Kirill: Please tell us about yourself and the path that took you to where you are today.

James: The easy part of that question is that I do have a family member that’s in this industry, and I was introduced not just to movie making and story telling, but also to what goes on under the surface of how these things are made at a quite early age.

My mother is a costume designer of motion picture films, and my childhood was spent oftentimes going to visit her on school holidays. I would fly out to see her wherever she was working in the world, and wander on to a film set, sit there and watch everything – as much as my patience of that age could bear. By no means did I think I wanted to join the industry at that young age, but it was an exposure to a world that not a lot of people knew about.

Then cut to teenage James, around my high school years I started playing with video cameras, making skateboard videos with my teenage friends, and just messing about. It was the advent of videography coming to be more accessible to people, and for me that coupled with an understanding of the larger scope of motion pictures and how they’re made. A few things synergized to me finding interest in filmmaking during my late teens and early twenties.

I went to a film school, and that’s where I got even more narrowed into cinematography in that period of my early twenties. I assisted in live loading film for a long time. I was a second AC for a long time. And during those years I would find weekends or a few weeks at a time to be a cinematographer in my own right. One of those projects did well enough to go to some film festivals. It started to get some attention from other filmmakers of similar ilk, and I started to run with it. It was a longer process than maybe I’m describing, because there’s many years of it not working before it worked – and that’s par for the course for a lot of people in this industry. There’s no fast and easy access point for most people, even for someone who had a parent in the industry. It took ten years or so before it felt like it made sense by any means.

Charles Melton as Austin Davis, Cailee Spaeny as Ashley Miller in episode 201 of “Beef”. Courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: What are the misconceptions or misunderstandings about cinematography that you see from people in your life?

James: The average moviegoer probably might not know anything about the job [laughs]. We all know actors, and we all know writers, and we all know directors – and the general viewing audience probably has an overall sense of what those jobs are. After that, when you look at the credits list, there’s probably a lot of confusion as to what these roles do.

It’s a great job. In many ways, people largely think it has to do with the photography of a project, as the name of the job implies – and that’s not untrue. Of course I’m dealing with the cameras and dealing with lighting on the technical side of things.

Another part of the job that people either don’t know or don’t think about has to do with a lot of creative choices behind those technical choices. That part of the job probably isn’t even taught in film school all that much, to be perfectly honest. There’s a lot of conceptualization and long creative discussions, particularly with the director, but also with the filmmaking group in general. That can get into deep artistic conceptual conversations that have very little to do with what lenses you’re using.

It’s a discipline. At a certain point you need to be able to speak about art history. You need to know some version of film history. You need to be able to understand different cultures and how they communicate. It’s a job that can span a wide spectrum of interests.

The beauty of cinematography is we’re all unique as individuals, and we all come at this from a different perspective. My experience is not someone else’s experience, and therefore I make different creative choices as to where to put the camera, what lighting I might suggest for a certain scene, what colors those lighting choices might emphasize. It’s a great job. I get a lot out of it, and I continue to enjoy it.

Kirill: What would you say are the bigger changes in your part of the world in the last 15-20 years?

James: Like so many industries at this point in 2026, we’re seeing the advent and the impact of AI, and how it can help create ideas and make story-driven choices. Rewind a few years back, and you have the conversations about visual effects around ‘2000s. Between then and now, there’s the advent of digital photography and digital cinematography. The cameras that are coming out are pretty impressive. Rewind further back, and it was different film stocks that were coming out and changing the ability to photograph under different lighting scenarios. These would probably round the top five of the bigger ones.

Carey Mulligan as Lindsay Crane-Martin in episode 201 of “Beef”. Courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: Getting to the show, how did you find your way to it, or perhaps how did it find its way to you?

James: I was a big fan of Season 1 of the show. It was a great season of television, and like so many others, I enjoyed watching it as a general audience member. When I heard that Season 2 was coming up, I put my name in the hat. I didn’t have any insight or access to the people that were involved with making the first season. I didn’t know any of them. I wasn’t friends with them. It was me raising my hand and asking if anybody would be interested in having a conversation with me about it [laughs]. I was lucky that they were.

I had a general meeting with Lee Sung Jin, and from my perspective, within the first 10-15 minutes I felt that there was a real kinship between his perspective of what he was looking for and what I was hoping to give to the project as well. In those conversations I felt that what he was looking for in the cinematographer was something that I was looking for to give.

Kirill: What is the most interesting part of this season for you?

James: I love telling stories about interpersonal, intimate, loving relationships, and that’s what the show is in a very deep way. I love the writing of the show. From the very beginning, I felt it was speaking to so many parts of what the Western human existence is, including the relationships that millennials and Gen Z’s have.

And to speak selfishly about it in terms of the cinematography for a moment, it felt interesting to see that the writing wanted someone who was able to shift between genres within a certain scene. There are moments of laughter, there are moments of tension, there’s some awkwardness, there’s some love, and they all happen at the same moment in many ways. Within the same scene you can effortlessly travel from one tonality to another. It was a challenge that I was interested in accepting. It’s a palette and a canvas that I felt engaged in. It’s a kind of filmmaking that I felt inspired by as a cinematographer.

Kirill: How much time did you spend on the show during all the phases combined?

James: It was about eight months combined on pre-production and production. It’s a bit harder to define for post-production, only because there’s many weeks and months where I’m not involved in it at all, which is the edit process. I do come back at the end when I’m involved in the DI [Digital Intermediate], and that took a few months to get through. We weren’t on it every day, but maybe a couple days a week, chipping away slowly through episodes as they were being turned over by the editing.

Charles Melton as Austin Davis in episode 202 of “Beef”. Courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: One of my favorite parts of the show is the California sunlight. Was the weather cooperating?

James: The weather cooperated very well. It provided us with some classic Southern California sunlight that gave the club those tonalities that we were looking for in terms of our storytelling wants and interests. On the flip side, we had some great gray days as well with stormy clouds. I’m not sure what the assistant director who scheduled the show did to deserve it, but he worked those weather patterns in perfectly. They landed on scenes where we were photographing the Chairwoman Park scenes out of Malibu, and we were hoping for the lack of sun that was in there. I guess you could say we got very lucky in that way.

All the exteriors are naturally lit with sunlight. For continuity reasons, if we lost the sun in terms of our shooting or our scene, and needed to maintain that level of sunlight for a backlight or frontlight, we would bring in our lights to keep that going. If you’re referencing the interiors of the show, and particularly the ones in Joshua’s office and the larger rooms in the club, those are all lit artificially on a soundstage in Los Angeles.

Kirill: Your other major location is Seoul. Did you want to be more corporate there, with those steel blue grays?

James: That’s not untrue. By the time we get to that part of the storytelling in Seoul, we’re looking for a different palette than what we started with in California. Seoul as a city generally, of course, is going to look different than Southern California – and then we wanted to emphasize some different colors that weren’t present in the first few episodes. We were referencing those steel blues and the wintry palette colors for the Chairwoman Park and exteriors in Malibu, and that was aesthetically applied to what we were hoping for in Seoul as well.

Seoul is such a beautiful city, and its palette is so beautiful. It was great to film there. The only thing we did with that footage later in the DI was to emphasize certain things and not to reinvent much else, because it’s such a great place as it was for us.

Charles Melton as Austin Davis, Seoyeon Jang as Eunice in episode 202 of “Beef”. Courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: One of the more memorable sequences for me was the fight sequence in the last episode in the clinic. How much preparation went into that?

James: It’s one of my favorite scenes as well. For those that have seen the show, it’s a fight sequence that is shot as what we call a oner – which is one shot with no edits. As you might imagine, it’s a pretty complicated process to curate. There’s a lot at stake in terms of everyone being in the right place, the choreography of the cast, but then also the choreography of the camera and working with all those positions.

It started in Los Angeles, as he rehearsed and laid out a set on the floor of a soundstage where the cast got a general sense of the kind of space that we’re going to be traveling through would look like. They started working with the stunt team in LA for a few days prior to even flying out to start the process of filming in Seoul. Then when we got there, there was another one or two days of rehearsing the fight sequence at a facility outside of Seoul.

So you have multiple days of that process prior to the shoot day where you rehearse, go through the movements, get more precise, and fine tune some of these choices that were made more broadly otherwise.

It’s a sequence I’m really proud of. It’s quite special. It’s not a random chaotic camera moving through space. We took great pains to make sure that we were going to be in the right moment to see the right reaction from Carey, and spin around to see Charles, or spin around to see Cailee. It might feel random or natural – hopefully – but we were quite painstakingly making sure that what was working for the cast was also going to work for the camera.

Charles Melton as Austin Davis, Cailee Spaeny as Ashley Miller, Carey Mulligan as Lindsay Crane-Martin in episode 208 of “Beef”. Courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: What was the most challenging day, or the most challenging sequence, or the most challenging set to work on – or maybe you already answered with this fight sequence?

James: There’s lots of challenging days, as you might imagine with the television schedule. You’re doing a lot in a condensed amount of time. A lot of our days were hard in terms of how much we needed to make sure we were capturing on any given day. That’s true for our show, much like a lot of other television shows are made in that way as well, of course.

What stands out in particular are the sequences in the clinic in Korea where the couple are separated in different cells by these partitions that are creating silhouettes between them. They can’t see one another, but they’re trying to communicate.

You have one couple who is quite fractured in their relationship at the moment. They are struggling to connect with each other at the time. And each one of them can only see the other through the silhouettes of each other, and there is no bond between them happening. And then you have the other couple where there’s this profile angle of both Oscar and Carey, and those were purposely built to where we could take a window out and photograph them live speaking to one another within the same frame. That was because we wanted to make sure these characters did connect with each other again in a visual way, and not just in terms of the story being told.

We were working with the production design team to make sure these sets were going to be built in a certain way that some of these things were possible for us. We were working with the production design team to make sure the texture of the glass was going to make the silhouette effect happen precisely the way we wanted to do it. Then of course, we’re talking to the cast to make sure that their blocking was going to work with those silhouettes. A lot of different people communicated with each other to make sure each thing was going to work for each discipline, and that took a lot of conversations, planning and effort from everybody.

Oscar Isaac as Josh Martin in episode 208 of “Beef”. Courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: You mentioned earlier that one of the big recent changes, not just in this industry but everywhere, is generative AI. Without asking you to predict how it’s going to look like in the future, what are your thoughts on it today?

James: I’m sure everyone struggles with answering this question because it’s a spectrum. You have people who are fully deep diving into AI image making in a way that, perhaps, reflects their feeling that is the way images will be made forever and ever. And on the other side of the spectrum there are people who are refusing to even touch it. And then there’s everywhere in between.

Today, probably much like any advent of new technology, there are people who embrace it and there are people who are not embracing it. And I think that’s healthy. It’s hard to define what it is today. I hope it’s a time where it gives the storytellers more image-making options than they’d otherwise have. I’m not particularly afraid of it. We should be, of course, turning very lightly and we should be entering this world of AI image-making sure-footedly and not haphazardly, embracing something that might not always be giving us the best results.

I’ve seen a lot of impressive things. I don’t think people should be surprised that someone in my position would say that I’ve yet to be convinced by it. Some of the images I’ve seen from generative AI are quite beautiful, but they’re not something that I would necessarily connect to emotionally in terms of performances and texture. My world exists largely in faces. My job is largely to light spaces, light actors, and capture performances – and the images that I’ve seen so far have yet to give me the sense that it’s something that can deliver emotionally integral storytelling devices in the same way we do today.

Our version of storytelling is, of course, staged. But today, whether it’s film or digital, it’s with people and with light and with sets – whether they’re built on a soundstage or they exist in real life. Those things still evoke an emotion that I feel like I’ve yet to see with generative AI.

Matthew Kim as Woosh, Youn Yuh-jung as Chairwoman Park in episode 206 of “Beef”. Courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: You’ve been in the industry for a while now. What do you feel is the secret or maybe the key ingredients to longevity in this field?

James: The answer to your question is probably already in the question. By definition, it’s perseverance in so many ways.

If you love something, and you enjoy your time, and you feel engaged with filmmaking – or any discipline for that matter – you’re going to keep doing it over and over again until someone tells you that it’s not possible anymore [laughs]. If you care about something that deeply, which I think you need to do if you’re going to enter this industry, it needs to be something that you’re fully engaged with.

If you have the perseverance and you’re going to continue no matter what, at some point it’ll be all right. That can be as short as a few years, or as long as decades if you’re willing to go about doing it. People sometimes break into their careers deep into their middle age, and that’s OK. What’s possible for some people is different for others. If you want it enough and if you keep going, it’ll work out – depends on how you define working out.

Kirill: Two last questions on your favorite things. In a hypothetical scenario where you are on a deserted island, and you can take three movies with you, what would they be?

James: Probably I need to pick some films that I can watch over and over again and not get bored of them, to still have a good time doing it and hopefully keep my spirits up. I don’t want to become a depressive maniac alone on a desert island, so it should be something uplifting.

So the most obvious answers would be some simple ones from my childhood. “Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade”. The first “Jurassic Park”. “E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial” was a great one for me. “Close Encounters of the Third Kind” is another one, and now it’s more than three [laughs] but I can keep on going. Those nostalgic classics would probably be how I would make that choice.

Kirill: What was your favorite dish that you had while you were shooting in Seoul?

James: Of course, you’re going to reference Korean barbecue, which is delicious. For me though, my favorite dish was Dak Juk – rice porridge with chicken, nothing fancy about it. It was so warming and comforting, and it took me back to that childhood comfort food in a way.

Youn Yuh-jung as Chairwoman Park in episode 208 of “Beef”. Courtesy of Netflix.

And here I want to thank James Laxton for taking the time to talk with me about the art and craft of cinematography. I also want to thank Kristy Chan for making this interview happen. The first two seasons of “Beef” are streaming now on Netflix. Finally, if you want to know more about how films and TV shows are made, click here for additional in-depth interviews in this series.

Kirill: Please tell us about yourself and the path that took you to where you are today.

Julie: My name is Julie Schubert, and I’m a casting director. I’m based out of New York, but when I work, I work internationally, which is quite exciting. You get to experience a lot of different places and a lot of different people.

I wanted to be an actor ever since I was a kid, and then I went to college and I realized that I was quite bad at it [laughs]. I didn’t know what to do, but I knew that I still wanted to be in the industry in some capacity. My family is in the restaurant business, and as great as that is, that is not a place I wanted to end up. So I got a bunch of internships while I was in college, and one of them happened to be in casting – and that was the best thing for me. You get to work with actors all the time, which I love. You get to work on a lot of different projects in a lot of different worlds, which I love. And you never have to be seen, which I also love.

No one really knew what casting was at that point when I was entering the industry. It didn’t exist in any kind of conversation about what you could do, and you had to almost “happen” upon it. Now it’s a much more prevalent craft, which is fantastic. This year was the first time that casting directors were honored with Oscars for their work, which should have been done a long time ago. BAFTAs are eligible for it, Emmys are eligible for it, and you have these venues where our work is recognized for the craft that it is. There’s also a documentary called “Casting By” that I would highly recommend watching. It gives a great look at the history of it, of what casting is, the subjectivity and the art of casting. Everyone should know what that is.

Kirill: What are the most common misconceptions or misunderstandings about what casting is or isn’t?

Julie: It depends on who you are. There’s a lot of misconception among actors that casting is a gatekeeping profession – that you have to get through us to get jobs. The way I reframe it is that we actually are the best advocates for actors that there possibly could be. We are the ones that are watching what you do on stage and on film. We are having those conversations with our creatives about why you are the perfect person for the roles that we’re currently working on. That’s the biggest one which for me is about reframing that we are your advocates, we are your allies, we are partners in this, and we are not the enemy.

Rufus Sewell as Hal Wyler in episode 302 of “The Diplomat”. Courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: How big of an event was it to see the new category for best achievement in casting to be added to this year’s Oscars?

Julie: It was great to see it joining the other beautiful stages like the BAFTAs and the Emmys. Recognizing the art behind it is hard because it is so subjective – but so is directing, editing or costume design. A lot of those folks who have been recognized for their work wouldn’t be recognized without the cast that they put in front of them that they get to work with.

A lot of what we do is work with those collaborators to help shape what’s on screen, telling the stories that they want to shape, because we know those actors best. We know what they’re capable of, and the kinds of stories that they can tell, and finding a way to make it cohesive and make sense. How many times do you watch something, and you say that was such a great story, but that one actor didn’t feel like they fit into it. Part of casting is to find that seamlessness where you fall into the world and you walk away from it fully believing in it.

You can imagine everyone was so elated seeing this art – that not a lot of people understand – finally getting its due. I learned from incredible casting directors like Juliet Taylor who should have won 15 Oscars already. She’s top of the top. She worked with Mike Nichols and Woody Allen, and her career spans decades. You look at so many movies on all of those lists of must-sees, and she cast them. And without her casts, they wouldn’t be what they are. People are getting their due, and it was exciting to see it.

Kirill: Do you feel that it is more interesting, exciting, challenging for you to be working on an episodic production versus working on a feature film?

Julie: I like them both, and they’re just so very different. Episodic is long-form storytelling, so you get to live in the world for such an incredibly long period of time. But within that come its own unique challenges. You do want to keep it fresh. You want to keep it interesting. You want to make sure that there’s cohesion from day one, episode one of season one, to episode eight of season 20, depending if you’re lucky enough to get that many seasons. And you want to be able to see their trajectory and the arc of it, and be able to follow it and not feel like there’s any misstep. There’s a lot more responsibility in that regard because it is such long-form.

I love the slow pace of film. You take your time. You get to think about every piece in a very specific way. And it’s finite. A lot of times with film you ultimately get your first choice, because you’re not potentially having an actor lose an opportunity later on that may be something that they’re more excited about, or the arc is different, and that’s what they’re sort of leaning in towards.

The thing that I love about “The Diplomat” in particular is because the scripts are so good and the characters are so wonderfully fleshed, we got the first choices that we wanted for each role – which is a little unheard of in the series world.

(L to R) Keri Russell as Kate Wyler, Rufus Sewell as Hal Wyler in episode 305 of “The Diplomat”. Courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: For me as a viewer it feels that episodic productions are now more exciting, and also way more prestigious for actors. Going to your involvement with “House of Cards”, that was the first time I couldn’t believe that I saw all those big name actors on the small screen.

Julie: You’re not wrong, as that definitely set the tone. And we also hit a time where there was so much available that you didn’t know where to look, and things got lost in the sauce. Right now it’s a little leaner. There’s not as much content being filmed. You can pay attention to what’s out there, and let the storytelling do the work of it, and have those actors that you would expect on the big screen to be on those smaller screens. A lot of great writing is in television right now. – and it’s hard to get a movie made.

Kirill: Getting to “The Diplomat”, how did you find your way to it, or maybe how did it find its way to you?

Julie: I interviewed for it. I auditioned for it like actors auditioned for jobs. I read the script, and it was one of the best scripts I’ve read in such a long time. I was desperate to work on it, and I made a complete fool of myself in the meeting. I told Debora Cahn that I would quite literally gnaw off my right arm to work with her on it, and I don’t know why she found that endearing [laughs]. I think I would find it psychotic, but she hired me, and it’s been amazing ever since. I feel so lucky.

Kirill: What is the importance of the first season on a show?

Julie: It’s very important. You’re setting up the world. You are creating the universe that people are going to either love or hate – but you want them to talk about it.

Specifically in “The Diplomat”, you have these interesting characters, and you need to put those pieces together in a way that tells the story – that Debora will be able to use those actors to tell the story, hopefully two, three, four seasons later. The relationships feel authentic. The chemistry is there, and it is cohesive in the way that you need it to be cohesive.

There was a lot of discussion. It was a lot of watching tapes and collaborating with the studio and finding our way forward. I will say that in that initial stage Debora, Janice Williams the producer and I were very much aligned in what our creative vision was for this particular piece. And we’re lucky to have partners in Netflix, and they were supportive of where we wanted to go with it. Then when you went out to the actors, everybody was saying that it was the best thing I’ve read in a long time. Sounds good. Let’s do it. A lot of stars aligned for this one in a great way.

(L to R) Keri Russell as Kate Wyler, Allison Janney as Grace Penn in episode 303 of “The Diplomat”. Courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: How much time are we talking about on the first season? Are we talking about weeks? Are we talking about months of your involvement?

Julie: Months. Generally, when you work on a new series, you get around 10 weeks total to work on that first episode, setting up that world, figuring it out. On “The Diplomat” we had a little extra time. I came on for 3-4 weeks prior to the 10 weeks of casting to figure out who Kate Wyler was. Where were we going to land on Kate Wyler? And also, who was Hal Wyler? What was that pair going to look like? That’s what we circled for 4 weeks as we were figuring out those pieces. Then we took a little break for the holidays, and then we came back in January. And 10 weeks later we had a full cast and we were ready to go.

Kirill: Who are your primary collaborators?

Julie: Showrunners and producers, and especially in the first episode the directors – and also your studio network. Netflix was a really big collaborator as well. What I love about Netflix is that they are so supportive of their creatives. They’re hiring you because they trust you, and they trust your story and your vision. But it is their platform, so it was important for them to be behind it as well.

Kirill: Do you want to hire exceptional individuals or do you want to hire an exceptional ensemble?

Julie: That’s a good question because it’s so specific to each project? I want both. I want all the stars to align and I want everything. It depends on the project. It depends on the team and how much you are all creatively aligned. It happened perfectly on “The Diplomat”. It doesn’t happen on every project that you work on, but for the most part, I’m really proud of the work that I’ve done throughout my career, and there are elements of everything that resonate well.

Kirill: What are your thoughts on typecasting? Sometimes I see an actor, and I say “this guy always plays the bad guys”. Or “this lady always plays the romantic interest”. How difficult is it for you to handle this when you are looking for people to fill particular roles?

Julie: I try really hard not to typecast. What actor wants to play the same role over and over and over and over again? Maybe a couple?

In general, actors do like to stretch, at least the actors that I work with. If you look at my body of work, most of the stuff that I do is character-driven fleshed-out characters. It’s quite rare that I get to do anything that doesn’t have that element to it. So when you have something that is so character-driven, you’re working with actors that are exceptionally skilled in the art of acting. And those actors don’t necessarily want to do the same things over and over. They want to have a diversified career. Because of that I can trust them to work in different places.

I’ve cast Rufus Sewell twice now – in “Kaleidoscope” and then in “The Diplomat”. And what he does in both is very different. He’s so capable, as you can see him in all of these other things that he does where they’re all so interesting. It depends on the role. It depends on the actor. Also in “The Diplomat” you have Rory Kinnear who’s playing the prime minister, and he also played a prime minister in “Black Mirror” in its very first episode.

Kirill: That one was quite difficult to watch.

