<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" media="screen" href="/~d/styles/rss2full.xsl"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~d/styles/itemcontent.css"?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:posterous="http://posterous.com/help/rss/1.0" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" xmlns:feedburner="http://rssnamespace.org/feedburner/ext/1.0" version="2.0">
  <channel>
    <title>Healthcare Breakfast Club</title>
    <link>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com</link>
    <description>Three guys thinking about innovations, ideas, and questions in healthcare</description>
    <generator>posterous.com</generator>
    <link xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" href="http://posterous.com/api/sup_update#898952b84" type="application/json" rel="http://api.friendfeed.com/2008/03#sup" />
    
    
    <atom10:link xmlns:atom10="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/posterous/XcPP" /><feedburner:info uri="posterous/xcpp" /><atom10:link xmlns:atom10="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" rel="hub" href="http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/" /><atom10:link xmlns:atom10="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" rel="hub" href="http://posterous.superfeedr.com/" /><item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:46:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>Free Startup Idea:  Discharge Planning </title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/Oxi3FjgfQ60/free-startup-idea-discharge-planning</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/free-startup-idea-discharge-planning</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	
&lt;p&gt;Medicare and private insurers are increasingly going to &lt;strong&gt;stop paying hospitals for readmissions&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;But reducing readmissions requires dedicated staff with skills that hospitals don&amp;rsquo;t currently have.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Great systems like UCLA can grow such skills in-house, but everyone else requires help &amp;ndash; and that&amp;rsquo;s where you come in.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Here&amp;rsquo;s the pitch &amp;ndash; &lt;strong&gt;for a per-case fee, your staff helps hospitals plan discharge.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/strong&gt;Your social workers sort out outpatient dialysis, home health equipment, and home nursing.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Your coordinators call all the outpatient docs and get them the Discharge Summary and info they need.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Your nurses perform medication reconciliation and teach the patients about their follow-up plans.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Your call center serves as the point of contact for patients, which is easier for them than trying to call the hospital (ever called a hospital?).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;This combination of pre- and post-discharge care coordination reduces readmissions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The sale shouldn&amp;rsquo;t be hard.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Hospitals faced with looming unreimbursed readmissions &amp;ndash; now a cost at &lt;strong&gt;$5,000-$15,000 a night&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;ndash; will find your rates reasonable in comparison.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In addition, you&amp;rsquo;ll be lightening the burden on their clinical staff, freeing them to do the clinical work they&amp;rsquo;d rather do.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Because you have dedicated skills and local relationships, you can do this faster and at lower cost than the hospital.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Because you have cost accounting skills the hospital doesn&amp;rsquo;t, you&amp;rsquo;ll be assured of forecasting your rates accurately.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Also, as a third party you&amp;rsquo;ll be entrusted with data that payors are reluctant to give hospitals.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;This knowledge advantage will allow you to offer to take a pay cut when patients are readmitted, thus proving to hospital clients that you have &lt;strong&gt;skin in the game&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Costs are modest.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;You hire staff at reasonable rates from hospitals, where the work is too intense, and insurers and disease management companies, where it&amp;rsquo;s too hands-off.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Otherwise you&amp;rsquo;re &lt;strong&gt;asset-light &lt;/strong&gt;&amp;ndash; no inventory, no plant, no specialized technology.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;You get to know all the SNFs, rehabs, home health companies, and dialysis units in the region, creating barriers to entry for competitors.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Billing is easy &amp;ndash; you go straight to hospitals and not payors.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No special coding needed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/strong&gt;Patients should like it, since your job is to help them stay healthy, understand their health, and connect them with their docs.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Policymakers should get behind you, too.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I might be biased but I believe it&amp;rsquo;s do-able and it would be good for patients.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;It&amp;rsquo;s yours free of charge &amp;ndash; good luck. &lt;em&gt;[Disclosure: I work for the UCLA Health System.] &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/free-startup-idea-discharge-planning"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/free-startup-idea-discharge-planning#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/Oxi3FjgfQ60" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/free-startup-idea-discharge-planning</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2011 10:04:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>Patient Notes Are Stupid.  How About a Wiki? </title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/PPwgUjWLVBc/patient-notes-are-stupid-how-about-a-wiki</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/patient-notes-are-stupid-how-about-a-wiki</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	
&lt;p&gt;Imagine I asked you how many times Theodore Roosevelt went hunting.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Here, I say - Teddy&amp;rsquo;s complete library, all his letters, speeches, and journals.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;You comb through letter after looseleaf letter.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Then I say tell me every hotel he ever stayed in.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;So you go back and go through the library again.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sounds crazy &amp;ndash; but that&amp;rsquo;s what a medical record is like.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Patient info is kept in a series of notes that are basically letters by docs to one another&lt;/strong&gt; (or to insurance companies).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Every time I meet a new patient, I comb through the library to find how many times were they admitted, what antibiotics were used, etc.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;We call this a &amp;ldquo;&lt;strong&gt;chart biopsy&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;rdquo; and like a real biopsy it practically takes a week to get a result.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If I&amp;rsquo;m lucky someone else has done a good summary and I copy-forward; but no guarantee. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;If I&amp;rsquo;m really lucky, an electronic record has sections for &amp;ldquo;Laboratory Results&amp;rdquo; or &amp;ldquo;Radiology,&amp;rdquo; but I still can&amp;rsquo;t connect the data to the story.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Why was this ESR ordered in 2005?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Did they have a bone infection or arthritis? &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Why was this stress test done?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Did they have chest pain?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With Teddy, you&amp;rsquo;d go to Wikipedia, and so it should be with patients.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Each patient should have a &lt;em&gt;Wikimedica &lt;/em&gt;page&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The front page would be their life story &amp;ndash; what we call the &lt;em&gt;Past Medical History&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Current meds would be there, as well as historic meds, as would &lt;em&gt;Allergies, Family History, Social History&lt;/em&gt;, etc.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Separate sections would have all the hospital admissions and surgeries, each with a &lt;em&gt;Discharge Summary&lt;/em&gt; or &lt;em&gt;Procedure Note&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;When a doctor meets a patient, apart from her own &lt;em&gt;History of the Present Illness&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Physical Exam&lt;/em&gt;, she just goes to the Wiki and copies down the most important relevant history, and BAM! it&amp;rsquo;s her note.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If she changes the meds, she updates the Wiki.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If she learns important history, like the name of that one uncle&amp;rsquo;s rare blood disorder, she adds it to the Wiki.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nothing ever lost; no time wasted with pointless chart biopsies.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The current debate about EMRs focuses on whether or not data is digital &amp;ndash; but says nothing of &lt;strong&gt;whether that data is truly organized&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;There&amp;rsquo;s a huge difference between Wikipedia and simply scanning Roosevelt&amp;rsquo;s epistles.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;A wiki is do-able.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;It would be &lt;strong&gt;cheap&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The time savings of not having to chart biopsy would attract docs, who wouldn&amp;rsquo;t have to write anything they&amp;rsquo;re not already writing.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;And the potential to reduce error should get everyone&amp;rsquo;s buy-in.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/patient-notes-are-stupid-how-about-a-wiki"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/patient-notes-are-stupid-how-about-a-wiki#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/PPwgUjWLVBc" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/patient-notes-are-stupid-how-about-a-wiki</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Mar 2011 19:39:59 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>Healthcare innovation - short blurbs from the HBR</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/a13ctlPrsQc/healthcare-innovation-short-blurbs-from-the-h</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/healthcare-innovation-short-blurbs-from-the-h</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;For those who may have missed it, there are a great series of short pieces on&lt;br /&gt;healthcare innovation in HBR today - featuring Clay, Rosabeth Moss&lt;br /&gt;Kanter, Julio Frenk, other heavyweights at Harvard.  Fascinating pieces, definitely worth a read:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://blogs.hbr.org/innovations-in-health-care/"&gt;http://blogs.hbr.org/innovations-in-health-care/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/healthcare-innovation-short-blurbs-from-the-h"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/healthcare-innovation-short-blurbs-from-the-h#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/a13ctlPrsQc" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/397656/silpa_ambar_bain_cap_holiday_party_-_2.jpg</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sDFgq6htIiJ</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Ambar </posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Bhattacharyya</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>Ambar Bhattacharyya</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Ambar  Bhattacharyya</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/healthcare-innovation-short-blurbs-from-the-h</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Feb 2011 10:27:00 -0800</pubDate>
      <title>Pay-for-Premonition?</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/wJrhz2JXp2c/pay-for-premonition</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/pay-for-premonition</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;a href="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2011-02-09/dFfbJerEJIfCgqICjglhJwaczqleJHzqebvhkDcFfJcFjHqqojqFJtncjvao/wicked_witch.JPG.scaled1000.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="Wicked_witch" height="375" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2011-02-09/dFfbJerEJIfCgqICjglhJwaczqleJHzqebvhkDcFfJcFjHqqojqFJtncjvao/wicked_witch.JPG.scaled500.jpg" width="500" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is too funny.&amp;nbsp; The New York Times just &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/world/europe/09briefs-witches.html"&gt;reported &lt;/a&gt;that  the Romanian government, which recently began taxing witches and  fortunetellers, will now begin fining them if their predictions don't  come true. I believe this is called "&lt;strong&gt;pay-for-performance&lt;/strong&gt;."&amp;nbsp;  It's safe to say that Romanian fortunetelling remains safely in the  "Intuitive Medicine" realm in the Clay Christensen model, and has not  yet entered the "Empirical Medicine" or "Precision Medicine" phases.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;a href="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2011-02-09/iHvpEmFsGdkjzvvjuwrzclbrhgisHvmyGxvnAJFDcdukjdtymGrCmzqkFBBc/christensen_model.jpg.scaled1000.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="Christensen_model" height="82" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2011-02-09/iHvpEmFsGdkjzvvjuwrzclbrhgisHvmyGxvnAJFDcdukjdtymGrCmzqkFBBc/christensen_model.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="500" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Predictably, the witches and fortunetellers are protesting, saying their cards and other tools can be inaccurate.&amp;nbsp; We will no doubt soon hear "fortunetellees' advocates" contending that the new policy will simply lead to fortunes become more vague and &lt;span style="color: #000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"&gt;unhelpful &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;- "teaching to the test," they'll call it.&amp;nbsp; They'll argue that the work of witches is by definition highly subjective and variable, and there's no predicting individual human biology.&amp;nbsp; After all, fortunetellees' behaviors also determine outcomes, so witches shouldn't be held accountable for their failure to comply with recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Coming soon - Dispatches from India.&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/pay-for-premonition"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/pay-for-premonition#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/wJrhz2JXp2c" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="136" width="826" url="http://getfile2.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2011-02-09/iHvpEmFsGdkjzvvjuwrzclbrhgisHvmyGxvnAJFDcdukjdtymGrCmzqkFBBc/christensen_model.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="82" width="500" url="http://getfile8.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2011-02-09/iHvpEmFsGdkjzvvjuwrzclbrhgisHvmyGxvnAJFDcdukjdtymGrCmzqkFBBc/christensen_model.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="600" width="800" url="http://getfile2.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2011-02-09/dFfbJerEJIfCgqICjglhJwaczqleJHzqebvhkDcFfJcFjHqqojqFJtncjvao/wicked_witch.JPG">
