133" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/thanksgiving-traditions-oxford-university-press-slideshow/mushrooms-2803567_960_720/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5.6&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;ILCE-7RM2&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1505512721&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;400&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.00625&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="mushrooms-2803567_960_720" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/thanksgiving-traditions-oxford-university-press-slideshow/">Thanksgiving traditions from Oxford University Press [slideshow]</a></p>
<p>To celebrate Thanksgiving this year, we've asked Oxford employees to share their holidays traditions. Referencing The Oxford Companion to Food, we put together a slideshow of fun food facts to accompany some of our favorite traditions.</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/thanksgiving-traditions-oxford-university-press-slideshow/" title="Thanksgiving traditions from Oxford University Press [slideshow]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="135133" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/thanksgiving-traditions-oxford-university-press-slideshow/mushrooms-2803567_960_720/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5.6&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;ILCE-7RM2&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1505512721&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;24&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;400&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.00625&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="mushrooms-2803567_960_720" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mushrooms-2803567_960_720-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/thanksgiving-traditions-oxford-university-press-slideshow/">Thanksgiving traditions from Oxford University Press [slideshow]</a></p>
<p>To celebrate Thanksgiving this year, we&#8217;ve asked Oxford employees to share their holidays traditions. Referencing <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-companion-to-food-9780199677337" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>The Oxford Companion to Food</em></a>, we put together a slideshow of fun food facts to accompany some of our favorite traditions.</p>
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							<h1>Nuts</h1>
							<p><em>“Growing up, we’d always have Thanksgiving at my aunt and uncle’s house, and after the meal and deserts, when the men went and slept (err, watched football), my aunt would bring out this big bowl of nuts, and she and my mom, cousin, grandma, and I would just sit around the table cracking and eating them. We haven’t had them in a while – may have to bring them back this year!” -Alyssa R.</em></p>
<p><strong>Nuts</strong> are highly nutritious. Some contain much fat (e.g. pecan 70 per cent, macadamia nut 66 per cent, Brazil nut 65 per cent, walnut 60 per cent, almond 55 per cent); most have a good protein content (in the range of 10– 30 per cent); and only a few have a very high starch content (notably the chestnut, ginkgo nut, and acorn). The water content of nuts, as they are usually sold, is remarkably low, and they constitute one of the most concentrated kinds of food available. Most nuts, left in the shell, are also remarkable for their keeping quality, and can conveniently be stored for winter use. </p>
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							<h1>Flan</h1>
							<p><em>“Every Thanksgiving, my father and I cook Cuban food to add to the meal my mother and her sisters prepare. This creates for an interesting dinner combination since my mother’s family always cooks traditional, African American comfort food. Cuban food is very savory (and the flan I make for dessert is very, very sweet!) so sometimes it’s just the two of us who eat it, but it’s worth it and makes the holiday a little more multicultural.” -Celine AR</em></p>
<p><strong>Flan</strong> is a term with two meanings. The one most familiar in Britain is: ‘An open pastry or sponge case containing a (sweet or savoury) filling.’  In France the term flan carries the first meaning described above, but often has the second meaning: a sweet custard which is baked in a mold in the oven until set. The second meaning is the one which is used in Spain and Portugal, where flan is a standard dessert, and in many countries, e.g. Mexico, where either language is current. In the USA what bears the name flan in Britain is likely to be called tart or pie.</p>
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							<h1>Cranberry</h1>
							<p><em>“I would like to pass on this atrocity” -Daniel L.</em></p>
<p>The <strong>cranberry</strong> is the most important of the berries borne by a group of low, scrubby, woody plants of the genus Vaccinium. These grow on moors and mountainsides, in bogs, and other places with poor and acid soil in most parts of the world, but are best known in Northern Europe and North America. All yield edible berries. When the Pilgrim Fathers arrived in North America they found a local cranberry, V. macrocarpon, which had berries twice the size of those familiar to Europeans, and an equally good flavour. It was no doubt these large American cranberries which, at an early stage in the evolution of Thanksgiving Day dinner, were made into sauce to accompany the turkey, which became established as its centrepiece.</p>
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							<h1>Pumpkin</h1>
							<p><em>“Each year my aunt and uncle take their pumpkins from Halloween and make pumpkin pies to give out at Thanksgiving to our family.” &#8211; Mackenzie C.</em></p>
<p>The <strong>pumpkin</strong> is a large vegetable fruit, typically orange in colour, round, and ribbed, borne by varieties of the plant Cucurbita pepo, one of four major species in the genus Cucurbita. The name is thought to derive from an old French word pompon, which in turn came from the classical Greek pepon, a name also applied to the melon. When pumpkin is used in sweet dishes, spices such as ginger and cinnamon are commonly added. This practice goes back a long way. For example, American pumpkin pie, a main feature of the American Thanksgiving dinner, may have been derived from old English recipes for sweet pies using ‘tartstuff’, a thick pulp of boiled, spiced fruit.</p>
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							<h1>Crumble</h1>
							<p><em>“My family isn’t much for a huge sit-down meal on Thanksgiving. Instead, we spread out tons of cheese and crackers, fruit, and appetizers on the living room coffee table, set up a TV, and watch all the Thanksgiving episodes of F.R.I.E.N.D.S. Then, for dessert, we have something special like pumpkin cheesecake or apple crumble while watching a Christmas movie.”- Heather S.</em></p>
<p><strong>Crumble</strong> is the name of a simple topping spread instead of pastry on fruit pies of the dish type with no bottom crust, such as are popular in Britain. Crumble is much quicker and easier to make than pastry and it seems probable that it developed during the Second World War. It is like a sweet pastry made without water. The ingredients of a modern crumble are flour, butter, and sugar; a little spice is sometimes added.  The butter is cut into the dry ingredients, and the mixture spooned onto the pie filling without further preparation, after which the pie is baked. The butter melts and binds the solid ingredients into large grains, but they do not form a solid layer like a true pastry. The texture can only be described as crumbly. Apple crumble is probably the best-known form. </p>
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							<h1>Turkey</h1>
							<p><em>“A few years ago when I was living in Cairo, my English flatmate went to great lengths to procure a turkey for me as a surprise, because after all it’s not really Thanksgiving without a turkey. When the butcher she went to had no turkey (of course—it’s an unusual bird in Egypt), a butcher shop employee went off on a mission through Cairo for her and finally returned with a 26-pound frozen turkey strapped to the back of his motorbike, unpackaged but for the black 40-gallon trash bag in which it was loosely wrapped. It was about twice the size of our oven, but once we managed to cut it into pieces and roast it, the breast meat alone fed fourteen people with leftovers, and we made gallons of turkey soup with the legs. It’s one of the best Thanksgivings I’ve ever had, even if it took me a few years to want to eat turkey again.” &#8211; Lucie T.</em></p>
<p><strong>Turkey</strong> was originally a prefix to the terms cock, hen, and poult (a young bird), but now stands on its own and denotes the species Meleagris gallopavo. Native to North America, these birds are now farmed and used for table poultry around the globe. In 1609 the inhabitants of Jamestown, reduced almost to starvation, were kept alive by gifts of wild game, including ‘turkies’, from the indigenous population. Wild turkeys were served at the second Thanksgiving dinner in 1621, and may have featured in the first, of 1620.</p>
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							<h1>Cheese</h1>
							<p><em>“My parents have the Thanksgiving meal covered. Like really covered. So as I got older and wanted to find some way to contribute, I decided that the afternoon snack (because no one really eats lunch on Thanksgiving at our house) was going to be my contribution. So now, in the days before Thanksgiving, I comb all the cheese shops of Brooklyn to find new and interesting cheeses, olives, whatever looks delicious for snacking. It’s the tradition I made for myself.” &#8211; Sarah R.</em></p>
<p><strong>Cheese</strong> is always made from milk but is in other respects of great variety. Its taste may be almost imperceptible, as in some fresh cream cheese, or very strong, as in the most aged blue cheeses. The texture, which depends largely on water content, can be virtually liquid or dry and friable. The fat content ranges from 1 per cent to 75 per cent. The earliest traces of milking come from milk residues in potsherds from north-western Anatolia dating as far back as 6000 BC. Cave paintings in the Libyan Sahara dating from 5000 bc show what might be cheese-making going on in prehistoric Northern Africa. These remains antedate what archaeologists now call the ‘secondary products revolution’, when domesticated animals were exploited for their renewable resources. That profound shift in husbandry practice, estimated to have occurred in the Near East in about 3500 bc, means that it is no surprise that the ancient Sumerians and Egyptians made cheese. Cheese was also familiar in pre-classical Greece, as we know from Homer’s description of Circe serving cheese to Odysseus, and it was a staple food of classical Greece and Rome.</p>
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<p><em>Featured image credit: &#8220;mushrooms-tomato-plate-pot-red&#8221; by Engin_Akyurt. CC0 via <a href="https://pixabay.com/en/mushrooms-tomato-plate-pot-red-2803567/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pixabay.</a></em></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">135132</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Cheese and wine pairings for the holiday season [infographic]</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/cheese-wine-pairings-holiday-season-infographic/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OUPblog]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2017 11:30:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[*Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arts & Humanities]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Food & Drink]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Infographics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[infographic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[oc cheese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[OC Wine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[oxford companion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oxford Companion to Cheese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oxford Companion to Wine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trade]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/cheese-wine-pairings-holiday-season-infographic/" title="Cheese and wine pairings for the holiday season [infographic]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="135088" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/135088/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;9&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Tom Eversley&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 6D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1460055160&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;47&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;200&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.25&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/cheese-wine-pairings-holiday-season-infographic/">Cheese and wine pairings for the holiday season [infographic]</a></p>
