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Ginkaku-ji

2012-05-29T17:18:19Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:18, 29 May 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	[[Image:Ginkaku.jpg\|right\|thumb\|320px\|The Silver Pavilion, and rock garden.]]
	*''Built: [[1482]], [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa]]''		*''Built: [[1482]], [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa]]''
	*''Other Names'': 慈照寺 ''(jishou-ji)''		*''Other Names'': 慈照寺 ''(jishou-ji)''
	*''Japanese'': 銀閣寺 ''(ginkaku-ji)''		*''Japanese'': 銀閣寺 ''(ginkaku-ji)''

-	Ginkaku-ji, or the Temple of the Silver Pavilion, is one of the most famous and recognizable [[Buddhist temple]] halls in Japan. One of the many sites comprising the [[Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto]] [[World Heritage Site]], the temple was built by [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa]] in [[1482]], to serve as his retirement villa. Located in the [[Higashiyama]] (eastern mountains) area in northeastern central Kyoto, it was meant to mirror or reference the [[Kinkaku-ji]] (Golden Pavilion) built nearly a century earlier by Yoshimasa's grandfather, [[Ashikaga Yoshimitsu]], in the corresponding northwestern corner of the city.	+	Ginkaku-ji, or the Temple of the Silver Pavilion, is one of the most famous and recognizable [[Buddhist temple]] halls in Japan. One of the many sites comprising the [[Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto]] [[World Heritage Site]], the temple was built by [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa]] in [[1482]]-[[1483]], to serve as his retirement villa. The Silver Pavilion itself was completed in [[1489]]. Located in the [[Higashiyama]] (eastern mountains) area in northeastern central Kyoto, the compound was meant to mirror or reference the [[Kinkaku-ji]] (Golden Pavilion) built nearly a century earlier by Yoshimasa's grandfather, [[Ashikaga Yoshimitsu]], in the corresponding northwestern corner of the city.

-	The retirement villa, then known as the Higashiyama-den (Eastern Mountain Palace), was transformed into a Buddhist temple after his death, in accordance with his wishes. A fire in [[1588]] destroyed, however, all of the buildings in the complex, with the exception of the [[Kannon]]-dô (Kannon Worship Hall; the Silver Pavilion itself) and the Tôgudô (東求堂). The later is said to have been the first room in Japan to be constructed explicitly to serve as a space for tea ritual. Both structures are today considered [[National Treasures]].	+	The Ginkaku is roofed with cypress shingles and features a silver phoenix final at the peak of its roof. Its first story is called ''shinkûden'' (心空殿), and was designed in the ''[[shoin zukuri]]'' style. The second story houses a statue of the [[bodhisattva]] [[Kannon]], features more Zen architectural elements in its design, and is known as Chôonkaku (潮音閣).
		+
		+	The retirement villa, then known as the Higashiyama-den (Eastern Mountain Palace), was transformed into a Buddhist temple after his death, in accordance with his wishes. A fire in [[1558]] destroyed, however, all of the buildings in the complex, with the exception of the Silver Pavilion itself, and the Tôgudô (東求堂). The latter, completed in [[1486]], is said to have been the first room in Japan to be constructed explicitly to serve as a space for tea ritual. Both structures are today considered [[National Treasures]], and the complex as a whole is said to have been maintained in its [[1639]] state.

	Unlike the shining gilded Golden Pavilion, the Ginkaku (Silver Pavilion) has never been covered in silver, but instead displays the brown of unadorned wood. This is often said to be more in keeping with the restrained elegance of traditional Japanese aesthetics; the Golden Pavilion, in fact, was burned down in 1950 by a disgruntled Buddhist monk who believed it to be too gaudy, and unsightly. There is debate, however, as to the extent to which the Kinkaku was historically gilded, and it is widely accepted that it bears more gilding today than ever before. There is debate as well as to whether or not Yoshimasa intended to cover the walls of his Ginkaku with silver. Some narratives would have it that Yoshimasa intended to do so, but could not afford to do so, given the [[Onin War\|warfare that had enveloped the city for decades]], and the corresponding economic tumult. Other accounts suggest that he had never intended to do so, intending this plainer, more restrained look all along.		Unlike the shining gilded Golden Pavilion, the Ginkaku (Silver Pavilion) has never been covered in silver, but instead displays the brown of unadorned wood. This is often said to be more in keeping with the restrained elegance of traditional Japanese aesthetics; the Golden Pavilion, in fact, was burned down in 1950 by a disgruntled Buddhist monk who believed it to be too gaudy, and unsightly. There is debate, however, as to the extent to which the Kinkaku was historically gilded, and it is widely accepted that it bears more gilding today than ever before. There is debate as well as to whether or not Yoshimasa intended to cover the walls of his Ginkaku with silver. Some narratives would have it that Yoshimasa intended to do so, but could not afford to do so, given the [[Onin War\|warfare that had enveloped the city for decades]], and the corresponding economic tumult. Other accounts suggest that he had never intended to do so, intending this plainer, more restrained look all along.

-	The architectural design of the two-story Ginkaku is quite similar to its three-story golden cousin, as is the layout of the gardens around it, with one major exception. The temple which houses the Silver Pavilion, known formally as Jishô-ji, became a [[Zen]] temple by the 17th century. Today, it belongs to the [[Shokoku-ji\|Shôkoku-ji]] branch of [[Rinzai]] Zen Buddhism. Zen monks added a rock garden, known as the "sea of silver sand," to the garden. The raked sand or gravel resembles, perhaps, the waves on a relatively calm sea. Rising up above this "sea" is a perfectly smooth and flat-topped mound of gravel which is often said to resemble, and to refer to, [[Mt. Fuji]]. Though the temple complex does include a pond and plenty of greenery, the prominent grey sea of sand enhances the pavilion's aesthetic of restrained elegance.	+	The architectural design of the two-story Ginkaku is quite similar to its three-story golden cousin, with one major exception. The temple which houses the Silver Pavilion, known formally as Jishô-ji, became a [[Zen]] temple by the 17th century. Today, it belongs to the [[Shokoku-ji\|Shôkoku-ji]] branch of [[Rinzai]] Zen Buddhism. Zen monks added a rock garden, known as the "sea of silver sand," to the garden. The raked sand or gravel resembles, perhaps, the waves on a relatively calm sea. Rising up above this "sea" is a perfectly smooth and flat-topped mound of gravel which is often said to resemble, and to refer to, [[Mt. Fuji]]. Though the temple complex does include an extensive area of green and water gardens, inspired by the moss gardens at [[Saiho-ji\|Saihô-ji]], the prominent grey sea of sand plays an important role in contributing to the compound's overall aesthetic of restrained elegance.
-		+
-	The Ginkaku is roofed with cypress shingles and features a silver phoenix final at the peak of its roof.	+
-		+
-	{{stub}}	+

	==References==		==References==

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-29T17:17:12Z

uploaded "Image:Ginkaku.jpg": The Silver Pavilion at Ginkaku-ji, and rock garden. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 13 June 2010.

Ginkaku-ji

2012-05-29T16:50:54Z

will return

New page

*''Built: [[1482]], [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa]]''
*''Other Names'': 慈照寺 ''(jishou-ji)''
*''Japanese'': 銀閣寺 ''(ginkaku-ji)''

Ginkaku-ji, or the Temple of the Silver Pavilion, is one of the most famous and recognizable [[Buddhist temple]] halls in Japan. One of the many sites comprising the [[Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto]] [[World Heritage Site]], the temple was built by [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa]] in [[1482]], to serve as his retirement villa. Located in the [[Higashiyama]] (eastern mountains) area in northeastern central Kyoto, it was meant to mirror or reference the [[Kinkaku-ji]] (Golden Pavilion) built nearly a century earlier by Yoshimasa's grandfather, [[Ashikaga Yoshimitsu]], in the corresponding northwestern corner of the city.

The retirement villa, then known as the Higashiyama-den (Eastern Mountain Palace), was transformed into a Buddhist temple after his death, in accordance with his wishes. A fire in [[1588]] destroyed, however, all of the buildings in the complex, with the exception of the [[Kannon]]-dô (Kannon Worship Hall; the Silver Pavilion itself) and the Tôgudô (東求堂). The later is said to have been the first room in Japan to be constructed explicitly to serve as a space for tea ritual. Both structures are today considered [[National Treasures]].

Unlike the shining gilded Golden Pavilion, the Ginkaku (Silver Pavilion) has never been covered in silver, but instead displays the brown of unadorned wood. This is often said to be more in keeping with the restrained elegance of traditional Japanese aesthetics; the Golden Pavilion, in fact, was burned down in 1950 by a disgruntled Buddhist monk who believed it to be too gaudy, and unsightly. There is debate, however, as to the extent to which the Kinkaku was historically gilded, and it is widely accepted that it bears more gilding today than ever before. There is debate as well as to whether or not Yoshimasa intended to cover the walls of his Ginkaku with silver. Some narratives would have it that Yoshimasa intended to do so, but could not afford to do so, given the [[Onin War|warfare that had enveloped the city for decades]], and the corresponding economic tumult. Other accounts suggest that he had never intended to do so, intending this plainer, more restrained look all along.

The architectural design of the two-story Ginkaku is quite similar to its three-story golden cousin, as is the layout of the gardens around it, with one major exception. The temple which houses the Silver Pavilion, known formally as Jishô-ji, became a [[Zen]] temple by the 17th century. Today, it belongs to the [[Shokoku-ji|Shôkoku-ji]] branch of [[Rinzai]] Zen Buddhism. Zen monks added a rock garden, known as the "sea of silver sand," to the garden. The raked sand or gravel resembles, perhaps, the waves on a relatively calm sea. Rising up above this "sea" is a perfectly smooth and flat-topped mound of gravel which is often said to resemble, and to refer to, [[Mt. Fuji]]. Though the temple complex does include a pond and plenty of greenery, the prominent grey sea of sand enhances the pavilion's aesthetic of restrained elegance.

