Science Nerds

COVID-19 community spread in India -as it crossed a Million Cases

2020-07-19T18:53:00.003+05:30

The Indian Medical Association (IMA) stated that the spread of deadly Covid-19 has stepped into the Third stage, Yes the Community spread has started in India as it crossed 1 Million in a total number of cases throughout the Country.

According to the latest update from the Ministry of Health, the total number of confirmed cases in India has reached 1,038,716. There are 358,629 active cases and 653,751 healed / discharged / migrated cases. A total of 26,273 deaths have been registered to the date.

Its been almost 5 months now, the fear in public about COVID is fading out, but the real issue begins here.

The COVID has penetrated deeply into the remote areas and villages which is leading to a community spread.

New hotspot areas are being registered in the interior of the country like in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Goa, Madhya Pradesh.

Average of 30,000 cases are being registered daily

In the state of Kerala, a large geographic region is declared to be critical containment zone

India's two most promising vaccine makers are about to start human trials. by the time vaccine is approved and mass-produced and shipped into markets, what will be the COVID situation in the country? How worse it could get? we can't even imagine!

Be safe and keep your family safe.

Simulation Theory - worth your time - sciencenreds

2020-06-14T12:51:00.007+05:30

We, humans, are unable to experience the true nature of the universe unfiltered. Our senses and brain can only process a fraction of the world. So we have to use concepts and tools to get to know the true nature of reality. Technological progress has not only expanded our knowledge of the universe but also made us aware of worrying opportunities.

In the future, it could be possible to simulate entire universes. But if this is an option

-how can we know that it hasn't happened already?

-What if we are not creators but creations?

- Is it possible that we are not real and do not even know?

If our current understanding of physics is correct, it is impossible to simulate the entire universe with its trillions and trillions of things. But we don't need that anyway. We only need enough universe to deceive the residents of our simulation and believe that they are real. Who needs billions of galaxies? We only need the space that our subjects can explore. The huge universe could only be a flat projection and they would have no way of knowing it.

What about small things like cells or bacteria? We don't really need them. If you use a microscope, what you see can be created immediately. As with atoms, the chair you are sitting on does not need to be simulated with quadrillion atoms. We only need the outermost layer of it, it could be empty inside until you decide to break it open. Your body may feel filled with bubbly things, but it may be empty until you open it. The minimum requirement for our simulation is only the awareness of our virtual people. Our test subjects just have to think that the simulation is real.

Okay, so are we being simulated? Well, maybe, but there are some conditions that need to be met. Obviously, we have no authority on this issue, so please take everything we say with a grain of salt. Based on a modified version of Nick Bostrom's original simulation argument, we have five assumptions for you. If they are true, dear readers, live in a simulation.

Assumption one :

It is possible to simulate awareness! Nobody knows what consciousness is. As an argument, suppose you could create awareness by simulating a brain. Brains are pretty complex. If you count every interaction between synapses as one operation, your brain will run at approximately ten to the seventeen (10 ^ 17) for one hundred million billion operations per second. Let us assume generously that we need ten to twenty (10 ^ 20) operations to simulate a second of human consciousness. But we don't just want to simulate a human being ... We want to simulate all of human history at once so we can jump around. Let's say we want to simulate two hundred billion people with an average lifespan of fifty years.

A year has thirty million seconds times fifty years times two hundred billion people times ten times twenty (50 M sec x 50 years x 200 B people x 10 ^ 20) operations. So we need a computer that can handle millions, trillions, trillions, trillions of operations per second. More operations than stars in the observable universe. The computer like this is simply impossible. Until it's not.

Assumption two:

Technological progress will not stop so quickly. If we assume that technological progress will continue in a similar way as before, there could be cross-galaxy civilizations that will eventually have unlimited computing power. Beings on a technological level that is so advanced that we could hardly distinguish them from gods. A computer that can handle a million trillion, trillion, trillion operations is serious business, but there are actually concepts for computers that can handle it.

The Matrioshka brain is the theoretical megastructure, made up of billions of parts orbiting a star and feeding on its radiation. A computer of this size would have enough power to simulate thousands, if not millions, of humanities at the same time. Other technologies, such as future high-end quantum computers, can drastically reduce the size, so this may be possible with a structure the size of a city or even smaller. But only if someone is still there to build the computer.

Assumption three :

Advanced civilizations do not destroy themselves. If there is a point where all civilizations have destroyed themselves, this whole discussion ends here. If you look into space, you can expect a universe full of millions of alien civilizations, but we don't see anyone. The reason could be Great Filters. Large filters are obstacles that life must overcome, such as nuclear war, asteroids, climate change or a black hole generator. If life is inherently self-destructive, there are no simulations.

Assumption four:

Advanced civilizations want to do simulations. When we speak of posthuman civilizations, we don't know what we are dealing with, we think we know what beings are as powerful as gods want, they are quite arrogant. Imagine the smartest ant in the world living next to an amusement park. She's curious about what people are up to, so try to explain. Unfortunately, the ant just doesn't understand. The concept of roller coasters and standing in snakes and holidays and fun makes no sense to an ant that leads the life of an ant.

It is the same with us and a posthuman being. We are ants compared to them. Carrying out simulations for fun or for science could be an absurdly stupid idea for them. However, if you want to run simulations for whatever reason and the assumptions one, two, three also apply, the probability that you live in a simulation is not zero.

Assumption five :

If there are many simulations, you are probably in a simulation. If there are simulated civilizations, it is likely that there are many of them. Finally, we assume that posthuman beings have access to practically unlimited computing power. So if you run simulations, it would be convenient to run millions or even billions of them. If there are billions of simulated universes, there are probably billions and trillions of simulated conscious beings. This would mean that the vast majority of all conscious beings that will ever exist are simulated. For every conscious being made of flesh, there are a billion simulated beings. In this case, since we cannot know whether we are being simulated or not, chances are that you are one of the "nine hundred and ninety-nine million nine hundred and ninety-nine thousand and ninety-nine" (999 999) simulated are fairly high. What you see as reality may not be real at all.

They could really ... be simulated. All of this is based on many assumptions that we cannot really test at the moment, so many scientists disagree with this whole thought experiment. So don't burn your house down to test if there are any malfunctions. If you are being simulated and not changing that much for you, you may be on a small planet accelerated by eternal nothing, or simulating in a computer. Their existence does not become more or less scary and bizarre.

We can only hope to live a good life and have a good time. And I hope that if we actually do simulations in a supercomputer, nobody will trip over the power cable. Read on about paradoxes and thought experiments. Even if theories contradict each other, it is worth it because every experiment was once a theory ...

~sciencefreak

How Long Would It Take To Travel the Solar System? - ScienceNerds

2020-06-12T12:35:00.006+05:30

How long would it take to travel the Solar System

How long would it take to travel through the solar system! well, we may be just a speck in the Milky Way and while the Milky Way may be just a speck on the Landscape of the universe, our solar system is still really really big as we're sure you remember from grade school the solar system is the group of local planets, asteroids and other small objects that orbit our Sun, travelling outwards from the Sun we have Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars after Mars comes the asteroid belts a chaotic cluster comprised mostly of rock and metal then comes the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn followed by the icy outer planets Uranus and Neptune beyond Neptune lie trans-Neptunian objects including things like comets, dust clouds, natural satellites and dwarf planets like Eris and Pluto finally and far beyond everything else there's the Oort cloud a theoretical cloud consisting of space dust and debris that marks the solar system's end.

Well experts firmly believe that this cloud exists no direct observations have been made of it, it's just too far away but just how far does our solar system spread?

How can you reach its outer edges and how long would it take luckily we have a nifty little device called Voyager one, offering up a point of reference traversing the outer reaches of our solar system as we speak the Voyager 1 space probe was launched by NASA on September 5th 1977 and is currently still travelling at around35,000 miles per hour, it reached Saturn its primary target in November 1980 but on August 25th 2012 nearly 35 years after launch it made even greater history by becoming the first spacecraft to enter the interstellar medium( a fancy term for the space between star systems in a galaxy).