        <media:thumbnail height="375" width="500" url="http://getfile0.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2011-02-09/dFfbJerEJIfCgqICjglhJwaczqleJHzqebvhkDcFfJcFjHqqojqFJtncjvao/wicked_witch.JPG.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/pay-for-premonition</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Nov 2010 06:57:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>Don Berwick, Extremist for Patients</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/iueSuMrUY2w/don-berwick-extremist-for-patients</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/don-berwick-extremist-for-patients</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;This week, to take my mind off whether or not John Boehner will gut the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation for funding, I found myself revisiting one of my favorite articles, Don Berwick&amp;rsquo;s piece &amp;ldquo;&lt;strong&gt;What &amp;lsquo;Patient-Centered&amp;rsquo; Should Mean: Confessions Of An Extremist&lt;/strong&gt;,&amp;rdquo; published in Health Affairs in May of last year.&amp;nbsp; Berwick argues passionately and compellingly that we must view patient-centricity as a worthy goal of healthcare in its own right, defines &amp;ldquo;patient-centered care,&amp;rdquo; and illustrates vividly what it would mean.&amp;nbsp; He opens with this anecdote:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Three years ago, a close friend began having chest pains. She headed for a cardiac catheterization, and, frightened, she asked me to go with her. As I stood next to her gurney in the pre-procedure room, she said, &amp;ldquo;I would feel so much better if you were with me in the cath lab.&amp;rdquo; I agreed immediately to go with her.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The nurse didn&amp;rsquo;t agree. &amp;ldquo;Do you want to be there as a friend or as a doctor?&amp;rdquo; she asked.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;ldquo;I guess both,&amp;rdquo; I replied. &amp;ldquo;I am both.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;ldquo;It&amp;rsquo;s not possible. We have a policy against that,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The young procedural cardiologist appeared shortly afterward. &amp;ldquo;I understand you want to have your friend in the procedure room,&amp;rdquo; she said. &amp;ldquo;Why?&amp;rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;ldquo;Because I&amp;rsquo;d feel so much more comfortable, and, later on, he can explain things to me if I have questions,&amp;rdquo; said my friend.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;m sorry,&amp;rdquo; said the cardiologist, &amp;ldquo;I am just not comfortable with that. We don&amp;rsquo;t do that here. It doesn&amp;rsquo;t work.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;ldquo;Have you ever tried it?&amp;rdquo; I asked.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;ldquo;No,&amp;rdquo; she said.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;ldquo;Then how do you know it doesn&amp;rsquo;t work?&amp;rdquo; I asked.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;ldquo;It&amp;rsquo;s just not possible,&amp;rdquo; she answered. &amp;ldquo;I am sorry if that upsets you.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Moments later, my friend was wheeled away, shaking in fear and sobbing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; What&amp;rsquo;s wrong with that picture?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;img alt="Berwicklg" height="320" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-11-05/mBbtrlkIhabnhCHGrkBEEywayIHjbnnfbHyhyqBmqACoGEBuqxFwIjJxHzri/berwickLg.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="350" /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Fig. 1 - He was a very unassuming-looking extremist.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;p /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Lay readers will probably be largely shocked at this patient&amp;rsquo;s treatment, while I suspect a number of docs will insist that the cardiologist was right.&amp;nbsp; Berwick goes on to talk about how &amp;ldquo;patient-centered care&amp;rdquo; became a term and shows how it always got short shrift next to safety and quality.&amp;nbsp; In a vivid repudiation of one of the traditional tenets of medicine as a self-regulating profession, he memorably writes, &amp;ldquo;&lt;strong&gt;I think it wrong for the profession of medicine&amp;mdash;or any other health care profession, for that matter&amp;mdash;to &amp;lsquo;reserve to itself the authority to judge the quality of its work.&amp;rsquo;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp; We should&amp;nbsp; behave, he says, "with patients and families not as hosts in the care system, but as&lt;strong&gt; guests in their lives&lt;/strong&gt;."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;He then goes on to lay out eight simple yet radical ideas that would absolutely transform hospitals and healthcare settings if implemented.&amp;nbsp; They are:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 1. Hospitals would have &lt;strong&gt;no restrictions on visiting&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;mdash;no restrictions of place or time or person, except restrictions chosen by and under the control of each individual patient.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 2. Patients would determine&lt;strong&gt; what food they eat&lt;/strong&gt; and&lt;strong&gt; what clothes they wear&lt;/strong&gt; in hospitals (to the extent that health status allows).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 3. Patients and family members would &lt;strong&gt;participate in rounds&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 4. Patients and families would&lt;strong&gt; participate in the design &lt;/strong&gt;of health care processes and services.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 5. &lt;strong&gt;Medical records would belong to patients&lt;/strong&gt;. Clinicians, rather than patients, would need to have permission to gain access to them.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 6.&lt;strong&gt; Shared decision-making&lt;/strong&gt; technologies would be used universally.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 7. Operating room schedules would conform to ideal queuing theory designs aimed at &lt;strong&gt;minimizing waiting time&lt;/strong&gt;, rather than to the convenience of clinicians.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; 8. Patients physically capable of&lt;strong&gt; self-care&lt;/strong&gt; would, in all situations, have the option to do it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;You can almost hear the profession gasp.&amp;nbsp; Can you imagine?&amp;nbsp; No visiting restrictions?&amp;nbsp; Clinicians need patient permission to access records?&amp;nbsp; &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Patients on rounds??&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp; But why not, after all?&amp;nbsp; What are you saying about them that they don&amp;rsquo;t deserve to hear?&amp;nbsp; Why should you have the right to freely peruse their most private information &amp;ndash; no matter how irrelevant to your work &amp;ndash; when you don&amp;rsquo;t have the&amp;nbsp; right to see their tax returns?&amp;nbsp; Why can&amp;rsquo;t they have the succor of their loved ones&amp;rsquo; presence in their time of need, when you enjoy the right to banter and gossip at the nursing station all day?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Berwick goes on to rebut a few common clinician objections, like &amp;ldquo;but patients don&amp;rsquo;t know what&amp;rsquo;s best in the evidence,&amp;rdquo; and to describe how the health system might be re-shaped to achieve better patient-centered care.&amp;nbsp; He ends with these moving words:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; [This is] what scares me: to be made helpless before my time, to be made ignorant when I want to know, to be made to sit when I wish to stand, to be alone when I need to hold my wife&amp;rsquo;s hand, to eat what I do not wish to eat, to be named what I do not wish to be named, to be told when I wish to be asked, to be awoken when I wish to sleep.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Call it patient-centeredness, but, I suggest, this is the core: it is that property of care that welcomes me to assert my humanity and my individuality. If we be healers, then I suggest that that is not a route to the point; it is the point.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;p /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;Food for thought for all of us, not least because he&amp;rsquo;s now the guy that pays our salaries.&amp;nbsp; For the original article, see &lt;a href="http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/28/4/w555?maxtoshow=&amp;amp;hits=10&amp;amp;RESULTFORMAT=&amp;amp;fulltext=berwick+patient&amp;amp;andorexactfulltext=and&amp;amp;searchid=1&amp;amp;FIRSTINDEX=0&amp;amp;resourcetype=HWCIT"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; For more on the &lt;strong&gt;Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;ndash; the greatest hope our system has for reform &amp;ndash; see &lt;a href="http://www.brookings.edu/events/2010/1018_health_innovation.aspx"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; For one of Dr. Berwick&amp;rsquo;s memorable speeches, see &lt;a href="http://www.ihi.org/IHI/Programs/ConferencesAndSeminars/20thNationalForumonQualityImprovement.htm?player=wmp"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p /&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;img alt="Obamanurse460june10" height="320" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-11-05/wBaqqbwHttziuGcHmIJdnjBonvnsaBAiHggkeecauhCmtcGBjEkdmybFmGxf/obamanurse460june10.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="460" /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fig.2 - Healthcare that is maybe &lt;strong&gt;too&lt;/strong&gt; individualized&lt;/em&gt;&lt;p /&gt;&lt;p /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/don-berwick-extremist-for-patients"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/don-berwick-extremist-for-patients#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/iueSuMrUY2w" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="320" width="350" url="http://getfile3.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-11-05/mBbtrlkIhabnhCHGrkBEEywayIHjbnnfbHyhyqBmqACoGEBuqxFwIjJxHzri/berwickLg.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="320" width="350" url="http://getfile6.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-11-05/mBbtrlkIhabnhCHGrkBEEywayIHjbnnfbHyhyqBmqACoGEBuqxFwIjJxHzri/berwickLg.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="320" width="460" url="http://getfile4.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-11-05/wBaqqbwHttziuGcHmIJdnjBonvnsaBAiHggkeecauhCmtcGBjEkdmybFmGxf/obamanurse460june10.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="320" width="460" url="http://getfile9.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-11-05/wBaqqbwHttziuGcHmIJdnjBonvnsaBAiHggkeecauhCmtcGBjEkdmybFmGxf/obamanurse460june10.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/don-berwick-extremist-for-patients</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Oct 2010 20:21:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>The Death of a Saint </title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/jEv5rC-wfoI/the-death-of-a-saint-aco-series-pt-3</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-death-of-a-saint-aco-series-pt-3</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	
&lt;p&gt;On April 30, 2010, &lt;a href="http://www.svcmc.org/"&gt;St. Vincent&amp;rsquo;s Hospital&lt;/a&gt; in the West Village in downtown Manhattan shut its doors for good.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;This was a great loss for countless poor and underinsured patients, for New York City, and for hospitals everywhere (through whose spines a chill ran and through whose ERs a flood of patients threatens to run).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;This was no ordinary hospital &amp;ndash; it treated the 9/11 survivors, the first AIDS patients, the victims of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, and even the passengers of the &lt;em&gt;Titanic&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;How could it close after so many years?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;img alt="Triangle_shirtwaist_fire" height="287" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-10-19/qwjdnnxoDvfsxtHEcfweDFceCxqilDohvIlwzprdkfunafGGpqmHyhBgjzuk/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Fire.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="220" /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fig. 1 - The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, all too prescient.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The saga of St. Vincent&amp;rsquo;s suffering and demise has been told by many, probably none better than &lt;a href="http://nymag.com/news/features/68991/ "&gt;Mark Levine&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;em&gt;New York&lt;/em&gt; Magazine this week.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The story tells itself, but at its heart, St. Vincent&amp;rsquo;s problem was a perfect storm of many factors, primarily:&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 7pt Times New Roman;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Growing numbers of uninsured, undocumented, and Medicaid patients, &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 7pt Times New Roman;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;High rent and labor costs, &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="font: 7pt Times New Roman;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The ability of New York insurance companies to pit hospitals against each other to negotiate lower reimbursements, &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;The widespread competition in American healthcare to attract patients with high-tech procedures and diagnostics, rather than health results, &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;And the fundamental over-bedding of New York.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Levine claims that a downward spiral of closures among vulnerable hospitals may result, and he rightly points to the recent &lt;a href="http://www.northgeneral.org/ "&gt;closure of North General&lt;/a&gt;, the added pressure on Bellevue, and the growing financial losses at Jamaica and others.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Community hospitals can&amp;rsquo;t steal cardiac catheterization patients from New York Presbyterian or NYU any more than St. Vincent&amp;rsquo;s can.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Are they next?