The Ginkaku is roofed with cypress shingles and features a silver phoenix final at the peak of its roof.

{{stub}}

==References==
*Ching, Francis D.K. et al. ''A Global History of Architecture''. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. p445.
*Plaques on-site.

==External Links==
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E9%8A%80%E9%96%A3%E5%AF%BA&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=35.026921,135.797936&spn=0.0047,0.010568&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=37.188995,86.572266&t=h&hq=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E9%8A%80%E9%96%A3%E5%AF%BA&z=17 Ginkaku-ji on Google Maps]

[[Category:Muromachi Period]]
[[Category:Temples]]

Kinkaku-ji

2012-05-29T16:18:45Z

New page

[[Image:Kinkaku.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The Golden Pavilion.]]
*''Built: [[1397]], [[Ashikaga Yoshimitsu]]''
*''Other Names'': 鹿苑寺 ''(rokuon-ji)''
*''Japanese'': 金閣寺 ''(kinkaku-ji)''

Kinkaku-ji, or the Temple of the Golden Pavilion, is one of the most famous and recognizable [[Buddhist temple]] halls in Japan. One of the many sites comprising the [[Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto]] [[World Heritage Site]], the temple was built by [[Ashikaga Yoshimitsu]] in [[1397]], to serve as his retirement villa.

The estate later became a Buddhist temple; though the temple is more properly named Rokuon-ji, it is commonly referred to as Kinkaku-ji for this most famous structure. The building itself is three stories tall, and intended to serve chiefly as a pavilion from which to admire the garden, though it does contain religious sculpture. The first floor contained spaces for receiving guests, including an exterior porch for accessing small boats, which one might row on the pond. The pavilion's reflection in the pond is often included in depictions and descriptions of its beauty. The second story was intended for more private meetings, and the third for Yoshimitsu's personal private use.

The top two stories are gilded on the outside, and the building is topped with a golden phoenix finial. A disgruntled monk destroyed the pavilion in 1950, in an act of arson which forms the focus of the novel ''Kinkaku-ji'' (or, in English translations, ''The Temple of the Golden Pavilion'') by Mishima Yukio. The Kinkaku was rebuilt, restored, five years later. The extent to which gold was used in the original construction is unclear, but it is generally believed that the latest restoration effort, when the pavilion was re-gilded in 1987, employed a thicker and more extensive covering of gold than the building ever possessed previously.

A replica of the Kinkaku-ji stands in the Kyoto Gardens of Honolulu Memorial Park.

{{stub}}

==References==
*Ching, Francis D.K. et al. ''A Global History of Architecture''. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. p444.

==External Links==
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E9%87%91%E9%96%A3%E5%AF%BA&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=35.039581,135.729078&spn=0.0047,0.010568&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=37.188995,86.572266&t=h&hq=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E9%87%91%E9%96%A3%E5%AF%BA&z=17 Kinkaku-ji on Google Maps]

[[Category:Muromachi Period]]
[[Category:Temples]]

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-29T15:39:28Z

uploaded "Image:Kinkaku.jpg": The Golden Pavilion, or Kinkaku-ji, in Kyoto. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 4 August 2003.

Joju-in

2012-05-29T02:42:03Z

New page

[[Image:Jojuin.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The cemetery at Jôju-in.]]
*''Established: [[1219]], [[Hojo Yasutoki|Hôjô Yasutoki]]''
*''Japanese'': 成就院 ''(jouju-in)''

Jôju-in is a [[Shingon]] Buddhist temple in [[Kamakura]]. It was founded in 1219, when shogunal regent (''[[shikken]]'') [[Hojo Yasutoki|Hôjô Yasutoki]] invited a high priest from [[Kyoto]] to found it on this site where [[Kobo Daishi|Kôbô Daishi]] is said to have once stopped for several days on account of the beautiful scenery.

Though the temple was rebuilt on a different site after being destroyed in the [[1333]] [[siege of Kamakura]], it was returned to this site during the [[Genroku period]] ([[1688]]-[[1704]]).

==References==
*Plaques on-site.
*"[http://www.kamakura-burabura.com/meisyohasejyojyuin.htm Jôju-in]." Kamakura-burabura.com.

==External Links==
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E9%8E%8C%E5%80%89%E5%B8%82%E6%88%90%E5%B0%B1%E9%99%A2&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=35.309176,139.530814&spn=0.002342,0.005284&sll=35.308822,139.527977&sspn=0.009368,0.021136&t=h&hq=%E9%8E%8C%E5%80%89%E5%B8%82%E6%88%90%E5%B0%B1%E9%99%A2&z=18 Jôju-in on Google Maps]

[[Category:Kamakura Period]]
[[Category:Temples]]

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-29T02:41:35Z

uploaded "Image:Jojuin.jpg": Cemetery at Joju-in in Kamakura. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 30 April 2008.

Higashi Honganji

2012-05-29T01:47:19Z

New page

[[Image:Higashi-honganji.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The ''honden'' (main hall) of Higashi Honganji.]]
*''Established: [[1602]]''
*''Japanese'': 東本願寺 ''(higashi honganji)''

Today the head temple of the [[Shinshu Otani|Shinshû Ôtani sect]], Higashi Honganji was split off from the [[Honganji]] (now called [[Nishi Honganji]]) in [[1602]]. It remains today one of the most famous and prominent temples in [[Kyoto]].

After the complex was destroyed by fire in [[1895]], it was rebuilt. Few if any of the current buildings date back before then.

[[Higashi Honganji (Tokyo)|A branch temple]] in [[Asakusa]], [[Tokyo]], also identified as "Higashi Honganji" on the site outside its gates, is the chief Shinshû Ôtani temple in the [[Kanto|Kantô region]].

{{stub}}

==References==
*Plaques on-site.

==External Links==
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E6%9D%B1%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=34.99076,135.759183&spn=0.004702,0.010568&sll=34.991402,135.752102&sspn=0.004702,0.010568&t=h&hq=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E6%9D%B1%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA&z=17 Higashi Honganji on Google Maps]

[[Category:Temples]]
[[Category:Edo Period]]

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-29T01:46:48Z

uploaded "Image:Higashi-honganji.jpg": smaller version

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-29T01:46:13Z

uploaded "Image:Higashi-honganji.jpg": The ''honden'' (main hall) of Higashi Honganji in Kyoto. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 3 August 2003.

Nishi Honganji

2012-05-29T01:38:02Z

New page

*''Established: [[1321]] (as Hongan-ji); [[1602]] (as Nishi Hongan-ji)''
*''Japanese'': 西本願寺 ''(nishi honganji)''

The [[Honganji]], established in [[1321]], was for centuries one of the most powerful temples in Japan. It was split in half, into East and West ([[Higashi Honganji|Higashi]] and Nishi) in [[1602]], in a political effort to weaken the temple, though both remain quite famous and prominent today.

Nishi Honganji is the older site of the two, with a greater number of older buildings. While Higashi Honganji remains quite prominent, Nishi Honganji is the head temple of a much older and more prominent sect of Buddhism, namely the [[Jodo Shinshu|Jôdo Shinshû]] sect.

In addition to its many religious buildings, the Nishi Honganji complex includes bathing facilities originally constructed for [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]'s [[Jurakutei]].

{{stub}}

==References==
*Plaques on-site.

==External Links==
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%A5%BF%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=34.991402,135.752102&spn=0.004702,0.010568&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=37.188995,86.572266&t=h&hq=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%A5%BF%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA&z=17 Nishi Honganji on Google Maps]

[[Category:Temples]]

Hokai-ji

2012-05-29T01:29:31Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 01:29, 29 May 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Image:Hokaiji.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|Hôkai-ji as seen from the street.]]		[[Image:Hokaiji.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|Hôkai-ji as seen from the street.]]
-	*''Established: [[1335]], [[Emperor Go-Daigo]]''	+	*''Established: [[1335]], [[Ashikaga Takauji]]''
	*''Japanese'': 宝戒寺 ''(houkai-ji)''		*''Japanese'': 宝戒寺 ''(houkai-ji)''

-	Hôkai-ji is a [[Tendai]] Buddhist temple in [[Kamakura]], founded by [[Emperor Go-Daigo]] in [[1335]]. It was built to replace the [[Hojo clan\|Hôjô clan's]] family temple, [[Tosho-ji\|Tôshô-ji]], following the [[1333]] [[siege of Kamakura]] and destruction of the Hôjô clan's hold on power, i.e. the fall of the [[Kamakura shogunate]]. The temple was completed in 1335, on the site of the Hôjô clan's mansion.	+	Hôkai-ji is a [[Tendai]] Buddhist temple in [[Kamakura]], founded in [[1335]] by [[Ashikaga Takauji]] at the suggestion of [[Emperor Go-Daigo]]. It was built to replace the [[Hojo clan\|Hôjô clan's]] family temple, [[Tosho-ji\|Tôshô-ji]], and to console the spirits of the fallen Hôjô, following the [[1333]] [[siege of Kamakura]] and destruction of the Hôjô clan's hold on power, i.e. the fall of the [[Kamakura shogunate]]. The temple was completed in 1335, on the site of the Hôjô clan's mansion.

	Hôkai-ji is also the location of one of the [[Seven Lucky Gods of Kamakura]] - [[Bishamonten]].		Hôkai-ji is also the location of one of the [[Seven Lucky Gods of Kamakura]] - [[Bishamonten]].