<p>Cheese continues to be a staple of dining and entertainment. In 2012, cheese consumption in the U.S. was 33.5 lbs per capita— a number that is set to increase to 36.5 lbs by 2024. Referencing The Oxford Companion to Cheese and The Oxford Companion to Wine, we've put together a selection of cheese and wine pairings for the holiday season.</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/cheese-wine-pairings-holiday-season-infographic/" title="Cheese and wine pairings for the holiday season [infographic]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="135088" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/135088/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;9&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Tom Eversley&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS 6D&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1460055160&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;47&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;200&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.25&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHc0iF53x4-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/cheese-wine-pairings-holiday-season-infographic/">Cheese and wine pairings for the holiday season [infographic]</a></p>
<div>
<p>Cheese continues to be a staple of dining and entertainment. In 2012, cheese consumption in the U.S. was 33.5 lbs per capita— a number that is set to increase to 36.5 lbs by 2024. Referencing <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-companion-to-cheese-9780199330881" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>The Oxford Companion to Cheese</em></a> and <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-companion-to-wine-9780198705383" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>The Oxford Companion to Wine</em></a>, we&#8217;ve put together a selection of cheese and wine pairings for the holiday season.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKHfOMa-SPM.jpg" /></p>
<p>Download the infographic as a <a href="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Oxford-Companions-Cheese-and-Wine-Pairings-FINAL.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PDF</a> or <a href="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Oxford-Companions-Cheese-and-Wine-Pairings-FINAL.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JPG</a>.</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: &#8220;appetizer-biscuits-cheese-close-up&#8221; by Foodie Factor. CC0 via </em><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/appetizer-biscuits-cheese-close-up-543733/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Pexels.</em></a></p>
</div>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">135087</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>What is Thanksgiving? A Brit’s guide to the holiday</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/thanksgiving-brits-guide-holiday/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 18 Nov 2017 08:30:08 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/thanksgiving-brits-guide-holiday/" title="What is Thanksgiving? A Brit’s guide to the holiday" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-744x287.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-744x287.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="135022" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/135022/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,486" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="&lt;p&gt;Embarkation of the pilgrims thanksgiving&lt;/p&gt;
" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-744x287.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/thanksgiving-brits-guide-holiday/">What is Thanksgiving? A Brit’s guide to the holiday</a></p>
<p>Thanksgiving is one of the most important holidays in the US calendar. However for those who have never lived in America, the celebration can seem perplexing and often down-right bewildering. Here in the Oxford offices at Oxford University Press, we thought we may have understood the basics, but on researching more into the holiday, we have been left with many more questions than answers. For instance, what is a “Turkey Trot” or sweet potato pie, and if television is to be believed – do people actually go around the table saying what they’re thankful for?</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/thanksgiving-brits-guide-holiday/" title="What is Thanksgiving? A Brit’s guide to the holiday" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-744x287.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-744x287.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="135022" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/135022/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,486" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="&lt;p&gt;Embarkation of the pilgrims thanksgiving&lt;/p&gt;
" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKFzRzKowqc-744x287.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/thanksgiving-brits-guide-holiday/">What is Thanksgiving? A Brit’s guide to the holiday</a></p>
<p>Thanksgiving is one of the most important holidays in the U.S. calendar. However for those who have never lived in America, the celebration can seem perplexing and often down-right bewildering. Here in the U.K. offices at Oxford University Press, we thought we may have understood the basics, but on researching more into the holiday, we have been left with many more questions than answers. For instance, what is a “Turkey Trot” or sweet potato pie, and if television is to be believed – do people actually go around the table saying what they’re thankful for? With these burning questions in mind, we’ve enlisted the help of three colleagues across the pond, to answer some of our most pressing questions.</p>
<p><strong>What are you “giving thanks” for? </strong></p>
<p><strong>Stephen M:</strong> You give thanks for your circumstances, mainly. What you have in your life that makes it enjoyable. It is less about material possessions and more about the intangibles: having a loving family, a supportive family, a chance to get a good education.</p>
<p><strong>Do people really go around the table, and say what they are thankful for?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Alyssa: </strong>Definitely not!</p>
<p><strong>Stephen M:</strong> Yes, is that so strange? It is a very sweet moment, especially because you can directly thank someone for giving you whatever it is that helps you through life.</p>
<p><strong>Steven F:</strong> This depends on the family, really. Usually, more religious or spiritual families will do this as a form of prayer, but I’ve also attended <a href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001/acref-9780199677337-e-2469" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thanksgiving meals</a> where the “thankful” part was assumed (by the gathering and camaraderie), so nothing else was needed to be said.</p>
<p><div class="pull"></p>
<p><figure style="width: 500px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKF13unQzEI.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="351" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Image Credit: “Beautiful table with thanksgiving food” by hidgrim. CC BY-SA 2.0 via <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/hildgrim/4136809491" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Flickr</a>.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p></div></p>
<p><strong>If so, is this a beautiful and touching moment? We’re worried we’re too cynical….</strong></p>
<p><strong>Steven F: </strong>It depends on the family. The whole idea of the holiday is to be positive and thankful for what you have, so if you can take a little schmaltz, then you’re doing the holiday right.</p>
<p><strong>As we all know, the Brits are both amazed and mildly-terrified by the sheer size of America. Eleanor in the Oxford Office (who considers the annual trek back to Cumbria of 200 miles, really </strong><em><strong>a bit much</strong></em><strong>) asks what’s the furthest you’d travel for Thanksgiving?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Alyssa: </strong>Pretty far – as it’s usually one of those staple times you go back to family during the year. For instance, my husband and I split our family time with in-laws between the holidays, seeing my family (in <a href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100519917" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">South Carolina</a> where we&#8217;re currently based) for Thanksgiving this year and seeing his (in <a href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100315455" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pennsylvania</a>, over 600 miles away) for Christmas.</p>
<p><strong>Do you exchange presents on Thanksgiving?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Stephen M:</strong> No no no.</p>
<p><strong>Alyssa:</strong> Nope, and that’s kind of what I like about it – no gifts, no religion attached (although it’s certainly a big part of the sermon if you go to church around the holiday). It’s something every person in US, no matter their religion, can celebrate.</p>
<p><strong>Steven F:</strong> I never have, though I’m sure if people aren’t seeing each other for Christmas, Thanksgiving might be a good opportunity to give Christmas gifts ahead of time. <a href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199734962.001.0001/acref-9780199734962-e-0878#acref-9780199734962-div1-2431" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Thanksgiving is mostly food</a>, food, and more food.</p>
<p><strong>On that note, sweet potatoes, combined with marshmallows, in a pie? Discuss? </strong></p>
<p><strong>Stephen M:</strong> I am not a fan and I am not sure where this started. It is very American, though.</p>
<p><strong>Alyssa:</strong> THE BEST. Seriously. Sweet and savory. Although it’s <a href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199734962.001.0001/acref-9780199734962-e-1347" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">not usually a pie</a>, in the American sense – it’s almost more like a casserole.</p>
<p><strong>Pete in the Oxford marketing office asks, do some people really deep-fry their turkey?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Steven F:</strong> I’ve never had a deep-fried turkey. Is this a southern US thing?</p>
<p><strong>Alyssa:</strong> YES! Although it’s usually advised against because I think it can start fires?</p>
<p><strong>Stephen M:</strong> Yes, because deep-frying makes things more delicious.</p>
<p><div class="pull"></p>
<p><figure style="width: 550px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/DKF13hrQYZg.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="281" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Image Credit: “Turkey Trot” by JBLM MWR. CC BY 2.0 via <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jblmmwr/10329774976" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Flickr</a>.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p></div></p>
<p><strong>And what exactly is a “Turkey Trot”?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Steven F:</strong> Let me just log into Wikipedia because I have no idea what a Turkey Trot is… Oh, there is a picture of a guy running in a Turkey outfit. Yeah, I have no idea.</p>
<p><strong>Alyssa:</strong> The really smart and fit people go for a <a href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199916108.001.0001/acref-9780199916108-e-3063?rskey=CGm2VK&amp;result=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">5K run</a> (usually) the morning of Thanksgiving, so that you have all the more room (and less guilt) to stuff yourself with food later that day. It’s genius.</p>
<p><strong>We’ve heard it’s all about the three Fs – </strong><em><strong>family, food, and football? </strong></em><strong>Is this true?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Steven F:</strong> Yes. Every Thanksgiving, the Dallas Cowboys and the Detroit Lions play home games against two other teams. This is special because most <a href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780190622695.001.0001/acref-9780190622695-e-115" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">football games</a> are played on Sunday. A house that doesn’t have football on at least in the background on Thanksgiving during food prep and waiting for guests to arrive does not do the holiday correctly.</p>
<p><strong>Stephen M:</strong> Yes, my family watches Washington and the Dallas Cowboys play every year.</p>
<p><em><strong>Friendsgiving – </strong></em><strong>have you ever done it?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Alyssa:</strong> Yes! My friend hosted one once. Since most holidays (especially the ones where you’re cooking a lot of home-y foods) are so family centric, is was really fun to be able to enjoy the traditional dishes with friends too.</p>
<p><strong>Steven F:</strong> No, I’ve only ever celebrated the holiday with family.</p>
<p><strong>Stephen M:</strong> Yes, it is absolutely fun! What is better than pretending to be able to cook and hanging out with your friends?</p>
