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 <title>PhilosoFiles</title>
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 <description>PhilosoFiles contains essays and blogs on philosophy by many authors, from famous historical philosophers to bloggers like the editor, Thomas Ash.</description>
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 <title>Euthanasia: its varieties and its justification</title>
 <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Philosofiles/~3/Zm50zbuD7k8/arguments_for_euthanasia_voluntary_involuntary_active_and_passive</link>
 <description>&lt;div class="field field-type-text field-field-summary"&gt;
    &lt;div class="field-items"&gt;
            &lt;div class="field-item odd"&gt;
                    &lt;p&gt;A look at the different types of euthanasia, and the arguments for and against them&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="float: left; margin-right: 20px; margin-bottom: 2.5em;"&gt;&lt;img src="/sites/default/files/od-logo-medium.png" alt="openDemocracy"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;openDemocracy readers: &lt;/strong&gt;If you're interested in these topics, please &lt;a class="jQueryBookmark" title="Bookmark or favorite PhilosoFiles" onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent', 'Link', 'Bookmark PhilosoFiles']);" href="#"&gt;bookmark this site&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent', 'Link', 'RSS for PhilosoFiles']);" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/philosofiles"&gt;subscribe to its RSS feed&lt;/a&gt; for selected, and very occasional, es&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.philosofiles.com/policy_and_applied_ethics/arguments_for_euthanasia_voluntary_involuntary_active_and_passive" target="_blank"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Philosofiles/~4/Zm50zbuD7k8" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
 <comments>http://www.philosofiles.com/policy_and_applied_ethics/arguments_for_euthanasia_voluntary_involuntary_active_and_passive#comments</comments>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/policy_and_applied_ethics">Policy and Applied Ethics</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/death">Death</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/euthanasia">Euthanasia</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/keyword/active-and-passive-euthanasia">active and passive euthanasia</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/keyword/assisted-dying">assisted dying</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/keyword/assisted-suicide">assisted suicide</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/keyword/death">death</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/keyword/involuntary-euthanasia">involuntary euthanasia</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/keyword/legalisation">legalisation</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/keyword/voluntary-euthanasia">voluntary euthanasia</category>
 <pubDate>Wed, 15 Jun 2011 10:21:47 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Thomas Ash</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">151 at http://www.philosofiles.com</guid>
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<item>
 <title>Is Fitch's Paradox fatal for verificationism, or epistemic theories of meaning generally?</title>
 <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Philosofiles/~3/HCHW263ggUY/fitchs-paradox-and-verificationism</link>
 <description>&lt;div class="field field-type-text field-field-summary"&gt;
    &lt;div class="field-items"&gt;
            &lt;div class="field-item odd"&gt;
                    &lt;p&gt;Verificationism is falsified by Fitch's Paradox, but other epistemic theories of truth and meaning, including a simple modification of verificationism, can escape it&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
        &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For various reasons, dealt with elsewhere, philosophers have at various times felt themselves drawn to epistemic theories of truth. An epistemic theory of truth is one that defines what it &lt;em&gt;is&lt;/em&gt; for a proposition to be true by reference to what it takes to &lt;em&gt;know&lt;/em&gt; it to be true (the reference to knowledge here is sometimes replaced by a reference to justified belief or some other epistemic concept).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.philosofiles.com/epistemology/fitchs-paradox-and-verificationism" target="_blank"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Philosofiles/~4/HCHW263ggUY" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
 <comments>http://www.philosofiles.com/epistemology/fitchs-paradox-and-verificationism#comments</comments>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/epistemology">Epistemology</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/language_and_logic">Language and Logic</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/metaphysics">Metaphysics</category>
 <pubDate>Sat, 05 Mar 2011 11:46:07 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Thomas Ash</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">137 at http://www.philosofiles.com</guid>
<feedburner:origLink>http://www.philosofiles.com/epistemology/fitchs-paradox-and-verificationism</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item>
 <title>How convincing is the ‘fine-tuning’ argument for God’s existence?</title>
 <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Philosofiles/~3/P9bQbgD0zhc/how_convincing_is_the_fine_tuning_argument</link>
 <description>&lt;p&gt;The alleged fine-tuning of the universe to support life is often cited as evidence of God's existence. Is it convincing?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.philosofiles.com/religion/how_convincing_is_the_fine_tuning_argument" target="_blank"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Philosofiles/~4/P9bQbgD0zhc" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
 <comments>http://www.philosofiles.com/religion/how_convincing_is_the_fine_tuning_argument#comments</comments>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/religion">Religion</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/author/thomas_ash">Thomas Ash</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/apologetics">Apologetics</category>
 <pubDate>Sun, 25 Oct 2009 22:34:42 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Thomas Ash</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">26 at http://www.philosofiles.com</guid>
<feedburner:origLink>http://www.philosofiles.com/religion/how_convincing_is_the_fine_tuning_argument</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item>
 <title>Is the difference between making something happen and allowing it to happen morally relevant?</title>
 <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Philosofiles/~3/HFyjlXj26qA/making_and_allowing</link>
 <description>Killing someone is almost universally regarded as worse than letting them die. But is that defensible? In particular, is it defensible on the grounds that making their death happen would be worse than merely standing by and allowing it to happen?