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Is there anything they can do?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Answer: &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Run headlong towards the problem&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Turn chronic disease from a loss into a source of revenue.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Here&amp;rsquo;s how St. Vincent&amp;rsquo;s could have done it. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Create Integrated Practice Units (IPUs) or &lt;strong&gt;Patient-Centered Medical Homes&lt;/strong&gt; (PCMHs) &amp;ndash; call &amp;lsquo;em what you like &amp;ndash; centered around prevention and maintenance for chronic illness. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Focus on the major chronic conditions burdening St. Vincent&amp;rsquo;s most difficult patients &amp;ndash; HIV/AIDS, depression, schizophrenia, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, frailty and old age.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Build interdisciplinary teams &amp;ndash; social workers, nutritionists, care coordinators, etc. &amp;ndash; with strong ties to the community to form the backbone of these teams. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Negotiate a &lt;strong&gt;capitation payment&lt;/strong&gt; with your major payors &amp;ndash; Medicaid, etc. &amp;ndash; preferably &lt;strong&gt;risk-adjusted with performance bonuses&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The basis of this payment would be the historic average spending for these patients &amp;ndash; in most cases, probably a lot of money.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Any care they needed, you&amp;rsquo;d pay for, meaning &lt;strong&gt;any care they didn&amp;rsquo;t need, you&amp;rsquo;d save on&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Symbol;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;With these teams, help patients manage their care better, reduce avoidable complications, keep the savings, no longer depend on procedures for revenue, and make people healthier at the same time. &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;Why would this work?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;For most of these diseases, the bulk of healthcare spending &amp;ndash; and patient suffering &amp;ndash; comes from complications that &lt;strong&gt;can be avoided&lt;/strong&gt; with a little more intensive outpatient coordination.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Better diet education can prevent heart failure exacerbation; social worker help with living conditions can avoid falls; drug adherence can prevent psychotic episodes.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;You&amp;rsquo;d have this market all to yourself, since no other medical center in their right mind would want them.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No large investments in machines and sub-specialists needed.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No I.M. Pei-designed tower needed.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No Eli Manning.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;img alt="Manning_st_vincent" height="300" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-10-19/zoHBGFAJanGpFbkdxbcIjmppnBBtDFuBwyrorkpFqtwEdhamstJfGFujGJyv/manning_st_vincent.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="300" /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fig. 2 - He didn't come free. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;This is the definition of an &lt;strong&gt;Accountable Care Organization&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;ndash; an entity that assumes financial and medical responsibility for chronic disease care.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;This wouldn&amp;rsquo;t be easy, since it would require payment contracts that don&amp;rsquo;t exist and training your people don&amp;rsquo;t have.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;It also wouldn&amp;rsquo;t cover undocumented immigrants and other totally uninsured patients.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;But it&amp;rsquo;s a strategy, and it would be better than buying scanners New Yorkers don&amp;rsquo;t need and hoping to steal patients from Cornell.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Other organizations, from PCMH demos across the country to Kaiser Permanente to small systems like the Commonwealth Care Alliance in Boston operate on exactly this set of principles.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The ACO Program, whose rules we all await, might also help.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;It&amp;rsquo;s too late for St. Vincent&amp;rsquo;s, but New York&amp;rsquo;s other saintly hospitals don&amp;rsquo;t need to go down with it.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Vulnerable hospitals need new ideas, and here&amp;rsquo;s as good a place to start as any. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acknowledgement &amp;ndash; this idea was not mine alone but the brainchild of Wing Province, Vanitha Janakiraman, Arshia Siddiqui, Camila Lajolo, and myself.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;a href="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-10-19/IggjnEDFAisjCbshrmjCzewezxABhxGHlrqAerqjHejBFerFgwrflBiAausJ/vincents.jpg.scaled1000.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="Vincents" height="371" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-10-19/IggjnEDFAisjCbshrmjCzewezxABhxGHlrqAerqjHejBFerFgwrflBiAausJ/vincents.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="500" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fig. 3 - Thanks for your years of dedicated service to the poor of this city.&amp;nbsp; We'll miss you. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-death-of-a-saint-aco-series-pt-3"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-death-of-a-saint-aco-series-pt-3#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/jEv5rC-wfoI" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="287" width="220" url="http://getfile9.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-10-19/qwjdnnxoDvfsxtHEcfweDFceCxqilDohvIlwzprdkfunafGGpqmHyhBgjzuk/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Fire.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="287" width="220" url="http://getfile2.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-10-19/qwjdnnxoDvfsxtHEcfweDFceCxqilDohvIlwzprdkfunafGGpqmHyhBgjzuk/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Fire.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="300" width="300" url="http://getfile1.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-10-19/zoHBGFAJanGpFbkdxbcIjmppnBBtDFuBwyrorkpFqtwEdhamstJfGFujGJyv/manning_st_vincent.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="300" width="300" url="http://getfile3.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-10-19/zoHBGFAJanGpFbkdxbcIjmppnBBtDFuBwyrorkpFqtwEdhamstJfGFujGJyv/manning_st_vincent.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="372" width="502" url="http://getfile5.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-10-19/IggjnEDFAisjCbshrmjCzewezxABhxGHlrqAerqjHejBFerFgwrflBiAausJ/vincents.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="371" width="500" url="http://getfile7.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-10-19/IggjnEDFAisjCbshrmjCzewezxABhxGHlrqAerqjHejBFerFgwrflBiAausJ/vincents.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-death-of-a-saint-aco-series-pt-3</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2010 12:52:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>The ACO Series, Part 2 - Antitrust</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/SOT7uipj4TY/the-aco-series-part-2-antitrust</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-aco-series-part-2-antitrust</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Breaking news - Federal Trade Commission chairman Jon Leibowitz has &lt;a href="http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/Daily-Reports/2010/October/06/ACO-meeting.aspx"&gt;suggested &lt;/a&gt;that the FTC may permit antitrust waivers or an expedited review process for healthcare organizations seeking to become Accountable Care Organizations and wary of running afoul of antitrust legislation.&amp;nbsp; If such a process is created, organizations could achieve the scale they need to control the entire cycle of care for their patients.&amp;nbsp; It's a thorny grey zone - some of the same actions that enable you to provide all aspects of a patient's care  also let you shut out competitors.&amp;nbsp; For example, having your primary  care network refer only to your tertiary centers, negotiating favorable  capitation contracts, buying information systems for docs that agree to  work with you.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This isn't the first time antitrust has been a concern for healthcare organizations looking to corner a market.&amp;nbsp; In 2008, the Boston Globe published a &lt;a href="http://www.boston.com/news/specials/healthcare_spotlight/"&gt;series &lt;/a&gt;alleging that Partners Healthcare has been uncompetitively raising prices for a decade, though their claims have yet to stick.&amp;nbsp; UPMC, too, has been challenged for having a near-monopoly on healthcare throughout its region, but by a competitor (West Penn Allegheny) in a court of law, not by a newspaper in the court of public opinion.&amp;nbsp; That suit was thrown out, but antitrust continues to be a concern for large systems, who contend that insurance companies have been able to achieve national scale without seeing the same antitrust pressure, while the FTC has been quick to break up hospitals.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It's a fascinating issue and we'll see more activity here as the ACO movement goes forward.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;More on the ACO Program &lt;a href="http://cms.gov/officeoflegislation/downloads/accountablecareorganization.pdf"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-aco-series-part-2-antitrust"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-aco-series-part-2-antitrust#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/SOT7uipj4TY" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-aco-series-part-2-antitrust</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Sep 2010 19:35:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>The Future of Health IT:  Major League Baseball?</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/HlLAh41LsSw/the-future-of-health-it-major-league-baseball</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-future-of-health-it-major-league-baseball</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	
&lt;p&gt;At an event recently, I met a professional baseball player who told me that he&amp;rsquo;s part of a &lt;strong&gt;fascinating experiment in personal health records&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Early this year, Major League Baseball linked all 30 teams&amp;rsquo; medical records into one system.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;This web-based system has doctors&amp;rsquo; notes, radiography, and lab tests, and will standardize all of a player&amp;rsquo;s past data &amp;ndash; MLB is even digitizing old records that were on paper.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The information is protected by HIPAA and not shared in real-time, so the Red Sox can&amp;rsquo;t access Jeter&amp;rsquo;s records to find out why he isn&amp;rsquo;t in the lineup one night at Fenway.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;img alt="Hitbypitch" height="301" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-29/zJBrdrsGCElcywjFlFrlzfhGqHHsnDkwxfGDAkGBIqGtBnHzknkcJkwBnkuC/HitByPitch.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="308" /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Fig. 1.&amp;nbsp; Iatrogenic harm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sounds great, right?&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp; Continuity of care, right?&amp;nbsp; &lt;/strong&gt;Trainers and orthopedic surgeons starting care for a newly-traded player shouldn&amp;rsquo;t rely on vague recollections of past injuries, surgeries, or imaging, or even on written reports.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Now they can compare MRIs and X-rays and see exactly how an injury has healed or progressed over time.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;They can see exactly what doses of meds a patient responded to in the past and which didn&amp;rsquo;t work.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sometimes in healthcare we can get away with missing the details of a surgery or a CT scan, but at the level of physical performance that the MLB expects, nothing short of total precision will do.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Not so fast &amp;ndash; the player I met, who shall remain unnamed, was not a fan.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Why not?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Turns out it&amp;rsquo;s not just the docs who access the system &amp;ndash; it&amp;rsquo;s the &lt;strong&gt;general managers and club owners&lt;/strong&gt; as well.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;My friend realized early that such access gives clubs tremendous negotiating leverage over players: &amp;ldquo;&lt;em&gt;Minor sprain, you say?&amp;nbsp; Says here on this MRI that several tendons may have been hurt.&amp;nbsp; Not sure we can give you $5 million&lt;/em&gt;.&amp;rdquo;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;So my friend has wisely taken pains to edit exactly what health information he gives them and what he doesn&amp;rsquo;t &amp;ndash; he&amp;rsquo;s careful to see non-MLB doctors for many things.&amp;nbsp; &lt;span&gt;H&lt;/span&gt;e&amp;rsquo;s often cited as one of baseball&amp;rsquo;s most overpaid players, so he&amp;rsquo;s clearly onto something.&amp;nbsp; Whether or not he withholds the right information, only time will tell.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Let this be a cautionary tale.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If we&amp;rsquo;re to organize universal medical records systems, &lt;strong&gt;whom do you trust to lead the way&lt;/strong&gt;?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Employers, who have a good reason to see their employees healthy but may have other motives?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Docs and hospitals, whose bickering and feudalism oftentimes undoes their good intentions?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Private enterprises, like Google or Microsoft?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;They already seem to know what we&amp;rsquo;re searching for better than we do. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Insurers?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The government?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Tea Party?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;I welcome your thoughts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;More on the MLB's system &lt;a href="http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100228&amp;amp;content_id=8632528&amp;amp;vkey=news_mlb&amp;amp;fext=.jsp&amp;amp;c_id=mlb"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;a href="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-29/lEbmIwigebyliBolCIHigfGFyDBdlFivlnCmGmrvtkACbxJtxFBshemDtGIH/baseball-steroids.jpg.scaled1000.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="Baseball-steroids" height="332" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-29/lEbmIwigebyliBolCIHigfGFyDBdlFivlnCmGmrvtkACbxJtxFBshemDtGIH/baseball-steroids.