<p><em>Featured Image Credit: “Embarkation of the Pilgrims by Robert Walter Weir, 1857” from the Brooklyn Museum. Public Domain via </em><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Walter_Weir_-_Embarkation_of_the_Pilgrims_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Wikimedia Commons</em></a><em>. </em></p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">135021</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Four NYC-inspired sundaes for National Sundae Day</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/four-nyc-inspired-sundaes-national-sundae-day/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OUPblog Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 11 Nov 2017 11:30:25 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[*Featured]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/four-nyc-inspired-sundaes-national-sundae-day/" title="Four NYC-inspired sundaes for National Sundae Day" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-744x287.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-744x287.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="134883" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/four-nyc-inspired-sundaes-national-sundae-day/ice-cream-2576622_960_720/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,486" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="ice-cream-2576622_960_720" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-744x287.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/four-nyc-inspired-sundaes-national-sundae-day/">Four NYC-inspired sundaes for National Sundae Day</a></p>
<p>November 11 is National Sundae Day. To celebrate, we've created four New York City–themed sundae recipes, inspired by Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919. Take a look at the recipes below and get a taste of NYC—no matter where you are in the world.</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/four-nyc-inspired-sundaes-national-sundae-day/" title="Four NYC-inspired sundaes for National Sundae Day" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-744x287.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-744x287.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="134883" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/four-nyc-inspired-sundaes-national-sundae-day/ice-cream-2576622_960_720/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,486" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="ice-cream-2576622_960_720" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ice-cream-2576622_960_720-744x287.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/four-nyc-inspired-sundaes-national-sundae-day/">Four NYC-inspired sundaes for National Sundae Day</a></p>
<p>This 11 November is National Sundae Day. To celebrate, we&#8217;ve created four New York City–themed sundae recipes, inspired by <em>Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919. </em>Take a look at the recipes below and get a taste of NYC—no matter where you are in the world.</p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="134886" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/four-nyc-inspired-sundaes-national-sundae-day/ny-style-cheesecake-gif-set-2/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/NY-Style-Cheesecake-GIF-set-2.gif" data-orig-size="540,302" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="NY Style Cheesecake GIF set 2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/NY-Style-Cheesecake-GIF-set-2.gif" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-134886" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/NY-Style-Cheesecake-GIF-set-2.gif" alt="" width="540" height="302" /></p>
<p><strong>Grand Central Sundae</strong></p>
<p>Classic New York flavors come together in this sundae named for New York&#8217;s largest train station.</p>
<ul>
<li>1 slice of New York–style cheesecake</li>
<li>1 scoop of chocolate ice cream</li>
<li>chocolate syrup to taste</li>
<li>whipped cream to taste</li>
<li>1 cherry on top</li>
</ul>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="134884" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/four-nyc-inspired-sundaes-national-sundae-day/apple-crisp-gif-set-3/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Apple-Crisp-GIF-set-3.gif" data-orig-size="540,301" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Apple Crisp GIF set 3" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Apple-Crisp-GIF-set-3.gif" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-134884" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Apple-Crisp-GIF-set-3.gif" alt="" width="540" height="301" /></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>The Big Apple Crisp</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Embrace fall in New York with this apple-cinnamon sundae.</p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">2 scoops of vanilla or strawberry ice cream</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">3 apple slices</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">cinnamon to taste</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">whipped cream to taste</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">1 cherry on top</li>
</ul>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="134885" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/four-nyc-inspired-sundaes-national-sundae-day/brownie-brownstone-gif-set-3/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Brownie-Brownstone-GIF-set-3-.gif" data-orig-size="540,302" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Brownie Brownstone GIF set 3" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Brownie-Brownstone-GIF-set-3-.gif" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-134885" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Brownie-Brownstone-GIF-set-3-.gif" alt="" width="540" height="302" /></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Brooklyn Brownstone</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Named for Brooklyn&#8217;s iconic brownstone apartment buildings, this dish is perfect for hipsters and chocolate-lovers alike.</p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">1 brownie</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">2 scoops of chocolate ice cream</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">chocolate syrup to taste</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">whipped cream to taste</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">1 cherry on top</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="134887" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/11/four-nyc-inspired-sundaes-national-sundae-day/chrysler-crunch-gif-set-3/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Chrysler-Crunch-GIF-set-3.gif" data-orig-size="540,303" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Chrysler Crunch GIF set 3" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Chrysler-Crunch-GIF-set-3.gif" class="size-full wp-image-134887 alignleft" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Chrysler-Crunch-GIF-set-3.gif" alt="" width="540" height="303" /></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Chrysler Crunch</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Like New York&#8217;s famous skyscraper, this sundae and its toppings stand tall.</p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;">2 scoops of chocolate chip ice cream</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">1/4 cup of chocolate chips</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">3 pretzels</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">1 waffle cone, crushed</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: left;"><em>Featured image credit: &#8220;ice-cream-cone-chocolate-mocha&#8221; by StockSnap. CC0 via <a href="https://pixabay.com/en/ice-cream-cone-chocolate-mocha-2576622/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pixabay.</a></em></p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">134881</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Hop heads and locaholics: excerpt from Beeronomics</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/10/beeronomics-american-craft-beer-brewery/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OUPblog]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Oct 2017 08:30:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[*Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[America]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Books]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Business & Economics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Food & Drink]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[american craft beer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Anchor Brewery]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[beer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[beeronomics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[craft beer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Devin Briski]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[How Beer Explains the World]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IPA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[johan swinnen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[microbreweries]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[National American Beer Day]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.oup.com/?p=134408</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/10/beeronomics-american-craft-beer-brewery/" title="Hop heads and locaholics: excerpt from &lt;em&gt;Beeronomics&lt;/em&gt;" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="134409" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/134409/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;NIKON D3200&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1459162871&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;85&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;400&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.0008&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/10/beeronomics-american-craft-beer-brewery/">Hop heads and locaholics: excerpt from &lt;em&gt;Beeronomics&lt;/em&gt;</a></p>
<p>Beer drinkers across the United States observe the National American Beer Day annually on 27 October. Over the last decade two IPAs, craft beer and microbreweries have taken over the American beer market and continue their steady growth. This extract from Johan Swinnen and Devin Briski’s Beeronomics discusses some of the strategies of the American craft beer movement.</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/10/beeronomics-american-craft-beer-brewery/" title="Hop heads and locaholics: excerpt from &lt;em&gt;Beeronomics&lt;/em&gt;" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="134409" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/134409/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;NIKON D3200&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1459162871&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;85&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;400&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.0008&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/DHYr6sZ6hds-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/10/beeronomics-american-craft-beer-brewery/">Hop heads and locaholics: excerpt from &lt;em&gt;Beeronomics&lt;/em&gt;</a></p>
<blockquote><p>Beer drinkers across the United States observe the National American Beer Day annually on 27 October. Over the last few decades IPAs, craft beer, and microbreweries have taken over the American beer market and continue their steady growth.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>The following extract from Johan Swinnen and Devin Briski’s <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/beeronomics-9780198808305" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Beeronomics: How Beer Explains the World</em></a> discusses some of the strategies of the American craft beer movement.</p></blockquote>
<p>Northern California has long hosted many a tour of intoxicants: first, through the fertile Sonoma and Napa county vineyards famous for deep red Zinfandels, and then further along to California’s “Emerald Triangle” of Humboldt, Mendocino, and Trinity counties. Microbreweries and brewpubs are relative newcomers on this terrain, though they’ve quickly established their niche among the mannered locavores’ less coherent cousins—the locaholics.</p>
<p>As the story goes, India pale ale (IPA) was born of the imperial age, at the dawn of globalization, when English beer producers figured out that beer would last longer on boat rides if they increased the amount of hops and the alcohol content in their pale ales. How ironic, then, that what started as a preservation strategy has become a regional hallmark for many breweries in northern Californian. It is in this region that “hop heads”—Sierra Nevada brewery’s affectionate term for drinkers chasing ever-higher IBU (international bitterness unit) levels—get their back-of-the-tongue fix. Picturesque coastal highways weave through vineyards while towns offer visitors the opportunity for a lineup of West Coast IPAs so strong they’ve become a style of their own. With recent growth and acquisition by Heineken, Lagunitas’ IPA has gained national attention. Local visitors can enjoy increased access to smaller release batches of its IPA Maximus and Hop Stoopid brews. This is a brewery that considers their 47 IBU Dogtown brew to be the standalone pale ale. For comparison, Budweiser has an IBU of 7.</p>
<p><div class="pull"></p>