Julie: Indeed, and it set the tone for that entire series. Going back to it, it’s two very different prime ministers. One part of the conversation with Rory around this question – does he want to do a prime minister again? When you read the material, and you see what’s in front of you, and how it shapes, you couldn’t say no to it, because it was so different. You weren’t going to have those parallels. That’s also part of the conversation – trying not to repeat, because everybody wants something different, everyone wants something unique, and everyone wants something interesting.

It’s the same for Allison Janney and In the same way that we have Allison Janney and Bradley Whitford. Everyone was talking about C.J. and “The West Wing”, but what they’re doing here is so different from what they were doing there. But there is excitement about the idea that you’re getting to have that pairing again.

There’s a lot of different elements to it, but we try really hard not to typecast, if we can.

(L to R) Allison Janney as Grace Penn, Bradley Whitford as Todd Penn in episode 306 of “The Diplomat”. Courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: Is there such a thing as your favorite season on the show, or are they all your babies, so to speak?

Julie: They’re all my babies. But I will say, this is one of those unique shows that I think gets better and better each season. It’s such a rare thing. I loved the first season. And then the second season came out, and it was fantastic. And then the third season came out, and as I was reading the scripts, I couldn’t believe that it’s gotten even better. And now wait till the fourth season, because the fourth season is pretty awesome. It’s so exciting, because it’s getting better and better as it goes.

Kirill: How different is your job today from 20 years ago?

Julie: Very much so. Twenty years ago I was taking VHS tapes, and putting them in two different machines, and trying to record things, and then FedEx’ing them to people in Los Angeles, because all of the creatives lived in Los Angeles at the time. And if you didn’t catch the deadline for FedEx, they wouldn’t get the tape, and your people wouldn’t get cast, and it was terrible.

I don’t think the creative conversations have changed, but the technology has certainly shifted in a way that allows for faster consideration of things, and for actors to have the ability to be wherever they are, whenever they want to be, and still be considered and not lose out on opportunities.

Kirill: I’m not sure how scientifically accurate it is, but I’ve heard a number of times that an average person can hold about 500 names in their memory. How many names do you hold in your head?

Julie: I feel like I have way more than 500. It’s my specialized skill. I don’t know if I could give you an actual count, but if that’s the average, I will exceed the average. That’s my job. I have to remember names. I have to remember faces. I have to remember performances. To be fair though, that also means that I forget a lot of my daily life, because my brain is fully consumed by my job.

Kirill: Do you keep track of everybody’s whereabouts and schedules?

Julie: Yes and no. I read the trades every day, because that gives you an idea of what actors are doing, who’s active, where they are. If I’m working on an international project, I make it a point of knowing where everybody is in that particular market. But I can’t say that I keep up to date with the availability of actors in different parts of the world, unless I’m working on something in those markets. I can always call agents and actors and managers and check their availability if I’m unsure about something.

Kirill: Generative AI is on everybody’s mind lately. How do you see it today for your specific part of the industry and for the industry in general?

Julie: It’s really hard for AI to replace human emotion and human conversation. I know there are going to be certain industries that will be hit hard with it. Right now, I don’t see how casting can be affected by it – unless they want to take the human element out of things.

The reason you hire casting directors is not only for their taste and for their eye, but for their depth of knowledge, and their ability to marry actors with the right roles in a way that the creatives are going to be able to tell the stories that they want to tell. AI can spit out a bunch of names, but they’re not going to tell you why that one is the right role. They’re not going to advocate for that person to get that role.

Going back to “House of Cards”, Rachel Brosnahan was hired for that role that ended up expanding. You put that in AI, it’ll spit out a bunch of names, but it won’t be able to tell you why Rachel was the one that we should have hired. That was me. That was the conversations that I had with the creatives, and the explanation and the body of work and auditions that she put in and all of that work to get her that job.

She’s incredibly talented, and she’d have an amazing career even without that job. But that job gave her the stepping stone to be able to do what she does now – to be in “Superman”, to do “Marvelous Mrs. Maisel”, to do everything that she does, all the advocacy work. It was because someone advocated for her and was passionate about her. That’s what we’re seeing as cast writers do in all aspects of their work, and AI can’t do that. Maybe I’m being optimistic, but that’s what I’m hoping for.

Rory Kinnear as Nicol Trowbridge in episode 102 of “The Diplomat”. Courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: What do you feel is the secret or the key ingredients to longevity in your part of this industry?

Julie: You really have to have attention to detail. You have to have a real love of actors and knowledge of capability. You have to show up. You have to stand behind your word. And you have to be consistent.

There’s going to be ups and downs in every industry. We’re going to have strikes. There’s going to be an abundance of work, and then there’s going to be a dearth of work. You’re going to have to roll with the punches, and find ways to stay creative, and not burn out and not flame out. Also, it’s helpful to have hobbies outside of this business. This should not be your end-all be-all, the only thing that you have to love.

Kirill: If you had a time machine and you could go back 20 years or so, and give your younger self a piece of advice, what would that be?

Julie: I would say don’t stress out so much. I was a very anxious, very intense person who desperately wanted to prove themselves, and I was always afraid that I wasn’t doing enough. That drive was important to get me where I am today, but it would have been a lot more fun had I just chilled out a little bit.

Kirill: You mentioned that your job took you all over the world. If you had to choose one dish that is your favorite from anywhere in the world, what would it be?

Julie: There was one, around 20 years ago, and I still dream of this dish in San Gimignano in Italy. It was a combination of Italian and Austrian, and it was the best dish I’ve ever had in my entire life. And I can’t find a recipe for it, and it breaks my heart. The fact that I still dream about this dish after 20 years is ridiculous, and I have no idea how to recreate it. It was a fusion, it was savory, there was a pasta element to it, and I would love for you to figure it out and send it to me.

(L to R) Keri Russell as Kate Wyler, Ato Essandoh as Stuart Heyford in episode 103 of “The Diplomat”. Courtesy of Netflix.

And here I want to thank Julie Schubert for taking the time to talk with me about the art and craft of casting. I also want to thank Kristy Chan for making this interview happen. The first three seasons of “The Diplomat” are streaming now on Netflix. Finally, if you want to know more about how films and TV shows are made, click here for additional in-depth interviews in this series.

Kirill: Please tell us about yourself and the path that took you to where you are today.

Brendan: The path that took me here is not a straightforward one, and I think that’s probably true for most people. Going back to high school, I always knew I wanted to make films but I didn’t necessarily think it was possible for quite some time.

At that time my understanding of filmmaking was limited. I didn’t know how many people it took to make a show, what they all did etc. I only really knew about directors and actors. What I did know was that I was always drawn to visual storytelling. I was constantly taking photographs, drawing, and exploring other types of art.

Eventually, I went to film school and studied cinematography full time for a year. I became completely hooked and fell in love with cinema and kept pushing to build my career.

From there, I decided I only wanted to shoot and not work my way through the camera department on set. It was a decision that was right for me however it did mean it took many more years trying to get onto a bigger film set. But like everything you keep pushing and building steps by step. And with some lucky opportunities every now and then I was able to start shooting shows that helped me get to where I am today.

Kirill: Looking at these first 15 or so years in the industry, what are the bigger changes you’ve seen so far?

Brendan: Oh between today and 15 years ago there’s a big shift in filmmaking and in many different areas of the industry. I think the most obvious is the rise of streaming over that time. They are just dominating now. But before them y really had big features, network television and of course independent films. Starting out I was doing independents. It was little projects either on 16mm or on digital, and of course another thing that has drastically changed over that time is digital technology. You can shoot fantastic images on digital cameras now, and we’ve seen huge changes in lighting. You have consoles and LED lights that are fully programmable and that has changed the way that I work more than anything else I think.

Cinematography of “Star City” by Brendan Uegama, courtesy of Apple TV.

Kirill: Would you want to turn back the clock and go back to the old film world?

Brendan: Many parts of me would love that but there’s a lot of good things about both film and digital filmmaking. I do love the process of film, trusting your instincts like that, the workflow on set. But digital allows so much other creativity and freedom. There are pros and cons of both.

It’s pretty unbelievable to look at what we have access to today when it comes to digital cameras. Your main camera can do high speed, be extremely sensitive in low light and small enough to put in configurations that you couldn’t before. And you can get quality images out of cameras the size of smartphones. That kind of flexibility is fantastic.

Kirill: What do you feel are the bigger misunderstandings or misconceptions about the role of the cinematographer?

Brendan: I think one of the biggest misconceptions about the role of the cinematographer is that it’s simply about making things look beautiful. Yes we care a lot about images but the job is really about storytelling and emotion.

A cinematographer is constantly trying to understand what the audience should feel in a moment and then using all the tools we have to support that. Sometimes that means creating something beautiful, and sometimes it means doing the opposite. The most important thing is that the image serves the story.

For me it also means being very involved in as many aspects of production. I want to understand the entire world we are creating so that I can contribute to the storytelling as much as possible. The more I understand the more I can offer the director.

Cinematography of “Star City” by Brendan Uegama, courtesy of Apple TV.

Kirill: Getting to “Star City”, how did it start for you?

Brendan: I was working on a different show with the director Nick Murphy, and one day he came to me on set and told me about his next project, Star City. He said he thought I would be great for it and that he was going to put me forward for it if I was interested.

I read the pilot and I loved it right away as it just hit on so many levels for me. Yes I loved the space exploration element but what really did it was everything beyond that. The espionage, the politics, and most importantly the human side of the story. These were characters living under the immense pressure of an oppressive system, yet they’re still driven by ambition and a belief in something bigger than themselves. They were trying to achieve things they had dreamed about and that they believed could change the world. That universal human struggle was what really resonated with me.

I saw it as much more than a story about space and cosmonauts. It was about people, their sacrifices, their hopes, and what they were willing to endure to achieve something extraordinary.

When I met with the showrunners Matt Wolpert and Ben Nedivi, I was already deeply excited about the project and knew I wanted to be part of it. The lovely thing about this show was that we all came together with a shared passion for the story, the characters, the period, and the desire to tell it in a way that felt truthful and grounded. That made this project incredibly special.

Kirill: How do you maintain consistent visuals with multiple directors and another cinematographer on the same season?

Brendan: So I shot the pilot block and block 3 while Cort Fey shot block 2 and 4. Initially figuring out this show’s approach took months in prep exploring ideas with the whole creative team. There is so much that goes into defining a show’s visual language and everyone involved had the same goal which was to make the best show possible. That commitment goes to anyone who joined the team later.

So to maintain consistency between all directors becomes easy when we are all after the same vision. I just shared as much as I could and explained our ideas for how we came to terms with our visual language.

Cinematography of “Star City” by Brendan Uegama, courtesy of Apple TV.

Kirill: Did you have any particular visual references or inspirations around the discussions on the look of the show?

Brendan: We shot the show in Lithuania starting in February 2025. I found out I was going to be part of the project around September or October 2024, so I’d been thinking about this for a while before starting official prep. During that time I was doing as much research as I could to try and understand that world. Naturally everything started to come together as we started to scout locations.

I did watch some past Soviet films, but my research went more into still photography of the time, around the late 60’s and 70’s. I leaned into photographs that showed me daily life of regular people in the Soviet Union. What people looked like, how they lived, dressed, what the world felt like, what textures I could grab out of there, what the light looked like. When it came time to go to camera there was one thing that we wanted to make sure to do, which was to not have our show feel overly constructed by us filmmakers and more like the scenes were found. We wanted it to feel like we walked into a real space with real people in it, mid conversation and the light was coming from the sources you can see. A lot of this idea was inspired by a lot of this photography.

And of course we built the sets that we wanted and I lit it the way I wanted so that the light felt natural to the space we were in. That’s why my primary inspiration was the photographs of that time rather than the films. Some of the soviet movies that I had watched from that time are so beautifully made but in a different direction than we wanted to go.

I found this photographer named Martin Manhoff who was an American diplomat in Moscow around that time, and he documented a lot with still cameras and movie cameras. His stills and footage opened up a world that I hadn’t seen and it gave me a lot of inspiration for this show.

Cinematography of “Star City” by Brendan Uegama, courtesy of Apple TV.

Kirill: What were your considerations around the colors of the show?

Brendan: I wanted the color of the lighting to be realistic. Whenever possible, I didn’t use LED lights unless needed. Instead, we went for the old incandescent lights and a lot of fluorescents. They both gave either the warmth that felt truthful to the environment and the ugly spiky cast from the fluros that just felt right. For daylight I pushed for cooler tones. The story takes place in winter time, and it was cold in Lithuania, and those winters in Moscow would have been extremely cold as well. I didn’t want to feel any extra warmth in there, so I leaned into that coldness .

For the night exteriors, I lit almost entirely with practical sources. Our art department would provide a bunch of street lights for us and I’d use both sodium and blue-green mercury vapor lights. I loved the mixed color temperatures instead of correcting them which allows them to feel harsher and dirtier and less polished. That visual imperfection became an important part of the show’s atmosphere.

Cinematography of “Star City” by Brendan Uegama, courtesy of Apple TV.

Kirill: You mentioned the oppressing hand of the government that is present throughout the story. What was your thinking around translating that oppression into what we see on screen?

Brendan: Lyudmilla sits at the center of the story, and in many ways she embodies the oppressive nature of the Soviet state. The authoritarian way is felt strongly by most characters living in Star City. We needed to visually express that without calling attention to itself.

We looked for specific moments where the camera could quietly suggest that someone was always watching or that there was an unseen presence just beyond the frame. Whether it was a figure in the background or a subtle point of view, we wanted the audience to feel that surveillance was constant. Because of that we would sometimes let the camera observe from a distance more, allowing the feeling of being watched to become part of the visual language.

So sometimes you’ll see part of a scene happen from more of a distance, or looking at characters through crowds or behind foreground elements, or framing scenes as though we were catching something we weren’t meant to see. Those choices created the sense that an unseen presence could be there or not.

Kirill: What is the split between VFX and in-camera shots?

Brendan: Well my preference is always capturing as much as possible in camera. Star City is a period piece set in a different country, and of course with a fair amount of space work. So yes we had a good amount of VFX.

We would always try to build the shots or sets to look right and complete from the start, and we were lucky to have an amazing production design team that could help us with so much of what was needed to be seen in camera. Whenever we felt we couldn’t go any further with what we could build and photograph, then we would rely on our great VFX team for it.
There is the obvious .. for example the space walk and the surface of the moon that had visual effects. And each shot had to be planned specifically to work seamlessly. But also there are many that don’t seem or look like visual shots that are.

For example, the Security Division building where Lyudmilla and Irina work. The location we used for the lobby area is in Vilnius city, and out the front glass doors you see a busy street with store fronts on the other side. But for us it was supposed to be in the middle of the complex of Star City, which is a secretive area in the middle of the forest. So we put up a large green screen outside the glass doors. We then went to Vingis park and shot some plate shots to comp in as the view.

But like everything it starts from the script. You then start scouting and finding the right locations to tell that story and if they don’t all marry together you sometimes need to cheat them together.

Cinematography of “Star City” by Brendan Uegama, courtesy of Apple TV.

Kirill: What went into the decision to go with anamorphic lenses with soft edges around the image?

Brendan: Lensing is always one of my most essential creative decisions in prep because it informs much more than just the glass. Once I find the right lenses it not only helps me understand how I’m going to photograph the show but also starts defining my visual process for everything.

We prepped out of ARRI Berlin, and I worked closely with Christoph Hoffsten who is a lens guru. I made several trips down there because I knew finding the right lenses was going to define the visual language of the show, so it was very important to test test test. We always knew we wanted to shoot anamorphic. Director Nick Murphy and I are both big fans of the format and we knew we didn’t want a polished overly clean image.

I soon enough figured out I didn’t want one consistent set of lenses. I didn’t want the glass to feel like one unified set. I wanted it to feel like it was pieced together with mixed matched glass that was imperfect in all ways.

So early on I had an idea that I would build a large set out of multiple primes from different manufacturers. I found around eight to ten different manufacturers to make up our lens set, and I gravitated towards lenses that felt like they fell apart in certain areas where the edges were blurrier or they breathed a lot.

Those imperfect qualities that traditionally wouldn’t be considered good quality by today’s lens standards were actually the things I was most drawn to. I wanted those characteristics to become part of the storytelling. They helped create this imperfect, “ugly beautiful” world we were trying to build, and they influenced the emotional feeling of every frame.

Every time I went down to Arri and worked with Christoph, we would spend the day testing numerous lenses. We’d put them on the camera, live with them for a bit, and ask ourselves how they made us feel. The ones that didn’t have the right character went into one pile. The ones that surprised us or had something unique went into another. Over the course of about a month, we slowly assembled this completely hand-picked set of lenses that felt unlike anything you could pull off a shelf.

The lenses themselves informed so much. How we framed scenes, how we photographed faces, how the world felt emotionally. They became a huge part of creating this “ugly beautiful” aesthetic that defined the series.

Cinematography of “Star City” by Brendan Uegama, courtesy of Apple TV.

Kirill: Was there anything particularly complicated or challenging around filming for zero gravity?

Brendan: Zero gravity has a lot of challenges. And it’s a very time consuming thing to do. We came out of it realizing it takes on average a couple hours from rehearsal of a shot to “moving on” to do a proper shot of someone floating through space in any significant way. We have multiple ways of dealing with zero gravity. You have actors on cables suspended from above, you have teeter-totter versions, and then you have your actors faking it a little bit if we’re tight enough.

Every shot had different requirements depending on the relationship between the camera, the actors, and the ship itself. We would storyboard it to know what the shot was, then had to figure out what the best orientation of the ship is best in. Is it upright or on its side or completely upside down? What wall, ceiling or floor panel needed to come out to get the crane in? And if the camera needed to travel from what appears to be the ceiling down to the floor, we might have to flip the entire set so we could achieve that move more naturally.

Every decision affected the physical configuration of the set, the camera, and how the actors would move. Within a single sequence, we might use several different orientations of the ship. That meant we’d often shoot part of the scene one day, then return days later after the construction team had changed the set for us to work better for the next shot.

And of course, making sure the actors knew the shot, felt comfortable with the rig they were in was essential. They needed to feel secure enough that they could hopefully forget about the mechanics of it. So we would first rehearse the action with a stunt performer in the rig so we could work out the movement, timing, and camera approach and the actors could see how it was going to work before they went on the wires. Then we would set up while the actors were being harnessed.

That was the process and every shot required a lot of coordination between performance, safety, camera, lighting, and stunts. It’s what made the work great but also why these sequences were so time consuming.

Kirill: Perhaps you just answered my next question, but I’ll ask it to make sure. What was the most challenging day or sequence or set that you’ve had on this show?

Brendan: Oh that’s a hard one to answer. This isn’t quite the right answer for your question but here’s something that comes to mind. So we had coined this term “ugly beautiful” for us, which really meant embracing imperfections as part of the beauty. The flaws within those imperfections were what made the images feel honest to us.

We built this idea into the photography from the very beginning. Sometimes during the process of shooting, we would find ourselves setting something up and realize that even though the image was nice looking, it wasn’t necessarily right for this world. Those were the moments where we had to challenge ourselves and step away from it, even if what we had created was technically a great image and we would lose time, we would sometimes start over completely because the goal was never just to make something beautiful. It was about making something that felt authentic to this world and stripping away today’s idea of perfect imagery.

Having said that, on a technical level all the space work was the most challenging I think. Perhaps the greatest challenge was the spacewalk that Anastasia does in the first episode along the outside the ship.

Cinematography of “Star City” by Brendan Uegama, courtesy of Apple TV.

Kirill: How do you see the generative AI tools today?

Brendan: It’s a hard question to answer. I’m not an advocate for AI at all. But it’s obviously here to stay and it will impact all aspects of our industry and every industry in the world. For filmmakers, the biggest threat right now is towards VFX artists and performers’ voices I think. But who knows what the future holds for cinematography.

I’m optimistic that audiences are always going to want to watch a project that is made by people with human mistakes in them. Maybe there’s a bump by the camera operator. Maybe the pan over is a beat too late or skies are burnt out, etc. Sometimes those mistakes are what gives a scene that special something. If everything is too perfect, then it’s boring. A lot of shows that are made today are falling into this “perfect” look. But I feel the imperfections are interesting, and we should always look for them and embrace them when they work.

We’ll see what happens in the future with AI, but right now I’m trying to be as optimistic as possible with it, and not think about it too much as being a big destructor for what I do. It hasn’t affected my job yet too much that I can tell [laughs].

At a more general level, if you’re a creative person of any kind, the more that you rely on AI, the worse it’s going to be in the long run. I hope that people try to keep their brain fired all the time and don’t rely on the quick answer that AI always can give you without any thought. Spend a little extra time brainstorming and driving yourself mad trying to figure it out!

Cinematography of “Star City” by Brendan Uegama, courtesy of Apple TV.

Kirill: What piece of advice would you give to your younger self if you could go back in time to around 2010 when you were starting out in the industry?

Brendan: I think the biggest thing is I would tell myself to always trust my gut. Try not to compare my path to others. Don’t listen to the nonsense. Stay inspired. Travel the world. See new cultures, new places and experience new things. Because all of those experiences become part of who you are as a person and therefore as a cinematographer.

Kirill: What would be the three movies that you’d take to a deserted island?

Brendan: If I was on a deserted island I should probably have more uplifting films. But I’d start with these 3 that are anything but that. First would be “Apocalypse Now”. The second is “The Banishment”. And then Kurosawa’s “Ran”.

Kirill: My last question is about your favorite food you had while you were working on this show in Lithuania.

Brendan: There were so many amazing restaurants in Vilnius. I loved the culinary scene. My favorite restaurant by far was an Italian restaurant called Le Travi. A very small menu that changed weekly, a great environment and right near my apartment. I ate there often. But also a standout for me would be a small place that served chebureki, which is not a Lithuanian dish per se – meat seasoned with oregano and other spices, folded with cheese in puff pastry with air inside of it. It was just a simple restaurant but the flavors in this dish were phenomenal.

And here I want to thank Brendan Uegama for taking the time to talk with me about the art and craft of cinematography. I also want to thank Lauren Fein Goldberg for making this interview happen. The first season of “Star City” is streaming now on Apple TV. Finally, if you want to know more about how films and TV shows are made, click here for additional in-depth interviews in this series.

Cinematographer Lowell A. Meyer on the sets of “Tuner”.

Kirill: Please tell us about yourself and the path that took you to where you are today.

Lowell: My name is Lowell A. Meyer. I am a cinematographer, and I was born and raised in New York City. I discovered my love for photography around middle school. I was lucky in that my dad happened to be a hobbyist. He had like a photo camera, and he had a video VHS camera that he didn’t use because he was working all the time. I found them sitting on the shelves, and asked him about that. He taught me how to use it, and I got into it through making little short films with friends. Sometimes in school they ask you if you want to write an essay or if you want to make a short video instead. For me, it was so obvious that making the short video would be a lot more fun. I would travel around New York City skateboarding, and I would bring this camera with me or film my friends skateboarding.