Mori Ogai

2012-05-28T21:15:55Z

New page

*''Born: [[1862]]''
*''Died: [[1922]]''
*''Japanese'': [[森]]鴎外 ''(Mori Ougai)''

Mori Ôgai was a novelist and literary critic of the [[Meiji period|Meiji]] and Taishô eras, and is also known as a military medic. He is today considered a representative example of Meiji era intellectuals.

In December 1917, he was appointed head of the Imperial House Museum, and continued in that position until his death in 1922. It was a position which covered museums in Tokyo, Kyoto, and Nara. For many years, every autumn, he would come to Nara and help oversee the opening of the [[Shosoin|Shôsôin]]; during that time, he would stay in a house at the northeast corner of the Nara National Museum grounds. As part of his job, he would actively visit the various historical sites and ancient temples & shrines in Nara.

{{stub}}

==References==
*Plaques on-site at Ôgai's house in Nara.

[[Category:Artists and Artisans]]
[[Category:Scholars and Philosophers]]
[[Category:Meiji Period]]

Hokke-ji

2012-05-28T18:11:21Z

New page

*''Established: [[745]]''
*''Japanese'': 法華寺 ''(hokke-ji)''

Hokke-ji is a [[Shingon]] [[Ritsu]] Buddhist nunnery in [[Nara]]. It was originally established in the 8th century by [[Empress Komyo|Empress Kômyô]], on the site of the mansion of her father, [[Fujiwara no Fuhito]]. It was for a long time a state-sponsored nunnery, the chief nunnery of [[Yamato Province]].

The temple's name appears in the record for the first time in the [[747]] ''Shôsôin bunsho''.

==References==
*Plaques on-site.
*"[http://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E5%AF%BA Hokke-ji]." ''Sekai daihyakka jiten'' 世界大百科事典. Hitachi Solutions, 2012.

==External Links==
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E5%AF%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%A0%82&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=34.693109,135.805199&spn=0.009562,0.009291&sll=34.690957,135.805328&sspn=0.009563,0.009291&t=h&hq=%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E5%AF%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%A0%82&z=16&iwloc=A Hokke-ji on Google Maps]

[[Category:Temples]]
[[Category:Nara Period]]

Hakozaki Shrine

2012-05-28T05:46:14Z

References

←Older revision		Revision as of 05:46, 28 May 2012
Line 18:		Line 18:
	*Plaques on-site.		*Plaques on-site.
	*"[http://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%AD%A5%E5%B4%8E%E5%AE%AE Hakozaki-gû]." ''Sekai daihyakka jiten'' 世界大百科事典. Hitachi Solutions, 2012.		*"[http://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%AD%A5%E5%B4%8E%E5%AE%AE Hakozaki-gû]." ''Sekai daihyakka jiten'' 世界大百科事典. Hitachi Solutions, 2012.
		+
		+	==External Links==
		+	*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E7%AD%A5%E5%B4%8E%E5%AE%AE&hl=en&ie=UTF8&sll=35.018983,135.742132&sspn=0.001175,0.002642&t=h&hq=%E7%AD%A5%E5%B4%8E%E5%AE%AE&z=15 Hakozaki Shrine on Google Maps]

	[[Category:Shrines]]		[[Category:Shrines]]
	[[Category:Heian Shrine]]		[[Category:Heian Shrine]]

Kyoto Gosho

2012-05-28T05:45:29Z

References

←Older revision		Revision as of 05:45, 28 May 2012
Line 32:		Line 32:
	==References==		==References==
	*Plaques on-site at current palace, and at site of original Daigokuden.		*Plaques on-site at current palace, and at site of original Daigokuden.
		+
		+	==External Links==
		+	*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%BE%A1%E6%89%80&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=35.024497,135.761468&spn=0.009401,0.021136&sll=33.587784,130.399926&sspn=0.004782,0.010568&t=h&hq=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%BE%A1%E6%89%80&z=16 Kyoto Imperial Palace on Google Maps]
		+	*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%B0%8F%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%BA&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=35.018983,135.742132&spn=0.001175,0.002642&sll=35.017239,135.746813&sspn=0.009402,0.021136&t=h&hnear=Koyamacho,+Kamigyo+Ward,+Kyoto,+Kyoto+Prefecture,+Japan&z=19 Former site of the Daigokuden of the Heian Imperial Palace, on Google Maps].

	[[Category:Historic Buildings]]		[[Category:Historic Buildings]]
	[[Category:Heian Period]]		[[Category:Heian Period]]

Kego Shrine

2012-05-28T05:40:40Z

New page

[[Image:Kegoshrine.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The exterior walls of Kego Shrine.]]
*''Japanese'': 警固神社 ''(Kego jinja)''

Kego Shrine is a [[Shinto shrine]] in the Tenjin neighborhood of [[Fukuoka]].

It is said to have been founded in conjunction with [[Empress Jingu|Empress Jingû's]] conquest of Korea; however, as Jingû and her conquests are generally believed to be legendary and not historical, the actual historical origins of the shrine are unclear.

It was re-established in its current location in the early 17th century by [[Kuroda Nagamasa]], lord of [[Fukuoka han]].

{{stub}}

==References==
*Plaques on-site.

==External Links==
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E7%A6%8F%E5%B2%A1%E5%B8%82%E8%AD%A6%E5%9B%BA%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=33.587784,130.399926&spn=0.004782,0.010568&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=37.188995,86.572266&t=h&hq=%E7%A6%8F%E5%B2%A1%E5%B8%82%E8%AD%A6%E5%9B%BA%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE&radius=15000&z=17 Kego Shrine on Google Maps].

[[Category:Shrines]]

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-28T05:39:56Z

uploaded "Image:Kegoshrine.jpg": The walls of Kego Shrine in Fukuoka. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 8 June 2008.

Otenmon Incident

2012-05-28T05:27:58Z

Redirecting to Otemmon Incident

New page

#REDIRECT [[Otemmon Incident]]

Kyoto Gosho

2012-05-28T05:27:15Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 05:27, 28 May 2012
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-	* ''Japanese'' :京都御所(Kyôto Gosho)	+	* ''Original Built: [[794]]''
		+	* ''Relocated: 12th century''
		+	* ''Japanese'' :京都御所 ''(Kyouto gosho)''

-	The Imperial Palace of Japan from the [[Heian period]] until [[1869]].	+	Kyoto was the site of the Imperial Palace of Japan from the [[Heian period]] until [[1869]]. The palace originally constructed in the Heian period drew upon Chinese [[Tang Dynasty]] models, and is believed to have been quite similar in architectural style and layout to the [[Nara Imperial Palace]] which preceded it. This palace was destroyed in the 12th century, and a new palace was constructed a short distance to the northeast. This new palace has undergone numerous renovations and repairs over the centuries, and came to have a form much more representative of [[Edo period]] architectural styles, rather than Nara/Heian or Tang Dynasty architectural styles.
		+
		+	Though no longer the chief seat of Imperial power (since [[1868]] or [[1869]]), the Kyoto Imperial Palace grounds continue today to be controlled by the [[Imperial Household Agency]], and remain, more or less, the geographic center of the city of Kyoto.
		+
		+	==Heian Imperial Palace==
		+	===Structures & Layout===
		+	The complex as a whole was surrounded by packed-mud walls, punctuated by fourteen gates. The complex was roughly 1.4 km from north to south, and 1.2 km from east to west.
		+
		+	The main gate, as was the case traditionally in Tang Dynasty China and [[Nara period]] Japan, was the Suzakumon, at the center of the south side of the outermost wall. Suzaku-ôji, a major avenue running directly south from this gate, was the most major north-south avenue in Heian-kyô, dividing the city in half, east and west. Entering through the Suzakumon and proceeding directly north, one entered the ''chôdôin'' via the [[Otenmon Incident\|Ôtenmon]] (応天門); two towers known as the ''seihô'' (楢鳳) and ''shôran'' (翔鸞) towers stood to the sides of this gate. Once one entered the Ôtenmon, two galleries known as the ''chôshûdô'' (朝集堂) were located to the left and right. These were overflow areas for courtiers in attendance to the Emperor.
		+
		+	The ''chôdôin'' (朝堂院, loosely translated, "The Court"), also known as the ''hasshôin'' (八省院, Hall of the Eight Ministries), was the center of the Imperial administration, and the location where enthronement ceremonies, the formal reception of foreign ambassadors, and a great many other rituals, events, and business of state took place. It stood at the figurative administrative center of the palace grounds (大内裏, ''daidairi''), attached to the ''chûwa-in'' (中和院) to the south and the ''daigokuden'' (大極殿) to the north, though the ''dairi'' (内裏, Imperial Residence) was further north, and though overall the ''chôdôin'' was close to the south side of the complex, not in the geographic center. To the south was the ''suzakumon''. To the west, the ''buraku-in'' banquet hall (豊楽院), and to the east a number of buildings including the ''minbushô'' (民部省, Ministry of Popular Affairs) and the ''dajôkan'' (太政官; Department of State).
		+
		+	Continuing north, one passed through the ''kaishômon'' (会昌門). During particular grand ceremonies, this is where twelve structures of the courtiers would be built and lined up. Atop the ''ryûodan'' (龍尾壇) platform, which was one ''dan'' high, another two towers, the ''sôryû'' (蒼龍) and ''byakko'' (白虎) towers, stood.
		+
		+	The Daigokuden (main audience hall), four bays from north to south (3.6m), and 11 bays (16.3m) from east to west, lay to the north of the ''chôdôin''. It was surrounded by a ''hisashi'', or covered exterior walkway. The Daigokuden was a showy and impressive structure, with green roof tiles and vermillion pillars, and was the largest structure in the palace complex. The interior was floored with bricks, and housed the emperor's throne, elevated on a pedestal.
		+
		+	The Heian Imperial Palace was first built in [[795]], the year after the establishment of [[Heian-kyo\|Heian-kyô]] (Kyoto) as the Imperial capital. It was repaired, and burned, and repaired numerous times, but after a great fire in [[1177]], it was not rebuilt. The rituals and ceremonies that had been performed in the Daigokuden were transferred to the Shishinden (紫宸殿), the "Hall for State Ceremonies" within the ''dairi''.
		+
		+	The entire Imperial Palace complex was re-established afterwards, a short distance to the northeast of the previous compound.
		+
		+	The Heian Museum undertook an excavation survey of the original site in 1975, and the later disturbances, revolts, etc. were obvious. Precise details as to the construction of the structure could not be confirmed, but a great many pieces of green roof tile and other such materials believed to be related to the Daigokuden were excavated. Stelae marking the original locations of the Suzakumon, Daigokuden, and certain other palace structures, stand in Kyoto today. Archaeological research has indicated that the stone marking the former site of the Daigokuden in fact stands where the western corridor of the Shôkeimon (a gate to the north of the Daigokuden) had been.
		+
		+	==Current Kyoto Imperial Palace==
		+	The palace compound in its current location dates back to XX. Though many of the aspects of its layout draw upon the layout standards of the Heian Imperial Palace (and its Nara and Tang predecessors), the layout of the city no longer interacts with the palace complex as it originally did. The Suzakumon no longer faces a major north-south avenue, and there is no longer a street called Suzaku-ôji.