More specifically Voyager 1broke from the reach of the sun's solar winds and entered into deep space, currently it's at a distance of 21 points who bill in kilometre from the Sun and is so far away from us that it takes a radio signal travelling at the speed of light roughly 17 hours to beam between the spacecraft and our home planets it sounds like a lot right? well, one of the monumental achievements at Voyager one should never be underestimated we're still very far from making an even semi significant dent in the solar system as a whole it would take Voyager1 another 300 years just to reach the inner edge of the interstellar Oort cloud and up to 40 thousand years to preach the cloud and finally break free from our solar system completely in truth the solar system and space, in general, is just way too big for earthly measurements like miles and meters to measure distance in space astronomers use something called astronomical units with one unit equaling the average distance from Earth to the Sun or 150million kilometres.

If you were to some how drive a car to the Sun at highway speeds of a hundred kilometers per hour you'd eventually reach your destination in 1,500,000 hours or 171years so no one's surviving that but let's say you splashed the cash pulled some strings and took the fastest air-breathing manned aircraft in the world the Lockheed sr-71 Blackbird traveling at constant top speed it would take you just 4,02,492 hours to reach the Sun or just under five years in contrast definitely doable but let's be serious the distance from the earth to the Sun is infant is more when compared to the size of the entire solar system way out there is everyone's favorite dwarf planet Pluto ranges from thirty to forty nine astronomical units away from the Sun so at its average distance it'salmost six billion kilometres away, light traveling from the Sun takes about five and a half hours to reach Pluto, driving a car at highway speeds it would take you six thousand eight hundred and forty nine (6849) years but as we've established the solar system extends far beyond Pluto the outer edges of the Oort cloud area about 100,000 astronomical unit way or about 1.87 light-years or 17trillion kilometers give or take amazingly the sun's gravity can capture objects as far out as 2 light years away meaning that the outer part of the Oort cloud is still theoretically shaped bu the sun's gravity just beyond the clouds outer edges is the half way point between our Sun and the next nearest star Proxima Centuri beyond that you're swapping systems so in pouring astronomical terms it'll take you nearly2 years(2 light years) to reach the outer boundary of our solar system if you were travelingat the speed of lights but we can't do that can we let's hop back into our hypothetical space car and go for the ultimate cruiseel ! you know what let's do one better, let's forget the standard highway driving and up the stakes let's pretend we're in the fastest street-legal car in the world the Bugatti Veyron and let's imagine we can travel at its max speed of 431 km/h heading for the Oort cloud traveling at the top speed of the fastest car in the world it'd be 4 and1/2 million years before you finished your trip and that's without stopping for fuel or snacks.

Now let's again pilot the fastest ever aircraft the Lockheedsr-71 blackbird the blank bids eight times faster than a Veyron at some speed so the trip does shorten but it still takes you an eye-watering 550,000 years to reach the fabled finish line finally let's say we hitched a ride on NASA's New Horizons probe which left earth at a staggering and record-breaking 58,000 536 kilometres per hour it took this probe nine years to fly by Pluto so even if it continues its unprecedented pace it won't breach the Oort cloud for another thirty thousand years or more.

How long it takes to cruise the solar system depends entirely on what you want to cruise in just your standard supercar 4.5million years in a hi-tech spacecraft five hundred and fifty thousand years on a NASA probe and the fastest object ever launched from Earth thirty thousand no matter what you travel in you'd be long dead and space dust before you'd even consider the Oort cloud of course if you chose to travel at light speed you're looking at around only one thousand days but, that's impossible and be as cheating so yeah the solar system is pretty big and remember it's just one small speck in the Milky Way which is just a tiny grain in the grand scheme of the entire universe so next time you're complaining about your daily commute remember this article and relax.

~sciencefreak

China's Plan to Launch an Artificial Moon - ScienceNerds

2020-05-10T17:39:00.003+05:30

Guess what? China has announced plans to launch an “artificial moon” into our skies by 2020 or 2021! And, as crazy as that sounds, it’s not actually the first time something like this has been attempted. But first China’s new plan.

As per the report of China Daily, China plans to launch an "illumination satellite" into orbit over the city of Chengdu. Well, actually four lighting satellites. The first as a proof of concept in 2020 and the next three as a real deal in 2022.

There are not yet many details about the satellites themselves, how big they are or what they will be made of, but do we know that they will be covered with a " coating that reflects Moon's Surface"? Whatever that is supposed to mean. At the proposed distance of 500 km, a single satellite is expected to illuminate an area between 10 and 80 km, the light being about eight times brighter than the moons.

If everything goes according to plan, the scientists hope that the moons will replace the street lamps in urban areas and save the city millions in electricity costs every year. They could also help illuminate roads in the event of natural disasters and blackouts. The same advantages led Russia to try something similar 20 years ago in the so-called Znamya project. In 1993, Russia successfully deployed its own prototype lighting satellite, such as a 20-meter reflective film that unfolded in space. For several hours it circled a few hundred meters above the earth and shone a 5 km wide spotlight over Europe. However, this light only moved at about 8 km / h, which means that most people only saw a flash of lightning in the sky as they passed. Eventually, it fell out of orbit and burned when it reentered. The Russians tried again a few years later, this time with a 25-meter mirror.

However, the satellite could not be deployed and quickly fell out of orbit. There were plans to launch a third, larger mirror, but the project faced serious budget problems and was later abandoned. So China's plan is essentially to continue where Russia stopped acknowledging its mistakes and doing something that actually works, right? Well, as critics have quickly emphasized, this doesn't seem to be the case.

The first and probably biggest problem with China's proposed scheme is the orbit height. For a satellite to track a single city on Earth, it must be in geostationary orbit, approximately 36,000 km above Earth. On the proposed 500 km, China's satellites would have the same problem as Russia when it whipped around the world, quickly illuminating random locations for a split second - which is not exactly the goal. And even if 500 km were a typo and meant 36,000, a satellite at that height would have to be extraordinarily large - hundreds of meters in diameter - to reflect much back to Earth. And yet we don't know how big China's Sats will be, launching something big enough could be prohibitively difficult. Critics also pointed out that the plan does not mention any engines or fuels onboard these satellites. And that would probably be a necessity since the satellites - like the Russian mirrors - will experience aerodynamic drag and solar radiation in space, which will eventually bring them out of orbit. The cost of the primary fuel and the subsequent refuelling missions could outweigh the savings in electricity costs on Earth. Researchers at several universities and institutes have reportedly reviewed the plan and given approval for the trial. Maybe we just don't have all the details. If this is the case and the plan works, should we worry? Many scientists have expressed concerns that these satellites will exacerbate existing light pollution problems. Excessive light from cities today changes the night cycles of animals, the sleep cycles of people and disturbs the astronomers' view of space. And a project of this size is likely to make these problems worse. It is not clear in the reports whether the Chinese government has officially supported these plans. I assume we just have to wait and see if new moons brighten the sky.

~sciencefreak

Covid-19 impact on employment in India

2020-05-09T22:04:00.008+05:30

COVID-19 may offer both challenges and opportunities to IT firms!

IT firms start issuing pink slips, 1.5 lakh employees may lose their jobs according to HR-Experts and industry players, IT professionals may be laid off in the next 3-6 Months as novel coronavirus outbreak intensifies small and mid-sized firms are struggling to stay afloat the IT Industry employs about 45-50lakh of which smaller firms account for about 10-12 lakh. The top IT firms like Microsoft, Wipro and Infosys employ close to 10 lakh manufacturing in business enterprises have paused with projects ramping down the majority of pink slips are issued to employees of small firms.

According to London Based Capital Economics, CoronaVirus may cause extensive damage to the Indian economy with GDP falling heavily to 1%, Accurate ratings have said that the lockdown is costing Indian economy $4.64 billion every day The employment situation in America is even worse. A record of 6.65 million Americans filed first-time unemployment claims in the week that ended on March 28 the number was around 3.2 million in the preceding week.