When it came time to set my sights on colleges and what I might want to study if I were to go, my parents were great and they encouraged me to follow my passions. Right around that time I started to discover a love for films. Nobody in my family is in the film industry, but I was a part of the generation that grew up with DVDs that had behind-the-scenes featurettes in them. You went to the DVD home screen and it would show you a little bit of the making of the film. I started watching those and developing a love for cinema alongside a friend of mine, Eric.

It sounded like a lot of fun. I didn’t realize people made movies, and that they made money making movies, and that that’s a career path. I started to investigate that path, and I also started making more serious short films, either directing or shooting. I saw people doing this for a living, and I told myself that maybe I should try that as well.

Every experience I’ve had since then, like going to film school and moving to LA, reinforced that this is what I love doing. I can’t see a world where I do something else. It’s such a fun experience to be on a film set with so many people who are usually wonderful, creative and collaborative, and also have a similar love for cinema. It encourages like-minded cinema lovers to work together, and problem solve, and make something that we’re all hopefully very proud of.

Kirill: Where did you find yourself in the overall transition of the industry from film to digital?

Lowell: It would be wrong of me to say that I was a generation that grew up with film. I was a generation that grew up with video. By the time I gained access to film and film cameras, RED One and ARRI Alexa came out. As I was shooting 16mm short films in college, everyone else was looking to see what those digital cameras were about. I wasn’t caught off-guard. I didn’t need to change all my ways of thinking. I was learning about film at the same time as I was learning about digital and video.

It feels like I’ve always had a lot of formats at my disposal, and that includes the iPhone. It was all happening at the same time – iPhone, RED One, Alexa, 5D and 7D. I was shooting with P2 cards and tape transfer decks to get the footage. I was interested in all of these formats at the same time.

Film was a desirable thing for me to use, but at the same time it was also not straightforward, and not easy, and not always encouraged, and not the most exciting thing. It was always talked about and glorified, but at the same time, “Black Swan” came out and Matthew Libatique was shooting some scenes on 16mm and some scenes with a 7D. I felt like I was at the advent of something. I bought a second hand Canon 5D Mark II in college because I wanted to do photo and video, and that was an empowering tool. It got me some of my first DP jobs.

Going to film always felt like a luxury, and not something that I was missing. At that point, the most experience I’d had with film was still photography. I loved 35mm still photography. Since then I’ve shot some more film, but not a tremendous amount. It’s not my go-to tool. I am a bit more digitally minded, and the directors I work with embrace that as well.

Kirill: Speaking of the advent of the digital cameras and the iPhones, it feels that the equipment today is more affordable than it used to be. There was a conversation a few years ago about how this would dramatically lower the barrier to entry for new filmmakers, and that we would be inundated with a whole new explosion of stories. But it also feels that there is another, more artistic barrier, if you will. Just because you have a camera in your pocket doesn’t mean that you become an amazing storyteller.

Lowell: That’s spot on. People come up with excuses for everything. If people don’t have success in their lives, they point at things to blame. They say they don’t have the best gear, or they don’t have the best crew, or that it was raining that day, or what have you. Great gear still costs money, but it is certainly more accessible today. It’s amazing what you can get for just a few hundred or thousand dollars.

In some ways, lack of access to professional gear was holding back some people in some ways. It’s amazing that we have all this gear. It allows people with that passion and that innate ability to rise to the occasion in a way that maybe they couldn’t in the past. But it takes a lot more than just technical know-how and access to gear. It takes resilience, chutzpah, naivete, willpower and sheer determination to never say “No”, to say that this is the only thing you will ever do in your life – and then backing that up with novel ideas, understanding the medium, understanding storytelling, understanding what audiences expect and what they don’t expect and how to subvert expectations.

It’s obviously a huge conversation beyond gear. Now we’re entering a world where maybe you don’t even need a crew or any camera gear at all. We’re entering a world where, as long as they have access to the Internet and a keyboard, anyone could potentially make a Hollywood film with AI technology and tools. That will continue to prove your theory correct. If everyone has access to AI software and can make Hollywood grade imagery and scenes – do they make something that stands the test of time with that? I don’t think that’s possible.

It’s not possible for every human on planet Earth to be the best filmmaker, and for their films to be novel and touch everyone. There will always be a small percentage of the population that makes really great art. The beauty of the day and age we live in now is that a small percentage can come from anywhere. In the past, it might have been only the rich and the elite, and the children of the rich and the elite. And now it can come from anywhere. That’s the gift we’ve been given.

Kirill: What do you feel are the misconceptions or misunderstandings about what a cinematographer does?

Lowell: People think that the cinematographer is there to light and shoot the most beautiful shots and scenes. There’s some truth to that, but I would say that the most important role of the cinematographer is to do that in accordance with the vision of the director and the story they’re telling. That doesn’t always mean beautiful. It’s always tailored to the director.

We are at the service and support of the director and their vision. Different directors have different needs, different ways of processing a scene and a script, and different ways of even creating a scene. Some directors don’t think in terms of camera movements and shots, and for some directors that is all they think about. Cinematographers have a tremendous impact on the ultimate product that gets made.

The misconception is that all we do is these beautiful visuals. But the reality of it is that we refine a director’s process, create a comfortable space for the actors to play, tailor a crew to a director’s strong suits and what they need, and fill in where they might have blind spots or weaknesses. We’re protectors of the director and their vision. We collaborate with the producers, the actors, and the production designer. A cinematographer does a tremendous amount of things before a shot even gets shot. Sometimes, the actual lighting and shot and frame is the last thing you do. There’s so much that comes before it – prep, pre-vis, and just gaming out how the movie will work and the shoot will be.

The more I’ve done it, the more I’ve realized how big and complicated this job is. It involves managing directors’ emotions, managing actors’ emotions, managing producers’ anxieties, etc.

Kirill: Is it a little miracle that any movie gets made?

Lowell: There’s so many people working on it to ensure it gets made. But the smaller the crew and the smaller the budget, the more it is a miracle.

Kirill: Is there anything that you are excited about today in terms of advancements in camera bodies, lenses, and lighting equipment – something that is emerging or on the horizon?

Lowell: I can’t think of anything that is upcoming or hasn’t been released yet that is exciting for me. But I would say, in terms of the day and age we live in, I’m grateful and excited for the tools available to me.

I can move so fast on a set because we have wireless, dimmable, color changeable lights that run on batteries. We were talking about camera technology changing, but lighting technology has changed far more drastically since when I was in film school. That has been an exciting evolution. It’s sometimes hard to keep up with everything that’s available, but you have the benefit of this collaborative art form. I might know a few tricks. The gaffer I’m working with on the given project knows a few tricks. The key grip knows a few tricks. Everybody contributes their little know-how and things they own and things they’ve had for years.

I’m really impressed with what we can do from a lighting perspective, and when you pair that with the cameras and lenses we have nowadays, it’s a completely different way to make movies. It allows us to do things at the speed and cost that were simply not achievable 10-15 years ago.

Kirill: How did “Tuner” start for you? How did it find its way to you, or how did you find your way to it?

Lowell: I had met the director, Daniel Roher, on another film we worked on together called “The AI Doc: Or How I Became an Apocaloptimist”. He was writing “Tuner”, and trying to get financing and casting for it, and about a week into us working together on that documentary he told me that he wanted me to shoot “Tuner”. I was excited, but at the time I had a conflict. It worried me to be getting this great opportunity, but to not be available.

But then things shifted in my schedule, and when he got financing, a window opened up and I immediately called him. I asked him if he already found someone else, and he said that they were going to start interviews soon, but if I’m available, let’s do it. I met with the producers, and that went great. Before I knew it, I was on a plane to Toronto to start our prep.

Kirill: You are from New York and this movie is in New York, but it’s shot in Toronto. How did it go for you?

Lowell: We had a lot of interior scenes, and Toronto is often faked for New York. If we are in a concert hall, who’s to say where that concert hall is? There was nothing specific about it besides its beauty. Sometimes we had little exterior portions where you’d be able to see out of a window of a cafe, and we wanted that to feel New York’y.

If you’re enthralled in the movie, and you’re engaged, and you’re liking the plot and the characters, your detective brain is inactivated. You’re not trying to pick it apart. And if you’re not engaged, and you hate the movie, and you start looking at everything but the characters, then maybe you’d be able to see a few “cheats”. I think we did a pretty good job. The locations department was one of the hardest working departments on the film. They had a tremendous amount to find and to make work for the script.

The thing we had to our benefit was that a lot of the movie takes place in mansions, music rooms, recital halls, apartments and houses. It wasn’t the hardest thing to fake. Like you said, I’m from New York, and I wanted it to feel authentic. I know what New York feels like and I could help a little bit.

We also filmed in New York for three days. We had a big walk-and-talk scene in the middle of the movie that we wanted to shoot in New York. And then we had to make sure that what we picked would match the exteriors of the other places in Toronto. If we were trying to make the movie in Cairo, Egypt, then we’d have a problem. But New York City and Toronto are not crazy far apart, and that helped us out with that match.

Kirill: What was the location for the Shafitz Hall? How much time did you get in there to make all the scenes?

Lowell: That was one of what I call “the big kahuna” locations. We identified early on that it was a big set piece of the film. That was the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto. It’s a beautiful space, and it’s also an active space that has a lot of bookings, so we had to work around their schedule.

We had two days at the start of the shoot, and then we had to leave and come back on Halloween. Halloween day was the day of the big recital, whereas the first two days were meeting Ruthie for the first time, walking through the spaces and tuning pianos. It was a difficult place to load in and out of. There were a lot of elevators. It’s a busy place. It came with caveats for us as a production. We had to ask ourselves if it was worth the expense. But it was so beautiful, and they gave us so much control over the lights.

It’s a little indie movie, and you have to put as much production value on screen as you can. That place felt like the most beautiful option that we had in front of us. When you work on a movie, you realize that there are some uncontrollable variables that are worth building everything else around, because it’s so valuable and it’s so worth it.

Kirill: How many different pianos did you end up shooting in those big mansions and halls? How many different mansions did you have access to?

Lowell: We had the rainbow piano. We had the one in the music recording studio. We had the big Yamaha that he tunes in the mansion. We had the music school. We had the recital piano. We had Harry’s piano. We had one that we bought and drilled holes into, so that we could get shots inside of the piano and get all of these inner workings. There were a few more, so probably close to a dozen.

We had two hero mansions. The movie has a lot of musical montages that track the passage of time – him trying to make money, how things are happening with Ruthie, etc. That meant that the script called for a lot of locations, and we were trying to find locations that could double as another location. We would try to find a mansion where maybe they added an additional wing or an additional set of rooms that felt completely different. Then you do the main space as mansion A, the rest of it as mansion B, and the basement as mansion C.

There’s the hero cafe where Dustin and Leo eat burgers in front of a big mural. We then doubled that cafe for the date night in the montage where Leo and Havana are in front of those red neon lights. And then we tripled it looking the other way when Leo is sad and he’s eating a burrito by himself. It was one of these creative games with the first AD Simon Board, the location manager Tristan Plant, the production designer Peter Cosco, me and the director Daniel Roher.

We’d call certain scenes floaters. We had the marquee scenes – Shafitz Hall or Ruthie’s apartment. We know what we’re doing there, we know that it’s going to be a full day. But then we have a scene that takes a third of a day, and we could put it anywhere. So if there’s an extra third of a day opening in the schedule, let’s try to find a roti shop near there. Daniel was flexible with locations, and open to the scene being different than what was scripted, or taking place in a different place that was scripted – if it helped our schedule and didn’t take away from the creative. It was a little bit of a game of Tetris in terms of the schedule and the locations.

Then we would do our best to be creative, and be open-minded, and find a new angle that could sell as one of these montage beats. One of the best parts of the movie is that it does build a world, and you really feel like you’re traveling around to all these places. That felt like an important thing, and we didn’t want to cut down locations. We wanted to keep adding more so that the movie felt full and rich.

Kirill: The story is very much about the auditory world of the main character, his hearing problems and his hearing abilities. You go inside the pianos as you mentioned, and you also go inside the safes. Was it super zoomed shots, or did your prop department build models of those gears?

Lowell: We considered the idea of blowing up miniatures to maxatures, and making bigger scale versions. But in reality, we didn’t have the budget or the R&D department to do that, and I don’t know if it would have looked great, to be honest.

I like to do camera tests and lens tests in advance. The movie script called for a lot of inserts, as well as the auditory visual clues and cues that you referenced. The director boarded a lot of the movie and it had inserts all over it. So it was clear to me that part of my role was going to be figuring out how to shoot the inner workings of safes and pianos.

My first lens tests were with macro lenses. There’s a popular probe lens on the market that people use, and I compared that to traditional macro lenses. I started asking myself if I could do it without asking anybody else for help and without any CGI. CGI wasn’t an option for our budget, and it was on me to figure it out.

There’s this ARRI Master Prime 100mm macro lens that I would put a doubler and a macro tube on, and that gave us extremely tight shots. And then, the art department cut open locks and gave me the exposed insides – lock tumblers, fences and gates. We would mount that on a C stand, and then get lots of angles with the camera. I also used that probe lens, sometimes with a doubler as well. We bought an old piano, bored a hole in it, and shoved that probe inside of it.

The schedule was tight, and we had a lot of locations that were prioritized. We had an insert unit day tacked on at the end of our shoot because inserts were so important, and we did around a hundred inserts on that day. And then, while the edit was being cut, I shot additional lock inserts. They shipped locks from Toronto to LA in a box, and I shot them.

Kirill: Do you know enough now about locks to be able to get into a safe yourself?

Lowell: I know essentially how people do it, but I don’t know if I have the patience or interest to even begin or try.

Kirill: How much time did you spend shooting inside and outside of their van?

Lowell: When we did our New York shoot, one day was with the actors and then two days were just me in a van with Daniel filming New York City street life. We were driving past Yankee stadium, driving down the George Washington bridge, and lots of other places. There was a lot of shooting from the inside looking out of the van. We also did the most amount of New York city driving plates I’ve ever done and commissioned. We had a weekend long New York plate unit before we even started principal photography.

We did a volume stage on day seven of the shoot with a tuner van. We had so many driving scenes and driving locations, and a lot of them are in montage. There’s only a few meaty dialogue scenes, so we knew that it would be advantageous to do that all in one day if we could all in a volume stage. We shot 10 or 11 scenes on the volume stage that day. That felt to be an important connective tissue to ground it in New York, to see the world through the eyes of this guy who’s driving in his van a tremendous amount of the day.

Kirill: Maybe I’m reading too much into it, but it felt that you were leaning into the golden yellows for the internal scenes.

Lowell: I don’t know if that was a consistent choice. If it’s an interior night scene, in general a warm color palette is great for skin tones. It made sense for Harry’s house, especially for Shiva. I wouldn’t say that it was ubiquitous.

This movie has a lot of different tones and genres and gear changes in it. When Lior’s character goes into the warehouse for the first time, it’s cold fluorescent lights. It’s not exactly cozy. It’s a weird, odd in-between space. When they go to that Korean drug house, that space has chaotic lighting. It has a cool blue fish tank, and some work lights, and a random light bulb, and some fluorescents. It’s a weird space where the person occupying it – if there is one – doesn’t care about how it looks. It’s just a drug paraphernalia place.

Going back to the warmth that you were talking about, it made sense for Ruthie’s apartment, for Harry’s place, for other places that felt safe and comforting for Niki. We associate tungsten light bulbs and household lights with cozy spaces. It’s a comforting association.

Kirill: What was the most challenging sequence for you to work on?

Lowell: On one hand, the whole movie was a complete joy, and the opposite of a challenge. And on the other hand, every day was a challenge because every day ended with the feeling that you were never going to come back to that space. The Royal Conservatory Hall with the big symphony orchestra piece at the end was challenging. We had three cameras, and they were all moving and sweeping the space. Everybody on set was enthralled that day. Everybody was in awe of what we were capturing, and of Havana’s performance, and of the music coming to life. It was stunning and fun, and a special day.

But as we were getting ready to go into that day, we all knew that it had high stakes. We had to nail it. It had to work. Everybody had to be prepared.

The drughouse sequence was probably one of the more challenging ones. We only had two days for it while we wanted three. There’s a fish tank that is exploding. We have three cameras on it, and if it doesn’t work, it would be an impossible amount of time to reset that we simply don’t have. Someone’s killed in the scene. Fish are flopping on the ground. Our character has to run outside and throw up and speed off. There were a lot of elements and characters. You’re shooting 360. There’s a lot of group dynamics in the scene. It felt like a lot to take on. Luckily, we got everything we needed, but it was by the skin of our teeth.

Kirill: In your head, do you feel Niki and Ruthie get back together or not?

Lowell: I don’t think about it because the movie just ends. In my mind, I don’t think that’s what the movie is hinged around. Because of that, if the movie kept going, I don’t think they would get together.

It’s a sweet gesture. It lands the plane because what they’ve done for each other has helped each other achieve something. Niki has helped Ruthie to feel inspired, to pursue her dreams and get to this maestro, and he helped her along the way improve her piece. And she ultimately helped him realize that it’s okay to keep playing the piano and not all is lost. In that way, that’s how the movie leaves me feeling. These two people touched each other, and that’s what love is about. And if that’s where it ends, that’s where it ends, and their stories will keep going.

Cinematographer Lowell A. Meyer on the sets of “Tuner”.

Kirill: Do you want people to watch this movie on the biggest screen possible? What would be your pitch to get people in the movie theater?

Lowell: Any movie worth its weight is better on the big screen. When you watch a movie at home, the movie is on your time, and you are the controller of if the movie keeps running. When you watch a movie in the theater, you’re on the movie’s time, and the movie’s going to keep going and you have to be there. It’s an event. It’s a time and a place and a date. You can bring your friends, but that movie isn’t waiting for you. You have to go meet it. You’re immersed and engrossed, and hopefully you’re not on your phone.

Also, for a movie like this where sound and music is half – if not more than half – of the picture, movie theaters also provide incredible sound systems. Maybe people have a big screen TV at home, but I doubt they have the best sound system at home. You’d be doing yourself a disservice if you left it to streaming or to those tiny airplane screens. That’s great if people will watch it later on, but if you have the chance and you have the means, definitely go see it and hear it on a big screen.

Kirill: How do you see generative AI today? Where do you find yourself on the spectrum between it being the impending end of human creativity and it being yet another tool at your disposal?

Lowell: It’s somewhere in between. It’s already being used as a tool in Hollywood, and a lot of people want to embrace it as a tool. You hear about studio heads, producers, directors, VFX departments all wanting it. I just heard a makeup artist talking about her latest movie, and how she was able to pre-vis with the director to put different looks on actors to go alongside specific costumes, and she said that she was astounded by how helpful that process was.

I don’t want anybody to lose their livelihoods to AI. I would hope that people could understand the difference between a tool and a human, and that they each provide their own wonderful contributions. But I fear that it won’t stop at a tool. These tools are only getting better and better by the second, and it’s not going to take much in Hollywood for producers and directors to feel empowered to make whole movies with these tools.

It soon will be the case where a whole movie can be done with the AI tools. That would open a whole set of new questions. Do they make better movies? Do they make movies that are as good? Do they save lots of money? It will become a market consideration. Do the people using these tools get rewarded for using them? And if they do get rewarded by audiences and by shareholders and profit margins, then unfortunately these will be industry swaying shifts. That does worry me, and it’s fair to say that that is a huge concern for everyone in the film industry.

The best case scenario is that it’s something where it’s relegated as its own thing like animation, but I don’t know. I would like to think that audiences would care about films and want to see them made for real with your real humans and real cameras – but it’s just nothing certain. The film industry hasn’t done a good job at staying incredibly relevant and incredibly profitable. And as it’s losing that hold on cultural relevancy, a tool like AI now seems to give a shot of revitalization for an industry that is struggling. We’ll see where it goes. It’s not looking incredibly hopeful, but it’s also not looking incredibly like a guarantee either.

Kirill: What would be a piece of advice that you would give to your younger self when you were starting off?

Lowell: My advice to my younger self would be to believe in yourself, to work hard, to work with like-minded people who lift me up, and to follow the fun. Make your film family, and try for big bold things. Don’t just settle. I think I’ve followed most of those things. I wouldn’t necessarily change my path, but that’s probably what I would say if I was trying to encourage myself. It’s all going to work out.

Cinematographer Lowell A. Meyer on the sets of “Tuner”.

And here I want to thank Lowell A. Meyer for taking the time to talk with me about the art and craft of cinematography. I also want to thank Jordan von Netzer for making this interview happen. “Tuner” is playing in theaters now. Finally, if you want to know more about how films and TV shows are made, click here for additional in-depth interviews in this series.

Kirill: Welcome back! What have you been up to in the last 15 years since we did our first interview, and how was your transition from the world of art direction to the world of production design?

Mark: It was always my long-term goal to be a designer. Several opportunities came my way before I’d made the proper transition, but I always wanted to understand the craft fully before I took that role on in a meaningful way. I could have segued into designing low-budget things or things that I wasn’t invested in, or to jump up the ladder quicker, but I never felt that was the path I wanted to take. I always wanted to understand the craft and have confidence in myself that I was able to hold my own in the top field. A lot of this job is having the confidence to tell people what you think it should be, having the knowledge that you’re selling a design or a look or a whole concept for a show that you 100% believe in, and I feel you need that weight of experience to sell that with confidence. Personally, I could only ever do that if I had a fully rounded understanding of the world that I’m trying to sell.

I did a lot of big feature films, and I supervised a lot of films after we last spoke. “Gravity” was a huge learning curve. I was heavily involved in that film. It was very much an experiment, and we were making the process up as we went along. I supervised other big location and studio jobs after that, working with people like Steven Spielberg and Paul Greengrass and trying to understand all the different aspects of it. Then an opportunity came along, and as I read the script, I was thinking I can take this job on and I can do a good job of it.

You have to take a leap of faith. Once you start designing, you can’t go back to art directing in a meaningful way — not if you’re doing it seriously. It’s front of house. If you’re flip-flopping, it doesn’t present a strong career desire.

That first project was “The Informer”, and it had a lot of good in it. Unfortunately, it suffered from Covid. It was due to be released just as the lockdown hit, and it didn’t get released in cinemas for a long time, and when it did come out, it wasn’t really marketed, it was just put out there, cinemas were struggling and people weren’t going. Later on, it did find a new life on Netflix, and I’m happy to say that it was quite a big hit there.

That project taught me a lot about being at the sharp end of film production. I put a lot of effort into things that ended up not getting the attention they needed within the project. There was a lot of back and forth between what you thought was relevant and what ended up getting shot. It was an interesting learning curve in terms of understanding what was important and what wasn’t, and when to dig in on something and when not to. This job is a lot about budget management, like supervising, the difference is, you’re spending the money! — finding the best way to spend the money you have, knowing what to make beautiful and what doesn’t matter and what does.