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="500" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;Fig. 2.&amp;nbsp; The patient reported a long history of being assaulted by strangers with wooden bats.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-future-of-health-it-major-league-baseball"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-future-of-health-it-major-league-baseball#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/HlLAh41LsSw" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="301" width="308" url="http://getfile7.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-29/zJBrdrsGCElcywjFlFrlzfhGqHHsnDkwxfGDAkGBIqGtBnHzknkcJkwBnkuC/HitByPitch.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="301" width="308" url="http://getfile1.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-29/zJBrdrsGCElcywjFlFrlzfhGqHHsnDkwxfGDAkGBIqGtBnHzknkcJkwBnkuC/HitByPitch.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="342" width="515" url="http://getfile5.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-29/lEbmIwigebyliBolCIHigfGFyDBdlFivlnCmGmrvtkACbxJtxFBshemDtGIH/baseball-steroids.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="332" width="500" url="http://getfile3.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-29/lEbmIwigebyliBolCIHigfGFyDBdlFivlnCmGmrvtkACbxJtxFBshemDtGIH/baseball-steroids.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-future-of-health-it-major-league-baseball</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Sep 2010 16:48:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>How Prisons Are Like Hospitals (Not the Other Way Around)</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/J1b_wxjmPVU/how-prisons-are-like-hospitals-not-the-other</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/how-prisons-are-like-hospitals-not-the-other</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"&gt;As you probably know, for-profit prison operators like the &lt;a href="http://www.correctionscorp.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;Corrections Corporation of America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; don&amp;rsquo;t have the best reputation &amp;ndash; they stand accused of profiting off of America's growing crime rates, while we on the outside see only worsening violence, repeat offenders, and a drain of our tax dollars. &amp;nbsp;They have lobbied for legislation toughening penalties, which has many suspicious that they are not so much looking out for our safety as seeking to guarantee reliable revenue. &amp;nbsp;Many of my HBS classmates found the idea of private prisons ethically repugnant, arguing that some things must be handled by the state and should never be the province of private individuals. &amp;nbsp;I take exception to private prisons too, but for a different reason. &amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;The problem with private prisons &amp;ndash; like the problem with hospitals &amp;ndash; is not that people profit, but that they profit off of the wrong things.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;img alt="Prison_break" height="345" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-09/crGgllyqjzGyAlBjFiFiFukpgqGuGrrJDivzGxrGdqqGFBlCageFAmHjvfob/prison_break.gif.scaled500.gif" width="500" /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fig. 1 - Maybe when they're out, they can solve healthcare&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt; We shouldn&amp;rsquo;t be so surprised that private prisons aren&amp;rsquo;t improving society.&amp;nbsp; After all, we're getting exactly what we pay for. &amp;nbsp;Private prisons are typically paid &lt;em&gt;per diem&lt;/em&gt; by the government &amp;ndash; a fixed sum per prisoner head der day. &amp;nbsp;Their substantial fixed investments in buildings, guards, and security systems are their own cost to bear.&amp;nbsp; Clearly, the only way they can stay afloat is to have &lt;strong&gt;as many prisoners as possible, all the time, in more facilities.&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;nbsp;Recidivism isn&amp;rsquo;t bad for them &amp;ndash; in fact, it means repeat customers.&amp;nbsp; Not that they are evil &amp;ndash; I don't believe any prison operators wish more crime on society, but it certainly makes no economic sense for them to spend millions on programs intended to prevent or reduce crime.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Sound familiar? &amp;nbsp;It should &amp;ndash; it's the same problem we have with our hospital-centric, acute care-driven health system. &amp;nbsp;Hospitals are paid per admission and docs per visit or procedure, so we shouldn&amp;rsquo;t be surprised to find that the numbers of hospital admissions, doc visits, and procedures have only multiplied over the years. &amp;nbsp;Healthcare providers aren&amp;rsquo;t paid for what we on the outside really want: &lt;strong&gt;health&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Not that doctors or hospitals are evil. &amp;nbsp;No one would deliberately harm their patients or attempt to increase hospital admissions.&amp;nbsp; But well-wishing and meaningful action are two different things, and for most healthcare providers,&lt;strong&gt; there are no resources available to invest in programs that will only reduce revenue by preventing readmissions or procedures. &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"&gt;Prisons, then, can learn something from healthcare. The trend for years in health policy has been to find a way to pay not for health care but for health.&amp;nbsp; Managed care, pay-for-performance, accountable care organizations, you name it &amp;ndash; we haven't found the right way, but we're getting there.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;strong&gt;So why don't we pay prisons for criminal "health"? &lt;/strong&gt;Not literal health, but rehabilitation in the societal sense &amp;ndash; reduced violence, reduced recidivism, improved job and social skills. &amp;nbsp;Instead of earning more revenue for bounce-backs, prisons should be penalized, just as hospitals are increasingly docked for avoidable complications. &amp;nbsp;We could easily follow released inmates and "score" prisons on whether their people got jobs and stayed out of trouble, and pay them not for "&lt;em&gt;quantity&lt;/em&gt;" of imprisonments but "&lt;em&gt;quality&lt;/em&gt;." &amp;nbsp;Better yet, we might have prisons competing for the most lucrative contracts based on their results. &amp;nbsp;Suddenly we'd find prison companies investing not in lobbying but in research on how to rehabilitate criminals. &amp;nbsp;Far from being a costly nuisance, services like education, psychiatry, and therapy would become the keys to success.&amp;nbsp; Or think bigger - what about an &lt;strong&gt;accountable care organization for crime&lt;/strong&gt;? &amp;nbsp;Imagine an organization responsible for the overall level of crime and security per member of the population of a region. &amp;nbsp;Because having people in prison would be the most expensive cost it could incur, it would turn its focus away from building jails and towards crime prevention, gang busting, and job creation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"&gt; Of course, as with many of my crazy ideas, there would be many technical problems.&amp;nbsp; The most vexing would be how to define "health" for crime &amp;ndash; is it just the absence of crime or is it something bigger?&amp;nbsp; But that is the same debate we are having with healthcare &amp;ndash; is health just the absence of disease or something bigger?&amp;nbsp; We find that the technical problems &amp;ndash; how to achieve crime &amp;ldquo;health,&amp;rdquo; how to figure out which prison deserves credit for good results and which penalty for bad ones, how to keep players from "gaming" the system, what to do with prisoners that can never be reformed &amp;ndash; all resemble the ones that now plague healthcare. &amp;nbsp;But these are &lt;em&gt;technical &lt;/em&gt;arguments, not &lt;em&gt;ethical &lt;/em&gt;ones, and they are reasons to try harder, not reasons to stick with our status quo.&amp;nbsp; After all, in prisons as in healthcare, the status quo costs our country dearly in dollars and lives. &amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Let's start by buying what we really want: health.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;For more about a fascinating idea for reforming prisons, see Graeme Woods in this month's &lt;a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/09/prison-without-walls/8195/"&gt;Atlantic&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;a href="http://www.fox.com/programming/shows/returning/prisonbreak.htm"&gt;Prison Break&lt;/a&gt; and its images are property of Twentieth-Century Fox and are reproduced here entirely without permission; please don't sue me. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/how-prisons-are-like-hospitals-not-the-other"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/how-prisons-are-like-hospitals-not-the-other#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/J1b_wxjmPVU" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
      <media:content type="image/gif" height="345" width="500" url="http://getfile3.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-09/crGgllyqjzGyAlBjFiFiFukpgqGuGrrJDivzGxrGdqqGFBlCageFAmHjvfob/prison_break.gif">
        <media:thumbnail height="345" width="500" url="http://getfile4.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-09/crGgllyqjzGyAlBjFiFiFukpgqGuGrrJDivzGxrGdqqGFBlCageFAmHjvfob/prison_break.gif.scaled500.gif" />
      </media:content>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/how-prisons-are-like-hospitals-not-the-other</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Sep 2010 21:33:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>The Greatest Arms Race Ever Fought</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/r5OdETnBIFQ/the-greatest-arms-race-ever-fought</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-greatest-arms-race-ever-fought</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;At a recent social event, I met an alum of my business school working in marketing for a pharma outfit that makes a &amp;ldquo;last-ditch&amp;rdquo; antibiotic &amp;ndash; a powerful weapon against bacterial infection that hospitals and doctors keep in close reserve lest careless overuse breed resistance by bacteria.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&amp;ldquo;Oh,&amp;rdquo; I said, &amp;ldquo;I&amp;rsquo;ve heard of your product; it&amp;rsquo;s our weapon of last resort.&amp;rdquo;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;I meant it as a compliment, but he was annoyed.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;He replied that he hoped vigorous &amp;ldquo;education&amp;rdquo; of physicians would lead to its increasing use as a first-line agent. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I was taken aback &amp;ndash; what did he expect would happen if resistance to his agent developed, which it inevitably would?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The plagues of yesteryear have nothing on today&amp;rsquo;s bacteria.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Yersinia pestis&lt;/em&gt;, causative agent of the bubonic plague and scourge of Europe, would at least have succumbed to such simple drugs as doxycycline and gentamicin, if we&amp;rsquo;d had them.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;But modern-day hospital plagues, which boast astonishing armaments of antibiotic resistance, would not give in nearly so easily. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;a href="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-02/omJtrcrImBcFBpjJAIskIAykeHuwFsnhsehfaoHtIjwihFyJsfGEIfCjikgx/MRSA.jpg.scaled1000.jpg"&gt;&lt;img alt="Mrsa" height="362" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-02/omJtrcrImBcFBpjJAIskIAykeHuwFsnhsehfaoHtIjwihFyJsfGEIfCjikgx/MRSA.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="500" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fig. 1 - These bad eggs are harder to recall&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The past century has seen wave after wave of antibiotics rising to the fray since Alexander Fleming first discovered penicillin growing out of mold in his jacket.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;beta-lactam&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; class, most famed for its use against the Gram-positive &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;Enterococcus&lt;/em&gt; genera, has evolved from humble penicillin to modifications like nafcillin and oxacillin, then to &amp;ldquo;augmented&amp;rdquo; beta-lactams like amoxicillin-clavulanate.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The related &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;cephalosporin&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;class followed with five successive generations of increasingly broad-spectrum agents.&lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;em&gt;Vancomycin&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, not a beta-lactam relative but also key in the fight against Staph, was more recently added and remains a crucial jack up our sleeve.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The cephalosporins were more recently succeeded by the expensive and powerful &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;carbapenem&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; class. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Imipenem, ertapenem, and meropenem are the F-22s of the hospital world &amp;ndash; support forces enlisted only when the beta-lactams, cephalosporins, and even the vaunted Vancomycin have been bested.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Finally, in secretive reserve are kept an array of strangely-named shock troops &amp;ndash; &lt;em&gt;daptomycin&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;tigecycline&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;linezolid&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;polymyxin &lt;/em&gt;&amp;ndash; an arsenal whose deployment is spoken of with some awe by housestaff for the degree of desperation that it signals.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Yet &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus&lt;/em&gt; and its ilk have kept pace with us every step of the way.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bacterial resistance to antibiotics turns out to be all the proof Darwin ever needed.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Each infection, each asymptomatic carrier, and each dirty hospital surface is a tiny ecosystem where the laws of evolution play out on a grand scale with incredible speed.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Every time a population of bacteria is confronted with an antibiotic, those chosen few in the teeming biofilm graced with chance mutations that confer resistance survive, while their weaker peers perish.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In the aftermath of the microbial holocaust, with now-unfettered access to nutrients and surfaces, the hardy survivors flourish.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Quite literally, &lt;strong&gt;that which does not kill them makes them stronger&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Since bacterial generations come and go in mere hours, even slight advantages transform into entirely new resistance mechanisms very quickly.