Major job losses were in the hotel, food and travel industries Economists at Federal Bank at St. Louis warned that at the current rate of job losses unemployment might reach 32%, IMF also said that Global recovery will be possible only by 2021.

While we hope to get a clearer picture of the health coronavirus curve in India,

We already have the first estimate of the destruction of employment caused by the national blockade. The numbers are staggering, worse than anything the world has ever known. More jobs were lost in India in the past two weeks than anything recorded in economic history. The number of "precariat" in India today may be almost as great as the population of Russia.

First, let's understand the data source,

the unemployment monitoring survey published by the Center for Monitoring the Indian Economy (CMIE),

The only data source of its kind that reports unemployment daily, monthly and quarterly. The CMIE interviews some 3,500 randomly selected people every day in its consumer survey. After the shutdown, like everything else, the survey also stopped. However, they managed to carry just 2,289 interviews in the last week of March. But the data was not released as the sample was too small and the week was quite unusual. Repeating the field survey was not possible, but CMIE field staff managed to do 9,429 telephone interviews to collect data for the week ending April 5. The sample was smaller than usual but large enough and fairly representative in terms of rural/urban areas, class, etc. These results were no different from the figures they obtained from the even smaller sample from the previous week. So, after due verification, this Monday, the CMIE released its first dataset and analysis.

India currently has a population of approximately Rs 137 million. Of this, around Rs 103 million is of working age, above 15 years. Let's take the broader definition of employment to include any type of paid work, formal or informal: salary, daily wage, or self-employment of any kind. Using this definition, in February 2020, the pre-coronavirus pandemic and national closure, about 40.4 million Crore Indians were employed, according to the CMIE report for the month. At the time, 3.4 crore rupees were unemployed.

Compare this to last week's numbers. The CMIE estimates that only 27.7 per cent of the working-age population (103 crores) were employed in the week after the blockade began. This corresponds to 28.5 crores. Within two weeks the number of people in employment fell from 40.4 crores to 28.5 crore, which corresponds to a decrease of 11.9 crores. (To be doubly sure, I called Mahesh Vyas and confirmed that I had drawn the correct conclusion from his data.)

Let this take its toll on you: Around 12 million Indians have lost their jobs in the past two weeks. Let us assume that 8 million of them are the main earner or the only earner in their family. A third of the country's 25 crore households (government data from 2011) could face a livelihood crisis.

It's what you do after failure that defines who you are...

"walking the streets of the future is really going to be breathtaking"!

~sciencefreak

who really built the pyramids and how - ScienceNerds

2020-04-19T21:06:00.009+05:30

The pyramids aren't impressive, the tallest pyramid is over 481 feet tall and was built by a massive labour force who believed their leader to be a God and The Ryugyong Hotel is located in North Korea where it is stood incomplete for decades this hotel of doom holds the Guinness world record for the tallest unoccupied building in the world and still wasn't built by aliens, the Pyramids of Giza, by comparison, are significantly shorter but still extremely impressive while they're only slightly larger than the bases.

The Pyramids of Giza are the oldest of the seven wonders of the world the Great Pyramid was completed around the Year 2560 BCE and was the tallest building in the world for nearly four thousand years it's made from 2.3 million blocks of stones some weighing as much as 70 metric tons apiece and the blocks were somehow carried across the desert by a civilization that had yet to invent the wheel so they must have been built by aliens right and the most common claims of this nature don't come from actual architects historians or archaeologists but from New Age nonsense books like Chariots of the Gods and conspiracy theorists like David Icke who claimed that the pyramids were built by reptilian aliens many of whom are now living among us as devious world leaders now.

David Icke made this claim after having a spiritual revelation after standing in a stone circle and feeling the Kundalini align his chakras telling him that he was the son of a god and as much as I appreciate the analogy of all politicians being inbred blood-sucking reptiles, Icke actually means this literally see here's the catch people like David Icke make out like we don't have this, his clue about how the pyramids were made and that's flat-out, not true we may have a few missing puzzle pieces with competing theories to explain them but we actually know quite a lot here's what we do know if you want to build an impressive structure there are two ways,

You can build up or out if you're building up the easiest most stable design is in fact a pyramid wide-base, narrow-top the Egyptian Empire was the greatest civilization in the world at the time was extremely religious and was fascinated with life after death the Pharaoh was considered a god and the pyramids were these sacred resting places for these divine rulers some Christians and Jews claimed that the Israelites built the pyramid citing claims in the Old Testament of Jewish slavery in Egypt whether or not the Jews were ever slaves in Israel or the Exodus story ever happened is entirely irrelevant to this question because even if the biblical timeline is 100%accurate according to it, the Jews relocated to Israel after Joseph was exiled there and what we know from detailed Egyptian records genealogies and modern dating techniques that's a thousand years after the pyramids were built Genesis also mentions chariots riding in front of Joseph which could have been athing in 1500 BCE but at the time the pyramids were built a millennium earlier the Egyptians hadn't even discovered the wheel yet not that the Bible has ever been historically accurate.

The Pyramids at Giza date back to over 200 years before the Bible claims that Noah was hopping on an ark and yet the Egyptians continued working on their monuments right up through the flood recording every step of the way and the mummies preserved from that time and earlier shown no signs whatsoever of flood damage, no the pyramids weren't built by Jewish slaves and it wasn't aliens, they were built by over 20,000 highly-skilled specialized crafts-men we know this from paintings hieroglyphics as well a sex caveated burial sites and remnants of the nearby construction, town archaeologists have discovered the village that housed the workers, who built these monuments 4,500 years ago some of the workers it appears were conscripted similar to a military draft and while there was a hierarchy for the workers working on the pyramid at all was considered a respected occupation of national importance.

The skeletons of the workers have been analyzed in show signs of hard labour but they also received the state-of-the-art medical care they were fed a diet of meat, bread and beer, not a typical slave diet the excavation even shown that the workers were not slaves as it was once believed they were proud to serve their Pharaoh and accompany him on his journey to the afterlife and they were given honorary burials in the shadow of the pyramid.

Haaw, as I was surprised at the elaborate nature of these tombs they do not look like humble burial grounds for slaves the people who built the pyramids were his slaves there will never be the parent in the shadow of the pyramid, if there were slaves they will never prepare their tools for eternity like kings and queens, so we know who built them the Egyptians but how were they built well, the pyramids were built right next to the limestone quarries their rocks were pulled from we know this because the quarries are still there the Egyptians used copper tools to chip away at the rocks we've analysed their tools and found that an impurity in the copper actually made the tool stronger than you would find with pure copper.

The rocks from these quarries were then hauled to the pyramids on wooden sledges with workers in front wetting the sand with water from the Nile to make the sand slick for the sledges the support stone above the internal King's Chamber where the Pharaoh was buried was a much stronger granite stone, this was quarried further down, the Nile was transported upriver on boats it was cut by pouring sand on the rock and sliding a copper saw back and forth across it's sunk but it's the Corpse crystals within the sound which embed themselves into the softer copper and because the saws dragging those crystals that would have fought within the flop that actually does the cutting, it took a lot longer to cut but remember it was just the support stones, not the entire pyramid that's what we know,

now, we get a little closer to the realm of speculation with professional calculations and educated guesses while some people have proposed elaborate floatation devices and water systems that floated the rocks to the top of the pyramids this is extremely unlikely would require hydraulic pumps massive waterproof systems huge locking mechanisms and almost a more complicated system than the entire pyramid itself, others claim the blocks report like concrete but why would they quarry limestone rocks that are exactly the size of the ones used in the pyramid and drag them all the way to the pyramid if they're pouring blocks of natural concrete that are indistinguishable from limestone.

Others have speculated one long ramp on the outside but this one either be too steep or so long that it would need as much material to build as the pyramid itself, possible but maybe not the best solution.

French architect Jean-Pierre Houdin proposed a small seven-degree ramp leading part l way up the pyramid and then internal ramps wrapping around the inside, his ramp would enable limestone blocks to be hauled to the very top 146 meters up he believed the ramp would never have more than a 7% incline because otherwise, it would be too steep for dragging up the stones, notches at each right angle would allow the stones to be turned and also provide ventilation for the tunnels.