<p><figure id="attachment_134416" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-134416" style="width: 744px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="134416" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/10/beeronomics-american-craft-beer-brewery/800px-anchor_brewing_bar/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/800px-Anchor_Brewing_bar.jpg" data-orig-size="800,600" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="800px-Anchor_Brewing_bar" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/800px-Anchor_Brewing_bar-744x558.jpg" class="wp-image-134416 size-large" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/800px-Anchor_Brewing_bar-744x558.jpg" alt="" width="744" height="558" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/800px-Anchor_Brewing_bar-744x558.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/800px-Anchor_Brewing_bar-120x90.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/800px-Anchor_Brewing_bar-180x135.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/800px-Anchor_Brewing_bar-768x576.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/800px-Anchor_Brewing_bar-128x96.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/800px-Anchor_Brewing_bar-184x138.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/800px-Anchor_Brewing_bar-31x23.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/800px-Anchor_Brewing_bar.jpg 800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-134416" class="wp-caption-text">Anchor Brewing bar by Binksternet. CC BY-SA 3.0 via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anchor_Brewing_bar.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p></div></p>
<p>But kingpin of the region is undoubtedly Sierra Nevada, singlehandedly making its hometown of Chico a tourist destination and leading the way nationally with its double IPA Torpedo—the top-selling IPA in the United States, and the product of founder Ken Grossman’s wonkiness, utilizing a torpedo machine to double the bitter flavor. The national bestseller is sold locally alongside an experimental floral IPA with rose extract added to the aromatic hops, only slightly less bitter than the brewery’s notorious Hoptimum. These styles offer a visceral departure from the light lagers that American macrobreweries have been peddling in conjunction with the NFL for so long. These days, flagship brews are almost overwhelmingly top-fermented ales, and are frequently IPAs—diverse brews with dark, complex flavors and high alcohol content. And they’re more expensive—a six-pack of Lagunitas costs about the same as a twelvepack of Bud Light. And they’ve been a runaway success. The American domestic market share for craft beer has been increasing steadily since the mid-1980s. But it took the Great Recession in 2008 to offer a first indication that California crafts were here to stay. Sales of the craft sector climbed from $5.7 million in 2007 to $12 million in 2012. This growth happened during a period when the beer market continued to shrink and sales for imported beers like Heineken and Stella Artois took a nosedive. During this span of time, sales of Sierra Nevada increased 23% and Lagunitas more than tripled their output.</p>
<p>Now, the million dollar question surrounding the future of American beer is how, exactly, microbreweries will manage to turn their significant size constraints into their biggest competitive advantage.</p>
<p>Nestled at the bottom of Potrero Hill, positioned with a full view of the famous harbor for which the city is named, stands Anchor Brewery. This is one of six locations the brewery has occupied in recorded history, all as a San Francisco institution embodying the weight of its name.</p>
<p>Founded in 1896, Anchor is the only brewery to continue brewing San Francisco’s regional “steam beer.” Though the exact origins of steam beer are somewhat a mystery, the style may refer to the nineteenth century practice of lagering vats on roofs so the city’s famous nighttime fog would cool them, creating a steam-like effect. The amber beer is brewed using lager yeast while fermenting in warmer ale-like temperatures. Anchor Brewery revived the steam beer for local consumption after prohibition. The brewery was shut down in 1959, sold and reopened in 1960, then sold again in 1965 because of struggles with finances. The third time was the charm: none other than Fritz Maytag, heir to the household appliance fortune, bought a 51% controlling share in the brewery within a few hours of visiting. Maytag is something of a spiritual godfather to the craft beer movement, and Anchor is considered the “first craft brewery.”</p>
<p>His vision was radical amid a culture resistant to change. The vanguard for small breweries at that time was the Brewers Association of America (BAA), founded during World War II by Bill O’Shea. In 1940, there were 684 breweries producing 54.9 million barrels of beer a year. When Maytag bought Anchor, the number of breweries had fallen to 197 producing double that amount of beer. By 1980, there were only 101 breweries but production had nearly doubled again, to 188.1 million barrels—the top five breweries produced more than three-quarters of that. Americans were drinking more beer than ever, but this beer was coming from a falling number of increasingly large-capacity macrobreweries.</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: beer garden glass mug by Alexas_Fotos. Public domain via </em><a href="https://pixabay.com/en/beer-beer-garden-thirst-glass-mug-2288121/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>Pixabay.</em></a></p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">134408</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>National Beer Lover&#8217;s Day playlist</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/09/national-beer-lovers-day-playlist/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OUPblog]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 Sep 2017 09:30:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[*Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Audio & Podcasts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Books]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Food & Drink]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Multimedia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[beer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Beer Lover’s Day]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[beer songs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[beeronomics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Devin Briski]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[How Beer Explains the World]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[johan swinnen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[National Beer Lover’s Day]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[playlist]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/09/national-beer-lovers-day-playlist/" title="National Beer Lover&#8217;s Day playlist" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="133368" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/09/national-beer-lovers-day-playlist/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="snow-restaurant-mountains-sky (1) 1260" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/09/national-beer-lovers-day-playlist/">National Beer Lover&#8217;s Day playlist</a></p>
<p>7 September is National Beer Lover’s Day, a day to celebrate a shared passion for a drink that has been brewed for over 5000 years. Why not enjoy your favourite lager or ale with some beer-related music to get you into the spirit of things. Our beer-infused song selection takes you from the cheery delights of The Housemartins’ to Julian Cope’s "As the Beer Flows Over Me". We have plenty of anthems, and plain old drinking songs to provide the soundtrack to your Beer Lover’s Day celebrations.</p>
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]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/09/national-beer-lovers-day-playlist/" title="National Beer Lover&#8217;s Day playlist" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="133368" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/09/national-beer-lovers-day-playlist/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="snow-restaurant-mountains-sky (1) 1260" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/snow-restaurant-mountains-sky-1-1260-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/09/national-beer-lovers-day-playlist/">National Beer Lover&#8217;s Day playlist</a></p>
<p>7 September is National Beer Lover’s Day, a day to celebrate a shared passion for a drink that has been brewed for over 5000 years. Why not enjoy your favourite lager or ale with some beer-related music to get you into the spirit of things.</p>
<p>Our beer-infused song selection takes you from the cheery delights of The Housemartins’ &#8220;Happy Hour&#8221; to Julian Cope’s salute to the dead &#8220;As the Beer Flows Over Me&#8221;, from Psychostick’s eloquent praise of the amber liquid to the Oktoberfest staple &#8220;Ein Prosit.&#8221; Chris Young advises us how to behave in case of drought in &#8220;Save Water, Drink Beer&#8221;, as well as plenty of other ballads, anthems, and plain old drinking songs to provide the soundtrack to your Beer Lover’s Day celebrations.</p>
<p><iframe loading="lazy" src="https://open.spotify.com/embed/user/oupacademic/playlist/5PIqmMFXXPNn3PPp5E3eFs" width="300" height="380" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: snow restaurant mountains sky by Tookapic. Public domain via </em><a href="https://www.pexels.com/photo/restaurant-mountains-alcohol-beer-8800/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><em>pexels</em></a><em>.</em></p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">133354</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Does “buying local” help communities or conflict with basic economics?</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/07/buying-local-communities-economics/</link>
					<comments>https://blog.oup.com/2017/07/buying-local-communities-economics/#comments</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OUPblog Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Jul 2017 09:30:30 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[*Featured]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/07/buying-local-communities-economics/" title="Does “buying local” help communities or conflict with basic economics?" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="132469" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/07/buying-local-communities-economics/markus-spiske-139525-1260/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="markus-spiske-139525 1260" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/07/buying-local-communities-economics/">Does “buying local” help communities or conflict with basic economics?</a></p>
<p>As summer approaches, picturesque roadside stands, farmer’s markets, and fields growing Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) dot the horizon from the Golden Gate to the Garden State. Consumers go to their local Farmer’s Market to keep spending local and to hopefully create jobs in the community. They “buy local” to reduce environmental impacts. Some believe interacting with neighbors builds trust within the community.</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/07/buying-local-communities-economics/" title="Does “buying local” help communities or conflict with basic economics?" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="132469" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/07/buying-local-communities-economics/markus-spiske-139525-1260/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="markus-spiske-139525 1260" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/markus-spiske-139525-1260-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/07/buying-local-communities-economics/">Does “buying local” help communities or conflict with basic economics?</a></p>
<p>As summer approaches, picturesque roadside stands, farmer’s markets, and fields growing Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) dot the horizon from the Golden Gate to the Garden State. Consumers go to their local Farmer’s Market to keep spending local and to hopefully create jobs in the community. They “buy local” to reduce environmental impacts. Perhaps they believe that locally-produced goods simply taste better and have health benefits non-locally produced food lacks. Some believe interacting with neighbors builds trust within the community, while others believe local offers greater food security.</p>
<p>But “buying local” conflicts with basic economic principles. Two hundred years ago David Ricardo presented the theory of comparative advantage. He demonstrated that relative costs, not absolute costs, determine the efficient allocation of resources. The theory of comparative advantage explains why, for example, even though Lebron James may be the best typist in the Cavaliers organization, it makes economic sense that he does not write all his own messages. His time is better spent honing his basketball skills. Since relative costs vary, there are mutually beneficial gains from trade. The “buy local” movement resists Ricardo’s argument and attempts to explain why “local” makes more sense.</p>
<p>But does the welfare of local citizens improve when they “buy local”? Let’s consider the cost and benefits to better understand when buying local makes economic sense and when it does not.</p>
<p>First, the preferences of the consumer matter for welfare analysis. Suppose every Saturday morning ‘Chris’ goes to the local farmers’ market in order to purchase locally grown vegetables. Even if it costs more than non-locally produced vegetables and is less efficient, Chris is willing to pay that higher cost.</p>
<p>Second, proponents claim that “buy local” yields environmental benefits. Buying local allegedly limits the costs of pollution and cuts down on transportation costs. It is generally better for the environment for one large semi-truck full of a product to travel across several states than one small pick-up truck going back and forth repeatedly in the same community. The cost per food mile is lower in the former case.</p>