On the sets of “Wednesday”, production design by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

After that, I took on a TV show called “Pennyworth”, which was a DC spinoff set in the sixties about Alfred Pennyworth, who was Batman’s butler. That was really where I managed to get my teeth into designing something of scale. It had a good creative mind behind it and, with multiple directors lined up, it needed somebody to take it and run with it. It was a world-building exercise, but it wasn’t so overblown that it was unrealistic. It was exactly the right proportion where you could do interesting things without the studio breathing down your neck about the amount of money you were spending. You weren’t constantly having to justify yourself to people outside of the production.

In the end, I did two seasons of “Pennyworth”. It was a great initial brief with wide-ranging designs. We did amazing builds for it, with lots of environments like nightclubs, villainous lairs, cool apartments, and war-torn streets, with a heightened-reality sixties look, digging into fantasy and period worlds. It’s high-end TV with a feature-film-quality aesthetic. The expansive world of a TV show lets you explore those designs beyond their initial outing, giving you the ability to refine and learn.

These two projects were a nice springboard that led me to getting the call from Tim Burton to join “Wednesday.” It was a segue that I very much wanted but never imagined the way it happened, and I’m pleased it worked the way it did.

On the sets of “Wednesday”, production design by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: What do you feel are the bigger misconceptions or misunderstandings about what production design is?

Mark: There’s no one straightforward answer to that. You ask different people and you’ll get different answers. When I talk to people outside the industry, most of the time they have no idea what we do. They either think that we turn up at locations and shoot them as is, or that these environments that we create somehow arrive through osmosis.

The biggest misconception with my world is how important it is in the structure of it all. The whole moviemaking industry is homogenous. Everybody relies on everybody else. If one cog falls off, the whole machine falls apart. It always amazes me that anything gets made, given the pressures we’re under. But it works because everybody knows what they’re doing and when they’re doing it. Everybody understands the nuances and the fluidity of filmmaking.

The thing about the design department is how critical it is to everything. I think people underestimate and maybe sometimes don’t understand that everything relies on it. It’s not just props and soft furnishings. Production design is intrinsic to how special and visual effects work. What we design feeds into how productions are lit and shot. Everything revolves around this key geological hub of the art department, whether they realise it or not. That’s not to self-aggrandise it, as everything is always about the team, but the decisions we make affect everything.

I’m working on a show currently that is complicated and time-constrained, where a lot of different departments are spinning and trying to pull all that together, and you realise that you’re in the centre of it all. You’re not just sitting in your office making pretty pictures of how the set is going to look [laughs]. It embodies every aspect of the filmmaking process. When people turn up on set, they might not think about how much effort has gone into making that set exactly right. The more you have directors and showrunners rely on you to do it, the more you realise how important that is.

We are so budget-driven in how and where we spend our money, and how that filters through all the different things. You must understand what’s relevant and where that money goes. Everything ties together, and unless you’re in the middle of that, it’s quite hard to understand.

On the sets of “Wednesday”, production design by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: Looking back at these 10-15 years, what are the bigger changes that the art department has seen?

Mark: In some ways, it hasn’t changed at all. I still use pencil and paper at the beginning of the process. We still make models. Some of the set-building processes are still the same.

But conversely, we are a much nimbler department with a great many more tools at our disposal, and that has been driven by 3D modelling and CAD. When I last spoke to you, we were quite slow in using computers at all. When I first joined the art department, it was very much drawing boards, 5mm lead pencils, and rubbers. You wouldn’t even dream about mentioning computers. I learned 3D modelling in college, and when I joined the art department, I had to learn how to technically draw with pencil and paper. That’s how retrograde it was.

Obviously, things have massively caught up now. When I design a set, I’ll design it in CAD first. That then gets passed on to my team, who expand, refine, and then break it down into technical drawings, but also those models can go to other departments — VFX, even lighting. Anybody can take those models and work with them as an asset. That streamlines the whole process, so you’re much more fluid. It doesn’t always help us because people feel they can change things a lot more, but overall that process has massively changed the art department and how it works.

We get a lot of benefits from 3D printing and manufacturing. You can achieve more, and that depends on the production. If you’re doing a sci-fi show or something that’s heavily driven by fantastical design, you’re much more reliant on 3D modelling to drive the process. But if you’re doing a lower-budget period film, you might well go back to the drawing board. It comes with the territory of understanding the process and where it’s relevant. If you’re going to build a period column, there’s no point in 3D modelling it and sending it off to a CNC company, as there’s probably one that exists already, and you may well have a sculptor in the construction department who can make one much quicker and cheaper. It’s important to understand your assets.

Having all those tools at your fingertips has driven the art department into a whole new world of creativity. I don’t know whether it’s all going to get stamped on by AI. This technology might be our downfall. We’ll see.

Production design of “Wednesday” by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: Getting to “Wednesday”, when you were reading scripts and talking with Tim Burton, was it clear in your mind how gargantuan it would be?

Mark: Not at all. When you get a call from Tim Burton to come and do a reimagining of the Addams Family, you have initial euphoria followed by a mild panic. And then you have to set all that aside and try not to think about it, because you drive yourself to the point of madness if you try to live up to expectations you would set for yourself. My wife will be testimony to that. You have to knuckle down and try and do the job you think is right, and be pragmatic about it. Otherwise, you freeze like a rabbit in the headlights if you think about it too much.

It was an interesting time. We were just coming out of Covid. “Dumbo” hadn’t been a great experience for Tim, I don’t think, so he was quite open to a new creative process at that point. We were still in lockdown, so we had the time to explore it, and he was very generous dealing with me creatively. He didn’t come in very prescriptive about everything. He wanted to hear my ideas, which was nice because you never know quite what you’re going to get when working with creative auteurs of his magnitude. I’d worked with him before on “Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children”, but only as an art director and not the designer, so it was a different relationship.

We did a lot of prep work before we even went into production. We flipped and flopped between countries. In the end, I wouldn’t say that we hid ourselves away, but we certainly went off to Romania and hoped nobody knew what we were doing. Everyone left us alone, and mercifully we didn’t feel the weight of pressure on us that we probably should have, given what we were doing and who we were doing it with.

In the same breath, you didn’t know what was going to happen to it. You see so many great shows with big names attached these days on streaming channels that just disappear into obscurity. You almost forget some of them even existed until you go rummaging around the streaming libraries. There was a bit in me that thought that this might not amount to anything, that this might become a footnote in the streaming history of shows that nobody really watched.

I don’t think anybody expected it to be the huge success it was. I’m very glad that it was, because we obviously put a lot of time and effort and thought into it. But I had no expectations that it would be that [laughs], and I don’t think anybody else did either. There are so many good films and TV shows that don’t do anything. You can never expect it to be a huge hit.

Kirill: And there is some time between when you finish your work on season one and when it’s out, and then you see the audiences’ reactions?

Mark: We’d all moved on, and then suddenly it was coming out. I was just starting to work with Tim on “Beetlejuice Beetlejuice” when the first season of “Wednesday” came out. We were getting back together again, and it was nice to be connecting at that point. But we were all in a little bit of shock. Obviously, we all want our work to be received well, but it’s still amazing when it happens on that scale [laughs]. And then no one knows quite what to do with that.

On the sets of “Wednesday”, production design by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: Certainly, the dance sequence in season one became a cultural moment during that year. It was everywhere.

Mark: Massively, which is always weird when you think back on how that was achieved and the mayhem of film shoots. We had several false starts with that sequence. We were about to shoot the part where the blood rained down from the ceiling, and then a cast member tested positive for Covid. The whole thing had to shut down, and we didn’t shoot any of that for two more weeks. It was a whole weird, protracted process.

Once we were done with the dance itself, it was on to the next thing on the list. No one thought it was going to become this big thing. It was, of course, great watching it on set. Jenna was fantastic. But it’s only later that you see these things put together in the edit. And then it’s out, and everyone was copying it, and it became this viral TikTok thing.

I don’t think you can engineer that. They didn’t market the dance specifically. It was just another part of the show. The public took that and made it a thing.

The show caught a wave of being at the right time in the right place. It hit the right spot. Jenna is amazing, and so is everybody else who worked on it. Tim knows exactly how to work with his cast and get the best out of them. He certainly got the best out of Jenna and knew how to work to her quirkier side. That gelling of the creative minds made that show work. I’m glad that everybody else appreciated it too.

Kirill: How much time have you spent on these first two seasons?

Mark: It was a bit disjointed in the beginning since it was still Covid time. Season one was well over a year, and season two was for the best part of a year.

They are all-consuming. We went off to Romania, and that went on much longer than it should have done. We had numerous delays because of Covid shutdowns. The war in Ukraine broke out at that time, and that meant more delays. I remember a moment when we were shooting a sequence in the forest, and I noticed the spring flowers were coming up. And I had almost a moment of panic, because I realised that I’d seen those flowers already grow once on the job. That took me back a bit, as it meant that I was there well over a year, and it wasn’t meant to be that long.

These high-end TV shows are complicated. We’re trying to generate eight hours of feature-film-quality television, and you do that in the same period of time that you would normally generate two hours for a film. Here we are trying to do eight hours of that in a similar time. These shows are all-encompassing, and they rely on everybody keeping their A-game for a long time, which can be gruelling.

What’s nice about “Wednesday” is that the stories you’re trying to tell, and the worlds you’re trying to get into, are always fun. You’re never sad to get a brief from Mile & Al (the showrunners) or from Tim for what you’re doing next. It’s always exciting. You never sit there and think about how you’re going to get some joy out of it. Tim always pushes you creatively, and that is great.

Production design of “Wednesday” by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: How much of the Nevermore Academy spaces was built, and how much was in existing spaces that you took over?

Mark: We looked at a lot of places that were going to be the surrogate for the Academy. You are tempted by amazing places like Peleș in Romania, which is this grand fairytale building. But this gave a very specific look with no room to make it our own.

When we found Cantacuzino Castle, which is the location that we used for the school, it was really a blank canvas. It’s a great topographical location, and it gave us an interesting building at the front which had Addams Family vibes. It’s got a strong front tower with the right silhouette, but importantly it had a lot of negative space. We always felt like they hadn’t quite finished it properly.

There are a lot of low buildings that went off into the distance that didn’t do a lot, which for our purposes was actually perfect. It meant you could design into that space and create a world off the back of the low-level stuff. You still had low-level buildings to film in and do your real-world shooting. Then, when you went up into big dramatic shots, you could create this whole sprawl of Gothic architecture and change the roofs. It was an excellent location from that point of view. It didn’t tie you into a look that you couldn’t move away from.

We spent a lot of time trying to get the silhouette of it right, literally drawing with marker pens to get a strong shape. We ended up with the three clock towers. There’s the Addams Family shape at the front, the three clock towers, and the bigger building at the back. Probably 30% of it was real, and the rest of it was digital in the end. Our VFX supervisor, Tom Turnbull, went to a lot of effort to make sure it was seamlessly integrated as a digital environment.

When it came to season two, we also did physical models. We built the clock tower as a miniature — or bigature, as everyone calls it. It’s a real combination of live action, digital, physical models, and everything else to get that final look.

Production design of “Wednesday” by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: Was the big round stained-glass window a part of the script when it talked about the girls’ room, or was it added as you started thinking about the layout of that room?

Mark: It was sort of there. The dorm room was the first thing I tackled on the show, because it was the main linchpin for everything. It alluded to the space being messy and colourful on Enid’s side, and monochrome on Wednesday’s side. The script said it had a dominating window, and as I started drawing it, I split it and coloured in one half. I thought it said so in the script, but when I went back and reread it, it didn’t really say that at all [laughs]. It was how I imagined it when I’d read it. Then, when I fed it back to the showrunners, I was concerned it was too much, but they embraced it and it stuck.

A lot of development went on after that basic concept of the window, half coloured and half black and white, that looks like a spider web. Then we had to make that space versatile. I wanted it to be a space where you could get intimate, close scenes, but then you could open the whole thing up for bigger dramatic moments.

Production design of “Wednesday” by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: How does it feel to be able to play so much with colour?

Mark: Colour is something I always wrestle with. I’m not a colourful person myself by nature. I have to think a lot about the colour I use in what I do. I will sit with colour charts for a long time, getting those tones right even if they’re greys or blacks. I put a lot of thought into that.

On “Wednesday”, I didn’t want to be formulaic, to put everything in black, and Tim didn’t want that either. We spent so much time with Enid’s side to make sure the colours were vibrant and poppy and harmonious. And we had to pay as much attention to Wednesday and her world. Nothing was ever painted pure black out of a tin. You either had the original textures or colours underneath it. If it was wood, it was always stained so you could still feel the warmth of the wood underneath it. It was tones of black, or black with a touch of warmth in it, or a touch of cold in it. You want to create a palette of colours for her as well as Enid. And you saw that in Colleen Atwood’s costumes as well. She’s never just wearing black. There are elements and tones and texture and colour.

Colour is one of the hardest parts of my job. I can design you a great space quite quickly, but then I’ll spend days trying to figure out how to colour it properly.

Production design of “Wednesday” by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: When we go into the courtyard, and there’s all these sculptures and gargoyles and reliefs, what was your inspiration? What styles did you want to bring into it?

Mark: Even though Romania wasn’t our first-choice destination to make the show, it was a real inspiration for the look. I really liked it being an architectural mishmash, for want of a better term. You see Art Deco crashing into Rococo crashing into Brutalism, crashing into all sorts of styles.

I was there for two months recceing, and that led me down a greater path — which I thought was quite liberating — of messing around with these different types of architecture. You can have some fun without being slavish to one particular style. You can’t say that Nevermore is only Gothic Revival, or that it’s only Ottoman. We wanted to dig into different looks.

We wanted to achieve this sense of Nevermore having a history and having evolved over time. Some of the sculptures are far more weathered and aged than some of the others, and some are fresher. Some of them tell stories about the history of the school, and some are far more whimsical.

In season two, we had big bronze sculptures, and some of it is much more Brutalist. I didn’t want to get stuck in a rut with it all. We have our own set of rules, but they’re ours.

Production design of “Wednesday” by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: Would you say that the principal’s office is the second biggest in the academy after the girls’ room, in terms of how much time the story spends in there?

Mark: Certainly it is in the first season. That set was a great one for me. It epitomises what I was just saying about how I wanted the school to be a melting pot of styles. It was a location that we found in Romania. It didn’t go by any rules. It was Rococo, but it was also Gothic, and it also had modernist elements in it. And Weems [the principal] was much more into a Brutalist style, so we brought a lot of Brutalist furniture and accoutrements into that space. It really reflected the melting pot of the school, and it made sense that it was another linchpin in the storytelling.

When we moved to Dublin for the second season, we had to build it as a set, and we were able to refine certain elements of it. And that journey continues now with additional refinements. When we found that location, I looked in that room and it had a set of doors exactly where I wanted to put the fireplace. That Gorgon head was a bold statement, and I think even Tim was taken aback when he came in and saw the scale of it. It had to be that big. The room is gaudy and loud, and if you’re going to make a statement there, it has to be more of a statement than everything else. And it worked. That Gorgon fireplace became its own standalone image from the show.

Production design of “Wednesday” by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: Is there such a thing as your favourite set on the production, or are all of them your babies?

Mark: It’s normally the one I’ve just finished [laughs]. There are some obvious ones like the dormitory and Weems’ office that we just talked about. I thought the quad was a great set. We did the gardener’s cottage in the second season, which was meant to be a proper Addams Family environment, for want of a better description. I was pleased with how that turned out. That was a lot about time and money and all the constraints that go with it. It’s a nice set because it wasn’t so overblown as to be ridiculous. It was a measured set, and I was pleased that it didn’t come out looking contrived.

One thing that Tim and I are quite keen on is that we never try to dehumanise environments to make them so big and so grand that you lose the human aspect and lose touch with that reality. You always want the space to feel a bit more real and grounded, no matter how fantastical it is — and that holds true for most of what we’re doing.

The Willow Hill hospital set we did in the second season was one of the more fun and pleasing ones for us. We found a great location that was a good jumping-off point for everything. It was this big empty seminary in Dublin that we took over. We almost rebuilt the place, but it had the right bones to give us the structure we wanted. It was symmetrical, and it had space directly in front of it so we could build the gatehouse and the entrance directly in line with the front door and have this grand driveway up to it. It had all the big spaces and the right-shaped windows, which meant we could build into it and create this whole world you could roam around in, complete with secret passages and hidden doors. It was a gratifying set to go to because you really felt like you were going to that place. You would arrive at the gates, go in through the gatehouse that we built, and go into the entrance lobby, and all the rooms were where they should be. If you can do that on a job without it being frivolous, that’s always a joy.

Kirill: Are there — or how many are there — Easter eggs throughout these two seasons?

Mark: Netflix made a big sell of the Easter eggs in the first season. There were a lot. I couldn’t tell you how many there were, because some of them I’ve forgotten. It’s probably a good thing because I’m sure some of them would come back to haunt me.

You have some in the Weathervane Cafe on the walls. Some were nods to Tim Burton shows, and some were plot-driven. We would always try to hide little sailing ships as little signposts to the villains and that narrative. We put ships in the wallpaper or carved them into the stone. The Hyde monster is one of the gargoyles up in the quad. In quite a lot of shots, you see the monster long before you actually SEE the monster. It was there in people’s faces and no one realised it. There are lots of Edgar Allan Poe references and Charles Addams references.

One of the nice ones we did in the second season was in the gardener’s cottage that the Addams Family takes over. When they first go in there, it’s this horrible bright pink environment — it’s horrifying to them. Then, when they come back later, it’s full glorious Addams-core. That wallpaper was specially designed. In the first iteration, it’s pink and flowery, and then it becomes black and grey with roses — it’s actually the same design, just different colours. That was a direct reference to the TV show from the sixties. If you look at pictures of the original TV show set in colour, it was bright pink. It was only because it was broadcast in black and white that everything looked the way it did for the viewers. If you know, you know.

Production design of “Wednesday” by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: Were there any lingering effects of Covid restrictions in the second season?

Mark: When we got to the second season, it was fine. We obviously had a new home. We moved to Dublin and by that point Covid was very much a thing of the past. Pretty much the only rule at that point was not to bring it to work if you had it.

Kirill: How do you see generative AI today?

Mark: It depends which day you ask me that question on. It would be naive not to think that, on the path it is on at the moment, it could well finish off most of what we do as a creative element. There’s a lot of me that wants to feel that people will still want physical things and human creativity. There’s also a lot of me that realises there’s a big market for just any old nonsense and people will still watch it.

The reality is that what I do, and what my department does, and the extension of that through physical sets and environments, is an expensive exercise. It’s hard not to see the financial benefits of generative AI having a big impact on that. If you can completely circumvent a department that potentially costs you 20-30% of your production budget, why wouldn’t you do that?

We’ve gone through 20-30 years of people predicting everything would be shot entirely on blue screen, and it isn’t — but AI is different. Just a few years ago people didn’t even know this existed. And here we are now in a world where you can easily predict producers and studio execs sitting down with the right prompts and handing you a portfolio of designs and saying, “This is what we want our show to look like.”

I don’t know how you combat that in a meaningful way, other than saying, “Well, my opinion is better than yours” — but then, when does that ever hold sway? It’s easy to get depressed about it, but there are a lot of people out there making films and TV shows and narrative formats that still value the collaborative process and the creative process that comes with it. I’m always the first one to say that I’m only ever as good as the team around me. I rely on the creative input of the concept artists, my art directors, my prop makers, the sculptors, and the rest of the team. That creative input is what makes a department.

On the sets of “Wednesday”, production design by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

There are a lot of people who still value that greatly, who want to make films in that way. How long will that hold up financially? I don’t know. And that’s the problem. If you tell any filmmaker today that they can carry on making films in that more traditional format forever with no consequences, most people probably would, in one way, shape, or form. But if you tell people that there are ways to slash the production budget by three quarters, and here it is [laughs]… Unfortunately, the reality of that will probably get the better of the industry in the end. How long that’ll take, I have no idea. What route that will go, I don’t know — I didn’t see Doug Liman being one of the first filmmakers to go out of his way to make a fully generative AI film. You just don’t know what route it is going to take. All you can do is roll with it and try to do what you think is best.

Can generative AI come up with interesting stuff? Yes, it can. Is it meaningful? Who knows? You’d be foolish not to understand it. I would be lying if I said I hadn’t messed around with it, just because you need to know what you’re dealing with. And my biggest frustration with it has always been that it can never, ever generate what I’m trying to get out of my head. I always have a very clear idea in my head of what I want something to look like, and I can never get generative AI to do it. It never comes out looking how I want it to look, and I always get frustrated and cross with it. But if somebody doesn’t have that clear idea in their head — somebody who doesn’t know what they want — it’s got all the guns [laughs].

On the sets of “Wednesday”, production design by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: Looking at these 25-30 years of your career so far, what do you feel are the key ingredients to longevity in this industry? How do you not burn out? How do you not get frustrated enough to get up and leave?

Mark: It’s tempting on a regular basis [laughs]. I always go out of my way to try to understand what I’m doing and why I’m doing it. I wanted to make sure that when I got here, I understood and knew the craft. You need to understand the craft. And you need to understand that it’s a tough mistress.

I’ve always gone above and beyond what I think is properly reasonable to try to achieve things that are probably not worth the effort. But that’s just me and my nature. It was drummed into me at film school that you get up and you turn up and you do more than what’s required. I’ve always gone by that.

As you get older, you relax more because you understand more. That is what stops you screaming at the moon every night. Your understanding of the process becomes such that you know that although things are stressful and exhausting, it’s all nonsense in the scheme of things, and that we’ll all get up in the morning and do something else — and there’ll be another critical problem that seems just as important until it’s solved. And then it’ll be irrelevant a few days later.

You can’t lose your sense of humour. That is very important to me. There have been occasions where that’s happened, and I’ve questioned what I’m doing, but then you get some perspective on what you’re doing and you get up, and you turn up, and you put the effort in, and normally it will pay that back.

You also can’t underplay the fact that some of it is just down to luck. The film industry is a weird, meandering place. Most of the jobs I’ve done have not been the jobs that I actually wanted to do. Most of the jobs I’ve actively gone after, I’ve never got [laughs]. It’s always been a phone call completely out of the blue that’s taken my career in a different direction and down paths that I never thought were possible. But I never predicted it. If you’d asked me five years ago, I wouldn’t have said I would be here.

That is the joy of it. That’s why you keep going with this industry. You never know what’s around the corner, and what will happen, and what new exciting thing will be your reason to get out of bed again.

Production design of “Wednesday” by Mark Scruton, courtesy of Netflix.

Kirill: If you had a time machine to jump back to when you were starting out and give your younger self a piece of advice, what would that be?

Mark: It’s probably not relevant now, but back then, and for the first 10-15 years, I would have said to keep going with the 3D modelling and the computer side of things. Long into my career, I had to start again and relearn what I’d already learned at college and forgotten. I would definitely say not to move away from 3D modelling because at the time everyone thought it was a fad!