This theory held much promise and early basic scans of the pyramids seemed to indicate that he may be on to something but more recent muon scans of the pyramids seemed to refute at least the internal ramp part of this hypothesis, computer scientists have come up with models for various types of external ramps and abetter understanding of the inside makeup of the pyramid may lead to promising future understandings.

Lastly, there's the possibility that the Egyptians use ropes and lovers similar to the techniques, while it may seem absurd at first bear in mind that leveraging a few simple techniques can allow one person alone to lift absolutely gigantic rocks as demonstrated by the guy who single-handedly recreated his own Stonehenge.

Conclusion -

Egyptians had an army of over 20,000 skilled craftsmen and specialized workers this isn't just about one guy, personally I don't know those are just a few possibilities and I would love to hear what you think in the comments below but now back to what we do know the Egyptians didn't start by building the Great Pyramid they began with smaller more basic stepped pyramids and as they mastered their techniques they built bigger and better monuments, they didn't use slaves or dinosaurs and unlike what we would expect if the pyramids were built by highly advanced aliens, the Egyptian process was trial and error, the earliest smooth pyramids were too steep, one of them collide from the weight distribution and when the weight of another pyramid caused the ground below it to sink slightly and crack some of the stones the workers realize that the weight would be too heavy for the support rocks so they changed the plans and from that point up they decrease the angle slightly lowering the total amount of weight bearing down on the king's chamber support stones that's not a mistake a hyper advanced alien species would make because no matter how complicated you think a stack of rocks in the desert is I guarantee you that an inter galactic spaceship is exponentially more high-tech and besides why would aliens traverse the galaxy just to stack up nature's Legos on a giant sand pit and stuff it with a human corpse and if the pyramids were built by extra-terrestrials as spacecraft as some ancient alien crackpots speculate why are they built using the heaviest material and the least aero dynamic shape possible and if they're built to transfer energy somehow why are they made of limestone and not something electromagnetic most peopledon't realize just how many written records we have from ancient Egypt and they'd love to point to one or two pieces of art and extrapolate entire crackpot theories from that one of the sepieces of evidence UFOlogist put forth for the pyramids extraterrestrial construction is this depiction of the pharaoh Akhenaten, what is up with his head it's gotta be alien until you look at some of the dozens of other depictions of him and realize that it's just a hat an exaggerated drawing of theEgyptian pharaohs crown which was already long.

~sciencefreak

What is Elon Musk's Starlink Mission? - ScienceNerds

2020-04-12T00:22:00.004+05:30

SpaceX's CEO ElonMusk's new Starlink Network project be about to change this blasted off from a Falcon 9 rocket. musk successfully launched the first 60 satellites of thousands that were deployed in the hope to eventually provide low-cost high-performance internet access anywhere in the world, it essentially means rebuilding the Internet but this time in space, so how will Starlink work and when can we expect to benefit from it !?

Elon Musk is working to revolutionizing the internet by building a global communication system that will blanket the world in Wi-Fi. he plans to send a mega constellation of nearly 12,000 satellites into outer space which will orbit above the earth and provide Internet connectivity to the surface below, it could be in a jungle in South America and if you had just an internet link somehow you could you'd have access to all of humanity's information so it actually effectively created a superorganism. it's an ambitious project that will aim to provide Internet to every region of the planet the mega constellation will be broken into two, the first being sent to a slightly higher altitude and compromising a 4409 satellites and the second made up of seven thousand 518it's so ambitious but it essentially means sending up half the satellites of in the next six years in the hope that StarLink will be operating to some capacity by 2020. Before today's launch musk initially tested to SatrLink satellites which had been propelled into space but didn't actually reach operational orbit despite this though must be claimed that the two tests were showing latency low enough to play fast response video games so what do we know about the satellite! well, each one weighs around 385 kilograms and we use lasers to communicate with each other they'll also have an expected lifespan of about 5 years after which time they'll be manually brought out of orbit but you don't need to worry about any space junk dropping out of the sky as the company claims they'll burn up as they return to Earth's atmosphere while satellite internet has been around for a while the ones currently sitting in space at 22,000 miles high over the equator and with the distance that long it's meant connectivity for us Earthlings are unreliable and slow.

I thought the internet would be something that would dramatically affect the future of humanity would be like acquiring a nervous system and where as previously communication would have to occur almost by osmosis and if musk manages to meet his goal the new initiative could give the world internet speeds that around 40 times faster than what we're expecting now and it won't matter whether you're in the middle of a city or deep in monkey jungle but with all this potential for a faster way for the world to communicate it's perhaps no wonder that the competition from rival companies is heating up spacex is so far managed to keep styling technology from its research and development to serious mass production under wraps but the Federal Communications Commission or the FCC has also approved request from the likes of one web Teles at and Amazon to establish big satellite internet constellations of their own, the world has limited to no communications at all and one web is designed it's a big project but one web is designed to bring internet access right to the schools and right to the places in the most rural of environments. high-speed Internet access 50 megabits per second,30 milliseconds latency so it's identical to a cable modem without being constrained having to live in the city the total cost of the starLink initiative is an estimated seven point eight (7.8) billion which will cover the cost of each launch of a falcon 9 rocket but to receive just minor internet connection here on earth spacex would have to send up six more launches of sixty satellites while moderate coverage would mean twelve and while this time the launch took place on a falcon 9 rocket SpaceX also has ambitions of getting its colossal starship rocket ready that could one day take Falcon nines placestar ship was inspired by the 1954adventure of comic book hero and if the spacecraft is ready by 2020 is hoped it may be able to deploy hundreds of StarLink satellites at any one time it's not known yet just how much it will cost people to use the StarLink network but musk has previously said is likely to be a relatively cheap way for three billion people who don't already have internet access to get online but it's not just about connecting everyone on earth as the company also has a more self-serving goal of generating enough cash from Starlink to help fund Musk's lifelong ambition of building a future city on mars a relatively small number of people from earth would want to go but enough would want to go and who can afford the trove that it would happen just weather the company's 12,000satellites StarLink mega constellation will determine the future of Internet remains to be seen so for the time being we'll have to suffer with unreliable internet just a little bit long.

~sciencefreak

Meet 'Perseverance': NASA's Mars 2020 rover has a new name - ScienceNerds

2020-03-12T09:45:00.002+05:30

PRESERVANCE - MARS ROVER 2020

Preservance Rover

NASA Rover Perseverance is a robotic scientist weighing just under 1043 kilograms managed for the agency by Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA Rovers' astrobiology mission includes searching for signs of past alien microbial life, the rover will analyze the Red planet weather and geological perseverance will also collect samples of Martian rocks and dust for a future mission to return the sample from Mars to Earth, this will hopefully pave the way for eventual human exploration of Mars. the audience read the mystery of the impact of extraterrestrial space, the alien objector that bit the Earth, spied on new photos. I saw all these dedicated men and women who for years have invested the full measure of their intellect and stamina in the most technologically advanced Rover mission in history and saw many smiling faces and five journeys. I bet it's a worthy name that we can be proud of as the first stage of a return campaign sample is currently undergoing final assembly and verification at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. GMT 340 p.m. ET, on February 18, 2021, that inspiring job will always require perseverance that we can't wait to see that Mars's perseverance on the nameplate is the latest in a long line of Red Planet Rovers to be named by older children school year from Sojourner in 1997 to the Rovers Spirit and Opportunity that landed on Mars in 2004 - a curiosity that has been exploring Mars since 2012. The contest that resulted in Alex's winning perseverance entry started in August last year, about 4,700 judges Volunteers, educators, professionals, and space enthusiasts from across the country reviewed the submissions to help narrow the group to 155 semifinalists once that group narrowed to nine finalists. the public had five days to evaluate their favourites by registering more than seven hundred and seventy thousand votes in line with the results submitted to NASA for consideration, the nine finalists also spoke to a panel of experts, including astronaut director Enamel Lori of NASA from NASA's Planetary Science Division. Jessica Watkins Rover handles an equal sea at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Clara Mar who named Curiosity as a sixth-grade student in 2009 Alex said in a statement that this was an opportunity to help the agency that put humans on the moon and will soon do it again.