<p>Third, buying local may increase social capital that increases long-term economic growth. Repeated interactions between buyers and sellers at the farmer’s market builds trust within a community. Higher levels of trust tend to promote better governance and economic development.</p>
<p><div class="pull"></p>
<p><figure id="attachment_132470" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-132470" style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="132470" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/07/buying-local-communities-economics/lettuce-1841273_640/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/lettuce-1841273_640.jpg" data-orig-size="640,426" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;8&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;NIKON D5200&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;45&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;110&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.004&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="lettuce-1841273_640" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/lettuce-1841273_640.jpg" class="wp-image-132470 size-full" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/lettuce-1841273_640.jpg" alt="" width="640" height="426" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/lettuce-1841273_640.jpg 640w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/lettuce-1841273_640-120x80.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/lettuce-1841273_640-180x120.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/lettuce-1841273_640-128x85.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/lettuce-1841273_640-184x122.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/lettuce-1841273_640-31x21.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/lettuce-1841273_640-188x126.jpg 188w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-132470" class="wp-caption-text">Lettuce row agriculture by Pexels. Public domain via <a href="https://pixabay.com/en/lettuce-row-agriculture-plant-farm-1841273/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pixabay</a>.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p></div></p>
<p>Fourth, some backers claim that buying local provides food security for the local community. In case of a crisis, the availability of locally produced food may mitigate any potential harms. However, it encourages farmers to produce inefficient amounts that may be used when a crisis occurs. A more economically sound approach recognizes the costs of inefficiencies exceed the benefits.</p>
<p>The formal model generally concludes that the traditional case for comparative advantage remains largely unaffected by these concerns. In fact, in many instances, the buy local movement harms the local economy. One of the basic tenets of economics is that two regions can be made better-off through trade. Buying local generates inefficiencies that reduce social welfare. The policies intended to support the “buy local” movement results in a region producing a good where they do not have a comparative advantage. The costs of policies increase because the locally produced good forgoes the benefits of specialization and the division of labor.</p>
<p>Consider the case of negative externalities generated by foods brought in from distant locales. Proponents claim that pollution generated from transporting non-local goods to local markets justifies their claim. However, if the externalities require some kind of public response, a Pigovian tax makes more economic sense than encouraging “buy local.” The tax addresses the source of the externality. Buying local leaves the externality in place and does not address the inefficiency associated with deviating from comparative advantage.</p>
<p>“Buy local” may raise welfare in the event that the local community wishes to raise the profits of local producers. Consumers pay a higher price for local food. They do so not to promote efficiency but rather to encourage local production and consumption. In this case, the buy local movement has a compelling case.</p>
<p>While “buy local” may raise the profits of local producers however, it decreases welfare of other regions. Similarly, if all regions “buy local,” then all regions are hurt because of the absence of trade. The benefits of specialization disappear. In other words, a region should produce what it is relatively good at producing and then trade with others. It simply does not make sense to buy oranges produced in Michigan or coffee grown in Nebraska. If all residents of Michigan bought their oranges only from neighbors, they will hurt Florida producers and Michigan consumers. If other regions have the advantage to grow and produce foods, let them grow where it makes the most economic sense.</p>
<p>Recognizing the role of each is critical when analyzing the welfare effects of “buy local.” A theoretical model offers a useful, although not definitive, framework to consider the welfare effects of “buy local.”</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: vegatable, basket and food by Markus Spiske. Public domain via <a href="https://unsplash.com/collections/759922/farmers-market?photo=ZKNsVqbRSPE" target="_blank&quot;">Unsplash</a>.</em></p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">132442</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>How well do you know the foods of Ramadan? [quiz]</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/06/the-foods-of-ramadan-quiz/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OUPblog]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 30 Jun 2017 08:30:06 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/06/the-foods-of-ramadan-quiz/" title="How well do you know the foods of Ramadan? [quiz]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="131826" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/06/the-foods-of-ramadan-quiz/traditionalramadanmeal/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Traditionalramadanmeal" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/06/the-foods-of-ramadan-quiz/">How well do you know the foods of Ramadan? [quiz]</a></p>
<p>Ramadan is the ninth month of the lunar Muslim calendar and a period of 29 or 30 days each year in which practicing Muslims fast during daylight hours. The morning meal, suhur, must be finished before dawn, and iftar, the evening meal that breaks the fast (sawm), cannot occur until after dusk. While the commitment to prayer and hours of fasting build community, so do the extensive preparations for the breaking of the fast with friends and family at iftar each night.</p>
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]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/06/the-foods-of-ramadan-quiz/" title="How well do you know the foods of Ramadan? [quiz]" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="131826" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/06/the-foods-of-ramadan-quiz/traditionalramadanmeal/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Traditionalramadanmeal" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Traditionalramadanmeal-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/06/the-foods-of-ramadan-quiz/">How well do you know the foods of Ramadan? [quiz]</a></p>
<p>Ramadan is the ninth month of the lunar Muslim calendar and a period of 29 or 30 days each year in which practicing Muslims fast during daylight hours. The morning meal, <em>suhur</em>, must be finished before dawn, and <em>iftar</em>, the evening meal that breaks the fast (<em>sawm</em>), cannot occur until after dusk. While the commitment to prayer and hours of fasting build community, so do the extensive preparations for the breaking of the fast with friends and family at <em>iftar</em> each night.</p>
<p>The Ramadan <em>iftar</em> has an extensive history and important place in the Muslim world due to its communal and festive nature. How well do you know the foods, desserts, and celebrations of Ramadan?</p>
<p>[qzzr quiz=&#8221;427149&#8243; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; height=&#8221;auto&#8221; redirect=&#8221;true&#8221; offset=&#8221;0&#8243;]</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: Traditional Ramadan meal, Subcommandante, CC BY-SA 3.0 via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional-ramadan-meal2.JPG" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</em></p>
<p><em>Quiz image credit: Dates and apricots. By Abdulla Al Muhairl. CC BY 2.0 via <a href="https://flic.kr/p/cBvfYw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">F</a><a href="https://flic.kr/p/cBvfYw" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">lickr</a>.</em></p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">131817</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Why are world food problems so hard to solve?</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/05/world-food-problems/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OUPblog]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 23 May 2017 11:30:55 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/05/world-food-problems/" title="Why are world food problems so hard to solve?" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="130914" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/05/world-food-problems/united_nations_economic_and_social_council_chamber_new_york_city_/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;3.5&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS DIGITAL REBEL XT&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1417182306&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;17&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;400&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.02&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/05/world-food-problems/">Why are world food problems so hard to solve?</a></p>
<p>More than 20 million people in Yemen, South Sudan, Somalia, and northeast Nigeria are now facing extreme hunger, with the potential for not just widespread death, but also the deepening of long-term political and military crises in East Africa. United Nations humanitarian coordinator Stephen O'Brien has called this food crisis the world's greatest humanitarian crisis since 1945. </p>
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]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/05/world-food-problems/" title="Why are world food problems so hard to solve?" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="130914" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/05/world-food-problems/united_nations_economic_and_social_council_chamber_new_york_city_/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;3.5&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS DIGITAL REBEL XT&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1417182306&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;17&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;400&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.02&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/05/world-food-problems/">Why are world food problems so hard to solve?</a></p>
<p>More than 20 million people in Yemen, South Sudan, Somalia, and northeast Nigeria are now facing extreme hunger, with the potential for not just widespread death, but also the deepening of long-term political and military crises in East Africa. United Nations humanitarian coordinator Stephen O&#8217;Brien has called this food crisis the <a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/11/519832515/world-faces-largest-humanitarian-crisis-since-1945-u-n-official-says" target="_blank">world&#8217;s greatest humanitarian crisis since 1945</a>. Observers are asking, given all the progress that has been made since the end of World War II in international assistance and development, how can the world be faced again with a large-scale food crisis?</p>
<p>The answer is complex, as food crises arise from a number of causes, including poverty, war, politics, and disease. Yet one of the key reasons the world community has a hard time responding to famine lies in the structure of global food relations. Policymakers and people often talk about a global food system, but we are living in a time where food relations, rather than being a system<em>—</em>an integrated and governed whole<em>—</em>are instead a &#8220;<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/future-of-food-and-farming" target="_blank">partially self-organized collection of interacting parts,</a>&#8221; to use the words of the UK&#8217;s Foresight Group.</p>
<p>Another way to describe the structure that stretches from farms to forks around the world would be to call it a network. This food network encompasses activities involved in producing, gathering, harvesting, processing, transporting, preparing, and consuming food. Why is this distinction between a system and a network important? It matters because the food network is, in comparison to a food system, less responsive to straightforward policy or market-based solutions.</p>