-	[[Category:Castles]]
	{{stub}}		{{stub}}
		+
		+	==References==
		+	*Plaques on-site at current palace, and at site of original Daigokuden.
		+
		+	[[Category:Historic Buildings]]
		+	[[Category:Heian Period]]

Hakozaki Shrine

2012-05-28T04:29:51Z

New page

[[Image:Hakozaki.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The main worship hall of Hakozaki Shrine.]]
*''Established: c. [[921]]''
*''Japanese'': 筥崎宮 ''(hakozaki-guu)''

Hakozaki Shrine is a major shrine in the city of [[Fukuoka]]. It is one of four major shrines in the country dedicated to [[Hachiman]], along with ones in [[Tsurugaoka Hachimangu|Kamakura]], [[Iwashimizu Hachimangu|Yawata (Kyoto)]], and [[Usa Jingu|Usa (Ôita)]].

It is unclear when the shrine was established, but it appears in records as early as [[921]]. In addition to Hachiman, the shrine is dedicated to [[Empress Jingu|Empress Jingû]], [[Emperor Ojin|Emperor Ôjin]], and [[Tamayori-hime]].

The shrine is approached via a long pathway, with two large stone ''[[torii]]'' at either end. One, the ''ichi-no-torii'', is considered an [[Important Cultural Property]], and is said to have been erected by [[Kuroda Nagamasa]], lord of [[Fukuoka han]], in [[1609]].

The shrine compound formerly included a Buddhist temple hall called the [[Torodo|Tôrôdô]], in front of which [[Sen no Rikyu|Sen no Rikyû]] and [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] are said to have often held [[tea ceremony|tea ceremonies]] during Hideyoshi's [[1587]] [[Kyushu Campaign]]. This hall was later moved to the nearby temple of [[Eko-in|Ekô-in]].

Hakozaki is famous today for the ''yatai'' (food stalls) frequently set up just outside of the shrine.

{{stub}}

==References==
*Plaques on-site.
*"[http://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%AD%A5%E5%B4%8E%E5%AE%AE Hakozaki-gû]." ''Sekai daihyakka jiten'' 世界大百科事典. Hitachi Solutions, 2012.

[[Category:Shrines]]
[[Category:Heian Shrine]]

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-28T04:28:51Z

uploaded "Image:Hakozaki.jpg": The main hall of Hakozaki Shrine. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 8 June 2008.

Sho Ten

2012-05-28T04:07:40Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 04:07, 28 May 2012
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		+	[[Image:Shoten-funeral.jpg\|right\|thumb\|320px\|The 1920 funeral of Shô Ten.]]
	*''Born: [[1864]]/8/2''		*''Born: [[1864]]/8/2''
	*''Died: 1920/9/20''		*''Died: 1920/9/20''

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-28T04:06:34Z

uploaded "Image:Shoten-funeral.jpg": The funeral of Crown Prince Sho Ten of Ryukyu. Photo of displays at Tamaudun. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 10 March 2008.

Sanjusangendo

2012-05-27T21:46:53Z

New page

[[Image:Sanjusangendo.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The Sanjûsangendô.]]
*''Built: [[1164]], [[Taira no Kiyomori]]''
*''Japanese'': 三十三間堂 ''(san juu san gen dou)''

The Sanjûsangendô (lit. "Hall of 33 Bays") is a Buddhist temple of the [[Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land sect]] located in Kyoto. Built in [[1164]] by [[Taira no Kiyomori]], it is thirty-three bays long (about 120 meters) by four bays deep, the width of "bays," i.e. the space between the pillars in a building, being standardized in traditional Japanese architecture.

Due to the great length of the hall, its exterior porch has long been the site of [[archery]] competitions. The competition centered not on hitting a bull's eye or other target with exceptional precision or accuracy, but rather on firing as many arrows as possible within a limited time, and on having as many of those arrows as possible fly the full length of the hall without striking the floor, walls, pillars, or ceiling of the porch. The standing record dates back to [[1686]], when a competitor is said to have loosed 13,053 arrows down the length of the building, of which 8,133 were successfully shot the full length of the building without touching it.

The hall contains 1000 gilded wooden sculptures of [[Kannon]], flanking one larger central Kannon sculpture, along with twenty-eight additional figures of various Buddhist deities. The building, and many of the sculptures, were severely damaged during the [[Genpei War]] (1180-1185); the sculptures created in the early 13th century by [[Tankei]] and other members of the [[Kei school]] to replace those lost are often cited as some of the greatest surviving examples of [[Kamakura period]] sculpture.

An earthenwork wall in the Sanjûsangendô compound is counted among the Three [Great] Earthenwork Walls of Japan, alongside one built by [[Oda Nobunaga]] at [[Atsuta Shrine]] in [[Nagoya]], and one at [[Nishinomiya Shrine]].

{{stub}}

==References==
*Ching, Francis D.K. et al. ''A Global History of Architecture''. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. p398.

==External Links==
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E9%96%93%E5%A0%82&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=34.987983,135.771822&spn=0.004703,0.010568&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=37.188995,86.572266&t=h&hq=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E9%96%93%E5%A0%82&z=17 Sanjûsangendô on Google Maps].

[[Category:Temples]]
[[Category:Kamakura Period]]

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-27T21:21:54Z

uploaded "Image:Sanjusangendo.jpg": Sanjusangendo in Kyoto. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 3 August 2003.

Itsukushima Shrine

2012-05-27T21:08:20Z

expansion & more images

←Older revision		Revision as of 21:08, 27 May 2012
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-	*''Built: 12th century''	+	[[Image:Itsukushima.jpg\|right\|thumb\|320px\|The shrine buildings are aligned in a straight line with the ''torii'' out in the water.]]
		+	[[Image:Miyajima Alex.jpg\|right\|thumb\|320px\|The shrine's famous ''torii'' appears to float on the water when the tide is in.]]
		+	*''Established: 6th century''
		+	*''Re-established: 12th century, [[Taira no Kiyomori]]''
	*''Rebuilt: [[1556]]''		*''Rebuilt: [[1556]]''
	*''Japanese'': 厳島神社 ''(Itsukushima-jinja)''		*''Japanese'': 厳島神社 ''(Itsukushima-jinja)''

-	Itsukushima Shrine is a [[Shinto shrine]] located on [[Miyajima]] in [[Aki province]] ([[Hiroshima prefecture]]). Much of the shrine is built out over the water, and at high tide is said to appear to float; the massive ''yotsu-ashi'' (four-legged) ''[[torii]]'' is easily one of the most famous in the country, and is cited as one of the Three (Most) Beautiful Views in Japan.	+	Itsukushima Shrine is a [[Shinto shrine]] located on [[Miyajima]] in [[Aki province]] ([[Hiroshima prefecture]]). Much of the shrine is built out over the water, and at high tide is said to appear to float; the massive ''yotsu-ashi'' (four-legged) ''[[torii]]'' is easily one of the most famous in the country, and the shrine is cited as one of the Three (Most) Beautiful Views in Japan, along with [[Matsushima]] and [[Amanohashidate]].

-	The shrine, constructed in [[Heian period]] ''[[shinden-zukuri]]'' style, was re-founded and rebuilt by [[Taira no Kiyomori]] in the 12th century, and remains strongly associated with the [[Taira clan]] today. It is said that Kiyomori took great pride in the shrine, donating extensive funds to it and showing it off to a great number of friends and noble personages<ref>Sansom, George. ''A History of Japan to 1334''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958. p276.</ref>.	+	The shrine was first established in the 6th century, but the site is said to have been considered sacred even before that.
		+
		+	[[Taira no Kiyomori]] re-established the shrine in the 12th century, having it built in the ''[[shinden zukuri]]'' style of [[Heian period]] aristocratic mansions. It is said that Kiyomori took great pride in the shrine, donating extensive funds to it and showing it off to a great number of friends and noble personages<ref>Sansom, George. ''A History of Japan to 1334''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958. p276.</ref>.