~sciencefreak

Why Do Our Age Slower In Space? - ScienceNerds

2020-03-02T12:44:00.006+05:30

In the movie Superman, there is a famous scene in which the Man of Steel revolves around the planet to go back in time, while the idea is pure comic fiction if someone revolved around the planet, in fact, it would affect time, but only to them.

Time is relative, which means that the speed of time passes changes based on numerous factors such as gravity or how quickly you move. What this means is that astronauts in space-age more slowly than everyone here on Earth. But why?

Einstein's theory of relativity created the idea that there is a fabric that permeates the entire universe called 'space-time' 'Space-time' does not remain the same, it can be deformed by matter and energy This is called 'dilation of time '.

For example, time moves slower on Earth than in space because the gravitational force of Earth doubles space-time, this is 'gravitational dilation of time' If you were in space away from the gravitational pull of the Earth, You would age faster than someone at home. It is stronger the closer it is to the surface, it means that your feet are younger than your head And a person who lives on the ground would age more slowly than someone who lived on top of a mountain But the difference would be as small as to make it imperceptible.

Time also moves slower the faster it moves, this is 'speed time dilation'. On the twin stage, if one twin remained on Earth while the other twin flew in a rocket through space before returning, the twin in the rocket would meet when he returned. his earthly twin had aged more.

This is exactly what happens when you have an atomic clock flying on a plane. It will record less time than past than an atomic clock that remains on the ground. So, do we age more slowly in space or not? The answer depends on what you are doing in space. If I were floating in space on Earth and didn't move, I would age faster. But for those astronauts on the International Space Station that buzzes around Earth at about five miles per second, they would actually age more slowly. because its expansion of velocity-time has an effect greater than its expansion of gravitational time. A six-month period aboard the IEE would give you approximately 0.07 seconds of extra life. So, if you want to stay young in relation to other people on Earth, all you have to do is find a way to revolve around the planet at an incredible speed like Superman.

~Sciencefreak

Things you probably didn’t know about leap day - ScienceNerds

2020-02-29T11:22:00.004+05:30

February 29, also known as the leap day. A leap day is added to several solar calendars, including the calendar Gregorian standard in most of the world.

February 29 only happens every four years unless that year is divisible by 100 but not by 400. This is to keep our calendar synchronized with the Earth's rotation around the sun. Without leap day, we would be out of sync about six hours a year.

Leap Year

Years that contain a leap day are called leap years. Years that do not contain a leap day are called common years. According to the Gregorian calendar, the year numericals that are divisible by 100, but not by 400, do not contain a leap day. Thus 1900, 1800 and 1700 did not contain a leap day; neither will 2300, 2200 and 2100. Because they are divisible by 100.

On the contrary, 1600 and 2000 had leap days, and 2400 will have leap days, even if they are divisible by 100 because they are also divisible by 400. Although most modern calendar years have 365 days, a complete revolution around the Sun (a solar year) takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours.

Therefore, an additional 24 hours are accumulated every four years, which requires that an additional calendar day be added to align the calendar with the apparent position of the Sun. Without the additional day, in future years the seasons would occur later in the calendar, which would eventually generate confusion on when to carry out activities that depend on the weather, ecology or daylight hours.

A leap day is observed to handle this. A leap day compensates for this delay, realigning the calendar with the position of the Earth in the Solar System; otherwise, the stations would occur later than expected in the calendar year. Adding a calendar day every four years results in an excess of about 44 minutes every four years, or about 3 days every 400 years. To compensate for this, three days are eliminated every 400 years. That is why the years that are divisible by 100 but not by 400, do not contain a leap day. Anyone born on leap day will not have the opportunity to celebrate their birthday every year. Were you born leap day? Share your birthday celebration experiences through comments.

~sciencefreak

The Biggest Explosions in the Universe - ScienceNerds

2020-02-28T13:05:00.006+05:30

What do you think is the biggest explosion in the universe?

The word that probably comes to my mind is a supernova, but did you know that there are multiple types of supernova and some could have even bigger energy explosions? There are two main types of supernova, each of which can be classified into subcategories even if it seems that a little behind we are going to talk about type 2 supernova ...

The first stars, of course, have a life cycle, are born to remain stable for millions, even billions of years, until they run out of energy as high-mass stars age and begin to use increasingly large elements until I reached the iron creating an onion. Like the appearance with the heaviest elements near the core, it only fuses iron because fusing larger elements requires energy instead of producing it once they run out of this energy to keep the star stable, there are many different ways to start and die and his death is decided by its mass a solar mass is the mass of our Sun if a star has less than eight solar masses, it will become a white dwarf that will die slowly until the end of time so sad if a star is between 8 and 25 solar masses if that will be one to be more exact, type 2 supernovas the star will begin to explode at about a quarter of the speed of light until the neutron degeneration pressure prevents it from collapsing and increasing the energy it produces our Sun in its ten billion yen. Life is released in a matter of seconds.

what remains is a neutron star, these supernovae are quite common, one happens in our galaxy, every few hundred years or so four stars with more than 25 solar masses can still die in a supernova death, but what remains it will be a black hole, type 1 supernovae are quite different, they are not caused by the death of a very large star, but they are caused by a white dwarf exploding whoa whoa whoa grab our second white dwarf should not explode, just die slowly until the end of time, yes unless they are part of a binary star system Binary star systems are actually quite common in our galaxy, an approximate estimate is approximately 1/3 of our star systems are actually multiple star systems, or even more, stars when a white dwarf has a great campaign. You can start extracting some of your gases by stealing the white dwarf from the Star's livelihood or the mass limit of 1.4 for the solar masses before the electron degeneration pressure can no longer hold the start, so if a dwarf white feels too much mass boom you get a type 1 supernova, these supernovas are super important to understand the universe, they always release exactly the same amount of energy, so we call them standard sail if it's close we receive a ton of energy and it's far away, we receive much less, this helps us discover how close the galaxies are to us, the universe is huge and it is very difficult to understand if the galaxies are far away or if they really dim, these standard candles help us measure the size of the universe.

There is even the largest supernova possible, a tsuba supernova now. I'm just kidding that it would be great if I remember that, but instead, they are called still quite good hypernovas, although there is still a little mystery that probably happens when two neutron stars collide. By creating a large explosion of energy known as a gamma-ray explosion for stars with more than 100 solar masses, they can also become supernovae, but instead of leaving a black hole remnant, all the energy is poured into the explosion. all the densest elements in our land today.

~sciencefreak

Neutrino Detector - Sciencenerds

2020-02-28T12:34:00.001+05:30

My hardcore science fans probably know about Super-Kamio Kande, or Super-K, as their friends call it. The 15-story high water tank buried 1,000 meters below a mountain in Japan has been instrumental in detecting and studying neutrinos, reshaping the standard model of particle physics while doing so. Now the Japanese government has approved Hyper-Kamiokande that it will be, he guessed, even bigger. So large that you can rewrite the standard model once again. Before arriving at the event of a change in particle physics that Hyper-K could detect in theory, let's first talk about what it is designed to detect. Hyper-K, like Super-K before, will look for neutrinos.

surface view of Neutrino detector

Neutrinos are incredibly elusive and difficult to detect because they rarely interact with anything. Billions and billions of ultralight and uncharged particles pass through us at almost the speed of light every second, and honestly, I've never noticed. But here is the beauty of the word "almost." Neutrinos almost never interact with another matter, which is another way of saying that sometimes they do! So, if you can get a lot of stuff and just look at it for a while, and I mean it, you should eventually see the telltale sign of a neutrino interaction. The revealing sign in question is something known as Cherenkov radiation. Cherenkov radiation occurs when a charged particle travels faster than the speed of light through a dielectric medium such as water. Think of it almost like a sonic boom, but instead of a conical air shock wave, the charged particle in motion generates a cone of blue light. If I paid close attention, he noticed that I said that Cherenkov's radiation is generated by charged particles, but neutrinos have no charge. However, neutrinos come in three types or "flavours"; electron, muon and tau.