Kirill: “Wednesday” took you to Romania and then to Ireland. What did you discover in the local cuisine that was your favourite in these two places?

Mark: There was this Romanian cabbage (varză călită) cooked in a tomato-based stock. I have yet to perfect a version of it of my own, and if I could find somewhere that sold that, I’d always be quite happy with that, along with a spicy Romanian sausage. In Dublin, the food is very similar to London. They do a very good steak here, though.

And here I’d like to thank Mark Scruton for taking the time to talk with me about the art and craft of production design. “Wednesday” is available for streaming on Netflix. Finally, if you want to know more about how films and TV shows are made, click here for additional in-depth interviews in this series.

Kirill: Please tell us about yourself and the path that took you to where you are today.

Małgorzata: My name is Małgorzata Karpiuk, and for the last 15 years I’ve been a costume designer on films, TV series, theater and commercials. I have been in the world of art since I was young. I loved to paint, I was deep into photography, I was singing a lot. I always had an artistic sensitivity, but I never thought that I would end up in the world of fashion and costume design.

My college degree was in linguistics, which is quite far from where I am now. After college I thought of becoming a journalist, and I started to write about fashion. I was also assisting another journalist with interviews with politicians, and that looked to be my path. But then I met a man, who became my boyfriend, and at that time he was – and still is today – one of the greatest stylists in Poland. He showed me his work, and it clicked. He asked me if I wanted to assist him on commercials and films he was working on, and it was a great fit for me.

I did a film with him as an assistant, or the second costume designer according to the local hierarchy. After a few productions I told myself that I was ready to be a costume designer, and a month later it happened. If you want to be a head of department, you have to feel that you are ready for it, because it’s such a huge responsibility. It was a special moment for me.

A sneak peek into the costume department of “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: Looking back at these 15 years, what are the bigger changes in the costume department that you have seen happening?

Małgorzata: Timing would be the first one. We used to have more time back then. Technology would be the other. I remember those first productions with my boyfriend, and how we were doing moodboards by cutting images from newspapers and magazines, and making these patchwork arrangements. Now it’s all digital, and it’s easier. You have less prep time and less budget today, but the expectations are as high as they’ve ever been. You have to be both faster and better at the same time. You have to adjust to the shrinking timelines.

For the costume department specifically, the quality of fabrics and costumes is worse. You see the same things everywhere. When I’m doing a contemporary film, it’s hard to be unique, because everything is so commercialized and somehow the same. Maybe it’s because of how popular Instagram is, and how quickly trends get around the world. It’s not easy to do a stand-out contemporary film, and I hear it from my friends as well. I’m making costumes, or I’m renting them, or I’m searching for them in the shops – depending on the project – and it’s becoming more difficult each year to find something unique. Ten-fifteen years ago you were able to find good quality and unique fabrics, especially for period films. Now you see the cheapest versions of everything everywhere.

One good thing that I’m seeing recently is that we are starting to use more craftspeople. Maybe it’s my own experience, but I have moved from renting costumes to finding craftspeople to make costumes for me. If you want something unique, you really want a good craftsperson. They are precious.

A sneak peek into the costume department of “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: What do you feel are the misconceptions or the misunderstandings of what costume design is?

Małgorzata: My experience has been that people think it’s an easy job. Maybe it’s because we all know where to get our clothes and how to wear them. But as a costume designer, you have to immerse yourself in the story to understand the characters. It’s a long, sometimes painful, process, and there’s a lot that goes into the final costume. You have to understand the story, understand the actor, understand the director, follow the producer’s idea, stay on budget, and many other things.

Kirill: One of my favorite parts of costume design is to see the initial explorations and sketches of ideas on paper. Was it difficult for you to move to a world that requires this specific artistic ability?

Małgorzata: Some people are good at designing from the head, and some are inspired by something external. I fall into this second category. I start by searching for the fabric and the color. It’s one of the beautiful parts of our job that we get to create something, and there are many ways to do that.

Kirill: Are you in the pen-and-paper world these days, or do you use digital tools?

Małgorzata: Pen and paper. I love pastel paints. I had an assistant recently who was doing all the drawings on a tablet, and I said that I can’t do that. I’m an analog person. I have my notebooks, and I bring them with me everywhere. I feel that it has to flow through my hands.

A sneak peek into the costume department of “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: In one of your interviews I read that you always put on the costumes that you make on yourself to see how they look and feel. Can you walk me through your process?

Małgorzata: It started when my friend asked me to take photos of the costumes that I was working on. I put them on me and I made a whole video out of it.

I didn’t study fashion. I didn’t study costume design. This is my way of learning. I realized that I was the best model if I wanted to understand the cut and the size and how the costume would move. When I put them on, I can see immediately if it’s going to work or not. Sometimes you have the opportunity to do fittings on actors, but mostly it’s in your head – or in my case, on me. I put them all on – men’s, women’s, children’s – and I see if it’s working. It’s a way for me to understand that character. And it’s been working for me so far.

Behind scenes at the costume department of “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: Getting to “The Testament of Ann Lee”, how did you get to join it?

Małgorzata: I just finished another project, and my plan was to take a break and get some rest. I was with my friends at this weekend EDM festival, and on the way back home I got a call from the Polish producer Klaudia Smieja with an offer. It sounded great – a musical set in the 18th century, directed by Mona Fastvold with this great cast. I remember it was raining that day, and two days later I was on a Zoom call with Mona, and three days later I was already in Madrid to start looking at costumes – and then in Budapest where we shot it.

It was completely unexpected, and it was a dream job for a costume designer. It’s a great adventure to be working on a period film that is heavy on costumes. It’s a musical, and I loved that challenge. Mona Fastvold is a great storyteller, and I loved the script that she wrote with Brady Corbet that I met earlier when he was trying to make “The Brutalist” in Poland. Everything came together at the right time and at the right place. I only had six weeks in prep, and that was a little crazy [laughs].

Kirill: There’s a certain fairytale aspect to this movie, and there’s also the historical accuracy to where and when these events take place. How do you find the balance between elevating the experience while also staying true to what was available and affordable to people to wear at that time?

Małgorzata: The film is based on a true story, and we wanted to help the audience to understand that period. I always start with research to gather knowledge about the period, and use that as a tool to build our story. I read books about the Shakers, and Mona shared her notes and moodboards with me. As we started to build that whole world together, we talked about colors and shapes. We wanted it to have a documentary feel, for scenes where she’s giving birth and where people are working in the field. It is a bit of a fairytale, but it doesn’t look like a traditional fairytale. It is also a musical, and you have that space to break or bend rules.

Selecting the fabrics at the costume department of “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: For research, do you do it online, or do you go to libraries and museums?

Małgorzata: Nowadays it’s mostly the Internet, and you have to be careful there. I also love older books and albums. On this movie we had the opportunity to go to Hancock Village in Massachusetts, a bit after we already started shooting it. I always prefer to use the original sources.

Kirill: The story follows about 40 years of Ann Lee’s life and the different parts of it. How did you approach these transitions across the story arc?

Małgorzata: Celibacy became one of the centerpieces in her world, and it is one of the more important things in the Shaker community. We centered our attention around that to help the audience along the way, and to help Amanda to become this person.

In the beginning, she has this beautiful long hair. She’s wild, open, and curious. She’s a rebel, and her hair is so strong. Then, with hair, make-up and costume, we started to hide it. First it was a scarf, and at the end it became a collar. As the story progresses, she starts to cover herself – and that applies to the other Shakers as well.

Designing the costumes for “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: How does the color evolve from her early days in Manchester to her later days in Niskayuna, New York?

Małgorzata: We divided it into three stages – Manchester, the travel to New York, and the new world in New York and the Hudson River.

The beginning of the film is much darker. We were using darker colors, and a larger variety of colors – red, green, brown, black – to build that Manchester feel. At that time there were a lot of companies producing fabrics in England, and we decided that it could be a bit chaotic and mixed. Then we have the transition phase on the ship.

When we are in New York, we’re using more pastel colors, inspired by the New York painters of the time. And at the end, we wanted to elevate that world to feel almost divine, and our colors are taken from nature, the earth and the sky. They’re building a harmonious world, and the palette follows that.

There’s an interesting thing that I realized a couple of weeks ago when I was in Greece. I went to a local orthodox church, and I saw that the colors that I used in this film have been subconsciously taken from the colors of the icons. There’s such a strong connection between those icons and the palette of the film. You absorb so many things in your life, and then you build something, and then you realize where it comes from.

Designing the costumes for “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: How many actors did you end up dressing for this film?

Małgorzata: The main cast was close to 30, and including stunts the total list was around 60. Then maybe around 200 primary extras in the background, with a total that went over 1,500. We rented a lot of costumes to build the story. We have a couple of scenes closer to the end of the film – the dancing scene in the village and the funeral of Ann Lee – that required building more than 200 costumes each.

Kirill: How heavy do these costumes get?

Małgorzata: You have so many layers. You have the outer layer, and then two underdresses, and then a special small underdress beneath that – to build the overall shape. Maybe 7 kilos [15 pounds] for some of them. And if you have scenes in the rain, they become much heavier.

We had sequences in all the seasons – spring, summer, autumn, winter. You know ahead of time when each sequence is going to be shot, and you prepare everything for that day. The storm sequences on the ship required double costumes.

Designing the costumes for “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: Is there such a thing as your favorite sequence that you worked on for this production, or are they all your little babies?

Małgorzata: They all are my little babies. I do love the sequence closer to the end where William enters a small community, has a discussion with the priest and converts him. Lewis Pullman performs this beautiful song, and I love how it was all choreographed. Another one is the whole Beautiful Treasures sequence when Amanda was expecting the child and then losing. It is heartbreaking.

Kirill: Do you want me as a viewer to look at the costumes, or do you want them to stay almost invisible in the sense that they don’t draw attention to themselves?

Małgorzata: In general, it always depends on the project. Sometimes the project has strong set design, and you want everything to fit together, and that results in stronger costumes.

I like to build costumes which are not visible. On this production I definitely wanted them to be a part of the world. There are a few moments where I added small touches that I’m proud of. But it’s always the story first. The main goal is to tell a good story and to make a good film, and I prefer to step back. I want to be on the same level with the rest of the creative team. I want my costumes to feel organic to the story, the characters and the set design.

Designing the costumes for “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: Did you get to keep any of the costume pieces after the production was over?

Małgorzata: I kept the deacon’s hat. Daniel Blumberg played that character, and he was also the composer on the film. I also keep one of the straw hats that we made for the Shakers. You have this beautiful frame when two rows of the Shakers go to pray wearing those hats.

The costumes for “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: Stepping outside of the production for the last few questions, what are your thoughts today on generative AI?

Małgorzata: As I said earlier, I am an analog person. I love craftspeople, and I love craft in general. I am a bit afraid that people are starting to use AI to make their life easier by taking too many shortcuts. Having a new tool is good. Our professional lives are better with the Internet than without it. My concern is – are we able to build something from our own imagination and creativity, or are we going to use AI to take easy shortcuts to create something.

If you skip your own deep research and rely on AI to do that for you, you don’t develop that important skill. Now you’re going to depend on AI to create something for you without learning how to do the whole process yourself.

In many ways, AI makes our lives easier. But I still think that we as artists need to spend that time and go through that process to achieve something that is unique, something that came from within ourselves. Right now, I am trying to avoid AI as much as I can, even though I’m surrounded by people who are using it all the time. And they’re absolutely impressed and fascinated by what AI can do.

It’s fine if you’re using AI as a tool that helps. But if you’re using AI as a tool that does the whole thing and gives you the final answer, I feel that the answer is going to be too predictable – and that we become too lazy.

Designing the costumes for “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: We’re in 2026, about six years after Covid hit the world. Is it fully behind the industry, or do you see the lingering effects of that pandemic in your professional life?

Małgorzata: It was nice to have the time to step back for a bit. I spent half a year at home, living a normal life. I was still preparing a TV show, doing a bunch of Zoom meetings. An interesting thing about it is that Zoom meetings felt more productive than the traditional in-person meetings that sometimes went for hours. This certainly changed how we communicate.

Streaming gained so much momentum, at the expense of going to movie theaters. There’s a lot of films and shows that go directly to streaming nowadays. There’s something beautiful about the magic of the cinema experience. It’s a special place to watch a film with other people around you. It feels like it’s slipping away, because it’s so easy to watch everything at home on the TV or on a computer.

Designing the costumes for “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: What are the key ingredients to longevity in this industry?

Małgorzata: First of all, in order to work in this industry, you need to love it. If your heart is not in it, you will suffer a lot. It is such an unpredictable world, and you need special skills to survive in it.

When somebody tells me they want to be a costume designer for film, the first thing I say to them is to think it through. It’s great that you get to travel for work, to meet all these new people, to do the research and to develop yourself in this fantastic way. But there is the dark side to this business as well, especially for a woman. It is hard to have a successful career and to also have a family. You constantly find yourself choosing between the two. There are some great conversations happening around how to explain this situation across all the departments.

You also need to be able to deal with not knowing what is going to happen next. It can be a great job if you accept all of these. And if you do not, it can ruin your brain [laughs].

Behind the scenes of the costume department of “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: What would be a piece of advice you would want to give your younger self? Would you want to change anything that you did back then?

Małgorzata: There’s nothing I would want to change. I am grateful for the journey I’ve had so far, to become who I am today, and to have worked on such amazing productions.

If there is a piece of advice I’d give to younger people, it would be to be patient and to learn how to wait. It’s really important in this industry to be able to wait without feeling exhausted by the wait.

Designing the costumes for “The Testament of Ann Lee”, courtesy of Małgorzata Karpiuk.

Kirill: My last two questions are about your favorite things. Out of all the travels you’ve done for work, what is your favorite cuisine or your favorite dish so far?

Małgorzata: I love the taste of ćevapčići from Bosnia. I was there a few years ago shooting “Quo Vadis, Aida?” and we would go to local markets quite often. Among all the gypsy people selling clothes there was always a small random bar selling ćevapčići with mustard. I usually don’t eat meat, but it was such a special smell and atmosphere. You add some fresh tomatoes and onions, and it’s amazing.

Kirill: My last question is on your favorite film or films, something that you go back to, something that you were particularly impressed with.

Małgorzata: I became a costume designer because I loved the period films. When I was growing up we had a program on Polish TV dedicated to the best films, and I was always looking forward to the next installment, especially if it was a film set in the 17th or 18th century. From that time, and to the present day, my favorite is “Queen Margot” from 1994. There’s a lot of great costume designers working on films today, but that is the one that is still my all time favorite.

And here I want to thank Małgorzata Karpiuk for taking the time to talk with me about the art and craft of costume design, and for sharing the supporting materials for the interview. “The Testament of Ann Lee” is out now streaming on Apple, YouTube and Amazon. Finally, if you want to know more about how films and TV shows are made, click here for additional in-depth interviews in this series.

Joel Froome on the sets of “The Yeti”.

Kirill: Please tell us about yourself, the path that took you to where you are today, and how early you knew you wanted to be a part of this industry.

Joel: It’s a fascinating question because the film industry is such a unique and diverse place, and people definitely don’t have the same journey to get there.

I grew up in Sydney, Australia. I went to Balgowlah Boys High school, and when I was about 15 years old, I saw an article in the newspaper that a legendary cinematographer named John Seale had won the Academy Award for “The English Patient”. That was big news because I was at the high school that he went to many years earlier – and that’s how I had heard of cinematography, but that’s not what made me want to be a cinematographer, obviously.

Fast forward years later, I was trying to discover what I wanted to do. A career advisor put me in touch with a course at the Australian Film School. One day a director spoke in the morning and an editor spoke in the afternoon, and while it was interesting, it didn’t resonate. And then it was Thursday afternoon, and a cinematographer came in and spoke for three hours, explaining what a cinematographer does from start to finish on a project. That cinematographer was Andrew Lesnie who went on to do the “Lord of the Rings” and “The Hobbit” movies, and that day is such a vivid memory for me.

I’d been doing photography all through high school, and I wasn’t sure what I wanted to do with my life. I remember Andrew’s talking about the collaborative nature, telling stories visually through photography, and using light – and it hit me so hard. And I was sitting there thinking that I just graduated high school, so how do I do this now? And then I thought back to that time hearing about how there was a former student that had won the Academy Award, so through some people I got in touch with John, and I was able to ask him a few questions and pick his brain a little bit.

I went on to work in the camera department for a little bit, and then worked at Panavision for a little bit to learn gear, and then eventually went to the Australian Film School to study cinematography a number of years later. After graduating and spending a bit more time in Australia, we decided to move to the US with my wife in 2011. I didn’t know anyone over here, so I volunteered to work on short films and try to get on anything possible. Through some connections I had in Australia, I did a short film out in the California desert for pretty much no money, and through one of the actors on that short that later auditioned for a feature film I connected with the director that loved the look of our short. That’s how I ended up in Sweden in 2013 shooting my first feature film.

After spending a few years in New York City we moved up to Buffalo, where my wife’s from, and I’ve been living in Buffalo for about 10 years now. And now, “The Yeti” was the first opportunity to do work in Buffalo itself.

On the sets of “The Yeti”.

Kirill: Over this period of roughly 20 years, how do you see this debate / divide / transition from film to digital?

Joel: It’s interesting, because even if you’re shooting film now, it goes through a digital process. It’s an important debate.

I was the last of a certain generation that only learned on film. When I was at the Australian Film School in 2009, there was a distinct point about halfway through the year when RED One camera came out. All of our projects and tests up until that point were on 16mm and 35mm, and from that point on we were on digital. I was terrified. I didn’t know what to do with all those buttons.

At first I was scared, but then we started talking about it and starting to use it. For myself, I decided that I was going to do the same process that I used to do when shooting film, and that I was going to approach this as a negative. How do I get the best exposure? How can I get the most latitude? What’s the look of the story that’s going to be able to be the best for this? So I still use a light meter. I still use a contrast viewer. I try to approach things like I still shoot on film. I like the discipline of shooting film and not doing 50 takes because we can.

The discipline of shooting film is important. I was helping out at a film school and teaching a course, and I saw those young students shooting something and their image was overexposed. They looked at the monitor and saw that, they went over and closed it down, and everything was good. But my question to them was – how did you get to the point that you were two stops overexposed? If this had been film and you didn’t have the monitor, you would have rolled and it would have been overexposed. It’s important to understand the process as to how you’re going to expose, and nothing was better for film than doing that.

It’s hard to get film cameras approved from production, especially, but it’s getting more common because it has become popular again to shoot film.

If you’re shooting digital now, there are great cameras that can give you so much detail. And when you go through the digital intermediate, there are software packages that add grain that react with your image instead of being a static overlay. You are able to get those filmic images. That’s the feeling that we love and resonate with from film.

In the debate of film versus digital, each project has its own merits. As long as you understand the fundamentals of film and you bring that to digital, you can get the most out of whatever format you’re shooting on.

Kirill: What do you feel are the bigger misconceptions about cinematography and the role of the cinematographer?

Joel: One of the biggest misconceptions is that cinematography is just beautiful images. I have friends not in the industry, and they say “check out this beautiful cinematography” and it’s some compilation of drone footage of sunsets. That’s nice to have as a screensaver, but that’s not what cinematography is.

A lot of people think it’s purely based on beauty, whereas it’s the art of telling the story and collaborating and bringing a director’s vision to life. Sometimes that’s ugliness. Sometimes that isn’t beautiful. But it gives what the story needs. Good cinematography is when you can best serve the story, to get the emotions needed for that film to make it an overall experience that the directors wanted the viewer to have. That is the most important thing about cinematography. It isn’t just these beautiful images or moody images. It’s what helps the story convey the right tone for the director.

On the sets of “The Yeti”.

Kirill: Apart from the transition to digital, what other big changes have you seen in the industry itself or maybe in the field of cinematography?

Joel: Technology is changing in every aspect of cinematography. Lenses are getting bigger and cheaper, and you’re able to do all sorts of things with them. Production might ask “why can’t we use these new lenses”, and it’s because they might not have the right texture and the right feeling for that film. The price point can be a tough challenge when negotiating when you want to achieve a certain look for a film. The possibilities with the cameras and lenses are endless. You need to be able to decipher all of that and to “sell” the producers on what is the most important thing for your particular project.

DaVinci is such an amazing software and a lot of people are getting into color. I find that the new generation of colorists that don’t have the experience of working with film are not getting the references that I give them for a certain film stock look. It’s not just the technical skills of working with the software itself. There’s so many options between color, cameras and lenses, but you still want to go to the people that truly understand what color means to a film.

Kirill: Are you excited about any particular advances in lighting technology?

Joel: Lighting changed so much over the last few years. For years you had Arri lights, Mole Richardson lights, and then old school tungsten and daylight fixtures. And then the LED lights started to come out, and it was a game changer in what you could do.

As this technology has developed over the last few years, it’s remarkable what some of these companies are able to build. The output of light for the size is incredible. The fixtures used to be so big and expensive, and now you can get these strong lights in small packages at affordable price points. Aputure is one of these game-changing companies that are building fixtures that offer nice images and nice clean beams of light. You get to the point where you ask yourself what is it in an old-school HMI film light that can be replaced with LED lights. It’s so incredibly versatile, small and powerful. And everything is controlled and dimmable via an iPad. The future of lighting is exciting.

Cinematography of “The Yeti” by Joel Froome.

Kirill: A few years ago there was this promise of cheaper cameras and lenses, and having iPhones in everybody’s pockets that would revolutionize and democratize filmmaking. But it’s still difficult to make a story that reaches a good audience of viewers. Where do you see the barriers?

Joel: In this industry you learn by doing. When you see people shooting a film on an iPhone, a lot of people still roll their eyes. I was just at a film festival a few weeks ago and there was a film there that was shot on an iPhone. It was great. It had a good look to it. They were able to do it. But they didn’t just shoot straight on an iPhone. They got the rig. They had a lot of problems with overheating, so they had to get cooling bags to put on it.

If you’re able to make a film on an iPhone, maybe it’s not the highest quality. But if you’re able to tell a story and put it together, it doesn’t matter as much what camera you have. If you’re shooting a certain frame – no matter what the quality is – if that frame can tell a story and that story makes sense, that’s great. People need to embrace it as a way of learning and a way of getting better as filmmakers.

If a director wants to make a film, and they learn by putting out a short film they shot on an iPhone, and it works, and they can level up from that learning experience – that shouldn’t be thrown away as a lot of people want it to be. It’s a great way of being able to find your voice. A lot of people don’t have $30K for a short film to get good cameras and lenses and hire a bunch of crew. You can make it with your friends. It doesn’t matter whether it’s the best looking film ever, as long as you’re able to find your voice as a filmmaker. It’s a good way for people to start.

Cinematography of “The Yeti” by Joel Froome.