	In [[1554]], the shrine and other areas of Miyajima Island were the site of the [[battle of Miyajima]], fought between [[Sue Harukata]] and [[Mori Motonari\|Môri Motonari]]. Following the battle, the shrine was rebuilt in 1556<ref>Sansom, George. ''A History of Japan 1334-1615''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1961.pp234-235.</ref>.		In [[1554]], the shrine and other areas of Miyajima Island were the site of the [[battle of Miyajima]], fought between [[Sue Harukata]] and [[Mori Motonari\|Môri Motonari]]. Following the battle, the shrine was rebuilt in 1556<ref>Sansom, George. ''A History of Japan 1334-1615''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1961.pp234-235.</ref>.

-	The shrine is dedicated to three daughters of [[Susano-o\|Susano-ô]], and holds many treasures, including the ''[[Heike Nokyo\|Heike Nôkyô]]'', a set of 32 scrolls of [[sutra]]s copied onto lavishly decorated paper by Kiyomori, his sons, and other members of the Taira clan.	+	The shrine is organized around two structures - the ''honden'' and ''haiden'' - which extend out over the water. These, along with a platform for ritual dances and a stage for [[Noh]] performances, are connected to the land by a series of covered walkways. The Noh stage is said to be, perhaps, the oldest in the world. The two main buildings, and the dance platform, located one in front of the other, face out over the water, forming a direct line with the ''torii''. A secondary shrine, with its own ''honden'' and ''haiden'' arranged similarly, sits to the east of the main shrine, facing perpendicularly across the face of the main shrine; this ''maro-do jinja'' is dedicated to a number of male guest deities, while the main shrine is dedicated to female deities, namely, three daughters of [[Susano-o\|Susano-ô]]. The shrine's treasures include the ''[[Heike Nokyo\|Heike Nôkyô]]'' (a set of 32 scrolls of [[sutra]]s copied onto lavishly decorated paper by Kiyomori, his sons, and other members of the Taira clan), and a painting by [[Yokoyama Taikan]] of [[Okakura Kakuzo\|Okakura Kakuzô]] as Chinese poet [[Qu Yuan]].

-	[[Image:Itsukushima-panorama.jpg\|center]]	+	[[Image:Itsukushima-panorama.jpg\|center\|thumb\|800px\|The main section of the shrine, as the tide comes in. When the tide is high, the complex extends out over the water. It faces out towards the ''torii'', which would be off to the right from this point of view.]]

	==References==		==References==
		+	*Ching, Francis D.K. et al. ''A Global History of Architecture''. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2011. p399.
	*Mason, Penelope. ''History of Japanese Art''. Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. p165.		*Mason, Penelope. ''History of Japanese Art''. Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. p165.
	<references/>		<references/>

	[[Category:Shrines]]		[[Category:Shrines]]

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-27T21:04:28Z

uploaded "Image:Itsukushima.jpg": The torii at Itsukushima Shrine as seen from within the shrine's ''haiden''. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 8 August 2003.

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-27T21:02:28Z

uploaded "Image:Miyajima Alex.jpg": The torii at Itsukushima Shrine. By Alex Tora (Own work) [Public domain], via [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Miyajima_Alex.jpg Wikimedia Commons].

Bernard Bettelheim

2012-05-26T14:15:23Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 14:15, 26 May 2012
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	After meeting chief interpreter Williams, Bettelheim felt that Williams was insufficiently competent, and decided that he himself should serve as interpreter/translator for the commodore. He pressed upon Perry that he take action against the Ryukyuan government, which had so mistreated him over the years. The Commodore, for the most part, refused, but used Bettelheim as his interpreter in his various meetings with the Ryukyuan regent. Williams criticized Bettelheim's manner of using hand gestures and facial expressions, and in particular the self-assured way he complimented himself on making certain suggestions, even when he had equally self-assuredly suggested the opposite mere hours earlier. Bettelheim is said to have reveled in being seen in association with Perry, and in the powerlessness of the Ryukyuan authorities to stop Perry from doing as he wished.		After meeting chief interpreter Williams, Bettelheim felt that Williams was insufficiently competent, and decided that he himself should serve as interpreter/translator for the commodore. He pressed upon Perry that he take action against the Ryukyuan government, which had so mistreated him over the years. The Commodore, for the most part, refused, but used Bettelheim as his interpreter in his various meetings with the Ryukyuan regent. Williams criticized Bettelheim's manner of using hand gestures and facial expressions, and in particular the self-assured way he complimented himself on making certain suggestions, even when he had equally self-assuredly suggested the opposite mere hours earlier. Bettelheim is said to have reveled in being seen in association with Perry, and in the powerlessness of the Ryukyuan authorities to stop Perry from doing as he wished.

-	Bettelheim soon began to make demands, however, that the Americans provide him with various necessities, including candles, soap, shoes, and butter. He hesitated to accept supplies from the ships even as he pressured the Ryukyuan authorities to provide gifts and supplies to the ships; yet, he made these demands, and accepted some of what was given, nevertheless. On 1853/3/23 (May30), he helped Perry and his men break into a schoolhouse in [[Tomari]] and seize it for use as a residence.	+	Bettelheim soon began to make demands, however, that the Americans provide him with various necessities, including candles, soap, shoes, and butter. He hesitated to accept supplies from the ships even as he pressured the Ryukyuan authorities to provide gifts and supplies to the ships; yet, he made these demands, and accepted some of what was given, nevertheless. On 1853/4/23 (May30), he helped Perry and his men break into a schoolhouse in [[Tomari]] and seize it for use as a residence, despite the strong objections of Ryukyuan officials (led by one named [[Ichirazichi]]) that the Americans could not be permitted to establish a house on shore.

-	He agreed to send a number of things back to Shanghai for Bettelheim, including letters and $800 to be deposited into his bank accounts; Perry also claimed a portion of the Gokoku-ji grounds to use as pasture for sheep he brought with him to Okinawa, while Bettelheim preached to the American crewmen.	+	A few days later, on 4/26 (June 2), Perry sent off one of his ships, the ''Caprice'', which took a number of things back to Shanghai for Bettelheim, including letters and $800 to be deposited into Bettelheim's bank accounts. It is unclear where Bettelheim obtained these funds to begin with, or the other goods he provided as gifts to Western ships he met at port. It is said that throughout his stay in Ryûkyû, he ate whatever was given him, and paid whatever he chose, never being told he owed any particular amount.

-	Bettelheim was finally taken away, to the great relief of the royal government, by Commodore Perry on his second visit to the islands, in 1854. Despite Bettelheim's horrible behavior, utter and complete lack of respect for Okinawan or Japanese culture and political authority, destruction of sacred objects, etc., a monument was constructed in his memory at the Gokoku-ji in 1926.	+	Bettelheim continued to force himself upon the commodore and his crew, becoming, according to the notes of certain crew members, quite tiresome; Bettelheim expressed annoyance with Perry's pursuit of various actions without consulting him, and began to be quite disliked by at least some members of the crew. He asked to join Perry in traveling to mainland Japan, but was refused, and was asked instead to prepare a description, as best he knew it, of the history of the Ryûkyû Kingdom. On 1853/4/30 (June 6), against the wishes of the Ryukyuan regent, and without having consulted Bettelheim on the matter, Perry led his men, in full dress uniform, with Bettelheim and a full marching band in tow, to Shuri castle. They were met at the outer gates by the regent, who offered to entertain them in his own mansions, but who insisted they would not be able to meet with the king or dowager queen. Perry pushed forward, and forced his way into the palace, only to find the king and dowager queen absent; Bettelheim, however, is said to have taken pleasure from these events, as he finally was able to enter the palace, after being refused for so many years.
		+
		+	Two days later, Perry claimed a portion of the Gokoku-ji grounds to use as pasture for sheep and cattle he brought with him to Okinawa, over Bettelheim's objections. The Americans had, by this point, established themselves enough on the island that they stopped relying upon Bettelheim for provisions; always hungry for importance and for a role to play, this surely rankled the missionary somewhat. Perry journeyed to the Ogasawara Islands in the fifth month (June). During the few weeks of his absence, the royal regent resigned or was deposed, and so upon Perry's return, a banquet was arranged aboard ship for the new regent; Bettelheim was annoyed at the regent's arrival aboard before himself. Williams' accounts indicate that Bettelheim took particular pleasure in the downfall of the former regent, who had been his adversary for so long, and that Bettelheim was generally drunken, and strange in his behavior, refusing, furthermore, to interpret directly and convey directly what was said by the new regent and other Ryukyuans in attendance. Following the banquet, Bettelheim remained on the ship for a brief time, and got into an argument of some sort with the crew about settling accounts, accusing them of cheating him.
		+
		+	Bettelheim preached to the Americans on board the ''Plymouth'' later that month (5/20; June 26), and on 5/26 (July 2), Perry left for his first attempt to enter Japan.
		+
		+	===Departure===
		+
		+	Bettelheim was finally taken away, to the great relief of the royal government, by Commodore Perry on his second visit to the islands, in 1854. Mrs. Bettelheim and their three children departed Okinawa on 1854/1/11 (Feb 8) aboard the USS ''Supply'' bound for Shanghai. After one last petition from the Ryûkyû government (issued 1854/5/15; July 10) to the commodore insisting that Bettelheim be taken away, the missionary finally departed the island a week later (1854/5/22; July 17) aboard the [[USS Powhatan\|USS ''Powhatan'']], alongside Perry aboard the [[USS Mississippi\|USS ''Mississippi'']]. Bettelheim took with him as much as he could from the Gokoku-ji "house," and was given back by the Ryûkyû authorities, supposedly, all the money he had "spent" during his time on the island<ref>International commerce outside of those avenues expressly permitted by the lords of [[Satsuma han]] was forbidden in Ryûkyû; when Perry's men tried to pay for food and other goods with American coin, it was always gathered up by Ryukyuan authorities, and most often returned.</ref>, along with mountains of missionizing pamphlets the authorities had seized over the years.
		+
		+	Writings by Bettelheim's missionary colleagues at other ports for the most part describe his approach and actions in Okinawa as hindering the cause more than helping it. Despite Bettelheim's horrible behavior, utter and complete lack of respect for Okinawan or Japanese culture and political authority, destruction of sacred objects, etc., a monument was constructed in his memory at the Gokoku-ji in 1926.