On the rare occasion when a neutrino interacts with water, it will become one of these other subatomic particles based on its taste. The electrons, muons and tau particles charge and will briefly emit a Cherenkov light cone until they slow down below the speed of light in water. The end result that the sensors can detect is a faint flash of a blue ring of light. Super-K uses 50,000 metric tons of ultrapure water observed by 11,000 golden bulbs called Photo Multiplier Tubes that take that dim light and convert it into electric current. Thanks to its large size and sensitivity, it can detect neutrinos from the sun, our atmosphere or even from a particle accelerator on the other side of Honshu that shoots neutrinos from hundreds of kilometres away.

In 1998, just two years after it started working, he observed that neutrinos oscillate, which means that they change between their three flavours while travelling. This discovery altered the standard model and earned a Japanese researcher the Nobel Prize. Super-K has accomplished a lot, so what could an even larger detector with more than five times the water and four times the photocopying tube achieve? How about explaining why things are here? Scientists believe that Hyper-K will be able to make more precise measurements that will reveal the different speeds of neutrinos and their antimatter counterparts, antineutrinos, run through their three flavours.

This difference could be the key to explaining why more matter was created than antimatter when the universe began, instead of being done in equal parts that were completely annihilated. And if physicists are very, very, very lucky, Hyper-K will observe the decomposition of a proton. At this time, the standard model says that it is impossible, but if Hyper-Kamiokande observes a decay of protons, then our understanding of the entire universe changes. It would mean that three of the four fundamental forces come from a single fundamental force when time began. It would be the final missing piece in the puzzle of the great unified theories that otherwise seem to fit so perfectly. Hyper-K should be able to see a proton decay if its half-life is 10 ^ 34 years. That's a 1 with 34 zeros later. Hopefully, it does, because if the ultra-huge hyper-K does not detect it, that means that the average life of a proton must be at least 10 times longer. But we are getting ahead, Hyper-Kisn has not yet been built.

Let them really build it, then lift a chair and look at 260,000 metric tons of water. Or as I call it, Tuesday. Fun fact: while Super-K used ultra-pure water for decades, in 2019, researchers added gadolinium to make it more sensitive to antineutrinos. To test water filtration with the new element, the scientists made two test benches with the acronym EGADS and GADZOOKS. because scientists can't resist cheesy acronyms.

~sciencefreak

What Happens After We Die? - ScienceNerds

2020-02-25T10:32:00.003+05:30

What Happens After We Die? - For many it's not a topic we often want to talk about and looking deeper into the nuts and bolts of passing on is a difficult task yet it is a fact of life an inescapable inevitability and it has been a go-to subject for artists writers and musicians from all around the world for centuries.

What Happens After We Die - ScienceNerds

Death is arguable, the greatest most mysterious and most unsettling of great unknowns but is there anything about the physical mental and spiritual aspects of dying that can make understanding, it just a little bit easier this is unveiled and today we're answering the extraordinary question - what happens after we die, are you a fiend for facts are you constantly curious?

what literally happens to our bodies after we passed on well most of the key processes began almost immediately after our heart stopped beating and our brains cease to function pallor Mortis refers to how our bodies start to become pale within 15 minutes or so after death Algor mortis is are duction in temperature which typically starts to set in within the hour livor mortis is when the blood left in our bodies moves down to the lowest possible point thanks to gravity leaving discolouration wherever it settles it's usually noticeable within a couple of hours and then there's rigour Mortis which is the stiffening of limbs and perhaps the most well known of all the Mortis terms and so-called signs of death it usually happens within the first 4 to 24 hours and by now the once-living breathing body is definitely a corpse right about now when the body's muscles are tense various enzymes set to work decomposing human tissue and eventually the muscles that were stiff through rigour Mortis relax and here's when the physical site of death takes a fairly from its turn as all muscles are released including those throughout the digestive system, so often are the remaining contents of bowels the body white process is known as putrefaction also ramps up breaking down the physical form on every level organs are liquefied as bacteria and funguses deteriorate the shell down to the skeleton our teeth nails and hair are usually the last things to go but most of all of it happens within about a month for forensic.

scientists and medical the examiner's it's a vital period of time because if there are any questions on how when or why a person died then exactly what happens to their body post death can provide some answers naturally today's question doesn't only concern physical observable processes there's also the brain to consider and from a more spiritual perspective or consciousness when thinking about specific times of death many consider the moment of brain death to be the key this is when all signs of the brain working disappear & when all electrical activity in the brain ends given our ever-expanding understanding of how the brain works there is some debate on the criteria for brain death but in terms of what happens after we die the brain ultimately succumbs to the same decomposition as the rest of the body ideas on when we die branch out further still though in part thanks to testimonials from people who have reportedly been brought back from the brink of death undergoing what's commonly known as a near-death experience thanks to dramatization in the media there are certain stereotypes for what an NDE might look like a heavenly light the pearly gates our loved ones all waiting for us on the other side and to some extent these images have been backed up by real-world accounts particularly the white the light aspect of them it's also relatively common for people to recall an out-of-body experience seeing themselves on the hospital operating table for example as well as a strong feeling of peace as though all of their fears and anxieties had been lifted from them scientifically speaking near-death experiences are the tricky concept there's no evidence that they're the result of an actual visit to the afterlife but there are theories that they're brought on by sudden changes in the brain particularly in the temporal lobe and hippocampus or that they're hallucinations triggered by a loss of oxygen there also psychological theories on NDEs including that they happen because we're culturally conditioned to expect them to and that the archetypal tunnel and light vision is in some way linked to the trauma of being born even the most convincing explanations struggle to explain instances when patients can recall seeing hearing or experiencing things that they couldn't possibly have known about though here's where our ideas on consciousness come into play a 20-17 study from the University of Southampton in the UK challenged the previously held the belief that general awareness in the brain ceased approximately 30 seconds after the body stops receiving blood pumped by the heart instead it suggested that there exists a window of up to 3 minutes during the cardiac stage of death when we can still be somewhat aware of our surroundings and perhaps all and E's occur during this time before a patient is brought out of cardiac arrest and back to life more than that though while we mostly know for sure what happens to our bodies after death there is and has been for centuries ongoing debate about whether this really is the end because how about if our consciousness continued to exist after death building on ideas first put forward by Rene Descartesneuro psychiatrist Peter Fenwick offers up the theory that our brains aren't the originators of consciousness but rather a filter through which the universe is perceived similar to how we can only hear certain frequencies and see certain wavelengths for fen wick, there are spiritual connotations here where life after death does in some way exist thanks to a deeper connection between our detached consciousnesses and the universe at large despite even let's research and other similar studies there's no one accepted rule on whether what some call the human spirit and others the soul can survive biological death but the idea that it might is a great source of comfort for many physically speaking we can chart the expected course for our brains and bodies once we passed away metaphysically speaking we are not so sure for some that there's nothing afterlife for others an essence of ourselves does remain it's a point at which scientific theory meets spiritually where that one right answer is always up for debate what do you think is there anything we missed let us know in the comments...

~sciencefreak

How did Sunday Became a Holiday? - ScienceNerds

2020-02-23T11:34:00.002+05:30

Hey Folks, welcome back to ScienceNerds. Today we will find out - who was the person behind making Sunday a holiday in India.

Why Sunday is Holiday?

Narayan Meghaji Lokhande, The Father of the Trade Union Movement in India.

Narayan Meghaji Lokhande

Narayan Meghaji Lokhande was born in a very poor family from Phulamli Caste in 1848 in Thane, Maharashtra, India. In the 17th(seventeenth) and 18th(seventeenth) centuries, India was popular for its fine Textiles in western countries or nations. By Buying Cloth in India and Selling it in Europe, the East India Company made lots of Profit. The 1st Textile factory(mill) was established in Bombay, Maharashtra in 1854. Lokhande worked for some time as a storekeeper in a Bombay Textile mill He gathered the issues and problems of the working conditions in the factories and The issues faced by the labourers or workers.