Kirill: Getting to “The Yeti”, what is the secret of the enduring appeal of the horror genre and the monster genre, at least for the American audiences?

Joel: Over the last decade the horror genre has been one of the most exciting places for the filmmakers to have the most freedom in. There was a period of time where horror films were associated with “Saw” and “Hostel”, more of the torture porn subgenre, as they called it. I think people got exhausted that horror needed to be gross and disgusting, and that’s what you were getting out of that.

And then all of a sudden, these filmmakers started coming out and blending genres and telling these stories that were so good. You have these amazing films mixed in with horror elements. Filmmakers are able to use horror as a vessel to tell bigger stories and really have fun. That’s what old horror films were. They were fun and exciting and different and new. Horror lets people experiment and find their voice as a filmmaker.

Creature features have been around forever. You watch the old King Kong and Godzilla films, and it’s part of filmmaking. No matter how big your budget is, and no matter how crude they sometimes might be, you put these mythical stories on film, and it’s fun. That’s what a lot of people love about movies. They take you to this wild world and somehow you believe it for those couple of hours.

Kirill: What brought you to this particular film or perhaps what brought this film to you?

Joel: I’ve been living in Buffalo, New York now for 10 years, but I’ve never worked up here. One of the local rental houses had told the line producer about me. He gave my name to the directors and producers, and they sent across the script. It was quick, barely enough time to digest and do a breakdown before meeting with them the next day. It was such a fun idea, and I had pictures in my mind of how I thought it could look.

I pitched the look of the movie being this throwback to films like “The Thing”. I also talked about one of my favorite cinematographers Robert Richardson, and how he uses pools of lights. I thought we could do that in our interior scenes to create this interesting look, but then give it that nostalgic feel that film gives. I was excited about the prospect of shooting this film and giving it that throwback feel to films that we love.

I knew it was going to be a challenge because we shot the whole thing on a soundstage. It was not a big soundstage, so we had a lot of technical issues with our budget. Our brilliant production designer could only build 18 trees, and about 80% of our movie is set in a forest. It was challenging when you only have 18 trees that don’t have tops on them so we can’t tilt up. It was a fun challenge to find the right lenses that could give us the right feel to convey that old filmmaking tone in a modern setting.

On the sets of “The Yeti”.

Kirill: We get this visual look from the very first frame, and it brought me back to the time where for a few years I watched only the TCM channel on my TV. You have these rich vibrant colors, but also a certain cinematic look that is a little bit less sharp compared to what we see today. Was that what you were going for?

Joel: Definitely. We knew there would be a lot of haze, and that was going to affect the sharpness of the image. We shot on Alexa Mini LF, and we were lucky enough to get the second full set of the Atlas Mercury lenses. We liked those lenses, but as newer anamorphics, they are much sharper than what we had originally thought about using. We definitely wanted to soften it up a bit. When things are clean and sharp, that doesn’t feel as filmic to me. So I try to find ways to “dirty” it up a bit, with the look-up tables [LUTs] and with how we light.

Kirill: Speaking of colors, you have this separation between the cool blues and the warm yellows. What were you going for there?

Joel: There was always discussion on moonlight and how dramatic we wanted it to be. Pretty early on we settled on it being way more of a silver moonlight. It can be pushed in grade afterwards, but we did want to avoid an overly blue moonlight. We knew they’d have their flashlights, practicals and lanterns for color separation, but we didn’t want that teal blue feeling. We wanted it to be more neutral throughout to have the warmth of the firelight and the practical lights to shine through. It’s a matter of not having the extreme blues and extreme warmth to be that far apart.

Cinematography of “The Yeti” by Joel Froome.

Kirill: What did you go for with light sources?

Joel: We wanted to make it feel like it was a relatively single source lighting. We have a big moonlight and as little fill as possible, and I love that. I don’t love a ton of fill.

When you go back and watch some of these older films, they are a bit more stylized than what you see today. I knew I would have to be a little bit more dramatic in the lighting to use a bit of fill light to fill in some gaps here and there. “Nosferatu” had just come out, and there was this one scene where he’s walking down the driveway washed in one big moonlight. That image of one big moonlight and a relatively silhouetted subject stuck with us.

We knew we would need to fill in a bit more. We had Aputure 600C for our big moonlight source, and a 1K balloon light as a soft source. I didn’t want many shadows, as that moonlight source was a stronger one than I would normally use for moonlight. And then we had a couple of little panel lights if we ever needed a tiny bit more here and there.

Later on when we get closer to capturing the Yeti, the directors wanted the moonlight gone. They wanted it to be firelight only. They wanted a distinct change to come through. For that we used some flame bars and ambient to lift it up, and a mirror board to bounce the flames so that we could use the flames as our key source. One of the references they sent was this shot from “The Revenant” where they’re on horses in the forest, and it’s firelight and everything else is darkness. That’s the vibe that we wanted to switch to. It’s a distinct tone shift later in the film where we took away all of our moonlight and it became ambient firelight.

Kirill: How difficult is it to do atmospheric effects at the scale of a smaller indie production and the level of effects that you wanted to achieve as we gradually get the glimpses of the creature?

Joel: It’s so ambitious to do a creature feature on a low budget. That’s why we tried to keep our lighting package small. This is a film where they’ve spent a lot to build this creature, and we didn’t want to take away from that. We had to be creative to find how we can work with a minimal amount of gear.

The Yeti is white, and that is challenging. You don’t want to be full silhouette when you’re starting to show it, because it looks like Bigfoot. It’s about how we can show enough to give glimpses and to be scary and know that it’s a Yeti without giving too much away. We had a great practical effects team that was keeping the haze levels. We were trying to keep the Yeti in enough haze, and to have a stronger haze as we get closer to the Yeti. You can’t spend too much time on one thing. We needed to give the stunt team enough time to be able to flip cages or to be able to pull people through windows on wires. We tried to be as flexible with our lighting plans as possible.

On the sets of “The Yeti”.

Kirill: What was the biggest challenge in recreating this Alaskan wilderness on a stage?

Joel: It would probably be the size of the set. We only had our 18 trees, and it required a lot of planning for the different shots to look like a completely different part of the forest. We also went as wide as we could, but the stage wall was there just a few feet past some of the trees [laughs]. I needed to control the exposure and the framing to not show too much, to use the lens fall off to hide that studio wall beyond the trees. That was the challenge – selling the size of the forest and hiding the size of our box.

Kirill: How many takes on average did you have for those moments where the characters get splashed with good amounts of blood? I’d imagine it takes a lot of time to get everything cleaned up and ready for the next take.

Joel: From what I remember, we only did one take for the opening shot. We had two cameras and made sure it was great [laughs]. Once you splatter the floor, it’s over. We didn’t have time to redo anything.

The two sisters in the film are played by actresses who are sisters in real life. Heather Lind plays the sister in the opening scene, and Christina Bennett Lind plays the other sister throughout the rest of our film, and she was also the editor on this production. There’s a wide shot of the girl who gets splattered with all the blood at the start where we cut back to the Yeti with the spinning record player in front of us, and you see that shot in the trailer. But we shot it on one of the last shooting days with Christina instead of Heather, because we didn’t have the time to get that wide shot on the original day. It was a big luxury to have twin sisters to get that other shot later on. I’m glad we were able to do that.

Cinematography of “The Yeti” by Joel Froome.

Kirill: What would be the most memorable day or sequence on “The Yeti” for you?

Joel: It’s the lead up to the scene where they’re all together in that little hut right before the guy in the mask gets pulled out the window. That was intense. There was so much dialogue and movement that we wanted to portray before we got to that. We wanted to get it right, but we also wanted to get to the pulling out the window, and it was such a relief when we finally got all of it. Now we’re at the window, let’s pull him out, let’s get a Yeti hand through his guts and get some blood and gore. That was so much fun that we were able to do what we needed to do in the lead up and get the right pacing that we wanted. When someone walks in with a massive bag of intestines, you know it’s going to be a fun day on set [laughs]. And then, anything when the Yeti is being fully shown was cool to see, because it was such an incredible costume that they built.

Kirill: Do you want people to watch this on the biggest screen possible in the movie theaters?

Joel: “The Yeti” would be great to see on the big screen. A lot of people associate the movie theater with big event films like “The Avengers” – as they should be. But the big screen is there for other films, to have the big scope and to make sure that the darkness is right. If you’re watching this movie in the middle of the day on your TV in the living room, you’re seeing a lot of reflections. You’re not going to get the full experience of what we tried to do with this movie – to make it this fun throwback creature feature. The movie theater is the best place to go see it, just as people used to do back in the day – going with your friends and seeing these wild and exciting horror movies in the theater.

Cinematography of “The Yeti” by Joel Froome.

Kirill: Do you believe Yeti, Bigfoot or the Loch Ness monster exist? Nowadays everybody has high resolution phone cameras in our pockets, but we’re not getting great photos of all these mythical creatures that are supposedly living right next to us.

Joel: Mitch Hedberg is one of my favorite comedians, and he has a joke that the reason we can’t get better images is that Bigfoot is blurry [laughs].

The belief in the mysterious and the wonderful is exciting. I’ve done one horror film and one thriller film in Nepal before, and the director of that horror film always said that he wanted to do a Yeti film one day. The Yeti is a huge part of Himalayan culture and mythology, so why not? It’s the fabulous and the fantastic. How exciting is it to think of the Loch Ness monster, this massive creature that is just hiding out there. It’s not causing any issues for anybody like Godzilla. There’s a lot on this Earth that is unexplored, so why not?

Kirill: Is there anything like this in Australia? Are there any big local creatures roaming around?

Joel: Kind of, and I might get in trouble for spoiling it. Australia has a national joke that we play on pretty much anyone that comes to Australia, and I’m going to let you in on it.

We’ve got these things called drop bears. They’re rabid koalas. They have rabies, they’re foaming at the mouth, they are up in the trees, and they fall out of the trees, and they’ll scratch you and gnaw you. You’ve got to be careful of drop bears in Australia.

When my wife first came to Australia, we were walking through the bush one day with my best friend, and he said “watch out, it’s a drop bear egg” even though koalas are marsupials, and he went on this whole story about drop bears. It made quite an impression on my wife, and it took years until she realized that it’s one big in-joke that Australians are always going to tell you. I can’t believe there hasn’t been a drop bear film yet. There really needs to be a drop bear film in Australia. It’s so ridiculous and funny. Definitely not the size of a Yeti, but still as vicious in our stories.

Cinematography of “The Yeti” by Joel Froome.

Kirill: Where do you find yourself today on generative AI?

Joel: It’s such a wild time with AI. It can be a tool that can be used to stoke creativity, but I’d hate to rely on it solely to come up with an idea for a movie. One time I was doing a film, and I was talking with the director about the tone of the film, the artwork and the mythology in it. So we put all these keywords in to see what it comes up with, and that was mildly interesting in its choices. We didn’t use any of it in our work. It was more of an exercise in seeing the cumulative look of this thing we were thinking of.

If it can help spark creativity, that’s OK. But when people want to use AI to replace the actors or make a full commercial at the click of a button, that is taking away the essence of filmmaking. It’s taking away the creativity and the collaborative nature of it, and that is a shame.

I think back to when 3D was supposed to be this big new thing and the future of everything. And now it’s a tool that is used on certain things, but it’s not for everything. I hope that we’ll still rely on artists creating original art.

Kirill: What are the key ingredients for longevity in this field?

Joel: The film industry at the moment is such a rollercoaster of emotions, of finances, and of personal time. You have to surround yourself with people that are supportive. I had a friend once that was just starting out in the industry, and his girlfriend at the time told him to get a real job. I told him that if this is your passion, this relationship is never going to last. You have to surround yourself with people that believe in you and understand why you do what you do.

It’s important to separate yourself from the business, and that can be hard to do. When you don’t get a certain job, it’s hard to not feel personally about it. It’s the same with the actors – sometimes a different performance is the right one for that role. If you can separate the business side from the personal side, it’ll ease your mental health quite a bit. You can’t base your whole existence on whether you’re working or not, because that’ll never be healthy.

Be a good person. Be friendly, be helpful, mentor when possible, answer questions when possible. There’s a lot of cinematographers out there that are worried that somebody will take their job. But there’s so much content being made now, even though the film industry is up and down. They will hire the right person for the job, maybe it’s going to be you, and maybe it’s going to be someone else. Have a good attitude, because the days are long and people can be away from their family for a very long time. I don’t like working with tense and stressed people. If I’m going to be away from my family for a month, I want my camera assistant to be not only technically gifted, but also just a fun good person to be around.

Kirill: If you had a time machine to jump back in time, what piece of advice would you give to your younger self?

Joel: It’s hard to know where you would land in the industry if you did something completely different. A young cinematographer that is starting out would watch all the films of the day, and that would of course include the study of Roger Deakins’ work. How do I make this look like Roger Deakins would do it? What would Deakins do? That’s great, and he’s such an amazingly giving person with his website and sharing his knowledge. It’s great to want to do it how Deakins would do it.

But if I could have a time machine and talk to my younger self, I would say that the earlier that you find your voice and find what interests you as a cinematographer, the better you would become. It’s not about what Roger Deakins would do. A lot of people try to learn by copying others, but you’ll learn much quicker if you do things because you like them. Try to find your own voice and learn by making your own mistakes, instead of trying to make it look like someone else’s work.

Cinematography of “The Yeti” by Joel Froome.

Kirill: Out of all the travel for work so far, what would be your favorite cuisine or dish?

Joel: I am not going to say Nepal, because as much as I loved dal bhat, I didn’t love eating the same meal three times a day for 30 days straight.

I did a film called “A Chance Encounter” that we shot in Sicily. It was a magical experience with a tiny crew, only seven or eight of us. We were in Sicily for a few weeks staying in this big villa, and one night this old Sicilian nonna came in and made us a feast. You think you’ve had lasagna before, and then this 80-year old woman comes in and cooks you this thing. I can’t even describe how good it was.

Kirill: Is it a blessing or a curse to be the dedicated photographer of the friend group every time they want to take a photo?

Joel: Sometimes. People can be quite judgmental when you’re going to take the photo of their friends. They’ll comment on the framing way more than a director would in a movie [laughs]. They want it all perfect, while you can’t control any of the lighting or exposure. It can definitely be a curse.

Kirill: What are your favorite productions of all time, not necessarily from the cinematography perspective? What do you come back to? What shaped you? What would you suggest for young filmmakers to draw inspiration from?

Joel: My favorite film is also one of my biggest inspirations in cinematography is “Seven”. The lighting, the tone and the textures that Darius Khondji got on that film was incredible. I was lucky enough to meet him when I was shooting a film once, and we got to discuss the look of the film. It was wonderful to chat with him. “Seven” has the best ending ever. I was way too young when I first saw it, and I don’t think my mom realized what she was doing when she rented it from the video store.

The other one might not necessarily be my favorite film, but its cinematography is as close to perfection as anyone’s gotten. It’s “Road to Perdition” which was Conrad Hall’s last film before he died. We watched it in film school and have studied it. It’s an absolute masterpiece in screen direction, screen language, lighting, framing, tone and so many other things. Conrad Hall shot so many brilliant films, and it’s a bittersweet thing that he left us with this piece of work. Every young cinematographer should watch “Road to Perdition”.

And for one more I’d go for “Nacho Libre” with Jack Black. I first saw it when I was backpacking in Canada with some friends, and it was ridiculous and fun. But then I was in Mexico City and I went to a lucha libre match, and there was a little person in a gorilla suit, and that was real life [laughs].

Joel Froome on the sets of “The Yeti”.

And here I want to thank Joel Froome for taking the time to talk with me about the art and craft of cinematography. I also want to thank Jordan von Netzer for making this interview happen. “The Yeti” is playing in theaters now. Finally, if you want to know more about how films and TV shows are made, click here for additional in-depth interviews in this series.

Jonathan Furmanski on the sets of “The Burbs”, courtesy of Universal Pictures.

Kirill: Please tell us about yourself and the path that took you to where you are today.

Jonathan: When I was twelve, I told my parents that I wanted to work in movies, and honestly, I can’t say I was serious I was when I said this. I think I said it only because I loved going to the movies. I was a kid who grew up on “Star Wars” and “Raiders of the Lost Ark”, and I wanted to be involved in that. I didn’t have any idea what that meant or what position I would have, and my parents didn’t take it seriously.

But then, seven years later, I got into film school and that’s where I almost accidentally discovered cinematography. I had no ambitions towards cinematography, but when you get there you learn the basics of what a camera is, what a lens is, how film stock works, etc. I was fascinated by all of it. I devoured as much as I possibly could about all of the technical and creative aspects of being a cinematographer. My friends noticed I was always talking about and thinking about this stuff, and they started asking me to shoot their student films.

So I never really had to make the choice. The choice was made for me, but I don’t say that regretfully or anything close to that. I feel it’s almost like we found each other – cameras and me.

After college I spent a brief amount of time working as an electrician, and then several years working as a camera assistant. Then a documentary opportunity fell in my lap. I had no ambitions towards documentaries, but it turned out that I really loved that experience. It led to another documentary, and I spent about 10 years working almost exclusively on documentaries. Then off of one of those documentaries, a scripted comedy show with a small budget fell in my lap. That led to another thing and another thing, and I ended up doing scripted comedy for a long time. I still do, and I’m lucky enough to be able to dip my toe back into documentaries every now and then.

Kirill: How was the transition from film to digital for you?

Jonathan: This transition happened at almost the same time when I went from working as a camera assistant, which was mostly on 35mm film, to working in documentaries. We started seeing these new digital cameras coming on the market, and people started shooting video on DSLRs.

In documentaries at the time you had a choice between Super 16 or Digital Betacam, and all of a sudden there were all these options that were inherently more cinematic. Some of them were 24 frames per second, and in the case of the Canon 5D you had access to a full frame sensor – all of these technical attributes that were out of reach for most documentaries. So when I shifted over into docs, I fell into all of the digital stuff at the same time. And by the time I got back into scripted, the industry had shifted over and it wasn’t even a question. By the time I was doing “Delocated” or “Inside Amy Schumer”, nobody was even thinking about shooting those shows on film.

Cinematography of “The Burbs” by Jonathan Furmanski, courtesy of Universal Pictures.

Kirill: What other big shifts have you seen in the last 30 years or so?

Jonathan: Certainly number one is the Internet and everything that comes with that, whether it’s social media or streaming platforms. That has had an enormous impact on the industry in terms of the amount of work that’s available, and the amount of jobs and the kinds of jobs that people want to do. And it has also, overtly or inadvertently, educated the public on what cinematography is.

Not that people were ignorant before, but when you have things like Instagram or YouTube and all of the streaming stuff, it becomes a much bigger part of the conversation, because people have a deeper understanding of it. Even if it was just for their Instagram account, they’re still thinking about framing and light. So now they’re taking that to their movie and TV watching experience. That’s great! It means that there is a greater appreciation for what people like me do.

Another sea change, at least in terms of the way we work day to day on set, is the advent of LEDs. LED technology has brought a flexibility and a speed that are impossible to ignore. We experienced it on “The Burbs” – as I’m sure everyone experiences on every show these days – where you can be making adjustments as you’re slating the shot and nobody knows anything about it. You’re not telling the AD that you need a minute. People in the video village aren’t seeing anything change. You can make these subtle changes that can happen over the course of a couple seconds. It’s all happening invisibly. They’re about to say “Action!” and you didn’t realize that the actor’s shirt was going to be so yellow, and you can adjust the lighting on the fly.

On top of that, the lights are lighter, they’re cheaper, they’re more versatile. They work better in inclement weather. We’re still using giant 18Ks and 20Ks, but LEDs have fundamentally changed the way that we work on set.

Kirill: There was a period of time about 10 years ago as smartphones were becoming ubiquitous and they were getting better and better at taking videos where people started saying that it was going to democratize filmmaking and storytelling. The promise, so to speak, was that when everybody has a great camera in their pocket, it was going to open the floodgates to millions of new filmmakers making their own movies on their phones. But that didn’t really materialize. It’s still difficult to make these stories. It still takes a lot of time, a lot of money, a lot of effort to make a full length story.

Jonathan: It’s all about collaboration. Collaboration is an inherent part of the process, and an extremely important part of the process – whether you have five people on the crew or five hundred. You might be making a video about your cat, and you can do that by yourself and you might be able to make something great. But a bigger story needs multiple people working on it. It grows to having a script, and props, and cars that people are driving, and coverage, and sound – and all of these things that need to be at a very high level.

You need people with a better understanding and appreciation of cinematography – and filmmaking in general – to deliver something that is high end. That is something that is extremely difficult to do by yourself on your iPhone. It’s not impossible, but the crew is what enables you to do great things.

Kirill: What do you feel are the bigger misconceptions about the job of the cinematographer?

Jonathan: A lot of people might think that cinematography is about moving the camera around. There’s probably another level where people think it’s about the camera and coordination with the lighting people. Even though those are two big parts of the job, the missing component is this idea of developing visual language and what that means. It’s hard to put it into words.

You can pick five people to shoot the same scene and they will do it five different ways. That’s where you start to see what visual language is. It can be something as simple as shooting a closeup of a person. It can be a wide lens close, or a long lens far away. It can be off to the side a little bit. It can be right on the eye line, or a bit underneath it. There are a lot of small and subtle choices that have a big impact on the audience’s experience. It’s not a secret sauce or anything grand like that, but that’s what it is. It’s these small changes that are personal to you that create the language that everyone experiences when they watch the show.

Kirill: How did you find your way to the show, or maybe how did this show find its way to you?

Jonathan: Celeste Hughey was our showrunner, and we worked together before – but we had never met. I was the DP and she was the writer on some other shows. Her work happens before my work even starts, so we had worked together, but we hadn’t actually worked together. We have a lot of people in common, and it was probably through the shared awareness of other work that I had done on “Search Party” and “I Love That for You” that they reached out and asked me to present a pitch.

Cinematography of “The Burbs” by Jonathan Furmanski, courtesy of Universal Pictures.

Kirill: How many scripts were ready by the time you joined the production?

Jonathan: When I signed on for the job, the pilot script was the only script that existed, and there were outlines for the next 4-5 episodes, just a few pages each of where the story might go. When I asked Celeste about her thinking of where the story was going, she gave me a few sentences on what she thought the last couple episodes were going to be.

We really didn’t know until the scripts started rolling in. As always happens, things changed a lot. Even the pilot script was rewritten several times – not from the ground up, but in some ways as we got closer to shooting. The script for the finale was there around the time we were shooting episode five or six, and it wasn’t because people were being secretive. They were still cracking the code, so to speak.

Kirill: I did not watch the movie from 1989, but what I read about it said that it was a commentary on Hitchcock’s “Rear Window”. Did you have any stylistic references to it in the show?

Jonathan: No. But then, Hitchcock was such a powerhouse of filmmaking, and there’s no way that his impact isn’t there with me, even if it’s subconscious.