<p>There were efforts following World War II to create a unified international food system. John Boyd Orr, a Scottish nutritionist who became the first Director General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, proposed the creation of a World Food Board to manage the global food supply, harmonizing global production and consumption of food. He was responding to a sense that food insecurity contributed to causing World War II and was a central experience for soldiers and civilians during and after the war. Boyd Orr&#8217;s plan failed because nations were unwilling to cede authority over food production to an international body. As a result, while international organizations like FAO play important coordinating functions in world food, production and distribution activities remain under the control of national governments and increasingly private actors like multinational corporations.</p>
<p><div class="pull"></p>
<p><figure id="attachment_130915" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-130915" style="width: 446px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="130915" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/05/world-food-problems/president-kennedy-with-george-mcgovern-director-food-for-peace-1961/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern.jpg" data-orig-size="800,634" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Nat. Archives 306-PSC-61-10707&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;President Kennedy with George McGovern, Director, Food for Peace, 1961.&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;President Kennedy with George McGovern, Director, Food for Peace, 1961.&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="President Kennedy with George McGovern, Director, Food for Peace, 1961." data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;President Kennedy with George McGovern, Director, Food for Peace, 1961.&lt;/p&gt;
" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern-744x590.jpg" class="wp-image-130915" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern-744x590.jpg" alt="President Kennedy with George McGovern, Director, Food for Peace, 1961." width="446" height="354" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern-744x590.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern-120x95.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern-180x143.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern-768x609.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern-128x101.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern-184x146.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern-31x25.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern.jpg 800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 446px) 100vw, 446px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-130915" class="wp-caption-text">President Kennedy with George McGovern, Director, Food for Peace, 1961. Public Domain via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p></div></p>
<p>The resulting food network has critical implications for international responses to food crises, because those responses are dependent on national choices. For countries such as the United States, food aid emerged in the post-war years as a critical component of diplomatic efforts to promote peace and stability. President Eisenhower formalized the use of what has been called &#8220;food power&#8221; when he signed the 1954 Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act (most often called PL-480 or Public Law 480), which created America&#8217;s first permanent program to provide food as foreign assistance. While PL-480 was initially intended to reduce the cost of storing surplus food, in the 1960s <a href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/pl-480" target="_blank">Presidents Kennedy and Johnson emphasized the humanitarian aspects of providing food aid both at home and overseas</a>. Since the 1960s, the name and structure of government food assistance programs has changed, but the idea of food aid has been supported by both Republican and Democratic presidential administrations.</p>
<p>As a result, international food assistance depends on the actions and politics of individual nations. This means that when a food crisis like the current one in North Africa and the Middle East develops, <a href="https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=content.view&amp;cpid=1274#" target="_blank">the United Nations and other non-governmental organizations must raise funds</a> from individuals and member nations rather than just focusing on assisting people who urgently and desperately need aid.</p>
<p>Boyd Orr&#8217;s idea of a world food system would have tried to bring food supply and demand into balance to avoid food crisis. In contrast, the current world food network is locked in a reactive posture, waiting for food crises to arise and then struggling to raise funds and gather supplies while people suffer and die from hunger. Beyond causing death and illness, food insecurity can undercut progress on development goals like education and improving the status of women, which can have effects that linger long after a food crisis has ended.</p>
<p>There is an unfortunate tendency for food to gain attention during crisis and then fade into the background until a new crisis arises. Food is too critical a component in global peace and prosperity to be left to brief spans of attention. Commitments can be made to develop a food network that is more sustainable, adaptable, and resilient, one that is able to anticipate and respond to food problems. The cultivation of such a network however, will take years and likely even decades, requiring sustained allocations of resources.</p>
<p>There is good reason to expect that world food problems will become more rather than less challenging in the future. While historians like myself are hesitant to use the past to predict the future and forecasting the future is always a tricky business, a range of recent assessments have concluded that future impacts on agriculture and food production from sources such as <a href="https://riskybusiness.org/" target="_blank">change and variability in global climate </a>and environmental systems are highly probable. Combined with ongoing population growth, demographic changes, and linkages between global food, energy, and water networks, simply hoping that food production will keep up with demand seems a dangerous bet to make.</p>
<p>Given the range of global challenges we face, people and policymakers would be wise to reconsider the lessons about food and war learned by postwar policymakers like President Eisenhower and Sir John Boyd Orr and recognize that there are practical as well as moral reasons to address world food problems.</p>
<p><i>Featured image credit: United Nations Economic and Social Council chamber in New York City by MusikAnimal. CC BY-SA 4.0 via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council_chamber_New_York_City_2.JPG" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</i></p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">130830</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>What to do in New Orleans during the 2017 OAH annual meeting</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/04/new-orleans-oah-annual-meeting/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OUPblog]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Apr 2017 08:30:17 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/04/new-orleans-oah-annual-meeting/" title="What to do in New Orleans during the 2017 OAH annual meeting" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="129972" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/129972/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;20&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;NEX-6&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1417777977&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;32&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;200&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.025&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/04/new-orleans-oah-annual-meeting/">What to do in New Orleans during the 2017 OAH annual meeting</a></p>
<p>The Organization of American Historians is just around the corner, and we know you're excited to attend your panels, debate American history with your fellow historians, and dive into some amazing new books. We also know you’d love to explore the beautiful city of New Orleans when the conference is done for the day. We're here with a few suggestions on how to spend your leisure time!</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/04/new-orleans-oah-annual-meeting/" title="What to do in New Orleans during the 2017 OAH annual meeting" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="129972" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/129972/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;20&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;NEX-6&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1417777977&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;32&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;200&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.025&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RoTL4pRi4-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/04/new-orleans-oah-annual-meeting/">What to do in New Orleans during the 2017 OAH annual meeting</a></p>
<p>The Organization of American Historians is just around the corner, and we know you&#8217;re excited to attend your panels, debate American history with your fellow historians, and dive into some amazing new books.</p>
<p>We also know you would love to explore the beautiful city of New Orleans when the conference is done for the day, or in between panels and conference activities. We&#8217;re here with a few suggestions on how to spend your leisure time. From delicious food, to beautiful architecture, this location is sure to offer something for everyone.</p>
<p>1. Rain or shine, you can always find some good food in New Orleans. Just a 5-minute walk from the Marriott, <a href="http://criollonola.com/" target="_blank">Criollo </a>is lauded for its Creole food. Have a bowl of crawfish bisque or a baked stuffed Creole redfish. Or, if you&#8217;re in the mood for something sweet instead, order a basket of beignets with some extra napkins.</p>
<p>2. The conference venue is in the heart of the French Quarter, a perfect place to stroll when you are done for the evening or taking a break between panels. Some must-see sights include the <a href="https://faulknerhousebooks.com/" target="_blank">Faulkner House</a>, <a href="http://www.nola.gov/parks-and-parkways/parks-squares/jackson-square/" target="_blank">Jackson Square</a>, <a href="http://www.neworleansonline.com/tools/streets/bourbonstreet.html" target="_blank">Bourbon Street</a>, and the <a href="http://louisianastatemuseum.org/museums/the-cabildo/" target="_blank">Cabildo</a>. But even if you don&#8217;t have time to see these locations, it&#8217;s worth a walk around the neighborhood just to check out the architecture.</p>
<p><div class="pull"></p>
<p><figure style="width: 367px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/C3RrcbpS_24.jpg" width="367" height="276" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">&#8220;New Orleans: Front of the Cabildo on Jackson Square&#8221; by Infrogmation of New Orleans. CC BY-SA 3.0 via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cabildo9Jul07SousaphoneFront.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons.</a></figcaption></figure></p>
<p></div></p>
<p>3. If you&#8217;re staying in New Orleans for longer than OAH, you need to take time to do a cemetery tour. Above ground to protect them from rising water levels, these ghostly cemeteries are replete with beautiful stonework and design. St Louis Cemeteries are among the most popular, home to the departed Marie Laveau, Dominique You, and many others. You can stroll through on your own or book a guided tour.</p>
<p>4. It may be on the opposite side of the city, but the <a href="http://audubonnatureinstitute.org/" target="_blank">Audubon Nature Institute</a> is worth the 25-minute drive. Set in the heart of the large Audubon Park, this institute houses an aquarium, a zoo, an insectarium, a golf course, and an IMAX theater. It&#8217;s fun for the whole family.</p>
<p>5. Perched on the edge of the Mississippi River, <a href="http://audubonnatureinstitute.org/woldenberg-park" target="_blank">Woldenberg Park</a> is just a 10-minute walk from the conference site. The 16 acres feature sculptures, artwork, and a 90-foot linear water feature set in front of Audubon Aquarium of the Americas. Children can run through the water to cool off, or enjoy the light shows.</p>
<p>6. If you&#8217;re looking to shop, or just enjoy a scenic view along the river, check out the <a href="https://www.riverwalkneworleans.com/" target="_blank">Riverwalk Marketplace</a>, home to over 75 shops and restaurants. Pick up your trip souvenirs and enjoy the sparkling nighttime view.</p>
<p><i>Featured image credit: &#8220;Bourbon Street &#8211; New Orleans in the Early Morning&#8221; by Eric Gross. CC BY 2.0 via <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/hozho/15975312841/" target="_blank">Flickr</a>.</i></p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">129971</post-id>	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Why many wrongs make a right in the health sciences</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/02/wrong-right-health-sciences/</link>