Textile - Mill, Bombay

He Edited the first labour weekly "Deenbandhu"(friend of the oppressed). From 1880 as far as possible of his life in 1897 he took control over the administration of Deenbandhu, which was published from Bombay. Narayan Meghaji Lokhande was a prominent partner of Mahatma Jyotirao Phule. Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (11 April 1827 – 28 November 1890) was an Indian activist, good thinker, social reformer and author from Maharashtra. Along with Lokhande, Jyotirao also gathered the meetings of the textile workers in Bombay. It is significant that before Jotirao and his partner Bhalekar and Lokhande tried to organize the peasants and the workers, no such attempt will be made by any association to review their complaints or problems. Mahatma Phule begins the first Indian Workers organization– 'Bombay factory Hands Association', with the help of Shri. Narayan Meghaji Lokhande.

Following are some of the rights factory(mill) workers got because of N M Lokhande:

A weekly holiday on Sunday for factory workers.
workers should be qualified to half-hour recess, In the afternoon.
The mill should begin working from 6:30 in the morning and close by sunset.
By the 15th of every month, the salaries of the workers should be paid.

Narayan Meghaji Lokhande is remembered not only for improving the working states of textile factory-hands in the 19th century but also for his courageous initiatives on caste and communal issues. The Government of India gave a post stamp with his photograph in 2005.

~sciencefreak

Why Do We Dream? - ScienceNerds

2020-02-21T18:59:00.003+05:30

'Dreams' they can help us, they can haunt us or they can just be really really weird but have you ever stopped and wondered why we dream let's find out.

Why Do We Dream?

When you go to sleep it may feel like your mind and body are turning off for the night, but in fact, your brain is still working while you sleep. That's right. The rest of your body is resting and recovering. Your brain that works hard, releasing of all types of chemicals and hormones into the body that helps you grow these stages of brain activity is called the sleep cycle. The sleep cycle consists of five phases and you go through five or six cycles in good sleep.

Most dreaming happens during the phase in which you sleep the most, the rapid eye movement, the phase during REM(rapid eye movement) or REM sleep. Our eyes scurry back and forth behind our closed eyelids, but now and then we dream, but the big question remains, why are we dreaming well? Humans have been trying to answer this question for thousands and thousands of years, and even with the information age of the atomic age and the age of Aquarius, we still cannot say for sure why we dream.

The experts have some theories, although some believe that Dreams are the way the brain processes all the emotions and experiences that we had that day. Others believe that dreams are a form of unconscious problem solving where our brains address the big questions and problems that we deal with in our lives, some researchers think dreams are nothing more than a body function that is no deeper than a fart, So why do we dream of a look that we don't know, but what we do when we sleep about a third of our life like this when you lay If you have your head down tonight, just be glad you have some fun You can watch while sleeping a third of your life away.

For centuries, experts are trying to find the actual purpose of dreams. But still, no one has any concrete answer. One theory proposed by Sigmund Freud states that we dream to fulfil our wishes.

Dreams are a representation of our unconscious desires, thoughts, etc. Each image in a dream has some meaning. As these thoughts are not expressed consciously, they find their way via dreams. Another theory called Threat Stimulation suggests that Dreams should be seen as a defence mechanism. For example, nightmares put us in threatening situations. Allowing us to practice our fight or flight response. Which can be helpful in real-life events. A theory called Activation-Synthesis suggests that dreams don't mean anything. During the REM stage of sleep, certain circuits in the brain get activated. When the brain tries to synthesize and make sense of these signals. It results in dreams.

~sciencefreak

Speed of Darkness - sciencenerds

2020-02-20T17:18:00.004+05:30

Light travels at the fastest possible speed for a physical object. The darkness is erased when the light appears and returns when the light goes out. The speed of darkness is the speed of light, but there are other types of darkness that can move faster than the speed of light. For example, a shadow.

Over a distance, a shadow can be made much larger than the object that creates it, but still mimics its origin, moving in the same way during the same time. Then, when a shadow is larger than the object that casts it, it moves a greater distance when the object moves but in the same period of time.

Make a shadow large enough and you can travel across the surface faster than light. If you, here on Earth, cast a shadow on the Moon, it is not an easy thing to do, which pointed from, say, point A on the surface of the moon, and then moved your finger so that the shadow moved to point B, your finger would only move a few centimetres in a fraction of a second. But the shadow cast on the moon would move thousands of kilometres in the same amount of time.

Do it right and you will easily produce a shadow that breaks the light barrier. But nothing happens here. The rule is that information cannot travel faster than light. You cannot make something happen in another place faster than light could travel from you to that other place. And our superluminal shadow is not transferring information from point A to point B. Of course, point B is being thrown into the dark before a light-speed message from A can warn it to approach, but darkness does not travel from point A to point B You are travelling from you to point A and point B at the speed of light.

What call shadow is really just a cross-section of a three-dimensional region. The darkness it is causing only changes to shape when the newly unlocked light fills the previous space. That's all shade is a gap. So, in a way, a shadow does not travel at all. That is an illusion caused by us to think that a shadow is something physical when in reality a shadow is just the lack of physical things: photons

They advance in the speed limit of the universe. But that does not mean that two shadows cannot kiss. Or, at least, it seems they are. Watch as a boy brings two shadows close to each other. Just before they really make contact, the shadows seem to magically bulge each other, in a kind of dark kiss.

What is happening is the shadow blister effect and has to do with the anatomy of a shadow. Umbra is the region where an object completely blocks a light source. It is the darkest part of the shadow in the most prototype part of the shadow. Where only part of the light source is blocked, we find the weakest penumbra. But as two or more penumbras approach and overlap, the combined amount of light they block may be sufficient to produce a noticeable difference, the shadow blister.

The Earth has a large umbra, it is 1.4 million kilometres long. This is how far it should be from Earth so that it no longer has an apparent diameter large enough to block all suns. Here, on the surface of the Earth, we are not so far away, so the night is so threshold. The night is only the shadow of the Earth that falls on you. To You eclipse (I mean your eclipse ... that's funny!).

The sunsets are great, they are beautiful to look at, but look the other way and you can see the shadow of our planet. Our atmosphere disperses the shorter wavelengths of light more than the longer wavelengths, which makes the sky look blue. But in the shadow of the Earth, there is less light to disperse and the sky seems darker. During twilight, you can see the demarcation.

This is the night shadow that approaches Earth. The beautiful pink band on her? That is the belt of Venus. It is caused by the sky that reflects the colours of the sunset behind us. You have probably noticed that just after the sun sets, it disappears from view, there is still light in the sky, scattered by the sun that is no longer visible.

If the sun is less than six degrees below the horizon, it is technically a civil twilight. You can still do many things outdoors without the need for artificial lights.

At 12 degrees below the horizon, we have a nautical twilight: artificial lights are more or less necessary, but the sky still scatters enough light to be bright enough for ships in the sea to navigate when seeing a contrast of the horizon between the dark and dimly lit sea sky.

Up to 18 degrees, astronomical twilight occurs. It seems at night but the sky can still darken. Until astronomical twilight is over, astronomical observations cannot be made overnight.

Less than 18 degrees is technically, honestly, at night. If you live at more than 48.5 degrees north or south latitude, during the summer the sun never goes more than 18 degrees below the horizon. Technically it is never night.

But that is slow darkness. Let's get to the point because we are looking for fast darkness. When the scissor blades cut, the point of intersection between both blades moves faster than the blades themselves.

Think of it this way: if I had a pair of scissors with blades that would last a light year and take a second to close, the intersection point would have travelled a full light year, not a year, but ... one second.

Laws are not being violated here because such a cut would be physically impossible. As I mentioned before, rigid objects do not move instantaneously when a thrust force is applied. Instead, that force moves through electromagnetic forces, from one atom to the next, and so on in the line. A compression wave that travels through the material at the speed of sound.