	==References==		==References==
-	*Kerr, George. ''Okinawa: The History of an Island People''. Revised Edition. Tuttle Publishing, 2000. pp279-346ff.	+	*Kerr, George. ''Okinawa: The History of an Island People''. Revised Edition. Tuttle Publishing, 2000. pp279-340.
	*''Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten'' 沖縄歴史人名事典. Okinawa bunkasha, 2002. p69.		*''Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten'' 沖縄歴史人名事典. Okinawa bunkasha, 2002. p69.
	<references/>		<references/>

Board Incident

2012-05-26T13:53:19Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 13:53, 26 May 2012
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	*''Japanese'': ボード事件 ''(boodo jiken)''		*''Japanese'': ボード事件 ''(boodo jiken)''

-	In [[1854]], when [[Commodore Perry]] left for mainland Japan, he left a number of sailors behind in [[Naha]]. One of those sailors, a man by the name of Board, assaulted an old Okinawan woman, and was beaten to death by a group of people including the woman's son.	+	In [[1854]], when [[Commodore Perry]] left for mainland Japan, he left a number of sailors behind in [[Naha]]. A number of minor incidents occurred during the commodore's absence, including incidents of Okinawans throwing stones at American sailors, and Americans trying to pay for goods with American coin, which was illegal and rejected by Ryukyuan officials. On one particular day, there was a scuffle between a group of Okinawans and three drunken American sailors, by the names of Smith, Scott, and Board. Smith escaped the scuffle and returned to his compatriots, while Scott was sorely beaten and found bloody in the streets later, by a Lt. Glasson. Board, meanwhile, wandered off, and is said to have either raped a young Okinawan woman, or assaulted an old Okinawan woman (accounts differ); he was then beaten to death by a group of people including (according to some accounts) the woman's son.

-	Upon his return to [[Ryukyu Kingdom\|Ryûkyû]], Perry conducted an intense investigation, and in the end the Ryukyuan authorities brought forward those responsible for the sailor's death. They were exiled to [[Miyako Island]] & the [[Yaeyama Islands]], but there are suggestions that the men sent away were actually substitutes for those truly responsible.	+	The American officers in charge in Perry's absence pressed the Ryukyuan authorities to conduct a proper investigation and trial, which they did. The Americans are said to have done so not out of any desire to see their man acquitted, but out of a desire to show their respect for the rule of law, and their adherence to civilized ideals of following due process (rather than, as they might have believed was done in places they perceived as less civilized, immediate and arbitrary punishment by decree). The kingdom's royal regent and chief treasurer sat in on the trial, along with the American interpreter [[S. Wells Williams]], as six high judges interrogated witnesses and suspects and otherwise oversaw the trial. In the end, the Ryukyuan court put forth a group of men as the culprits, and brought the man they claimed to be the leader directly to Commodore Perry, who had by that time returned. Perry returned the men to Ryukyuan custody, having been assured they would be suitably punished. One of the men was banished to the [[Yaeyama Islands]] for life, while the others were sentenced to an eight-year exile to [[Miyako Island]]. There are suggestions, however, that the men sentenced may have been substitutes for those truly responsible, as East Asian justice at the time was widely believed (at least among Westerners) to often focus more on ensuring that someone was punished, and the matter resolved, than on finding and punishing the true culprits.

	The grave of the American sailor Board can be found in the Foreign Cemetery at [[Tomari]] in Naha today.		The grave of the American sailor Board can be found in the Foreign Cemetery at [[Tomari]] in Naha today.
Line 10:		Line 10:
	==References==		==References==
	*"[http://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/storyid-42935-storytopic-121.html Board Jiken]." ''Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia'' 沖縄コンパクト事典. Ryukyu Shimpo. 1 March 2003.		*"[http://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/storyid-42935-storytopic-121.html Board Jiken]." ''Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia'' 沖縄コンパクト事典. Ryukyu Shimpo. 1 March 2003.
		+	*[[George Kerr\|Kerr, George]]. ''Okinawa: The History of an Island People''. Revised Edition. Tuttle Publishing, 2000. pp331-332.

	[[Category:Ryukyu]]		[[Category:Ryukyu]]
	[[Category:Bakumatsu]]		[[Category:Bakumatsu]]
	[[Category:Events and Incidents]]		[[Category:Events and Incidents]]

1853

2012-05-26T13:03:57Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 13:03, 26 May 2012
Line 13:		Line 13:
	*1853/4/19 (May 26) Perry's fleet lands at [[Naha]].		*1853/4/19 (May 26) Perry's fleet lands at [[Naha]].
	*1853/4 The Ryukyuan royal regent visits Perry aboard ship and attempts to convince him to give up his intentions to visit [[Shuri castle]]. Perry denies Bettelheim's request to travel with him to Japan.		*1853/4 The Ryukyuan royal regent visits Perry aboard ship and attempts to convince him to give up his intentions to visit [[Shuri castle]]. Perry denies Bettelheim's request to travel with him to Japan.
-	*1863/4 The ''Caprice'' from Perry's fleet departs Okinawa for Shanghai, carrying laundry, $800 to be deposited into the banks in the name of British missionary [[Bernard Bettelheim]], and post, including a letter from Commodore Perry to the US Secretary of the Navy, and Bettleheim's first missives in 11 months.
	*1853/4/23 (May 30) Several of Perry's men seize the main assembly hall / schoolhouse of [[Tomari]], establishing it as an American residence.		*1853/4/23 (May 30) Several of Perry's men seize the main assembly hall / schoolhouse of [[Tomari]], establishing it as an American residence.
	*1853/4/23 Perry begins an exploration of the other islands near Okinawa.		*1853/4/23 Perry begins an exploration of the other islands near Okinawa.
		+	*1863/4/26 (June 2) The ''Caprice'' from Perry's fleet departs Okinawa for Shanghai, carrying laundry, $800 to be deposited into the banks in the name of British missionary [[Bernard Bettelheim]], and post, including a letter from Commodore Perry to the US Secretary of the Navy, and Bettleheim's first missives in 11 months.
	*1853/4/30 (June 6) Perry forces his way into Shuri castle, but is denied an audience with the king or queen mother.		*1853/4/30 (June 6) Perry forces his way into Shuri castle, but is denied an audience with the king or queen mother.
	*1853/5 Perry holds a full-dress review of his fleet at Naha Harbor.		*1853/5 Perry holds a full-dress review of his fleet at Naha Harbor.

Toki no kane

2012-05-26T12:40:28Z

New page

[[Image:Toki-no-kane.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The bell-tower.]]
*''Built: c. [[1624]]-[[1643]]''
*''Japanese'': 時の鐘 ''(toki no kane)''

The ''Toki no Kane'' (lit. simply "bell of time" or "clockbell") is a bell in [[Kawagoe]], [[Saitama prefecture]]; the bell and bell tower is likely the most famous symbol of the city.

A bell in the same style as Japanese Buddhist temple bells, the ''toki no kane'' is said to have been constructed originally in the Kan'ei era (1624-43), under [[Sakai Tadakatsu]], Lord of Kawagoe. The tower is three stories (16.2 m) high, rising up above the ''[[kura]]'' (traditional-style storehouses).

The bell sounds four times a day, at 6am, 12 noon, 3pm, and 6pm, and has been sounding for roughly 350 years. Destroyed in the Great Kawagoe Fire of [[1892]], it was rebuilt the following year.

==References==
*Plaques on-site.

==External Links==
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E5%B7%9D%E8%B6%8A%E5%B8%82%E6%99%82%E3%81%AE%E9%90%98&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=35.923489,139.483312&spn=0.004709,0.002961&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=37.683309,24.257813&t=h&hnear=%E6%99%82%E3%81%AE%E9%90%98+Japan&z=17&iwloc=A Toki no kane on Google Maps]

[[Category:Historic Buildings]]
[[Category:Edo Period]]

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-26T12:39:16Z

uploaded "Image:Toki-no-kane.jpg": Toki no kane, in Kawagoe. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 30 Dec 2007.

Special:Log/move

2012-05-26T12:28:05Z

Engakuji moved to Engaku-ji: consistency of article titles

Hoju-ji

2012-05-25T23:25:00Z

New page

[[Image:Hojuji.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The gates to Hôju-ji.]]
*''Other Names'': 橋爪堂 ''(hashizume-dou)''
*''Japanese'': 宝樹寺 ''(houju-ji)''

Hôju-ji is a temple of the Nishiyama Zenrin branch of the [[Pure Land sect]] of [[Buddhism]], located in [[Fushimi]], [[Kyoto]].

In earlier times, the temple was also known as Hashizume-dô (Temple at the End of the Bridge) because of the bridge that once stood to the north, named Ichi-no-bashi.

The principal images in the main hall are a standing statue of the Buddhist divinity [[Amida|Amida Nyorai]] and a seated statue of [[Yakushi|Yakushi Nyorai]]. The stump of a pine tree known as ''Tokiwa Gozen Yukiyoke no matsu'' can be seen in the ground. It is said that [[Tokiwa Gozen]], the mother of [[Minamoto no Yoshitsune]], took shelter from the snow under the aging pine while fleeing to [[Nara]] during the [[Heiji Disturbance]] some 800 years ago.

==References==
*Plaques on-site.