					<comments>https://blog.oup.com/2017/02/wrong-right-health-sciences/#comments</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[OUPblog Editor]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Feb 2017 11:30:33 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[*Featured]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Books]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Food & Drink]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Health & Medicine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science & Medicine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[20th century medical science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Analysing health data]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[avoidance of cancers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[causes of diseases]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cholera epidemics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Concepts of Epidemiology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dr John Snow]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[effects of smoking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Epidemiologists]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[epidemiology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Epidemiology studies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[founder of epidemiology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[germ theory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[germ theory of disease]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[health controversies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[health hazards]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incidence rate of CHD]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Integrating the ideas theories principles and methods of epidemiology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[lung cancer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[microbes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[new health controversies]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[perfect experiment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[perfect trial]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Raj S. Bhopal]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tool-kit of study designs]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/02/wrong-right-health-sciences/" title="Why many wrongs make a right in the health sciences" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="Cheese Toastie" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="128094" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/02/wrong-right-health-sciences/blog-epidemiology-blog/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Cheese Toastie" data-image-description="&lt;p&gt;Cheese Toastie&lt;/p&gt;
" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Cheese Toastie&lt;/p&gt;
" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/02/wrong-right-health-sciences/">Why many wrongs make a right in the health sciences</a></p>
<p>Stories that link diseases to their possible causes are popular, and often generate humour, bemusement, and skepticism. Readers assume that today’s health hazards will be tomorrow's health saviours. Rod Liddle’s headline in the Sunday Times is an example: “Toasties get you laid, fat prevents dementia and I’m a sex god.” Liddle starts with some fun statistics showing that those who ate cheese toasties had more enjoyable sex than those who did not. </p>
<p><a href="https://blog.oup.com">OUPblog - Academic insights for the thinking world.</a></p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/02/wrong-right-health-sciences/" title="Why many wrongs make a right in the health sciences" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="Cheese Toastie" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="128094" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/02/wrong-right-health-sciences/blog-epidemiology-blog/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Cheese Toastie" data-image-description="&lt;p&gt;Cheese Toastie&lt;/p&gt;
" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Cheese Toastie&lt;/p&gt;
" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/BLOG-Epidemiology-blog-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/02/wrong-right-health-sciences/">Why many wrongs make a right in the health sciences</a></p>
<p>Stories that link diseases to their possible causes are popular, and often generate humour, bemusement, and skepticism. Readers assume that today’s health hazards will be tomorrow&#8217;s health saviours. Rod Liddle’s headline in the <a href="http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/comment/columns/rodliddle/article1542449.ece" target="_blank">Sunday Times</a> is an example: “<em>Toasties get you laid, fat prevents dementia and I’m a sex god</em>.” Liddle starts with some fun statistics showing that those who ate cheese toasties had more enjoyable sex than those who did not. He then moves to a serious study showing that being overweight was associated with a lower risk of dementia. His contention, that it is hard to take such research seriously when contradictory results are so common, rings true. One of the latest controversies is that saturated fats, and particularly dairy fats, may have been undeservedly targeted in nutrition guidelines.</p>
<p>Other controversies in recent years include the role of hormone replacement therapy in women for the avoidance of cancers and heart disease, testosterone use in men, statins’ side effects, whether alcohol is good or bad for the heart, and the use of vitamin supplements, most recently around vitamin D. Alongside these, however, we should recall many similar settled issues that went through equally turbulent times, such as the effects of smoking including passive exposure, the laying of infants on their backs to prevent cot death, and the use of seat belts to reduce death and injury from road traffic accidents.</p>
<p>So why do medical sciences get it wrong so often? And what is the distinguishing feature of ideas that turn out to be right? Fundamentally, we get it wrong for three reasons. First, the causes of diseases are complex and so are the effects of factors that cause disease. Second, the scientific process is based on getting it wrong most of the time. Third, often our concepts and methods are incomplete and too blunt for the challenge.</p>
<p><div class="pull"></p>
<p><figure id="attachment_125007" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-125007" style="width: 512px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="125007" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2016/11/disease-prevention-health-professionals/john_snow/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/John_Snow.jpg" data-orig-size="512,830" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="John Snow" data-image-description="&lt;p&gt;By The original uploader was Rsabbatini at English Wikipedia &#091;CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)&#093;, via Wikimedia Commons&lt;/p&gt;
" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;By the original uploader Rsabbatini at English Wikipedia. CC BY 4.0  via Wikimedia Commons&lt;/p&gt;
" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/John_Snow-459x744.jpg" class="wp-image-125007 size-full" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/John_Snow.jpg" alt="By the original uploader Rsabbatini at English Wikipedia. CC BY 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons" width="512" height="830" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/John_Snow.jpg 512w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/John_Snow-100x162.jpg 100w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/John_Snow-136x220.jpg 136w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/John_Snow-459x744.jpg 459w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/John_Snow-164x266.jpg 164w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/John_Snow-28x45.jpg 28w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-125007" class="wp-caption-text">Dr. John Snow (1813-1858), British physician by the original uploader Rsabbatini at English Wikipedia. CC BY 4.0 via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Snow.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p></div></p>
<p>The causes of diseases are usually mysterious, and mysteries generate many explanations. The cause of cholera epidemics was a mystery in the mid-19<sup>th</sup> century and the founder of epidemiology, Dr John Snow, died long before his evidence that the causal route involved drinking contaminated water was accepted. It seems incredible that Snow’s evidence was rejected in favour of the discredited miasma theory. There was, however, a key concept missing at the time: the germ theory of disease. Without a proper understanding of microbes, people found it hard to understand how apparently clean water could cause diseases.</p>
<p>A triumph of 20<sup>th</sup> century medical science was proving the epidemic of lung cancer was primarily attributable to smoking tobacco. Now that we all agree, the controversies are forgotten. When large-scale investigations started in the 1940s and 1950s the cast of causal suspects was large and traffic-related pollution, including tar on roads, were amongst the leading explanations. There were decades of intense controversy before the evidence, mostly epidemiological, was accepted. The concepts underpinning the causal interpretation of data showing statistical associations between the risk factor (smoking) and outcome (lung cancer) were rudimentary and had to be articulated and agreed before we could resolve the controversies.</p>
<p>Science requires imagination and speculation in articulating a hypothesis, which is a succinct potential explanation of a phenomenon. The most recent hypothesis that my colleagues and I have published postulates that cooking at high heat (&gt;150⁰ C) might be the reason why South Asians are highly susceptible to coronary heart disease including heart attacks, especially as compared to Chinese people. I will have no regrets if the hypothesis is wrong, especially as I am keen on Indian cuisine! Being wrong is part of the scientific process.</p>
<p>Often, our concepts and methods are insufficient for tackling unsolved problems. If not, we would solve the problems. Epidemiology usually kick-starts understanding. Epidemiology studies the differing patterns of diseases in subgroups of populations and explores the reasons for them. The evidence for differences is measured using incidence rates often expressed as the ratio of the incidence in one population compared to another (called relative risk or rate). For example, the incidence rate of CHD might be 300 per 100,000 in men per year and 150/100,000 in women per year meaning that men have twice the risk in women (relative risk = 2). This needs explanation and the starting point would be a hypothesis. Making such measurements in populations is hard and numerous errors arise because of faulty underlying data e.g. underestimated number of cases, wrong population size etc. Even if the data were accurate the explanation could be far from obvious.</p>
<p><div class="pull"><blockquote class="pullquote"> Epidemiology usually kick-starts understanding. </blockquote></div></p>
<p>Epidemiologists have evolved a tool-kit of study designs and data analysis methods. Of these, only one method is agreed to provide truly causal evidence – the perfect experiment, or as this is called in human research, the perfect trial. However, the ethical opportunity to test causal hypotheses in humans is rare. We could do this on animals but we’ll not be sure we can extrapolate the results to humans. Epidemiology, therefore, works mostly on non-experimental methods. This is a great strength of the discipline but it has its limitations. The biggest problem arising is called confounding. This arises when the populations being compared differ in ways relevant to the causation of the disease and not only in the way we are studying. Analysing data from observational studies to achieve causal understanding is seriously demanding. The concepts and techniques for causal interpretation of observational data have been evolving quite fast in the last 50 years but they remain insufficient. Currently, human judgement is a major ingredient in the causal path. In future, perhaps computers will help more, by objectively evaluating the evidence and setting out causal probabilities.</p>
<p>Meanwhile, scientists and the public, alike, will have to accept that in judging controversies such as whether eating fat prevents dementia, we will be wrong more often than right. When we are right, the benefits are usually huge. In medical sciences, many wrongs tend to eventually make a right!</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: Cheese Toastie by </em>Asnim Asnim<em>. CC BY 2.0 via <a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/SqYmTDQYMjo" target="_blank">Unsplash</a>. </em></p>
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		<title>Do school food programs improve child dietary quality?</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/school-food-child-dietary-quality/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2017 09:30:54 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[Business & Economics]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Dietary quality]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[food policy]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/school-food-child-dietary-quality/" title="Do school food programs improve child dietary quality?" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="127884" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/school-food-child-dietary-quality/ajae-blog_school-food-programs/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="AJAE Blog_School Food Programs" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/school-food-child-dietary-quality/">Do school food programs improve child dietary quality?</a></p>