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.philosofiles.com/ethics/making_and_allowing" target="_blank"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Philosofiles/~4/HFyjlXj26qA" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
 <comments>http://www.philosofiles.com/ethics/making_and_allowing#comments</comments>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/ethics">Ethics</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/author/thomas_ash">Thomas Ash</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/acts_and_omissions">Acts and Omissions</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/consequentialism">Consequentialism</category>
 <pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2009 12:36:23 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Thomas Ash</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">21 at http://www.philosofiles.com</guid>
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<item>
 <title>How serious an evidential problem is evil for theism?</title>
 <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Philosofiles/~3/mbCPGvhWiTc/how_serious_is_the_problem_of_evil</link>
 <description>&lt;p&gt;The volume of suffering in the world is, notoriously, a problem for those who believe in God. How serious is it, and how are we to evaluate this question?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.philosofiles.com/religion/how_serious_is_the_problem_of_evil" target="_blank"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Philosofiles/~4/mbCPGvhWiTc" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
 <comments>http://www.philosofiles.com/religion/how_serious_is_the_problem_of_evil#comments</comments>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/religion">Religion</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/author/thomas_ash">Thomas Ash</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/problem_evil">Problem of Evil</category>
 <pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2009 14:53:00 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Thomas Ash</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">22 at http://www.philosofiles.com</guid>
<feedburner:origLink>http://www.philosofiles.com/religion/how_serious_is_the_problem_of_evil</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item>
 <title>Berkeley’s central arguments for immaterialism</title>
 <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Philosofiles/~3/qG7OiT-DGe0/berkeleys_central_arguments</link>
 <description>&lt;p&gt;How did Berkeley argue for his striking philosophical position?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.philosofiles.com/great_philosophers/berkeleys_central_arguments" target="_blank"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Philosofiles/~4/qG7OiT-DGe0" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
 <comments>http://www.philosofiles.com/great_philosophers/berkeleys_central_arguments#comments</comments>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/taxonomy/term/5">Great Philosophers</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/author/thomas_ash">Thomas Ash</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/sorting/commentary">Commentary</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/berkeley">Berkeley</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/idealism">Idealism</category>
 <pubDate>Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:52:16 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Thomas Ash</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">24 at http://www.philosofiles.com</guid>
<feedburner:origLink>http://www.philosofiles.com/great_philosophers/berkeleys_central_arguments</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item>
 <title>Did Berkeley misunderstand Locke’s view of secondary qualities in a way which mattered to his project?</title>
 <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Philosofiles/~3/1oyDi09nZ7I/did_berkeley_misunderstand_locke</link>
 <description>Berkeley's work was in part a reaction to John Locke's Essay concerning Human Understanding. Recent critics have charged that Berkeley misunderstood Locke's positions. Are they correct?
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.philosofiles.com/great_philosophers/did_berkeley_misunderstand_locke" target="_blank"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Philosofiles/~4/1oyDi09nZ7I" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
 <comments>http://www.philosofiles.com/great_philosophers/did_berkeley_misunderstand_locke#comments</comments>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/taxonomy/term/5">Great Philosophers</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/author/thomas_ash">Thomas Ash</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/sorting/commentary">Commentary</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/berkeley">Berkeley</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/locke">Locke</category>
 <pubDate>Sun, 30 Nov 2008 15:51:16 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Thomas Ash</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">25 at http://www.philosofiles.com</guid>
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<item>
 <title>Is Berkeley best understood as a phenomenalist?</title>
 <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Philosofiles/~3/QBOEPkh186E/was_berkeley_a_phenomenalist</link>
 <description>&lt;p&gt;Berkeley denied that objects like trees were material substances. Was he an early advocate of the phenomenalist account of what their existence involved?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.philosofiles.com/great_philosophers/was_berkeley_a_phenomenalist" target="_blank"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Philosofiles/~4/QBOEPkh186E" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
 <comments>http://www.philosofiles.com/great_philosophers/was_berkeley_a_phenomenalist#comments</comments>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/taxonomy/term/5">Great Philosophers</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/author/thomas_ash">Thomas Ash</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/sorting/commentary">Commentary</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/berkeley">Berkeley</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/idealism">Idealism</category>
 <category domain="http://www.philosofiles.com/field/phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</category>
 <pubDate>Fri, 21 Nov 2008 22:24:56 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Thomas Ash</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">23 at http://www.philosofiles.com</guid>
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<item>
 <title>Welcome to PhilosoFiles</title>
 <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Philosofiles/~3/PBaNHaju15I/welcome</link>
 <description>&lt;p&gt;I hope you enjoy flipping through the latest files on philosophy from the collection below. 'Philosophy', as I use the word, refers to the rigorous examination of the most fundamental aspects of our worldviews, some of which we rarely question. The results of questioning them are often surprising; I hope that they are also interesting.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To follow the occasional updates to this site, why not &lt;a class="jQueryBookmark" title="Bookmark or favorite PhilosoFiles" onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent', 'Link', 'Bookmark PhilosoFiles']);" href="#"&gt;bookmark this site&lt;/a&gt;, or &lt;a onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent', 'Link', 'RSS for PhilosoFiles']);" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/philosofiles"&gt;subscribe by RSS&lt;/a&gt;? RSS is an easy, unobtrusive service you can use with Google Reader and mosts browsers and email clients. I only post carefully selected items to the RSS feed - for additional links, come back and browse the site. &lt;a onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent', 'Link', 'RSS for PhilosoFiles']);" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/philosofiles"&gt;Subscribe now &lt;img src="/misc/feed.png" alt="Philosophy RSS feed" height="16" width="16"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.philosofiles.com/about/welcome" target="_blank"&gt;read more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/Philosofiles/~4/PBaNHaju15I" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
 <pubDate>Sat, 01 Nov 2008 12:00:10 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Thomas Ash</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">20 at http://www.philosofiles.com</guid>
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