==External Links==
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%AE%9D%E6%A8%B9%E5%AF%BA&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=34.982731,135.770143&spn=0.002351,0.005284&sll=34.317517,135.149177&sspn=0.075852,0.169086&t=h&hq=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%AE%9D%E6%A8%B9%E5%AF%BA&z=18&iwloc=A Hôju-ji on Google Maps]

[[Category:Temples]]

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-25T23:23:51Z

uploaded "Image:Hojuji.jpg": The gates to Hoju-ji in Kyoto. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 19 June 2010.

Ujigami Shrine

2012-05-25T23:15:11Z

New page

[[Image:Ujigami.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The ''honden'' of Ujigami Shrine, believed to be the oldest extant example of [[Shinto shrine]] architecture in the world.]]
*''Established: c. [[1060]]?''
*''Japanese'': 宇治上神社 ''(Ujigami jinja)''

A partner shrine along with nearby [[Uji Shrine]], Ujigami Shrine is counted as part of the [[World Heritage Sites|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] entitled "[[Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)]]".

Though the actual origins of the shrine (and the date of its establishment) are not fully known, a recent study determined that elements of the shrine - particularly the ''honden'' - dated back to [[1060]] and represent the oldest extant examples of [[Shinto shrine]] architecture in Japan (and thus in the world). The study also revealed a strong connection to the [[Byodo-in|Byôdô-in]], which was built in [[1052]]. While the Byôdô-in, and a great many other shrines throughout the country, may have been built earlier, and have survived, they survive as the product of rebuilding, repair, renovation and reconstruction. Apparently, some significant elements of Ujigami Shrine, by contrast, are not reconstructions, but are original.

A [[National Treasure]], the <i>haiden</i> of Ujigami Shrine dates to the early [[Kamakura period]]. It is said to have been moved here from Uji Rikyû ([[Uji]] Detached Imperial Palace) and to be a fine example of the <i>[[shinden-zukuri]]</i> architectural style.

==References==
*Plaques on-site.

==External Links==
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E5%AE%87%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%8A%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=34.893156,135.811905&spn=0.004708,0.010568&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=37.188995,86.572266&t=h&hq=%E5%AE%87%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%8A%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE&radius=15000&z=17&iwloc=A Ujigami Shrine on Google Maps]

[[Category:Heian Period]]
[[Category:Shrines]]

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-25T23:14:13Z

uploaded "Image:Ujigami.jpg": The ''honden'' of Ujigami Shrine, said to be the oldest extant example of Shinto shrine architecture in the world. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 3 May 2008.

Owari-ya

2012-05-25T22:54:18Z

New page

[[Image:Owariya.jpg|right|thumb|320px|The Owari-ya storefront.]]
*''Established: [[1465]]''
*''Japanese'': 尾張屋 ''(Owari-ya)''

The Owari-ya in [[Kyoto]], established in [[1465]], is one of the oldest [[soba]] shops in the country still in operation. As was quite common among pre-modern establishments in Japan, the Owari-ya is named after the home region of its founders; the founders of the shop came originally from [[Owari province]]. The shop began as a confectionery, but soon afterwards became a soba shop. It catered not only to the townsfolk, but also to aristocrats, temples, and other high-profile patrons. In the [[Edo period]], the Owari-ya became an official purveyor to the [[Imperial family]].

The main branch is located on Kurumaya-dôri. There are also two locations on Shijô-dôri (including one inside the [[Takashimaya]] department store) and one on Tominokôji-dôri.

==References==
*[http://www.honke-owariya.co.jp/about/ Owari-ya ni tsuite]. Owari-ya official website.
*Durston, Diane. ''[[Old Kyoto]]''. Kodansha International, 2005. pp110-111.

==External Links==
*[http://www.honke-owariya.co.jp/ Official Website]
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/tags/%E5%B0%BE%E5%BC%B5%E5%B1%8B/ Some interior photos]
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E7%A7%8B%E9%87%8E%E3%80%85%E7%94%BA&hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=35.012663,135.760192&spn=0.001175,0.002642&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=37.188995,86.572266&t=h&hnear=Akinonocho,+Nakagyo+Ward,+Kyoto,+Kyoto+Prefecture,+Japan&z=19&layer=c&cbll=35.012774,135.76022&panoid=I8l-yXD7OgU7H0UT_A6_sw&cbp=12,219.28,,0,0 Owari-ya on Google Maps]

[[Category:Historic Buildings]]
[[Category:Muromachi Period]]

Special:Log/upload

2012-05-25T18:43:07Z

uploaded "Image:Owariya.jpg": The Owari-ya soba shop in Kyoto. Photo by User:LordAmeth, 10 June 2010.

Board Incident

2012-05-25T17:56:13Z

New page

*''Date: [[1854]]''
*''Japanese'': ボード事件 ''(boodo jiken)''

In [[1854]], when [[Commodore Perry]] left for mainland Japan, he left a number of sailors behind in [[Naha]]. One of those sailors, a man by the name of Board, assaulted an old Okinawan woman, and was beaten to death by a group of people including the woman's son.

Upon his return to [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû]], Perry conducted an intense investigation, and in the end the Ryukyuan authorities brought forward those responsible for the sailor's death. They were exiled to [[Miyako Island]] & the [[Yaeyama Islands]], but there are suggestions that the men sent away were actually substitutes for those truly responsible.

The grave of the American sailor Board can be found in the Foreign Cemetery at [[Tomari]] in Naha today.

==References==
*"[http://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/storyid-42935-storytopic-121.html Board Jiken]." ''Okinawa Compact Encyclopedia'' 沖縄コンパクト事典. Ryukyu Shimpo. 1 March 2003.

[[Category:Ryukyu]]
[[Category:Bakumatsu]]
[[Category:Events and Incidents]]

1860

2012-05-25T17:47:57Z

Other Events of 1860

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:47, 25 May 2012
Line 20:		Line 20:
	*1860/5/13 (Jul 1) The ''USS Niagara'' departs New York.		*1860/5/13 (Jul 1) The ''USS Niagara'' departs New York.
	==Other Events of 1860==		==Other Events of 1860==
		+	*The [[Second Opium War]] ends.
	*An arsonist burns down the [[Yoshiwara]].		*An arsonist burns down the [[Yoshiwara]].
	*[[Yamaguchi Naoki]] is appointed ''[[tsukaiban]]'', and later in the year promoted to ''[[metsuke]]''.		*[[Yamaguchi Naoki]] is appointed ''[[tsukaiban]]'', and later in the year promoted to ''[[metsuke]]''.

1856

2012-05-25T17:47:14Z

Other Events of 1856

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:47, 25 May 2012
Line 8:		Line 8:
	*The shogunate establishes the ''[[kobusho\|kôbusho]]''.		*The shogunate establishes the ''[[kobusho\|kôbusho]]''.
	*Commodore [[Matthew Perry]] presents his ''[[Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan]]'' to Congress.		*Commodore [[Matthew Perry]] presents his ''[[Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan]]'' to Congress.
		+	*The [[Second Opium War]] breaks out (ends [[1860]]).
	*The ''Yôgakusho'' (Bureau of Western Studies) is renamed the ''[[Bansho Shirabesho]]'' (Institute for the Study of Western Books).		*The ''Yôgakusho'' (Bureau of Western Studies) is renamed the ''[[Bansho Shirabesho]]'' (Institute for the Study of Western Books).

1855

2012-05-25T17:46:16Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:46, 25 May 2012
Line 11:		Line 11:
	*[[Treaty of Shimoda]] - The shogunate and [[Russia]] complete the first of a number of agreements seeking to define geographical borders between the two countries' territories. The shogunate assumes direct administration of [[Ezo]] in order to more solidly claim the territory and repel Russian incursions. The [[Kuril Islands]] are officially given to Russia, but the status of [[Sakhalin]] is left undecided. This represents the first establishment of "modern" political borders for Japan.		*[[Treaty of Shimoda]] - The shogunate and [[Russia]] complete the first of a number of agreements seeking to define geographical borders between the two countries' territories. The shogunate assumes direct administration of [[Ezo]] in order to more solidly claim the territory and repel Russian incursions. The [[Kuril Islands]] are officially given to Russia, but the status of [[Sakhalin]] is left undecided. This represents the first establishment of "modern" political borders for Japan.
	*''[[Bansho Shirabesho\|Yôgakusho]]'' (Bureau of Western Studies) is founded by the shogunate.		*''[[Bansho Shirabesho\|Yôgakusho]]'' (Bureau of Western Studies) is founded by the shogunate.
		+	*[[Bernard Bettelheim]] publishes his translation of the Gospel of Luke into [[Okinawan language\|Okinawan]].