<p>Over the past 70 years, school meal standards have become increasingly focused on raising the quality of school food rather than simply supplying food. But exactly how does the quality of a school meal compare to a brown-bag meal from home? Turns out, the answer isn’t as simple as comparing the average school lunch to the average sack lunch; we must dig deeper, far below and above the average child.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/school-food-child-dietary-quality/" title="Do school food programs improve child dietary quality?" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="127884" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/school-food-child-dietary-quality/ajae-blog_school-food-programs/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="AJAE Blog_School Food Programs" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/AJAE-Blog_School-Food-Programs-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/school-food-child-dietary-quality/">Do school food programs improve child dietary quality?</a></p>
<p>Each school day, more than 30 million children in the United States receive a meal through the National School Lunch Program (NSLP); many of those students also rely on the School Breakfast Program (SBP) for their morning-time meal. These two long-standing federally subsidized meal programs were enacted on the premise of providing school children with “adequate nutrition” and “an adequate supply of food.” As the second largest food assistance program in the US, cash payments to participating schools were over $16 billion in 2014, or about 10% of the US Department of Agriculture&#8217;s total spending.</p>
<p>But, as the adage goes, “There ain’t no such thing as a free lunch”–participating schools must meet minimal nutritional standards in order to receive federal cash assistance. Over the past 70 years, school meal standards have become increasingly focused on raising the quality of school food rather than simply supplying food. But exactly how does the quality of a school meal compare to a brown-bag meal from home? Turns out, the answer isn’t as simple as comparing the average school lunch to the average sack lunch; we must dig deeper, far below and above the average child, where very-low and very-high quality diets exist.</p>
<p>When I began researching this topic, the literature was a mixed bag with regards to how school meals stacked up against a home-prepared meal: some found a negative effect within the general population, others a positive effect for low-income children, and yet others found no impact at all. There are a variety of reasons why one might expect conflicting results, such as when and where the data was collected and how exactly one measures diet quality, but the one glaring oversight to me was that all studies focused on the average impact. This one detail is particularly important in the context of school meals when we consider the vast heterogeneity in the quality of US children’s at-home diets as compared to the rather homogenous, federally-regulated school meal.</p>
<p>As an example, consider a child who typically consumes a low-quality diet, possibly due to parental or environmental factors. It is reasonable to believe this child may benefit from a school meal. On the other hand, a child prone to a high-quality diet may be impacted negatively when switching from a sack lunch to a school meal. In fact, on average these countervailing impacts can wash out, leaving policymakers with the conclusion that school meal programs aren’t performing as we expect them to.</p>
<p>The above line of thinking led me to reframe the policy question at hand and ask, how do school meal programs impact children prone to low-quality diets separately from those prone to high-quality diets? Moreover, rather than take a one-at-a-time approach to analyzing single nutrients or food groups, I took a holistic approach using a scoring system developed and validated by nutritionists, the Health Eating Index (HEI). The HEI is an algorithm that gives a score from 0 to 100 based on all foods consumed, in this case over two nonconsecutive 24-hour periods in a nationally representative dataset collected over 2005 to 2010.</p>
<p>The results from my <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ajae/article/doi/10.1093/ajae/aaw091/2697248/Do-School-Food-Programs-Improve-Child-Dietary" target="_blank">analysis</a> are best shown in the figure below. The x-axis represents an ordering of children from the lowest quality diet to the highest quality diet. The y-axis plots out the impact of substituting a home-prepared meal for a school meal (about 33% of daily calories). For one-half of all children with relatively low-quality diets (i.e., below the 50<sup>th</sup> percentile on the x-axis) a school meal boosts diet quality; for the other half of all children we see negative and insignificant impacts.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_127935" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-127935" style="width: 525px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="127935" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/school-food-child-dietary-quality/school-meals-figure/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/school-meals-figure-e1485555927409.png" data-orig-size="525,381" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="school meals figure" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Impact of a school meal relative to a home meal. Image provided by the author and used with permission.&lt;/p&gt;
" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/school-meals-figure-e1485555927409.png" class="wp-image-127935 size-full" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/school-meals-figure-e1485555927409.png" width="525" height="381" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/school-meals-figure-e1485555927409.png 525w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/school-meals-figure-e1485555927409-120x87.png 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/school-meals-figure-e1485555927409-180x131.png 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/school-meals-figure-e1485555927409-128x93.png 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/school-meals-figure-e1485555927409-184x134.png 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/school-meals-figure-e1485555927409-31x22.png 31w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-127935" class="wp-caption-text">Impact of a school meal relative to a home meal by Travis A. Smith. Used with permission.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>To further give perspective, consider the bottom quartile below the 25<sup>th</sup> percentile mark. Here, we see substituting a home-prepared meal for a school meal boosts dietary quality by over 2 HEI points. This is roughly 2.5 times higher than the average impact. Further, in results not show here, the quality of the at-home diet in the bottom quartile is no different than the quality of meals consumed at full-service and fast-food restaurants. Put simply, a school meal is the highest quality food consumed by children that rank the lowest on the diet quality spectrum.</p>
<p>How “large” is a one-point increase in HEI? Several medical studies have tracked adults over time, monitoring their HEI scores and recording adverse health outcomes. One <a href="http://jn.nutrition.org/content/142/6/1009.full" target="_blank">study</a> finds a 7% decrease in risk for any major chronic disease when moving from the first quintile (i.e., bottom 20%) to the second quintile. A quick back-of-the-envelope calculation implies a one-point increase in HEI equates to a nearly 1% decrease in risk. It remains to be studied how school meals impact diets in adulthood, but when we consider the two-point increase is daily and early on in life, the impact could be substantial.</p>
<p>These findings demonstrate the importance of school meal programs, especially for those children who need them the most. School food programs have undergone many changes since the 1960s, and there is good reason to believe they will continue to reform. As the new administration examines the existing school meal programs, they should consider the heterogeneous nature of the policy effects.</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: Healthy choices of fresh fruit, salads and vegetables at Washington-Lee High School in Arlington, Virginia for lunch service on Wednesday, October 19, 2011 by U.S. Department of Agriculture. CC-BY-2.0 via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20111019-FNS-RBN-1744_-_Flickr_-_USDAgov.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</em></p>
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		<title>What kind of cheese are you?</title>
		<link>https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/what-kind-of-cheese-are-you-quiz/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 20 Jan 2017 13:30:52 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[Catherine Donnelly]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cheese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cheese Lovers Day]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[OxCompCheese]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oxford Companion to Cheese]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/what-kind-of-cheese-are-you-quiz/" title="What kind of cheese are you?" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="127669" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/what-kind-of-cheese-are-you-quiz/france-605450_1920/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="france-605450_1920" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/what-kind-of-cheese-are-you-quiz/">What kind of cheese are you?</a></p>
<p>The discovery of cheese predates recorded history. Although the earliest evidence of cheesemaking can be traced back to 5,500 BCE, historians theorize that cheese was originally discovered accidentally: it's probable that cheesemaking first occurred inside animals organs used for storing milk.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/what-kind-of-cheese-are-you-quiz/" title="What kind of cheese are you?" rel="nofollow"><img width="480" height="185" src="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-744x286.jpg" class="webfeedsFeaturedVisual wp-post-image" alt="" style="display: block; margin: auto; margin-bottom: 5px;max-width: 100%;" link_thumbnail="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-744x286.jpg 744w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-120x46.jpg 120w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-180x69.jpg 180w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-768x296.jpg 768w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-128x49.jpg 128w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-184x71.jpg 184w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-31x12.jpg 31w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-1075x414.jpg 1075w, https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920.jpg 1260w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px" data-attachment-id="127669" data-permalink="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/what-kind-of-cheese-are-you-quiz/france-605450_1920/" data-orig-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920.jpg" data-orig-size="1260,485" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}" data-image-title="france-605450_1920" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://blog.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/france-605450_1920-744x286.jpg" /></a><p><a href="https://blog.oup.com/2017/01/what-kind-of-cheese-are-you-quiz/">What kind of cheese are you?</a></p>
<p>The discovery of cheese predates recorded history. Although the earliest evidence of cheesemaking can be traced back to 5,500 BCE, historians theorize that cheese was originally discovered accidentally: it&#8217;s probable that cheesemaking first occurred inside animals organs used for storing milk.</p>
<p>History does trace back to the world&#8217;s first cheesemaking factory, which opened in Switzerland in 1815. The industrialization of cheesemaking soared as the United States began opening factories throughout the country, leading to the large-scale production of cheese globally. Since then, cheese has been, and continues to be, a cultural staple around the world&#8211;with a wide selection available, from cheddar to gouda to camembert.</p>
<p>To celebrate <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%23CheeseLoversDay&amp;src=tyah" target="_blank">Cheese Lovers Day</a>, Oxford University Press wants to know: what kind of cheese are you? Referencing <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-companion-to-cheese-9780199330881" target="_blank"><em>The Oxford Companion to Cheese</em></a>, we&#8217;ve put together a quiz to help you find out.</p>
<p>[qzzr quiz=&#8221;306040&#8243; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; height=&#8221;auto&#8221; redirect=&#8221;true&#8221; offset=&#8221;0&#8243;]</p>
<p><em>Featured image credit: untitled by fas. CC0 Public Domain via <a href="https://pixabay.com/en/france-cheese-cheese-platter-605450/" target="_blank">Pixabay</a>.</em></p>
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