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;What&amp;rsquo;s more, bacteria do not wait for Prometheus to bring them mutations &amp;ndash; they transfer them rapidly to one another on extra-chromosomal DNA elements called plasmids, which can amass multiple resistance genes and even pass &lt;em&gt;between species&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The result has been &lt;strong&gt;MRSA&lt;/strong&gt;, methicillin-resistant &lt;em&gt;Staphylcoccus aureus&lt;/em&gt;, the dreaded leading cause of flesh-eating infections; &lt;strong&gt;VRE&lt;/strong&gt;, Vancomycin-resistant &lt;em&gt;Enterococcus&lt;/em&gt;; and &lt;strong&gt;ESBL &lt;/strong&gt;(extended spectrum beta-lactamase)-producing &lt;em&gt;Klebsiella&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In recent years, we have even see the rare &lt;strong&gt;VRSA&lt;/strong&gt;, or Vancomycin-resistant &lt;em&gt;Staph aureus&lt;/em&gt;, and novel foes like producers of &lt;strong&gt;KPC &lt;/strong&gt;(&lt;em&gt;Klebsiella pneumonia&lt;/em&gt; carbapenemase), a deadly tool that grants immunity even against carbapenems.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The Infectious Diseases specialists, the tight hand on the spigot of Vancomycin and other advanced drugs, are the last bastion against the indefatigable march of antibiotic profligacy and thus bacterial resistance.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Every doctor wants to use just a little more antibiotic than they need; every such use strengthens bacteria just a little more.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;But even the ID docs have found themselves forced to dole out the big guns with increasing regularity.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;It is a typical academic ICU that sees multiple patients on contact isolation and at least some receiving daptomycin or linezolid.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The enemy is gaining ground&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In classic American fashion, private industry has come to the rescue.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Where antibiotics were once a dead-end for drug development, in the last decade a few specialty pharma shops have forecast big bucks ahead.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Some thorny ethical questions arise.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;On the one hand, our patients desperately need new antibiotics.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Recognizing the relentless advance of the super-resistant organisms, the Infectious Diseases Society of America has called for &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.idsociety.org/Content.aspx?id=4810"&gt;10 new drugs by 2020&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On the other hand, there are audible overtones of opportunism and cynicism.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;It&amp;rsquo;s common to see advertisements like this one for tigecycline, depicting a doctor with a vigilant tiger at his side, on the webpage of the New England Journal of Medicine or on docs&amp;rsquo; ID card lanyards. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;These ads are not-so-subtly intended to nudge more and more overuse of potent antibiotics.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The marketer I met himself admitted that his company&amp;rsquo;s strategy was to &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;encourage overuse&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, replying to my question with confidence that his company&amp;rsquo;s next products would replace its current one when &amp;ndash; not if &amp;ndash; resistance develops.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;How convenient, I thought &amp;ndash; &lt;strong&gt;a product whose use creates a market for the next product&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;img alt="Tigecycline" height="145" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-02/GobEqcImspzbFnrIbFaABIsxyeGithcEBwIctCpaInDeyodAqJtggdFakviH/tigecycline.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="224" /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fig. 2 - Med schools had begun to admit more and more magicians &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In miniature, the story of antibiotic resistance mimics the story of the American economic collapse.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In a classic Tragedy of the Commons, every participant seeks to get as much personal benefit as they can, deferring the costs or trying to pass them to others &amp;ndash; with the economy, it was derivatives; with medicine, it is our temptation to use more powerful drugs than we need.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As we run out of places to hide, we need someone to save us from our own excess &amp;ndash; with the economy, it was the Bailout; with medicine, it will be these costly new drugs.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;But questions will linger.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Are our saviors truly White Knights who care only for discovering cures, or are they &amp;ndash; like Goldman Sachs, who sold its clients doomed derivatives even while betting against them &amp;ndash; deliberately pushing us to our own excess and expecting to profiteer from our downfall?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-greatest-arms-race-ever-fought"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-greatest-arms-race-ever-fought#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/r5OdETnBIFQ" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="579" width="800" url="http://getfile5.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-02/omJtrcrImBcFBpjJAIskIAykeHuwFsnhsehfaoHtIjwihFyJsfGEIfCjikgx/MRSA.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="362" width="500" url="http://getfile5.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-02/omJtrcrImBcFBpjJAIskIAykeHuwFsnhsehfaoHtIjwihFyJsfGEIfCjikgx/MRSA.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="145" width="224" url="http://getfile8.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-02/GobEqcImspzbFnrIbFaABIsxyeGithcEBwIctCpaInDeyodAqJtggdFakviH/tigecycline.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="145" width="224" url="http://getfile8.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-09-02/GobEqcImspzbFnrIbFaABIsxyeGithcEBwIctCpaInDeyodAqJtggdFakviH/tigecycline.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-greatest-arms-race-ever-fought</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Sep 2010 19:40:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>The ACO Series, Part 1 - Suggestions for Would-Be Accountable Care Organizations </title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/IK60_UMK9tQ/the-aco-series-part-1-suggestions-for-would-b</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-aco-series-part-1-suggestions-for-would-b</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;We'll briefly interrupt the ICU series to run the ACO Series concurrently.&amp;nbsp; Don't fret - more ICU installments coming.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These days, everyone wants to be an Accountable Care Organization.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;I recently met a physician-executive hoping to start an ACO by bringing together several Patient-Centered Medical Homes (PCMHs) and urgent care centers, starting his own health plan, and writing contracts with local hospitals.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;It&amp;rsquo;s a great idea but a path paved by the failures of the well-intentioned, as I learned studying every past Medicare Demo and many previous incarnations of the ACO.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Here are some practical suggestions based on my reading of history. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rule #1 - Know Your Enemy.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Don&amp;rsquo;t pretend that making the elderly healthy will earn you only friends.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;You&amp;rsquo;ll probably wind up trying to reduce hospital admissions (see Rule #4), and unsurprisingly, &lt;strong&gt;hospitals won&amp;rsquo;t like that&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;I know docs at one excellent practice in a major city that acted as an ACO for decades but recently went out of business when it couldn&amp;rsquo;t negotiate the capitation contracts it needed &amp;ndash; because local insurers were getting pressure from the powerful urban hospitals to exclude the practice.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In most areas, hospitals and specialist groups have considerable leverage over payors (see Rule #2).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If you&amp;rsquo;re going to take on the big guys, make sure you can pit several against each other.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If you are the hospital, you are your own worst enemy, so carefully evaluate why you&amp;rsquo;re doing this (see Rule #5). &lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rule #2 &amp;ndash; Know What Your Customers Want.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;This is basic marketing &amp;ndash; what does your customer want and what does every intermediary in the distribution chain want?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Hospitals and specialist groups have leverage over payors because most patients in the US demand to have choice of hospital and specialist &amp;ndash; they like second opinions when making procedure decisions &amp;ndash; but are happy to have limited selections of PCPs.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;And even if the patient doesn&amp;rsquo;t really mind, who is buying for half of American patients but employers, and how do employers sell benefits packages to employees if not by emphasizing choice?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If you&amp;rsquo;re considering enrolling in the Demo, be advised &amp;ndash; Medicare patients have grown accustomed to wide choice over the last ~50 years.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Your best bet will be to find an area where patients have a long history of accepting HMOs &amp;ndash; such as the West Coast or the Rockies &amp;ndash; and capture a large share of it immediately (see Rule #3).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rule #3 &amp;ndash; Have Enough Scale.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;This isn&amp;rsquo;t a David-vs.-Goliath story for three reasons.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;First, choice.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;An internal HBS project studied the failed expansion attempts of a major integrated insurer/provider, and found that they were taking too long to get to up to the network size that their new customers expected.&amp;nbsp; Have a big network fast.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Second, negotiation power.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If you&amp;rsquo;re going to take on the hospitals and specialists whose business you threaten to reduce, you better control enough of their referral base that they can&amp;rsquo;t ignore or box you out.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Third, financial risk.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;I spoke with centers who had enrolled in previous similar risk-bearing Medicare Demos and was amazed how back-of-the-envelope their financial projections were.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;You should estimate your likely catastrophic risk given the accountability you are taking on (say, X number of premature babies times Y cost per baby), figure out what percent annual loss you can afford to run (maybe based on the cash you have in the bank), and divide B into A to see how many patients you need to amortize away a loss.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Also, don&amp;rsquo;t underestimate the infrastructure cost you will need to become an ACO &amp;ndash; new staff, new IT, new physical plant.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Finally -&lt;/strong&gt; don&amp;rsquo;t let the 5,000-beneficiary minimum in the Demo rules fool you.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In Washington, it&amp;rsquo;s no secret that that number was chosen somewhat arbitrarily by Fisher and McClellan in their (excellent) 2009 Health Affairs article.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Depending on your population, market, and desired level of financial accountability, you should calculate your own minimum number.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rule #4 &amp;ndash; Have a Plan for Savings.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Now that you&amp;rsquo;re accountable, you have to find ways to spend less while improving outcomes.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;More importantly, you have to do it before the Demo &amp;ndash; and your clinicians&amp;rsquo; patience &amp;ndash; runs out of time, usually in ~3 years.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;You&amp;rsquo;ve only got a few ways &amp;ndash; reduce ED visits, reduce hospital admissions, reduce specialist visits, or reduce imaging.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pharma spending isn&amp;rsquo;t big and reducing it will probably lead to hospital admissions.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Primary prevention of major disease is great, but you need quick wins if you&amp;rsquo;re going to keep up morale.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;So first, choose your focus carefully &amp;ndash;&lt;/strong&gt; target conditions where people are being unnecessarily bounced into the hospital a lot, like CHF, COPD, asthma, or falls, and pick ones where cheap interventions can make the difference.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Then realistically estimate your costs and efficacy.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;For example, a simple daily visit by an MA can discover fall risk items in a patient&amp;rsquo;s home or can prevent patients from missing meds and having a CHF exacerbation &amp;ndash; but how many MAs will you need to see all 5,000+ of your patients, and how many falls will they really prevent?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Second, give yourself room.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;People want to be accountable for primary care, but frankly, there isn&amp;rsquo;t much room to save on the care of healthy people.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The best historical ACOs, like the Commonwealth Care Alliance in Boston or the Boeing A-ICU project, specifically aimed for dual-eligibles and other super-sick people so as to get the largest risk-adjusted capitation payment.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Third, don&amp;rsquo;t rely on your patients&amp;rsquo; behavior changes to save you the money.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Not only because people change slowly if ever, but also because your clinicians need to feel that something that they did under your new ACO made the difference.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rule #5 - Don&amp;rsquo;t Kid Yourself About Why You&amp;rsquo;re Doing This.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;When I asked centers participating in past Medicare Demos why they did it, they all said it was to get greater exposure and attract patient volume.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Didn&amp;rsquo;t happen for any of them &amp;ndash; except the CABG Demo, where &lt;em&gt;Medicare paid patients to go to the Demo centers&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Patients are not interested in your status as an ACO and you will not attract volume that way.