	===Births and Deaths===		===Births and Deaths===

1854

2012-05-25T17:44:20Z

expansion

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:44, 25 May 2012
Line 2:		Line 2:

	==Timeline of 1854==		==Timeline of 1854==
-	*1854/1/6 [[Commodore Perry]] enters [[Shuri castle]] for the second time, as a mere show of authority, but is not granted an audience with any royals.	+	*Kaei 6/12/22-26 (Jan 20-24) Perry's fourth visit to Ryûkyû. [[Commodore Perry]] enters [[Shuri castle]] for the second time, as a mere show of authority, but is not granted an audience with any royals.
		+	*1854/1/4-5 (Feb 1-2) Perry departs Ryûkyû for [[Edo]].
		+	*1854/1/11-24 (Feb 8-21) A Russian fleet under [[Yevfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin]] makes port in [[Naha]].
		+	*1854/1/16 (Feb 13) Perry's fleet arrives in mainland Japan.
		+	*1854/3/3 (March 31) The [[Convention of Kanagawa]] is concluded.
	*1854/4/5 The [[USS Saratoga\|USS ''Saratoga'']] makes port in Honolulu on its way back to the US from Japan.		*1854/4/5 The [[USS Saratoga\|USS ''Saratoga'']] makes port in Honolulu on its way back to the US from Japan.
-	*1854/6/17 The [[Treaty of Amity (Ryukyu-US)\|Treaty of Amity]]<!--琉米修好条約--> between the [[Ryukyu Kingdom\|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] and the United States is signed by Commodore Perry and the Ryukyuan ''[[Sessei]]'' [[Sho Kokun\|Shô Kôkun]]''<!--尚宏勲--> at [[Naha]].	+	*1854/5/17 (June 12) [[Board Incident]] - An American sailor named Board assaults an old woman in Naha.
		+	*1854/6/7 (July 1) Perry arrives in Ryûkyû for the fifth time.
		+	*1854/6/17 (July 11) The [[Treaty of Amity (Ryukyu-US)\|Treaty of Amity]]<!--琉米修好条約--> between the [[Ryukyu Kingdom\|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] and the United States is signed by Commodore Perry and the Ryukyuan ''[[Sessei]]'' [[Sho Kokun\|Shô Kôkun]]''<!--尚宏勲--> at [[Naha]].
		+	*1854/6/23 (July 17) Perry and his fleet depart Ryûkyû for Hong Kong, taking [[Bernard Bettelheim]] with them.
	*1854/11/9 An earthquake and tsunami hit the Nankaidô region.		*1854/11/9 An earthquake and tsunami hit the Nankaidô region.

Line 12:		Line 19:
	*Reconstuction of [[Matsumae castle]], begun in [[1849]], is completed.		*Reconstuction of [[Matsumae castle]], begun in [[1849]], is completed.
	*Construction on the ''[[tenshu]]'' of [[Matsuyama castle (Iyo)]], begun in [[1820]], is completed.		*Construction on the ''[[tenshu]]'' of [[Matsuyama castle (Iyo)]], begun in [[1820]], is completed.
-	*Expeditionary forces of the [[Russia-America Company]] occupy [[Sakhalin Island]]; the action, and subsequent Russian claims to the island, are justified by [[Yevfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin]] based on the concepts of ''terra nullius'' and 'prior occupation.'	+	*Expeditionary forces of the [[Russia-America Company]] occupy [[Sakhalin Island]]; the action, and subsequent Russian claims to the island, are justified by Yevfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin based on the concepts of ''terra nullius'' and 'prior occupation.'
	*[[Sakamoto Ryoma\|Sakamoto Ryôma]] completes training in Chiba and returns to [[Tosa han]].		*[[Sakamoto Ryoma\|Sakamoto Ryôma]] completes training in Chiba and returns to [[Tosa han]].
	===Births and Deaths===		===Births and Deaths===

1853

2012-05-25T17:07:01Z

fixed? maybe?

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:07, 25 May 2012
Line 12:		Line 12:
	*1853/4/10 Perry's fleet departs Shanghai.		*1853/4/10 Perry's fleet departs Shanghai.
	*1853/4/19 (May 26) Perry's fleet lands at [[Naha]].		*1853/4/19 (May 26) Perry's fleet lands at [[Naha]].
		+	*1853/4 The Ryukyuan royal regent visits Perry aboard ship and attempts to convince him to give up his intentions to visit [[Shuri castle]]. Perry denies Bettelheim's request to travel with him to Japan.
		+	*1863/4 The ''Caprice'' from Perry's fleet departs Okinawa for Shanghai, carrying laundry, $800 to be deposited into the banks in the name of British missionary [[Bernard Bettelheim]], and post, including a letter from Commodore Perry to the US Secretary of the Navy, and Bettleheim's first missives in 11 months.
	*1853/4/23 (May 30) Several of Perry's men seize the main assembly hall / schoolhouse of [[Tomari]], establishing it as an American residence.		*1853/4/23 (May 30) Several of Perry's men seize the main assembly hall / schoolhouse of [[Tomari]], establishing it as an American residence.
		+	*1853/4/23 Perry begins an exploration of the other islands near Okinawa.
		+	*1853/4/30 (June 6) Perry forces his way into Shuri castle, but is denied an audience with the king or queen mother.
		+	*1853/5 Perry holds a full-dress review of his fleet at Naha Harbor.
		+	*1853/5 Perry claims a portion of the [[Gokoku-ji (Okinawa)\|Gokoku-ji]] complex where Bettelheim had been living as pasture for the fleet's flocks.
		+	*1853/5/3-24 (June 9-30) Perry explores the [[Ogasawara Islands]], claims them for the United States, and returns to Okinawa.
	*1853/5/26 Perry departs Okinawa.		*1853/5/26 Perry departs Okinawa.
-	*1853/7/18 Russian embassy under [[Yevfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin\|Putyatin]] arrives in [[Nagasaki]].	+	*1853/6/2-12 (July 7-17) Perry makes his first visit to mainland Japan.
-	*1853 July The shogunate consults various daimyô on the issue of opening the country. [[Tokugawa Nariaki]] of [[Mito han]] is appointed to oversee the country's naval defense.	+
-	*1853 August Construction begins on coastal fort at [[Shinagawa]].	+
-	*1853 September Ban on the construction of large ships is lifted.	+
-	*1853/10/1 Two ships depart [[Miyako Island]], carrying away 280 Chinese coolies who had hidden out on the island, bringing a resolution to the [[Robert Browne Incident\|''Robert Browne'' Incident]] of the previous year.	+
-		+
-	==Dates Unclear==	+
-	The ''Caprice'' from Perry's fleet departs Okinawa for Shanghai, carrying laundry, $800 to be deposited into the banks in the name of British missionary [[Bernard Bettelheim]], and post, including a letter from Commodore Perry to the US Secretary of the Navy, and Bettleheim's first missives in 11 months.	+
-	*1853/5/28 The Ryukyuan royal regent visits Perry aboard ship and attempts to convince him to give up his intentions to visit [[Shuri castle]]. Perry denies Bettelheim's request to travel with him to Japan.	+
-	*1853/5/30 Perry enters Shuri castle, though he is denied an audience with the king or dowager queen.	+
-	*1853/6/1 Perry holds a full-dress review of his fleet at Naha Harbor.	+
-	*1853/6/2 Perry claims a portion of the [[Gokoku-ji (Okinawa)\|Gokoku-ji]] complex where Bettelheim had been living as pasture for the fleet's flocks.	+
-	*1853/6/3 Two American ships depart Naha for the [[Ogasawara Islands]].	+
-	*1853/6/8 Perry's fleet reaches the Ogasawara Islands, and claims them for the United States.	+
-	*1853/6/17 Perry returns to Naha.	+
-	*1853/6/20 Bettelheim preaches to the Americans aboard the ''Plymouth'' at Naha.	+
-	*1853/6/26 Perry leaves Okinawa with four ships, on his first journey to Japan.	+
	*1853/6/3 Perry's fleet lands at [[Uraga]] near [[Edo]], presents credentials from Pres. Fillmore to [[Tokugawa shogunate]] officials.		*1853/6/3 Perry's fleet lands at [[Uraga]] near [[Edo]], presents credentials from Pres. Fillmore to [[Tokugawa shogunate]] officials.
	*1853/6 [[Abe Masahiro]] reports on the arrival of the Black Ships to the [[Imperial Court]].		*1853/6 [[Abe Masahiro]] reports on the arrival of the Black Ships to the [[Imperial Court]].
	*1853/6/9 Perry delivers the formal letter from President Millard Fillmore, and states that he will return "in due course" to receive the emperor's reply.		*1853/6/9 Perry delivers the formal letter from President Millard Fillmore, and states that he will return "in due course" to receive the emperor's reply.
-	*1853/6/20 Perry and his fleet return to Naha.	+	*1853/6/20 (July 25) Perry's fleet arrives in Ryûkyû for the third time.
	*1853/6/23 Perry meets with the Ryukyuan regent, and receives the formal response to his insistence that the kingdom allow for the construction of a coaling station at Naha and the free welcoming of American ships. The regent denies his request at first, but capitulates once the commodore threatens to seize Shuri castle.		*1853/6/23 Perry meets with the Ryukyuan regent, and receives the formal response to his insistence that the kingdom allow for the construction of a coaling station at Naha and the free welcoming of American ships. The regent denies his request at first, but capitulates once the commodore threatens to seize Shuri castle.
	*1853/6/27 Perry departs Okinawa.		*1853/6/27 Perry departs Okinawa.
		+	*1853 July The shogunate consults various daimyô on the issue of opening the country. [[Tokugawa Nariaki]] of [[Mito han]] is appointed to oversee the country's naval defense.
		+	*1853/7/18 Russian embassy under [[Yevfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin\|Putyatin]] arrives in [[Nagasaki]].
		+	*1853 August Construction begins on coastal fort at [[Shinagawa]].
		+	*1853 September Ban on the construction of large ships is lifted.
		+	*1853/10/1 Two ships depart [[Miyako Island]], carrying away 280 Chinese coolies who had hidden out on the island, bringing a resolution to the [[Robert Browne Incident\|''Robert Browne'' Incident]] of the previous year.
		+	*1853/11/15 - 12/30 (Dec 15 - Jan 28) Perry's fleet makes its second expedition exploring Okinawa and its neighboring islands.
		+
		+	==Other Events of 1853==

-	==Other Events==
	===Births and Deaths===		===Births and Deaths===
	*1853/6/22 Shogun [[Tokugawa Ieyoshi]] (b. 1793) dies and is succeeded by [[Tokugawa Iesada]].		*1853/6/22 Shogun [[Tokugawa Ieyoshi]] (b. 1793) dies and is succeeded by [[Tokugawa Iesada]].