You should watch the original movie! It’s fun, and it’s quite different from our show. It’s the same basic story, but it’s a deeper screwball satire of suburban life, and what it means to live in a closed world and then have it disrupted by some new people arriving. Our story was something that was maybe a little bit less silly. It’s still fun and still funny. But we wanted to lean into some more serious topics, and be a little bit more 2026, a little more of the current cultural environment.

The two movies that we talked about a lot in prep were “Nope” by Jordan Peele and “Don’t Worry Darling” by Olivia Wilde. The latter is a hyper-realistic version of suburban life. It’s a hyper-colorful, pristine approach. And then on “Nope” you can almost feel the dirt as they’re walking on the ranch. It’s still colorful and vibrant, but a lot softer in its contrast and its colorfulness, and a lot more measured in how it approaches everything.

We were trying to take those two ideas and marry them together, to have something that did feel a little bit like “The Stepford Wives”, but also something that felt tactile. We wanted the viewer to feel that you could reach out and touch the wallpaper in the houses, to feel the blades of grass between your toes in the front yards.

Kirill: My understanding is that you shot pretty much everything on the studio back lot. Was the weather cooperating?

Jonathan: For the most part we got lucky that we had days that were sunny but not too hot. We started shooting around late February or early March. There were some days that we got rained out, and we had to go down to the stages. That was one of the big advantages of shooting at Universal Studios – being able to improvise quickly. If something wasn’t quite right – if something needed to be done on the back lot, if the weather was inclement – we could slide down the hill and go onto our stages. It was an efficient way to work.

Cinematography of “The Burbs” by Jonathan Furmanski, courtesy of Universal Pictures.

Kirill: I liked what you did for the Victorian mansion which is this mysterious place in the show, leaning into high and low angles, and tilting the camera. Did you want to visually separate it from the sunnier, more familiar visuals of the rest of those suburban houses?

Jonathan: We wanted the Victorian to feel like not just a different experience from the rest of the houses on the street, but also to be trapped in time. It’s not a dirty place, because the first time we see it, it’s ready to be shown at an open house. We wanted the Victorian to feel like a whole other space, from the beginning of the season when they walk in for the first time to the end of the season where people are more settled in.

One of the things we did is we used atmosphere in the Victorian house, but in no other house. Everyone else’s house felt cleaner and a little bit more of the classic suburban vibe – but then the Victorian felt a little bit more gothic and atmospheric.

Kirill: What were your lighting setups for the night sequences in that cul-de-sac?

Jonathan: This was not a job where we had a lot of luxury of time, and to some extent, you have to move quickly on every job. This one had us moving at top speed all the time, and we needed to come up with a lighting plan that enabled us to shoot in any direction without moving huge things around.

So we ended up putting two large lighting lifts on either end of the cul-de-sac with giant moonlights. For shooting one direction we turned one of them off, for shooting the other direction we turned the other one off. Sometimes we would use both, one as our backlight and the other as our frontal fill. That gave us the base level of illumination for the whole cul-de-sac quickly and easily. And on top of that we had all those little lights that the houses had – porch lights, walkway lights, street lights. They have not just the depth, but also suggestion of life. That way we could establish whether people were home or not. We could create a lot of color contrast between the warm light coming from the houses and the blue moonlight coming from up high. It gave us this nice, rich, colorful canvas that was easy to pivot.

Kirill: Are digital camera bodies and sensors good enough to capture everything that you want them to capture?

Jonathan: The digital cameras are so good these days in terms of sensitivity and dynamic range. If you got real forensic about it, I’m sure you could find places where film is superior to digital – or even maybe in the other direction.

I haven’t done a big project on film in a long time. I think the big difference in working on a film project versus a digital project is that film is a physical thing. There’s a limited amount of time that you can shoot before you have to stop and put another magazine on. This and other small aspects of film have a ripple effect through how everything is done. With digital, you can roll for an hour if you want. Some directors like to work one way and others like to work the other way. That has more of an impact for me than the look.

Without, again, getting super forensic about it, you can get a look with film and a look with digital that are nearly identical. If you read any of Steve Yedlin’s articles, he’s basically proven that you can make one look like the other, that you can go in either direction. It’s really just about how much work you want to put into the color pipeline. So I don’t ever see digital as a limitation from a capture standpoint.

I do sometimes wish that we had that ten minute limit on how long we could roll before we had to stop. Sometimes you want to take a break and to make a small adjustment while they’re reloading the camera. With digital, you sometimes don’t have the option to do that. You’re rolling, and that’s fine too. The schedule is so tight, and we’re probably better served by having the ability to just go.

Kirill: Going back to the show, what was the most challenging part of it for you?

Jonathan: It was probably the fact that I was the only cinematographer on the show. This was not the first time I was the only DP on a show, but those other shows had more prep days and sometimes even small breaks of one or two days here and there where the production would give the whole team a chance to catch up, go scout, have meetings and talk about what’s coming.

On this, we had none of that, and that was fine. But it meant that often I felt like I was a little bit behind in the information process. I had an amazing crew. Our production team was on top of everything. Every other department was outstanding. I never felt out in the wind. It was more about now knowing 100% how we’re tackling this thing next week. It was a challenge of time management.

The toughest episode for me was Episode Four, because so much of it is daytime outside on the cul-de-sac. The entire episode was shot in nine days, and it took four or five days to shoot that block party sequence on the back lot while making everything feel consistent. It takes place over one afternoon, and that’s one of the hardest things for a cinematographer to deal with. There’s only so much you can do about the sunlight, and you have to be smart about timing. We were sitting down with the director and the AD of that episode, and talking about the most advantageous way to shoot it in a specific order. And then you rely on the crew and let them take care of filling in the details.

Cinematography of “The Burbs” by Jonathan Furmanski, courtesy of Universal Pictures.

Kirill: You’ve been in the industry for a while. What do you feel are the key ingredients to longevity, to staying in the industry and not getting frustrated by it to the point of leaving it for good?

Jonathan: We all get frustrated by the industry for one reason or another all the time, and that’s OK. What keeps me around – and what probably keeps most of the people that I like working with around – is that we love doing it. It’s a real joy to be on set every day. I feel so lucky that I’m in the position that I’m in, not just that I’m a cinematographer, but that I’ve had the career that I’ve had. And hopefully I will continue to be here for however long.

Not to sound corny, but it is a bit of magic. There’s a lot that happens to make a show, and a lot of it is wizardry. It’s a fun thing to have a front row seat to – not the least of which is just watching actors do their thing. It is so enjoyable, especially on a show like “The Burbs”, where you have so many talented and funny people. That makes it all worthwhile.

I’ve always felt that while the film business rewards talent, it rewards tenacity even more. I think tenacious people are the people who make it and stay where they are. You do need to have talent no matter where you are on the team, but you also need to be willing to weather the tides. The last five years have not been great with the pandemic and then the strikes. It has taken a lot of fortitude on the part of a lot of people to stick around and stick with it, and I’m fortunate enough to be one of those people. Ultimately, that’s what it takes.

Kirill: Given how much goes into every production, do you see it as a little miracle, so to speak, when it all aligns and gets to that phase where it is all done and released to the audiences?

Jonathan: I’m always reminded that it’s a business when all is said and done. I do like the word “magic”, because I think even though I totally understand the whole process, there is still something mysterious about it to me.

I don’t know that I would call any show a miracle, but there are a lot of little miracles that happen along the way. It’s a little miracle that we got the cast that we did. It’s a little miracle that we got the production designer that we did. It’s a little miracle that I was on the job at all. It’s the opposite of death by a thousand cuts. It’s magic by a thousand tiny miracles, if you will. That’s what my experience feels like.

Kirill: What do you know now that you wish you knew back when you were starting out? If you had a time machine to jump back in time to give a piece of advice to your younger self, what would it be?

Jonathan: It would be to not take yourself so seriously. You’re only 25 and you don’t have that much to say just yet. Just do your thing and enjoy what this is. I feel lucky to be where I am and where I have been, and I would have told myself that you’re going to feel that way a couple decades from now. When I was 25, everything seemed so important. Every decision, every job, every scene. It felt like the entire rest of my career was balancing on every shot that I was about to do. And of course, that’s not true.

As a companion to not taking yourself so seriously, I would have probably encouraged myself to be more risky. Those times that I have subsequently done that in my career have been rewarding and enlightening. Sometimes it worked a lot better than I thought I was going to. And sometimes it was not what I wanted at all, but now I’ve learned and won’t do that again. So I would have encouraged myself to take more risks and be a little bit less serious.

Cinematography of “The Burbs” by Jonathan Furmanski, courtesy of Universal Pictures.

Kirill: Without asking you to predict the future, how do you see generative AI today?

Jonathan: I see it a bit more as a tool than a threat. There are a lot of conversations about AI generated images and videos, and it’s easy to fall into the trap of picking it apart and making fun of an image of a person with six fingers, or something else that the AI hasn’t quite figured out yet. But it’s still creating something out of nothing, and that is impressive. Even if it is inaccurate or just doing what it is told to do, despite all its shortcomings, I’m impressed.

I suppose that means that in 10 years it will probably start to impact people like me – people who do what I do – in a way that’s probably not going to be all great. Maybe it is going to be disastrous, in fact, for cinematographers and other creative people. But we don’t know.

I wasn’t alive back then, but people had similar conversations about TV being the death of film, or video being the death of radio. These things come up all the time and people adapt. It will change how we work and how we create. But the audiences are always going to be looking for these human heartfelt stories, whether they’re comedies or dramas or whatever. It’s hard to imagine – at least for a little long while – a computer being able to replace that.

Kirill: What would you consider to be your favorite productions, movies or TV shows, from the cinematography perspective?

Jonathan: There are a lot of extremely talented people who are working in cinematography these days. Almost everything is looking way better now than what we grew up on.

There are a few names that if I hear they’re involved, I want to watch that. Hoyte van Hoytema, Linus Sandgren, Autumn Durald Arkapaw, Bradford Young are always interesting. There’s a lot of talented people, and these names and people like them are pushing the envelope at the same time. They all insist on shooting on film, which is interesting. I always look forward to seeing what they do.

Kirill: What was the most memorable food that you had while working on “The Burbs”?

Jonathan: Maybe not food, but a snack. While I was working on this show, I got addicted to the little paper thin seaweed snacks. I ate them religiously. People would bring them to my little station, and it became sort of a theme.

Jonathan Furmanski on the sets of “The Burbs”, courtesy of Universal Pictures.

And here I want to thank Jonathan Furmanski for taking the time to talk with me about the art and craft of cinematography. I also want to thank Holden Schlanger for making this interview happen. “The Burbs” is out now streaming on Peacock. Finally, if you want to know more about how films and TV shows are made, click here for additional in-depth interviews in this series.

Kirill: Please tell us about yourself and the path that took you to where you are today.

Julia: I’m a director of photography, and have never wanted to do anything else. There was definitely some exploration of different roles in filmmaking as I was discovering it. I am the daughter of two cinephiles who were constantly sharing their love of films with me so I was curious about it from childhood. My first job as a teenager was in a movie theater. I never strayed from this. I thought about editing and directing, but it was in the practice of making films in school when I was really young that I figured out that cinematography was the best fit for me.

I grew up in Southern California and I knew that Los Angeles made the most sense for a move, being such a hub for filmmakers and the industry. I did an MFA in cinematography at UCLA, and we shot non-stop. We weren’t writing papers. We weren’t studying theory. We just lived on soundstages.

After film school, I shot anything I could. I didn’t come up through crewing but that also meant I couldn’t curate the work I took too much because I had to survive. But after a little while, features started materializing, commercials took off. It’s been a really exciting journey.

Kirill: Is LA still the place to be? Is LA still the place to start one’s career in this field?

Julia: I do think Los Angeles is a valuable place to start with all the resources it has to offer but it’s not THE place to start. Production is really abundant in a lot of places all over the world. There are a lot of great hubs around the world where you can get started, full of great filmmakers. Everyone’s path is different. Everyone comes from a different place. Nowadays I’m barely in LA anyway. I am constantly flying elsewhere to shoot. But Los Angeles is getting busy again and there are some of the best crews and resources, along with the best theaters, galleries, events. You can stay so extremely busy even when not on set consuming cinema, learning, meeting great filmmakers.

Behind the scenes of “The Dreadful”, courtesy of Lionsgate

Kirill: What do you feel are the misconceptions or misunderstandings about the role of cinematographer and what cinematography is inside the industry?

Julia: One misconception is that it’s this pure focus on camera and lighting. The visual language is the fun part. In fact, it’s the easy part. Maybe this isn’t a misconception more than it is something people often forget.

The job is leading the set with the assistant director, leading and working alongside your crew. There are politics, working with your budget, the schedule. You have to know how to structure a shooting day. You have to be able to look at a shot list and know if you can make your day. You have to know how to reorganize or plan differently should a day fall behind for some reason. You have to be a great communicator and a fast, creative problem solver.

Kirill: Digital looks to continue to dominate your field. Is film a thing of the past?

Julia: I don’t think film is the past. Look at the Oscar nominations this year – a lot of amazing films continue to be shot on film. I definitely believe that we feel that impact.

I love shooting on film. I went to UCLA right as they were transitioning away from it, so all of us were shooting on digital, and all our thesis films had to be digital for the first time. But they were adamant we don’t just roll and roll, that we maintain the discipline and intention that inherently comes with shooting on film when shooting projects digitally.

Even though we’re lucky to have so many digital options, film continues to be a beloved medium and personally, I’m never disappointed when I get dailies back. It’s never not magical.

Behind the scenes of “The Dreadful”, courtesy of Lionsgate

Kirill: The professional cameras are way cheaper than they used to be, and everybody has a smart phone in their pocket that can take good images. There was an idea floating around a few years ago that all of this combined would dramatically lower the barrier to entry and we’d be flooded with a whole lot more movies. But it feels like it’s still difficult to make a movie and get it to the audiences.

Julia: The whole process of getting a movie made in the first place and distributed is a miracle. Despite more access to good cameras and tools, distribution is a whole business. It’s all marketing. If you don’t have good marketing, your movie doesn’t get seen. There are definitely more movies being made than ever before but so many just get lost.

Kirill: There’s a lot of technical advancements in camera bodies, in lenses, in lighting equipment. Is it exciting? Is it frightening? Is it hard to keep up?

Julia: It’s definitely exciting. The tools are becoming faster, they have more dynamic range, and there are a lot more options available. I don’t try to pressure myself to follow every new thing. There’s so many tools – lenses, formats, lighting units. I’ve had the opportunity to go look at new technologies early on which is really valuable. Definitely not overwhelmed by new things – excited more than anything.

We’re going to shoot one of my next movies on film. We were not sitting and talking about all the new digital options for it. We wanted to do what felt right. We should always be keeping up with new tools as they arrive in our industry but a big part, if not the biggest part, of making a film is choosing what feels right. If it’s right for that project, then go for it.

Cinematography of “The Dreadful” by Julia Swain, courtesy of Lionsgate

Kirill: Are you impressed with the advances in lighting equipment?

Julia: Yes, lighting is always impressing me. It’s definitely moving fast. My gaffers are how I’m introduced to new tools in lighting. It’s all allowing us to move faster, make quicker adjustments.

Kirill: How was Covid for you professionally? Is it fully over, or do you still see some remnants of it?

Julia: Covid stole a lot of momentum from a lot of people. It slowed things down for all of us. I felt pretty fortunate as I was doing a lot of music videos at the time and those kept getting produced. Crew sizes got smaller and sometimes my director would be on Zoom, but projects were still getting shot.

I’m sure there’s still that lingering thought of how it could have been if we had had that solid year without a pandemic and were all working. Would we be a little further along in our careers with more work under our belts?

Cinematography of “The Dreadful” by Julia Swain, courtesy of Lionsgate

Kirill: Getting to “The Dreadful”, how did you find your way to it, or how did it find its way to you?

Julia: It came from my friendship and creative collaboration with my friend Natasha Kermani, the director of the film. I was approached about it pretty early on as she’d written it a few years ago. I don’t remember exactly when I got a script, but it was at least a couple years before cast was attached because another script she had, “Abraham’s Boys”, was also floating around. We ended up shooting that first and then went off to make “The Dreadful”.

Kirill: How do you find the balance between the historical accuracy and the emotional authenticity for a story like this? What discussions did you have on the visual style, the atmosphere, the colors?

Julia: We definitely wanted something that felt rooted in realism to some degree so that audiences bought into the lives of these women but because the film has dreamy horror elements, we wanted to push the visuals at times. Color is important to Natasha and I so we knew we wanted to discuss how we implemented it early on. We weren’t interested in a desaturated look. We talked a lot about a green world being the world of Jago’s stories. We talked about bold contrast and color. We also wanted the dreams to feel different so we used these portrait lenses that we’d always been curious about.

We were shooting in Cornwall, England, and wanted to shoot anamorphic to have a wider field to take in the landscapes. It was important to us to add the scope of the terrain as Cornwall is so atmospheric.

Kirill: Was the weather cooperating?

Julia: Yes and no. We got lucky with the kids on the cliff. It’s supposed to be nostalgic and beautiful, and we had this golden LUT [lookup table] that we built for the childhood scenes. We shot them during the second day of filming, and the weather was cooperating.

Then we lost half a day because it started raining. It was the scene where Jago and Seamus were at their campfire. It was supposed to be at night, and it was pouring and we couldn’t put them in the mud. So we made the call to stop for the day and pivot the schedule.

On the last day of production we had torrential rain shooting the finale where Sophie and Marcia are out in a field. I was sinking in the mud shooting up at Sophie for the very last setup. Throughout production we had cloud inconsistencies which changed the amount of ambient light I had to account for. It was all over the place. Things you can’t protect from on a small budget and just have to roll with! But we did a pretty great job of balancing everything the best we could.

Cinematography of “The Dreadful” by Julia Swain, courtesy of Lionsgate

Kirill: What was your lighting setup? Back then it’s pretty much sunlight and firelight. What did you go with?

Julia: I don’t think I had done a movie that was that period, definitely not a feature where it was just sunlight and firelight. When in the church, we added candles for warm background elements. There’s light pushing through the windows there and in the hut. The hut has tiny windows to let in the natural light, and we placed a fire pit in a strategic way, and some candles in a few places. I knew I had to add ambience so we had a little soft box rigged on the ceiling. I didn’t want that to push contrast too hard, otherwise they’d be silhouetted against the windows. I was trying to make it feel like there’s a natural amount of ambience, but everything’s coming from the world – fire or the sun.

The moonlight for the night sequences was the toughest. We had very little crew on this movie and very little time. We don’t have balloon lights or another quick way to create ambience. So we embraced this more directional, green, stylistic look for the nighttime which was something we hadn’t done before. There’s a great shot in “The Ring” with a green night exterior. We reference some bolder night looks and let go of this obligation to light the entire frame at night.

Kirill: Going back to what you said about shooting on film, perhaps on these smaller productions you almost can’t afford to wait until the dailies are processed. Perhaps it’s this advantage of digital that the director can see it straight away.

Julia: There’s truth in that of course. As the cinematographer, you know what it’s going to look like when shooting film because you know your ratios so closely. There is a bit of instant gratification in digital knowing what you’re looking at for all departments but we’ve been shooting film much longer than we’ve been shooting digital and we haven’t had an issue.

Kirill: Was the hut there, or was it built?

Julia: It was a build on location. We had to make some sacrifices. We didn’t even see it until the morning of shooting it. The dimensions ended up a bit small. It was a build because we wanted to feel the interior and exterior simultaneously. They go in and out, and having that connection between the exterior and the interior was really important. So we built it on this field instead of on a stage.

Kirill: The story spends a lot of time in the hut. How do you make it less repetitive for the viewer?

Julia: In general on an indie I hate recycling setups for different moments and so avoid that. We try to have as much scope and diversity as we can in shots when we have a lot of scenes in one space so early on I weighed in on window placement, furniture placement, knowing how I could smartly shoot every side of the hut and allow for more blocking for the actors.

Kirill: What’s the intent of shooting low angles upwards?

Julia: Low angles can be more subjective. You’re in the character’s mind when you’re a little bit lower. It can also be more heroic which Sophie’s suited character at times. There’s a great shot where she comes out of the hut after bringing Morwen back in at the very end, and it’s heroic, looking up at her against the hut. We did that on purpose. Low angles also make spaces feel bigger and we all know the hut benefited from that purely from the standpoint of wanting to see more. I was always against a wall.

Cinematography of “The Dreadful” by Julia Swain, courtesy of Lionsgate

Kirill: What was the choice of going with soft, swirly edges for some of the shots?

Julia: We shot the main story anamorphically, and then we had the Panavision Portrait lenses that give you a circular distortion where you only can keep focus in the center. It’s a little dreamlike perspective. There’s a dream that Anne has in the beginning that’s fully shot on the Portraits, and then there are other sequences that had to do with tapping into a new perspective. There’s a sequence on the beach with Kit and Sophie, and he’s telling her a story, and they’re connecting, and their relationship is changing. It had to do with a more sort of omniscient – but intimate – POV in those instances. A fun specialty tool that we only use a few times.

Kirill: Some of my favorite shots were on the beach with characters silhouetted from a long distance. How do you think about the framing for these?

Julia: The first thing I do is I try to back up the camera as far as possible to see the scope. You have to think about the tide on those coves. One of the last scenes in the movie where Jago approaches Anne on the beach, we completely lost the beach over the course of shooting that scene. They were scooting up the sand during that, and that was tough to deal with. But when they’re meeting and silhouetted, I’m up against the cliff. I had to think about time of day to roll, sun position. The coves and beaches were one of the most exciting things to shoot, because that is why we were there in Cornwall. That is a unique part of the south of England. We wanted to capture the curvature and the colors of the coves.

Cinematography of “The Dreadful” by Julia Swain, courtesy of Lionsgate

Kirill: Do you want people to see it on the biggest screen possible?

Julia: Absolutely. I just had a chance to see it on the big screen with an audience and it’s incredible. The score is amazing, the mix is amazing, the color looks amazing. It looked so good projected and I really hope audiences can go and absorb all of those elements. It’s for the cinema for sure.

Kirill: There’s this quote that no plan survives first contact with the enemy. Has there ever been a production that you’ve worked on that everything went to plan and nothing was disrupted?

Julia: No. That’s the name of the game. Things constantly change and everything’s a moving target. You’ll be weeks in and you lose a location. Nothing is real until it’s real. This is why, for a lot of us, the day doesn’t end at wrap. You’re always prepping ahead and pivoting when things change. You become a really great creative problem solver.

I believe a film is still made in prep though in a lot of ways because you are getting on the same page as your director and going in with a deep understanding of what the goal is. So even if the location’s changed and now you have to shoot it in a way that you didn’t initially intend, you know what the priorities are and what to shoot for and fight for. There’s so much value in that. The better your prep is, the better you can adapt together.