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The only way to come out on top is to save money.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;A participating center in one Medicare Demo had the right idea &amp;ndash; it realized that a Medicare Demo means a waiver of Federal gainsharing restrictions, which means &lt;strong&gt;a hospital can pay surgeons and docs&lt;/strong&gt; to spend less on supplies (otherwise a crime).&amp;nbsp; This hospital then saved a bundle by negotiating tougher with device companies.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;That hospital obeyed Rule #1 &amp;ndash; it knew who its enemy was (the surgeons who were costing it money with unnecessarily expensive devices) and it got them on its side.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These are exciting times for accountable care, but a close reading of history is advised, beginning with the previous Medicare Demos.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Don&amp;rsquo;t let the hype cloud your sound business judgment.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Be sure to read the actual Medicare rules closely.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-aco-series-part-1-suggestions-for-would-b"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-aco-series-part-1-suggestions-for-would-b#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/IK60_UMK9tQ" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-aco-series-part-1-suggestions-for-would-b</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Sun, 29 Aug 2010 10:28:22 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>Healthcare creativity courtesy of Jimmy Kimmel</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/icxFi51EFAk/healthcare-creativity-courtesy-of-jimmy-kimme</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/healthcare-creativity-courtesy-of-jimmy-kimme</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	 &lt;p class="MsoPlainText"&gt;This clip is a few months old, but as we are spending our time thinking about meaningful use and how healthcare reform will be implemented, it provides some nice comic relief (and a nice auto-tuned beat) to some big topics in healthcare.  &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoPlainText"&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p class="MsoPlainText"&gt;&lt;iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ITT6bYYGVfM?wmode=transparent" allowfullscreen frameborder="0" height="417" width="500"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/healthcare-creativity-courtesy-of-jimmy-kimme"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/healthcare-creativity-courtesy-of-jimmy-kimme#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/icxFi51EFAk" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/397656/silpa_ambar_bain_cap_holiday_party_-_2.jpg</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sDFgq6htIiJ</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Ambar </posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Bhattacharyya</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>Ambar Bhattacharyya</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Ambar  Bhattacharyya</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/healthcare-creativity-courtesy-of-jimmy-kimme</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Aug 2010 11:58:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>Tales of the Modern Hospital </title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/Qj0Yg1guOY0/tales-of-the-modern-hospital</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/tales-of-the-modern-hospital</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;And now, back to reality.&lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Here&amp;rsquo;s a great true story about a near-miss that illustrates the need for communication in the hospital. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;This occurred at a premier American academic center, and it&amp;rsquo;s by no means an outlier case. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;An elderly Neurosurgery patient, Ms. Morrison (not her real name), was being readied for discharge, when the Cardiac Electrophysiology lab called her floor and asked the Unit Assistant if Ms. Morris was ready for her arrhythmia ablation. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The UA called the RN.&lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The RN thought to herself, &amp;ldquo;That&amp;rsquo;s odd, I don&amp;rsquo;t recall this patient having heart problems.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But the surgeons and cardiologists frequently make decisions without telling me, so they must be right&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;rdquo; &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;She went to wheel the patient down. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ms. Morrison was nauseous and groggy, and said &amp;ldquo;I don&amp;rsquo;t think I have heart problems.&amp;rdquo; &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The RN, who had just started her shift, didn&amp;rsquo;t feel like arguing and said &amp;ldquo;Tell you what, I&amp;rsquo;ll wheel you down and when you&amp;rsquo;re there you can just refuse the procedure.&amp;rdquo; &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The patient agreed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;Meanwhile, the Neurosurgery resident came by the floor to discharge Ms. Morrison, who wasn&amp;rsquo;t there. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;He called down to the EP suite, where the EP RN explained that a cardiac ablation had been ordered. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;He said to himself, &amp;ldquo;That&amp;rsquo;s odd, I don&amp;rsquo;t recall this patient having heart problems.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;But my Attending frequently makes decisions without telling me, so he must be right&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;rdquo; &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;The patient arrived in the Electrophysiology suite, where the EP RN was surprised to see there was no consent for an ablation in the chart. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;She asked the patient, who refused the procedure, so she called the EP Attending. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The EP Attending was annoyed to hear that the consent he&amp;rsquo;d spent an hour obtaining had been lost.&lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;He got on the phone with Ms. Morrison, and without introducing himself or asking her name, proceeded to lecture her on why this procedure was important for her arrhythmia. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ms. Morrison, who was still nauseous and confused, agreed to have the procedure as long as she be given anti-nausea meds. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;The EP Fellow arrived to begin the ablation, but was a little surprised to find that he didn&amp;rsquo;t know the patient. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;But he thought to himself, &amp;ldquo;That&amp;rsquo;s odd, I don&amp;rsquo;t remember Ms. Morris looking quite like this. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;But my Attending has already personally consented this patient, twice at that.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;And what&amp;rsquo;s more &amp;ndash; he frequently makes decisions without telling me, so I&amp;rsquo;ll just assume he must be right&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&amp;rdquo; &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;So he draped the patient and began inserting a catheter into her heart. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;Finally, the Attending neurosurgeon came by Ms. Morrison&amp;rsquo;s room to say goodbye, but of course she wasn&amp;rsquo;t there. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;He called down to the EP suite, where the EP Fellow was already introducing higher and higher voltages into the heart in an attempt to induce a lethal arrhythmia that the patient didn&amp;rsquo;t have, hoping to permanently destroy heart tissue that wasn&amp;rsquo;t diseased. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The neurosurgeon informed the EP Fellow that Ms. Morrison had no heart problems; the EP Fellow responded that this was Ms. Morris, not Ms. Morrison. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The EP RN spoke up, saying &amp;ldquo;No, this is in fact Ms. Morrison,&amp;rdquo; at which point the team&amp;rsquo;s collective error became clear to all. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The patient, who had fortunately suffered no harm, was at least relieved to hear that her heart was working well. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small; font-family: Times New Roman;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What went wrong?&lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;This was a very representative case in which everyone involved noticed the error, but no one spoke up. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The original identity mix-up was totally understandable, but the problem was that multiple parties each assumed that someone else had checked the error. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Cases like this are unfortunately all too common, in a world of strict hierarchy and numerous specialists. &lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Can confusion like this be prevented?&lt;span style=""&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Your comments welcomed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;


	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/tales-of-the-modern-hospital"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/tales-of-the-modern-hospital#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/Qj0Yg1guOY0" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/tales-of-the-modern-hospital</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Aug 2010 17:16:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>The Crazy Idea - An Artificial Womb</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/-tsJFHoTGvw/the-crazy-idea-an-artificial-womb</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-crazy-idea-an-artificial-womb</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;After my girlfriend returned from an exhausting and terrifying overnight call in the hospital nursery, spent rushing to emergency deliveries fraught with maternal and fetal complications, it dawned on me: pregnancy is so primitive.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Surely we can do better.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;What if we developed an extracorporeal gestation device &amp;ndash; an artificial womb?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Why don&amp;rsquo;t we have elective gestations, predictable, safe, and controlled?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Science fiction though it may be, just imagine this world for a minute.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No more birth trauma.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No more shoulder dystocia.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;No more prematurity and all its complications&lt;/strong&gt;; gone would be respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, and intraventricular hemorrhage.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Gone would be meconium aspiration, nuchal cords, and chorioamnionitis.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No more anoxic brain injury means &lt;strong&gt;cerebral palsy would be a thing of the past&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The toxins of pregnancy would be gone.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Never again would there be fetal alcohol syndrome, thalidomide babies, or toxoplasmosis.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;There would be no more NICUs and no more obstetrics.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Mothers would be safer &amp;ndash; no uterine atony and hemorrhage, no Sheehan&amp;rsquo;s syndrome, &lt;strong&gt;no more death in childbirth&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If they wanted, they could have elective hysterectomies, meaning no more fibroids, uterine cancer, or cervical cancer; heck, there would be no more periods.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;There would be &lt;strong&gt;no more need for abortion&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;And with pregnancy finally, definitively a joint decision between man and woman, women would have the control over their reproductive rights that they&amp;rsquo;ve sought since the beginning of time &amp;ndash; they would have &lt;em&gt;equality&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Of course we don&amp;rsquo;t have this technology, but it wouldn&amp;rsquo;t be hard.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Unlike other organs, which have complex cells and precise extracellular matrices, the amniotic sac is a &lt;strong&gt;simple fluid vessel&lt;/strong&gt; and the placenta but an &lt;strong&gt;exchange membrane&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;We know and could administer all the hormones needed at the different stages of pregnancy.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Nutrition would be simple; in fact, we could control proteins and vitamins better than a person does her diet.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;We could easily simulate the sounds and soothing darkness of the womb, and if you wanted maybe we could play Mozart or read Tolstoy to your developing child.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;And unlimited womb size would allow twins, triplets, or even octuplets to gestate without the additional health risks that they now confront &amp;ndash; &lt;strong&gt;no more choosing which triplet must die and which can live&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Yes, there would be unintended consequences.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;First, the mother-child bond that first develops in pregnancy might be disrupted, leading to a change in family dynamics.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;But family dynamics are changing anyway.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Second, the rich would have access while the poor would not &amp;ndash; but that is true of every new technology, and in fact for any technology to become low-cost enough to reach the poor it invariably goes through the well-to-do early adopters first.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Last is the &amp;ldquo;Gattaca&amp;rdquo; worry of a world of genetically-selected elites ruling a natural underclass.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;But an artificial womb is unrelated to how people choose to conceive, as amenable to natural embryos as to &amp;ldquo;selected&amp;rdquo; ones.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Besides, we are already having this debate with IVF.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Food for thought - I welcome your thoughts.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-crazy-idea-an-artificial-womb"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-crazy-idea-an-artificial-womb#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/-tsJFHoTGvw" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-crazy-idea-an-artificial-womb</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Aug 2010 23:39:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>The ICU Series, Part 5 of 8 - Technology the ICU Needs, Part 2 </title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/S9AdYsZhLIg/the-icu-series-part-5-of-8-technology-the-icu</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-5-of-8-technology-the-icu</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;We return to the ICU Series with the second part of technology needed in the ICU, again with an emphasis on diagnostics.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As with last time, I have no idea whether these are feasible, only that they would find willing buyers in intensivists (depending on the price). &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Some of them may even exist, but if they do, they need better marketing teams.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rapid fungal diagnostics.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Healthy people don&amp;rsquo;t often get massive fungal infections, but the critically ill do.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Antifungals are toxic (and expensive) drugs, so they can&amp;rsquo;t just be given empirically.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Unfortunately, when a patient on heavy antibacterial coverage starts getting worse, you never know if it&amp;rsquo;s fungi, resistant bacteria, or some other kind of shock.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;And we don&amp;rsquo;t have the luxury of waiting for fungal cultures, which grow very slowly.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;So a rapid molecular test would be good.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible solution &amp;ndash;&lt;/strong&gt; PCR is tricky, because fungi don&amp;rsquo;t release DNA as easily as bacteria.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Immunoassays against fungal surface antigens would be good.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The existing test, Bio-Rad&amp;rsquo;s Aspergillus EIA, is good but not great.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Sensitivity and specificity are both ~80-90%, and there&amp;rsquo;s cross reactivity with beta-lactam antibiotics.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;That&amp;rsquo;s a problem, because previous antibiotic history is one of the major risk factors for fungal infection, so almost everyone you&amp;rsquo;re using the test on has received beta-lactams.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;a href="http://getfile3.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-12/CdfvgxHseBtIzvoAEykDqJqtrqrvBirvuwCEJsvnAAFctkwqkJipjtArhDfE/aspergillus.gif.scaled1000.gif"&gt;&lt;img alt="Aspergillus" height="338" src="http://getfile0.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-12/CdfvgxHseBtIzvoAEykDqJqtrqrvBirvuwCEJsvnAAFctkwqkJipjtArhDfE/aspergillus.gif.scaled500.gif" width="500" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Volume status.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The critically ill have a hard time controlling their blood volume for many reasons (not the least of which is that we decide how much they get or put out).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;We often find ourselves guessing whether a patient is &amp;ldquo;dry&amp;rdquo; or &amp;ldquo;wet,&amp;rdquo; and although a good clinician is better at using clinical signs, objective markers are needed.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The CVP (central venous pressure) is unreliable because heart disease can affect it; it also requires a central line.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The FENa (fractional excretion of sodium) can be misleading in renal hypoperfusion, and it requires urine output that may be absent in patients with kidney disease.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;And the vital signs may be deranged for many reasons.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The stakes are high &amp;ndash; too little volume can lead to ischemic injury to brain, heart, kidney, or gut; too much can lead to pulmonary edema requiring intubation or to heart strain.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;What we need is a quick and accurate test of how much volume is in peripheral arterioles.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible solution &amp;ndash;&lt;/strong&gt; I would investigate whether arterioles or capillaries release any &amp;ldquo;stretch factors&amp;rdquo; when filled, and design a rapid test for these. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Liver replacement &amp;ndash; volume maintenance.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;This Job-to-be-Done is not a diagnostic but a therapy.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;You and I have very little trouble keeping fluid in our blood vessels; we need only take in trivial amounts to replace what we lose in sweat, excretion, and breathing.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Not so for many ICU patients.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Some, like those with nephrotic syndrome, have leaky vessels; others are malnourished or cirrhotic and can&amp;rsquo;t make albumin (which holds water inside).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;So when these patients need fluids, we give them saline, but it just winds up as edema after a while &amp;ndash; albumin is longer-lasting but not much more so, and expensive.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;These patients need a longer-term solution beyond the transient resuscitation performed in-hospital.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible solution &amp;ndash;&lt;/strong&gt; what about a resuscitation fluid containing a longer-lasting osmotically active molecule?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;I can hardly speculate about what form such a molecule would take, but perhaps the glycosaminoglycans of connective tissue or the heparan sulfate of the glomerular basement membrane might be a starting point for exploration.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Importantly &amp;ndash;&lt;/strong&gt; ICU studies are unlikely to demonstrate a survival advantage for such substances in shock, since they will not beat saline for short-run efficacy.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Long-term, outpatient studies in liver patients would be needed.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Liver replacement &amp;ndash; clotting factors.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Those of us with healthy livers take for granted its ability to synthesize key clotting factors; those without endure pesky bleeding until they reach transplant or die.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;We can&amp;rsquo;t keep pouring FFP into patients &amp;ndash; first, it&amp;rsquo;s expensive, and second, it can&amp;rsquo;t happen outpatient.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;We need some way to get these patients to produce their own clotting factors.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Possible solution &amp;ndash;&lt;/strong&gt; there must be a factor that stimulates hepatocytes to produce clotting factors; we should isolate and synthesize it.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Even end-stage liver patients have some functional hepatocytes for a while.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Of course, this strategy might be unwise for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;img alt="Bloodproducts" height="230" src="http://getfile6.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-12/GeHwbHcEsJJpkeDpEDbmkuDHqDifkFFubElkmDbDuEwvvtzonurFbCIvetJC/bloodproducts.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="300" /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-5-of-8-technology-the-icu"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-5-of-8-technology-the-icu#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/S9AdYsZhLIg" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
      <media:content type="image/gif" height="389" width="576" url="http://getfile6.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-12/CdfvgxHseBtIzvoAEykDqJqtrqrvBirvuwCEJsvnAAFctkwqkJipjtArhDfE/aspergillus.gif">
        <media:thumbnail height="338" width="500" url="http://getfile0.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-12/CdfvgxHseBtIzvoAEykDqJqtrqrvBirvuwCEJsvnAAFctkwqkJipjtArhDfE/aspergillus.gif.scaled500.gif" />
      </media:content>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="230" width="300" url="http://getfile0.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-12/GeHwbHcEsJJpkeDpEDbmkuDHqDifkFFubElkmDbDuEwvvtzonurFbCIvetJC/bloodproducts.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="230" width="300" url="http://getfile6.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-12/GeHwbHcEsJJpkeDpEDbmkuDHqDifkFFubElkmDbDuEwvvtzonurFbCIvetJC/bloodproducts.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-5-of-8-technology-the-icu</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Aug 2010 21:44:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>Atul Gawande on the End of Life</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/OM7ewrExeiQ/atul-gawande-on-the-end-of-life</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/atul-gawande-on-the-end-of-life</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Just a quick note - be sure to read Atul Gawande's excellent discussion of end-of-life care in &lt;a href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/02/100802fa_fact_gawande"&gt;the New Yorker&lt;/a&gt; recently.&amp;nbsp; The ICU Series will continue tomorrow.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;img alt="Atulgawande" height="216" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-11/jcDvfljiIhxlldACCeiqpBnpyfjFEzisszABlqtenivJJdHmHufnHihkfmlr/atulgawande.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="157" /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/atul-gawande-on-the-end-of-life"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/atul-gawande-on-the-end-of-life#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/OM7ewrExeiQ" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="216" width="157" url="http://getfile6.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-11/jcDvfljiIhxlldACCeiqpBnpyfjFEzisszABlqtenivJJdHmHufnHihkfmlr/atulgawande.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="216" width="157" url="http://getfile2.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-11/jcDvfljiIhxlldACCeiqpBnpyfjFEzisszABlqtenivJJdHmHufnHihkfmlr/atulgawande.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/atul-gawande-on-the-end-of-life</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2010 22:18:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>Aside: The Parable of the Traffic Sign</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/QEmaqtU9lnI/aside-the-parable-of-the-traffic-sign</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/aside-the-parable-of-the-traffic-sign</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	
&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;img alt="Workzone_rollup" height="275" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-11/gIIHjtJhiuHtfoplIAtmdlhukbyoBmAkxwwBakvdkJrlozaqEIpBjDngnuHh/workzone_rollup.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="220" /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
You might have noticed a highway sign that reads &amp;ldquo;&lt;strong&gt;Traffic Fines Doubled in Construction Zones&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;rdquo;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The other day I found myself contemplating this sentence, stuck in 405 rush-hour traffic.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;At first I thought, &amp;lsquo;that makes sense, protect the highway workers by discouraging speeders.&amp;rsquo;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Then I woke up.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;When would a driver decide whether or not to be reckless for economic reasons?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Every speeder knows he is risking his own life and those of people around him, but has chosen to do so anyway for whatever reason &amp;ndash; lateness, machismo, mania.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If you fine him $400 instead of $200 after the fact, you haven&amp;rsquo;t changed that fundamental reason and you haven&amp;rsquo;t reduced the danger to construction workers. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The same philosophy holds true for medical error.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In the health reform era, we pay a lot of lip service to systems-level patient safety, but day to day, kneejerk reactions and personal blame prevail.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If we hear about an outside primary care doctor who missed a diagnosis, do we ask about the crushing patient panel and poor records system or do we simply assume stupidity?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;If a procedure harms a patient, do we investigate the lighting, equipment, and time-out process, or do we blame the operator?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Clinicians are already trying to avoid error as hard as they can with the tools that they have.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Yet our response, as with highway drivers, is to fine them double after the fact &amp;ndash; whether by quiet contempt, loud discussion at morbidity and mortality rounds, or even louder litigation &amp;ndash; without changing the underlying tools.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If we are to avoid harming our proverbial construction workers, we must be sure that the controls exerted over the proverbial speeders will really change their behavior.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;So instead of increasing fines in highway construction zones, perhaps we should install brighter reflectors, speed bumps, or forced turns &amp;ndash; nudges that force drivers to slow down &lt;em&gt;before the fact&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In the same way, our time is better spent designing nudges that steer clinicians away from error &lt;em&gt;before the fact, &lt;/em&gt;for example&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;by re-designing requisition forms, medical supplies, and transport processes.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Hospitals are not neutral, but in fact full of nudges &amp;ndash; every paper form that leaves too little space for the medical history, every long walk to a patient&amp;rsquo;s room, and every confusingly-laid-out supply closet is a nudge currently pushing us towards error.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To be sure, the medical culture must constantly encourage individual excellence and it is a poor artisan that blames his tools.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;And there are errors created by clinicians who just aren&amp;rsquo;t trying hard enough.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;But it&amp;rsquo;s time both highways and hospitals asked whether their punishment and reward systems are really protecting the people they&amp;rsquo;re meant to protect.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;div class='p_embed p_image_embed'&gt;