Natasha and I always have a smart, doable plan within the confines of our budget and our time and how we want to tell a story. But we are very aware that things are going to change. We’re going to need to cut things, or we’re going to need to shoot a scene differently or shoot it at a different time. We’re able to meet those challenges head on. And because we have prepped together and we know each other so well, we can pivot and not waste time.

Kirill: Is there such a thing as your favorite sequence in this movie?

Julia: That’s so hard. There’s a couple, if I may. I loved shooting the church at night with Jago and Anne in the pews. We moved them over to a different set of pews from where Anne and Morwen sit for mass for when Anne is praying and Jago joins her. He’s pressured to tell her the truth so it cuts back and forth from past to present as well as to Morwen who has the helmet now. I really love that whole sequence.

The other one is the only scene where Jago is in their hut and he’s telling the first iteration of his story of what happened to Seamus. He’s between the two women which was a decision Natasha and I had made. There was a moment where we thought we’d put him on an end, but I thought having him in the center was more interesting. His back is a bit to Morwen which says a lot and he’s favoring Anne. Anne’s not even really looking at him as she’s grieving. It’s so good. We moved through that scene quickly and I love how it looks. There’s so much subtext and as a filmmaker you know the truth so that always makes it fun to shoot. The cast gives such amazing performances around the fire.

Cinematography of “The Dreadful” by Julia Swain, courtesy of Lionsgate

Kirill: What are your thoughts today on generative AI? Some people say it’s destroying human creativity, and some see it as just another tool at their disposal. Where do you find yourself thinking about this?

Julia: The stories we’re telling on screen about the human experience have to come from us. All artistic value comes from us and our experiences, our voices. AI is a tool that we’re going to have to limit to some degree that isn’t going away but I know that we will always have actors who want to act in real spaces, photography captured in the hands of real human artists. I don’t think AI has a place in creative storytelling when it comes to the human experience. Will it help us in other ways? Sure. But the voice of an artist and the images and performances they produce must be theirs.

The experience of telling a story through a visual medium is one that is unique, fulfilling and beautiful. You can feel that in every art form – photography, painting, music. There is an inherent, profound language that transcends. AI needs to be regulated, and we need to be aware of it. We need to allow artists to keep making their art and tell their stories from the human experience.

Cinematography of “The Dreadful” by Julia Swain, courtesy of Lionsgate

Kirill: What is the secret, or maybe the key ingredients, to longevity in this industry?

Julia: It’s this inexplicable, profound love for the craft that keeps you persistent – a lot of us haven’t given ourselves any other choice in a career. This is the greatest career of all time – I can’t believe I get to do this for a living. Ultimately it’s your character and your talent that keeps collaborators calling you back. I think if you take pride in your work, in any industry, that passion makes an impact on people and they see how much you want to do this and how you push for the best on every project.

Kirill: What advice would you give to your younger self? What do you know now that you wish you knew back when you were starting in the industry?

Julia: My younger self wasn’t as confident. I’m still a young cinematographer but I have a very strong voice now and know what I’m doing. So maybe I’d tell myself that it’s less about getting all visually perfect in those early stages. You’re finding out what your taste is, the stories you want to help tell. Pick and choose your battles a little more. You learn what to be precious about in the process.

Kirill: In your group of friends, are you the photographer when people want to take pictures? Is this a blessing or a curse in disguise?

Julia: 100%. I don’t mind it – capturing images is what I do, I love it. The camera always gets passed to me when strangers need a photo too.

Kirill: What’s your favorite color, in your productions or in life?

Julia: I love a teal blue in life. I also love green. Green represents so much and you definitely see it in some of my movies. Natasha is also guilty of this hence a lot of green in our work.

Kirill: What movies would you consider to be the golden standard of cinematography of all time?

Julia: It’s hard to say there’s a gold standard because there’s so much great work out there and cinematography is unique in its language for each story. My taste is also not singular. “Alien” is one of my favorite films – gorgeous color, contrast, atmosphere. So well done. The cinematography sets the tone so well with every other element. Then I love something completely different like “Blue Valentine”. But appreciating cinematography and choosing a gold standard is so subjective. So many films do a fantastic job transporting you into their world through cinematography.

Behind the scenes of “The Dreadful”, courtesy of Lionsgate

And here I want to thank Julia Swain for taking the time to talk with me about the art and craft of cinematography. I also want to thank Nathalie Retana for making this interview happen. “The Dreadul” is out now streaming on Apple, YouTube and Amazon. Finally, if you want to know more about how films and TV shows are made, click here for additional in-depth interviews in this series.

Roger Fires on the set of “Psycho Killer”, courtesy of 20th Century Studios.

Kirill: Please tell us about yourself and the path that took you to where you are today.

Roger: My name is Roger Fires. I’m a production designer, currently residing in Vancouver, Canada, and originally from Brazil. My passion for film started at an early age. My parents weren’t wealthy, and we didn’t travel the world. The thing that we used to do as a family was to go to movies and plays. When my mom went to do groceries or to a mall, she’d drop me off to watch a play, and she’d pick me up after. That’s how my passion for film and theater started.

I started with interior design and graphic design. In the middle of taking the graphic design course, one of the workshop tasks was to create branding for a travel agency inspired by a movie that we liked. It was right around the time “The English Patient” came out, and I wanted to design something related to it. My project had the ambience from the movie, extending to the uniforms and other elements. Then, during my presentation, the teacher started asking about the texture, the fabric, the outlets, the light switches and all these other things, and that’s when I saw that it goes way deeper than just that look and the concept behind it.

That’s when I started doing deeper dives. I was lucky that all my early jobs were connected to creativity. I was doing illustrations. I was doing vinyls and signage. I was doing fashion design. I was doing interior design. I was doing graphic design, with art direction and advertisement agencies. It feels like I was preparing my whole life to be a production designer, and touching every single aspect of the creative world on the way.

I had a band in Brazil for a while, traveling and doing a lot of things. After a while I wanted to go back and to follow my passion. When I was with that band, I was happier to see people wearing our shirts or doing the artwork, rather than making the music itself. That was around 2009 when I decided that I wanted to be in the movie industry as a production designer – not in Brazil, but in one of the bigger places like Los Angeles, New York or Vancouver. I remember I was talking with the father of my then-girlfriend, and he asked me what I wanted to be, what is my benchmark, who inspires me. I said the name of David Wasco, the production designer that worked with Tarantino and Wes Anderson.

We applied for the permanent residency while we were still in Brazil, then we got approved, and six months later we were moving and jumping into the industry here. I started doing graphic design on a couple of projects, and it wasn’t too long until I asked the production designer I was working with if I could work for him as an assistant art director. He told me that his art director was not coming back, and that I could be his art director. I did “Lost In Space”, got pulled into “Timeless” and a lot of other things. For me it was the matter of absorbing the knowledge and the experience, and trying to jump to the next step. There were some opportunities to make that next step, but I didn’t think that it was the right time. And then it happened at the perfect time, and that’s where I am today.

On the sets of “Psycho Killer”, production design by Roger Fires, courtesy of 20th Century Studios.

Kirill: Do you feel that the role of the production designer and what you do is well understood inside the industry? If not, what are the bigger misconceptions around it?

Roger: It’s been so many times that I have to tell people what I do. When people like the set, I am introduced as the set designer quite often.

I was just in LA, and I was talking with David Wasco who did this big exhibition about “La La Land” to educate people on the role of the production designer. There was a fantastic exhibition at the Academy Awards from the production design team of “Barbie” to show the process behind it.

We’re the first to get hired. We talk with the director to get the visual direction for the project. One of the things people don’t always realize is how early the art department gets involved in shaping the visual world of a film. There’s a lot of collaboration within the process. This partnership between the production designer and the director is not fully seen by a lot of people. The director Ilya Naishuller of “Nobody” had this funny analogy for it. He says that the production designer and the director are married, and we have a kid, and it’s beautiful. And when we’re about to shoot, I get a divorce and then he gets married to the cinematographer, but we still have a kid. And we still have to talk about the kid and what we’re going to do.

This analogy explains how intense that relationship is between the production designer and the director at the beginning of a project. When I present the pitch, it should align with the director’s vision, and then we elaborate that pitch into the project itself.

The misconception here is that I am not a set designer. Production design is about the broader approach of what the project is, from the details of the props and colors, to the relationship between actors and the set.

Kirill: What are the bigger changes that you have seen in about 15 years or so since you’ve started in the art department?

Roger: The TV sets were not that advanced back when I was starting out. Nowadays, the details are too on your face. You can get away with the amount of detail when you create something fantastical, like a spaceship. I worship Nathan Crowley. He did a brilliant job on “Wicked”, and that is a fantastical world as well.

But when you build a house and it needs a double hung window, you need to do it properly because people know what it looks like. People know how a door looks, and how high a door knob should be. These details become more critical. Now that everything is on streaming, people can go back and compare and see these jumps in continuity.

The biggest change that is happening today is AI. I hope that in the future AI becomes an extra tool. I hope that it doesn’t replace our brain, if you will. I hope it doesn’t take over the decision making process. We come up with ideas and concepts for the things that we want to do, and we pitch that to the director. AI can be integrated into this process to make it more streamlined. But I don’t want to use AI for anything that is on camera. I want to use it as a tool to help with the process.

3D printing has been a big change where you can design the model on a computer and print that to work on shots and ideas. Having said that, I love the idea of the handmade crafted foamcore models. It’s interesting to see how these two approaches compare when the director starts playing with the camera angles. 3D printed models are less manipulated. They become these art pieces that aren’t as easily manipulated once they have been made. If you want to change the color, or make the window bigger, you have to go back to the computer and change the model file. I feel that the old way had more respect for the craft of making those models.

On the sets of “Psycho Killer”, production design by Roger Fires, courtesy of 20th Century Studios.

Kirill: How was Covid for you professionally? Do you feel that it’s fully over in the industry?

Roger: Covid was hard. There were so many more hoops to jump through to get back home and see your family, to go through the process of being there, to plan your day to start with testing. Then right after Covid we had the twin strikes, and I don’t think that everything has fully recovered yet.

It all accelerated the transition from the movie theaters to your living room, and the rise of the streaming platforms. When you talk to younger people and they ask you when this movie is coming out, you tell them that it’s in the theaters. And then the ask you on what platforms it is going to be. You see these different perspectives between the two generations on their preferences for these experiences. This shift in the perspective of the movie experience is still happening. We still have the theatrical experience, and I think every movie should be watched in the theater.

Covid did help a lot with the care we have for each other, and that is something that I experienced as a graphic designer and as a production designer. Health should always come first. If you’re not feeling well, you can stay home, get better, and then come back. We’re not going to stop the production. We’re not going to not shoot that day. Your health is more important to us. And if I have to wear two hats on that day or someone else has to do something, we’ll do it. You were always going to come first, and Covid helped on that. Go home, get better, and come back when you’re healthy again. Covid opened people’s eyes to see how things can spread, and how people can get really sick, and how much damage even mild flu can cause to immunocompromised people.

Kirill: You said that you want people to go to the movie theater. What makes it a better experience to watch a movie on the big screen?

Roger: This is how I connected with my parents. This is how I connect with my friends. Maybe “Back to the Future” is in the theater, and we’re excited, and we all go together. There’s a level of engagement in the movie theater that we’re not going to have at home.

It might be the most important movie that I haven’t had a chance to watch in the theater. I sit on my couch, and I get a text message or a phone call. I’m going to check what it is – and then you get detached from the movie. When you go to the theater, there’s a process. You dress up. You put on your shoes. You get in line. You get some pop corn. You sit down, turn off your phone, watch the trailers to see what’s coming. It builds up the excitement.

I was doing a commercial in Toronto, and “Oppenheimer” was playing close by in 70mm. I went to watch it, and they showed two trailers, one for “The Holdovers” and one for “The Exorcist: Believer”. It was an elevated experience with the 70mm texture, to see them projected on the big screen. You might have the best TV and the best home surround sound system, but you’re not going to be able to replicate that. It’s the engagement. You disconnect from the world, watch the movie, get out, talk about it, and enjoy the whole experience.

When I was on my way to becoming a production designer, that experience is what I wanted to achieve – to see my movie in a theater. And what I want to do now is keep watching movies in the theaters, and keep seeing people going to watch my movies too. You see people laughing next to you, people being scared – nothing’s going to replace that engagement.

On the sets of “Psycho Killer”, production design by Roger Fires, courtesy of 20th Century Studios.

Kirill: Getting closer to “Psycho Killer”, how do you explain the enduring appeal of the horror thriller genre, at least in the American culture? What keeps these stories coming? What keeps the audiences wanting to see them?

Roger: It’s the rollercoaster effect. When you go to the rollercoaster, you’re scared. And when it ends, you want to do it again. You want to feel those butterflies in your stomach again. It’s the thrill of the haunted house experience. We watch horror movies to have that butterfly effect, and that is never going to change.

And at the end, depending on the movie, there’s a fulfillment of the evil getting punished. We want to see bad people being punished. That is what most horror movies give us. Some leave an opening at the end for the sequel, of course. But the main idea is that you see the hero punish the bad guy.

Kirill: What brought you to this particular movie or what maybe brought this movie to you?

Roger: I was on my way to a premiere in LA, and right before I was about to board, I got a call from my agents. I read the script on the plane, and when we landed, I got a message saying that they wanted to meet me the next day at 9:30AM.

I loved the script. I’m a huge fan of Andrew Kevin Walker, and “Stir of Echoes” that Gavin Polone produced is one of the best horror movies ever. When I saw their names attached to it, I thought to myself that I had to be a part of it. I talked to Gavin, and I had prior experience with the Winnipeg crew. I didn’t have time to put a pitch deck together, and I did send it after we talked. Then, a couple days later I got a phone call with an offer, and then hopped on the plane to start prepping it with Gavin.

Kirill: What discussions did you have around the visual tone?

Roger: We were going for a more subtle play on the cat and mouse game, on the good and evil chasing and clashing. Jane’s environment is cool and close to heaven. PK’s environment is warm and close to hell. We don’t show any red around Jane until she’s getting closer. The closer she gets to PK, the more warm and red you see around her. There’s a constant battle of colors and textures throughout the movie. We had a big wall of textures, colors, and palettes, and then a timeline of how they would get closer.

Kirill: Between sets and locations, what would be the split between these two in this movie?

Roger: It would be close to 70% sets and 30% locations. One of the motels was a location, and the other three or four are builds. Pendleton’s house is a full build besides the exterior. The Three Mile Island plant is a build. For obvious reasons, you can’t kill a priest in a church. So what we did is you see PK coming in, then he turns left, and we replicated that corner of the church on stage to be controlled.

We didn’t have a huge space to build the sets, so we had to fit them together. The back wall of Pendleton’s great hall is that church set. We built that well, dressed it as church, then struck it, and continued with it as Pendleton’s house.

The four motel rooms were similar to Tetris that would flip. The door would be on one side, and then we would flip that, and the door would be on the other side. For the back section with the hallways, the closet and the bathroom, we built that as modular pieces to mix and move around. That modularization was needed for the fast pace of the shooting that we had. Then we add swap wallpaper, paneling and everything else. It was a challenge, since we didn’t have a huge budget. We had to be creative in making all those motel rooms in the time and the budget that we had.

Kirill: There’s probably tens of thousands of motels just in the United States. Did you want to elevate those spaces a bit? How do you find the balance between the emotional part of it and the real world part of it?

Roger: One of the references that I brought to Gavin was Stephen Shore, and his Americana lifestyle photography. His book has a lot of photos of motels, in a more cold style. And we had another book of brothels with a warm look, as wanted that clash of colors as Jane gets close in her pursuit of PK.

Gavin was adamant that everything had to be real and unnoticeable. Nothing should pop out. If you search for Three Mile Island on Google, ours should look like it. Our motels should look like real motels. I am at the place in my career where I’m happy to create this canvas and be unnoticeably effective, to have the viewer engage with the story and the actors, and not be distracted from that picture.

On the sets of “Psycho Killer”, production design by Roger Fires, courtesy of 20th Century Studios.

Kirill: How deep did the script go into the details of the Pendleton’s house?

Roger: The script portrays Pendleton as this buffoon. He was rich, and his habits and lifestyle followed his finances. From there we created the story that he used to live in a 25,000 square feet house, and it became a 12,000, and it kept shrinking – but his approach didn’t change. So he doesn’t have enough space for the books and the newspapers anymore, and he puts everything around the staircase. He built the great hall for his parties and his lifestyle.

Apart from the foyer, the whole house is covered with fabric to create the texture. There’s something raw about the texture and the wallpaper that worked so well on the camera. The first time that you see Pendleton as PK approaches and sits down, there’s snakeskin all over. There’s a snake wallpaper, and it’s scripted as imagery of the devil and hell. I pitched the idea to Gavin and Andrew to not be on the nose about the image of the devil. It’s the idea of the uncanny valley. You have a goat, but it has four eyes. You have this woman with a snake wrapping around her. These images are disturbing and uncomfortable.

The script described that the fireplace in the great hall had Lucifer with the tridents and everything else. Lucifer is the angel of death. The Bible representation of an angel is dove wings – and we transform that to have bat wings and snake eyes. It’s not a perfect image of what the devil would be, but a representation of the evil in the Bible. When we see the dining room for the first time, we see the devil and the bibles from the snake. The bedroom where PK decides what he is going to do has this landscape of hell on the wall. The uncanny imagery around the great hall is almost flipping the church upside down. The furniture is the transformed church pews. Our chandelier with the spikes is flipping the church chandeliers.

On the sets of “Psycho Killer”, production design by Roger Fires, courtesy of 20th Century Studios.

Kirill: How much work went into making the Three Mile Island facilities and that control room?

Roger: It’s a combination of a location and a set. The exterior is on location. When we go into the building, it’s a different place in downtown Winnipeg. And then we built the control room and two sets of hallways around it, and the second floor around the set for the final confrontation in the end sequence.

When we went to the Three Mile Island location, I measured the dimensions of that control room and the different elements in it. Then the director said it should be bigger, and we ended up making it a four feet increase. That also meant adding more panels, more LED screens, more controls, more buttons – along each wall of that octagon room shape. I worked on “Timeless” where we built the NASA launch control room, and we did plexiglass panels with different arrangements of buttons and lights. We ended up doing a lot of 3D printed buttons and consoles for “Psycho Killer”. It was probably the most labor intensive set that I’ve ever done.

If you look at the photos of the Three Mile Island facilities, I’d say we’re about 80-90% of what their control room looks like. The main difference is in how high that upper window is. The real ceiling is about nine feet high, but we made ours higher for the angle that we wanted to have for Jane.

Going back to the accuracy that Gavin wanted, we spent time to understand how the grenade explosion would affect the surroundings, and whether it would trigger the dynamite on his body. I had multiple meetings with the Winnipeg police officer that handles explosives to talk about that. Everything in that sequence is realistic about the Three Mile Island control room and the impact a grenade explosion would have inside of it.

On the sets of “Psycho Killer”, production design by Roger Fires, courtesy of 20th Century Studios.

Kirill: Have you made your peace by now with seeing your sets getting destroyed, demolished, and torn apart, or is it still a little bit painful to see them go away?

Roger: It’s hard. I’m so hands-on. I’m on the site. I’m with the construction team. I’m there when they build. And I have a hard time to separate from the wood stage of the flats to the final set. I always look at what I should have done differently, because I have a hard time separating that emotion of the flats to what is there.

The Pendleton set was hard to see torn apart because it was such a fun design to do. I shared the concepts of the Pendleton’s house and the Three Mile Island sets, and then I took photos of the finished sets. When you put them side by side, it’s so close that you couldn’t pick which one was the concept and which one was the set photo. We were so happy with how that set turned out, and it was a sweet moment when we finished it. And then the movie is done, and the set is being torn down, and it was sad.

Kirill: What is the secret, or maybe the key ingredients, to longevity in this industry?

Roger: For any position in our industry, 60% is people’s skills. Be respectful. Understand your position that you’re a part of this big well-oiled machinery. Just one loose screw is enough for the whole machine to stop working. Understanding that and respecting the environment that you are in gives you longevity.

We’re in a time right now that we can’t tolerate disrespect. You need to work on your creativity and on updating your skills. You’re constantly learning on every project. And just be a human. This is what we all saw during the Covid years. We’re all human making movies.

There’s another thing. Sometimes a project perhaps is not reaching the audience the way it was expected. Every project has so many people that worked on it, hundreds and hundreds. When you bash that project with a rush critique, it affects a lot of people that put their hearts, sweat and love into it. Sometimes it’s a hit, and sometimes you miss a few spots. It’s such a big accomplishment to make a movie these days, and that should be celebrated as an achievement on its own. Making movies is not an easy endeavor. Respect for the process gives you that longevity as well.

On the sets of “Psycho Killer”, production design by Roger Fires, courtesy of 20th Century Studios.

Kirill: What do you know now that you wish you knew when you were starting out?

Roger: I think it’s to not take things personally. Everyone has a bad day. Everyone has a different opinion. Your art does not necessarily reflect who you are. People talk to you and they say that they don’t want this, they don’t like the set, they don’t like the approach. It’s hard to not take that personally, and there were a few times that I got hurt at the beginning of my career. But I’m not the director. I’m not the producer. My job is to bring the vision of the director to the screen. You might hit here and you might miss there – but that doesn’t define who you are as a professional. Don’t take it personally.

Kirill: What would you consider to be the golden standard of production design of all time?

Roger: The beauty of the industry is that there’s so many people that shaped you, even if you don’t see it when you watch those movies for the first time. As I mentioned, David Wasco was a huge benchmark, not only professionally, but also personally. Nathan Crowley has this fantastic ability to create worlds. Rick Carter reaches so many levels of creativity. If there’s one movie that I watched and said straight away that this is what I wanted to do, it was “Pulp Fiction” by David Wasco and Sandy Wasco.

Kirill: What was the most memorable food you had during your time on this movie?

Roger: There’s a tapas place in Winnipeg called Peasant Cookery. The first day I went there was fantastic, and then I came back a few times. Winnipeg has a fantastic food scene. And it so happened to be that the son of my paint coordinator on “Psycho Killer” is a Michelin Chef in another restaurant. We went to that place, and it was one of the best meals I’ve had. But Peasant Cookery is fantastic. Every time I go to Winnipeg, I go there now.

Kirill: Do you miss Brazilian food now that you live in Canada?

Roger: I do miss it a lot. A few days ago I took my kids to this museum in Los Angeles. They had Pampa Grill which is Brazilian barbecue, and I had to have it, even as everybody else had something different.

Roger Fires on the set of “Psycho Killer”, courtesy of 20th Century Studios.

And here I want to thank Roger Fires for taking the time to talk with me about the art and craft of production design. I also want to thank Kara Kitchell for making this interview happen. “Psycho Killer” out now in theaters. Finally, if you want to know more about how films and TV shows are made, click here for additional in-depth interviews in this series.