&lt;img alt="Nudge" height="500" src="http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-11/lwmvexcbkvvkbbrDidaEAuqEGxtoGmlbAznsbefigattqArCHcjkgcbEuozy/nudge.jpg.scaled500.jpg" width="326" /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/aside-the-parable-of-the-traffic-sign"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/aside-the-parable-of-the-traffic-sign#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/QEmaqtU9lnI" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="275" width="220" url="http://getfile7.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-11/gIIHjtJhiuHtfoplIAtmdlhukbyoBmAkxwwBakvdkJrlozaqEIpBjDngnuHh/workzone_rollup.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="275" width="220" url="http://getfile1.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-11/gIIHjtJhiuHtfoplIAtmdlhukbyoBmAkxwwBakvdkJrlozaqEIpBjDngnuHh/workzone_rollup.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
      <media:content type="image/jpeg" height="500" width="326" url="http://getfile7.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-11/lwmvexcbkvvkbbrDidaEAuqEGxtoGmlbAznsbefigattqArCHcjkgcbEuozy/nudge.jpg">
        <media:thumbnail height="500" width="326" url="http://getfile9.posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/temp-2010-08-11/lwmvexcbkvvkbbrDidaEAuqEGxtoGmlbAznsbefigattqArCHcjkgcbEuozy/nudge.jpg.scaled500.jpg" />
      </media:content>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/aside-the-parable-of-the-traffic-sign</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Aug 2010 13:33:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>The ICU Series, Part 4 of 8: Technology the ICU Needs, Part 1</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/R4dj0pya8VM/the-icu-series-part-4-of-8-technology-the-icu</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-4-of-8-technology-the-icu</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;For entrepreneurs, here&amp;rsquo;s a wish list of technologies I wish we&amp;rsquo;d had in the ICU &amp;ndash; unmet needs or &amp;ldquo;Jobs-to-be-Done,&amp;rdquo; if you will.&amp;nbsp; I&amp;rsquo;ve focused on bedside diagnostics, because it&amp;rsquo;s somewhat silly to wish after drugs or therapies which would inevitably have their own side effects.&amp;nbsp; I don&amp;rsquo;t know if these can be done or not; I only know that people would use them if they existed.&amp;nbsp; &lt;strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Head imaging for visualization of strokes.&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp; If my patient has a stroke, I have three hours to administer tissue plasminogen activator (TPA).&amp;nbsp; The diagnosis should be clinical (one-sided paralysis, facial droop) followed by MRI.&amp;nbsp; Unfortunately, ICU patients are often sedated, paralyzed, encephalopathic, or comatose, limiting a neuro exam, and they are often too unstable to be taken off the unit for an MRI that lasts at least 30 minutes.&amp;nbsp; Arranging transport for ICU patients is itself time-consuming.&amp;nbsp; CT is faster, but can&amp;rsquo;t detect ischemia.&amp;nbsp; &lt;strong&gt;Possible solution&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;ndash; something like an MRI &amp;ldquo;halo&amp;rdquo; that could be placed around the head might work &amp;ndash; even a low-resolution image would be likely to pick up strokes, which are easily visible on MRI.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Heart valve imaging.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt; When a patient is septic, you don&amp;rsquo;t always know the source.&amp;nbsp; An important but difficult source to detect is endocarditis, a growth of bacteria on heart valves &amp;ndash; important because it requires a much longer course of antibiotics, difficult because the heart valves are poorly seen on non-invasive ultrasound.&amp;nbsp; An ultrasound probe placed into the esophagus is far superior, but only specialists perform this, meaning that patients must often wait or leave the ICU.&amp;nbsp; Add that to the risks it carries, and it doesn&amp;rsquo;t happen every time it is needed.&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt; Possible solutions &lt;/strong&gt;&amp;ndash; CT scanning is based on X-ray, so is limited by the fact that you need to get a receiver plate under the patient, and ICU patients are risky to move.&amp;nbsp; Could you build a receiver element into a hospital bed?&amp;nbsp; Or, could we build a high-penetration ultrasound probe?&amp;nbsp; Or, could a machine listen for the same murmurs that doctors listen for, but with better fidelity?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Spotting retroperitoneal or thigh bleeds.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/strong&gt;Patients can lose a surprising amount of blood &amp;ndash; as much as a couple liters &amp;ndash; into &amp;ldquo;invisible&amp;rdquo; places, like the retroperitoneum (the space behind all the abdominal organs) or into the thigh.&amp;nbsp; The first thing you&amp;rsquo;ll see is the heart rate rise and the blood pressure start to fall, but in the ICU, there can be many reasons for shock.&amp;nbsp; We could do a lot for patients if we could detect major occult bleeds quickly.&amp;nbsp; &lt;strong&gt;Possible solutions&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;ndash; can there be a miniature version of a tagged RBC scan, where radioopaque RBCs are introduced and a few bedside plain X-rays are taken?&amp;nbsp; It wouldn&amp;rsquo;t be as sensitive as a full scan, but a full scan is generally used to locate the exact vessel that is bleeding in a gastrointestinal bleed.&amp;nbsp; Here you wouldn&amp;rsquo;t need that level of precision. &lt;p /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-4-of-8-technology-the-icu"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-4-of-8-technology-the-icu#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/R4dj0pya8VM" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-4-of-8-technology-the-icu</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Wed, 04 Aug 2010 10:44:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>The ICU Series, Part 3 of 8:  Unintended Consequences, Part 3</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/iYN3C16BT4U/the-icu-series-part-3-of-8-unintended-consequ</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-3-of-8-unintended-consequ</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Part 3.&amp;nbsp; Who&amp;rsquo;s in charge of beds?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Beds are a hospital&amp;rsquo;s most valuable resource.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;They come in different levels of nursing intensity (ICU, Step-Down, floor) and with different features (ventilator, isolation, window).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;At all times, patients should have the highest-level care they need, but no higher or lower.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;That makes medical sense &amp;ndash; unnecessarily intense care brings risk of infection or psychosis &amp;ndash; but it also makes business sense, since different units bill at different rates.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Seems logical, then, that bed allocation should be centrally controlled by some system with a global view of bed availability and patient need, constantly tracking patient flow.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Doesn&amp;rsquo;t always work that way.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;At the last institution I rotated through, and probably many like it, admissions and transfers are largely in the hands of the Medicine Consult residents, 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt;-year trainees who run from ED to wards to MICU to SICU, constantly scaring up beds, bargaining, cajoling, hurrying some services while stalling others.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;They&amp;rsquo;re forever improvising &amp;ndash; a patient might stay in the ICU because there are no contact isolation beds in Step-Down, or a patient might go to Step-Down instead of the floor because there are no ventilators available.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;One night the resident told me he literally had to call in old favors to get the Cardiac Care Unit to take a patient who clearly needed cardiac care.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;What if he had been less well-connected or less persuasive?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Should the hospital&amp;rsquo;s most precious asset &amp;ndash; and the fates of its patients &amp;ndash; depend on trainees and their personal relationships in a transaction-by-transaction fashion better suited to haggling on Canal Street than to a complex organization?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Can you imagine if airlines had to bargain with each other to get their planes onto the runway, one-by-one?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Or if different product managers at Toyota bickered over which car model would go on the assembly line first?&amp;nbsp; Or if transplant surgeons had to call each other to argue over who gets a liver sooner?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; Or if city dwellers in slums simply tapped into electrical grids as needed?&amp;nbsp; Oh wait - that happens, and it leads to chaos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Instead, a more organized system for bed management is urgently needed, based on objective criteria for what level of care a patient needs.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; We need a global information system that tracks the current and upcoming availability of hospital beds and that is accessible to doctors and nurses responsible for transfer decisions.&amp;nbsp; Second, we'll need to think hard about how to facilitate the transfer process, from writing discharge summaries to arranging transport to designing the hospital's physical layout for quick movement.&amp;nbsp; Then, to maximize our capacity, i&lt;/span&gt;nstead of moving patients to match the resources, we should adapt our beds to match fluctuating patient need &amp;ndash; adding nurses, ventilators, or isolation doors as needed.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Of course, because of the intrinsic unpredictability of disease and population variation, we can never exactly match supply to demand &amp;ndash; but that&amp;rsquo;s an argument for more organization, not less.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-3-of-8-unintended-consequ"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-3-of-8-unintended-consequ#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/iYN3C16BT4U" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-3-of-8-unintended-consequ</feedburner:origLink></item>
    <item>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Aug 2010 10:33:00 -0700</pubDate>
      <title>The ICU Series, Part 2 of 8:  Unintended Consequences, Part 2</title>
      <link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~3/H03Lt7Oa2Ew/the-icu-series-part-2-of-8-unintended-consequ</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-2-of-8-unintended-consequ</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;This is the second of eight posts from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), the hospital unit caring for the sickest patients.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Today&amp;rsquo;s post, Unintended Consequences Part 2, looks at what happens when managers and policymakers aren&amp;rsquo;t watching.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Coming up: &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Unintended Consequences Part 3, Technology the ICU Needs, IT for the ICU, An Ethical Dilemma, and The Pathophysiology of Death in the ICU.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Part 2&lt;span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Can you really measure avoidable complications?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"&gt;When a patient with an in-dwelling central line develops bacteria in the blood, you have to suspect that the line has become colonized with bacteria (as foreign objects tend to).&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;You remove it immediately and send the tip to be cultured for confirmation.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A CLABSI (central line-associated bloodstream infection) is an &amp;ldquo;avoidable&amp;rdquo; complication, supposedly because you placed the line un-sterilely or left it too long. &lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;And because Medicare, many Medicaid programs, and many commercial insurers no longer pay for care for avoidable complications, everything the patient now needs &amp;ndash; from antibiotics to ventilator to dialysis &amp;ndash; is on the house.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;So I shouldn&amp;rsquo;t have been surprised to see people &amp;ndash; doesn&amp;rsquo;t matter who &amp;ndash; simply deciding not to send the tip for culture after pulling the line.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No evidence, no withholding of payment.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;And I&amp;rsquo;m sure hospital everywhere are doing the same.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In other words, Medicare non-payment will immediately cause the rates of avoidable complications to fall, far faster than any programs could have been implemented to study and prevent such complications - simply because the guy doing the reporting is the guy who stands to lose financially.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;We have a sign in our hospital that says we&amp;rsquo;re CLABSI-free for 74 days.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Are we really?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;So what&amp;rsquo;s a payor or regulator to do?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Require that a tip be cultured every time a line is removed?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Hard to track and unnecessarily expensive.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Perform random audits?&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Low-yield and labor-intensive.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No, the simple truth is that front-line providers will always be one step ahead of the would-be police.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;There is an answer, though.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;It&amp;rsquo;s called bundled payment, and we&amp;rsquo;ll talk about it on another occasion.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0in;"&gt;PS - I should add that our ICU was very rigorous about following sterile technique for line placement, and extremely diligent about removing lines ASAP.&amp;nbsp; But the point isn't to suggest wrongdoing or right-doing, just to note how behavior is shaped by incentives.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
	
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-2-of-8-unintended-consequ"&gt;Permalink&lt;/a&gt; 

	| &lt;a href="http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-2-of-8-unintended-consequ#comment"&gt;Leave a comment&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;raquo;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/posterous/XcPP/~4/H03Lt7Oa2Ew" height="1" width="1"/&gt;</description>
      <posterous:author>
        <posterous:userImage>http://files.posterous.com/user_profile_pics/350072/small_me.JPG</posterous:userImage>
        <posterous:profileUrl>http://posterous.com/users/3sTqslnw11Ad</posterous:profileUrl>
        <posterous:firstName>Robin</posterous:firstName>
        <posterous:lastName>Tang</posterous:lastName>
        <posterous:nickName>robintang</posterous:nickName>
        <posterous:displayName>Robin Tang</posterous:displayName>
      </posterous:author>
    <feedburner:origLink>http://hcbreakfastclub.posterous.com/the-icu-series-part-2-of-8-unintended-consequ</feedburner:origLink></item>
  </channel>
</rss>