But what if we ignore that problem by allowing the blades to simply be separated in motion? Well, your point at an intersection can still travel faster than light, because it is not something physical. It is only a geometric point and does not carry more information than it could already gather when witnessing the approaching blades. But don't count that geometric point of the intersection yet.

It is the key to another type of darkness that can move faster than light. When waves collide, their ridges can merge into larger ridges, their channels into larger channels. This is constructive interference. But the ridges that collide with the channels are cancelled. If the waves are light, the result of destructive interference is darkness. And, in certain circumstances, the darkness created in this way can travel as the intersection between two lines, faster than light. Imagine concentric circles as light waves. The lines are wavy ridges and the intermediate spaces are channels. When they meet the points where they cross, they flee up and down faster than the waves travel, especially in the middle, which, in the case of light waves, makes them faster than light. The superluminal speeds of these dark patches can be seen very clearly if we make the crests of a source's waves black and the background. The overlapping regions in which red looks out represents destructive interference: darkness.

~sciencefreak

IF the SUN explodes ?! - sciencenerds

2020-02-18T11:06:00.003+05:30

If the sun exploded, what would happen to life on earth and would we even see it coming?

Let's get technical.

In a galaxy, the size of the Milky Way, one of the billion stars bound by gravity explodes approximately every 50 to 100 years and outshines all other stars in the galaxy that are composed for weeks to months.

These supernovae are among the most energetic events in the entire universe. We have observed some of them over the centuries, but never one in our cosmic backyard. Although our sun will change during its life by expanding into a red giant so much that it evaporates all inner planets and we are consumed by fire, our sun is simply not heavy enough to become a supernova.

To become a supernova, our sun needs 10 to 100 times the mass it now has, but Dr Ethan Siegel, astrophysicist and Zangief impersonator, with whom we previously worked on this show, had an interesting thought experiment that I would like to share with you. What if our relatively small sun was supernova? What would happen to us First, how does a star die? At the end of a massive star's life, the hydrogen and helium it used with two fuel fusions ran out and in its fusion processes, the star began to burn less efficient and heavier elements such as oxygen, carbon and neon.

When elements get heavier in the process, iron eventually begins to build up in the star core. And when this happens, the fate of a star is sealed.

The fusion of iron does not provide any additional energy. When this happens, there is a huge loss of thermal pressure that is fighting gravity that is trying to collapse the star. About a day after the star begins to burn silicon, the core collapses and the outer shells rush inward towards the iron core 23% at the speed of light and then bounce off the core, creating a shock wave that emanates from the core a few hours later Surface of the star breaks out because the star is so big and produces the equivalent of an entire galaxy light worth 30 years. If this were to happen to our sun, we would not literally see it coming. In terms of distance, the Sun is just over eight minutes of light from Earth and the fastest thing that can move, including information, is the speed of light.

Star composition - layered fashion

And so all the information about the sun, where it is, what it does, what it looks like is always eight minutes in the past. If the sun exploded and bathed us in light galaxies, we would not know anything about it until basically the sun, when it happened, would look normal in the sky in one moment and then in the next boom! But now we have to get technical. Would our supernova in the sun actually destroy us? And what would be the real mechanism of our lives if it were? There are two sensible ways that a supernova could wipe us out. First of all, do you think that only the photons, the light brighter than entire galaxies, would be enough to fry us? It's slow because this is actually the scale here. Second, you might think that a supernova’s blast, the material of the star that moves outward, and many per cent of the speed of light would be enough to destroy just an entire planet. And in either case, you'd be right, one of these apocalypses would immediately sterilize the sun-facing side of the earth when the material or light arrived, and the other side of the earth would die shortly afterwards. However, none of these apocalypses would make us do it first, no, this galactic grim reaper is completely invisible.

If our person's supernova, which we should be most concerned about, is something that just pervades you harmlessly. While the hydrogen and helium that drive the sun's fusion burn an immense amount of heat, light and neutrinos are created. Neutrinos are a pretty bizarre particle that is electrically neutral, and so little physicists thought for a long time that they had no mass at all. Neutrinos are known to work only through gravity and weak nuclear power, which means that they hardly interact with matter. To put this weak interaction in perspective, the most common number you can find in physics textbooks is that, thanks to the neutrino flow from the sun, on average about 70 trillion neutrinos are running through the surface of your hand right now and you don't feel anything. In fact, neutrinos interact so weakly that something has to be really stupid before a neutrino hits them on average. But how fat are you? That takes some math.

No, I will not apologize for saying it. What do the kids say on Twitter and Tinder? Consider a neutrino, not to scale. When this particle hits something, its effective collision area is a function of its diameter. This area for a neutrino, for the development of which the physicists took a long time, is indescribably small. So you can imagine that it takes a lot of very, very dense material to stop one.

We are talking about a block of metal through which a neutrino could move that is 1000 times wider than our solar system. It's stupidly thick. The fact that matter is fundamentally transparent to neutrinos makes it very difficult to recognize it. A small detector may never pick up a neutrino, although trillions over trillions of neutrinos pass through it every moment. Scientists circumvent this problem by enlarging everything and building absolutely huge machines. For example, this is the largest neutrino detector in the world, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. It is located at the South Pole and uses all of the untouched ice there as a dense material for the interaction of the neutrinos. A lot of ice is also used.

To maximize the probability of detection, this multi-million dollar device places sensors on a cubic kilometre of ice, which is almost a gigaton of ice. Now we keep saying that thanks to the sun, neutrinos go through everything all the time and you might be thinking, if neutrinos interact more with matter and have more energy, we would be in a lot of trouble. Guess what happens during a supernova. It would not be the light or the pressure wave of a supernova that would have caught us, neutrinos would wipe out all life on earth before we even knew it. Remember how a giant star dies, the core collapses, the material falls inside, bounces off the core, creates a shock wave and blows everything apart.

Now, before any of it breaks apart before the star explodes, an incredible number of neutrinos are generated just when the star breaks down. In just 10 seconds after the core of a star collapses, a vortex of 10 octodecillion (10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 000) neutrinos flows through the star as if it weren't even there. Now it is somehow not intuitive where we think the energy is from an explosion, but these neutrinos actually carry 99% of a supernova potential, how much energy?

100 trillion joules,

(100 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 000 Joules).

I've never said that word before. And like Dr. Ethan Siegel emphasizes that this type of energy is like throwing an anti-matter bomb the size of a Jupiter onto Jupiter.

When the sun explodes in our mental experiment, all these neutrinos will run through space travelling at more or less the speed of light and will reach Earth about eight minutes later. And when they get there, they will not only pass harmlessly, as neutrinos usually do, because three things are now very different. Remember, on average, the amount of neutrinos that pass through the surface of your hand, thanks to the sun and its average impact area. Here is their energy when they are produced from the sun. Now, during a supernova, all these numbers change for the worse. The flow of neutrinos from the sun would increase by 10 billion times, their average impact area would increase by a factor of 10,000 and their energy would increase by 25 times, now these neutrinos have much more energy, are larger, more likely to interact and there are many more and you wouldn't need a cubic kilometre of ice to feel this. The volume of your body is more than enough. To finally answer our question, I came up with a perfectly named equation, if I say it myself, what I do, I present to you the nova equation.

N is our nucleon density for the material we are travelling through, phi here is the flow of neutrinos from the source as a supernova, V is the volume in question as your human volume, sigma, remember that it is our area of impact of Neutrinos and E is the average energy per particle of neutrino. This equation should be able to tell us how much energy per second is deposited in a human volume during a supernova.

It's very, very specific, but what did you expect from me? If the sun exploded, before it really exploded, every human being on Earth would be mercilessly subjected to 50,000 watts of neutrino energy, 50,000 joules per second. This amounts to a lethal dose of radiation for each person in less than 20 seconds. This flow of neutrinos would continue to vaporize everything on the planet and basically, everything on all the planets of the solar system, hours before the sun's supernova light reached any of those planets, and when it got there, it would find an already burned Earth.

This is a silent apocalypse.

So, if the sun exploded in a supernova, it would not be the explosion itself that would erase the solar system, it would be the ghostly neutrino. And what really scares these ghosts is that there is no place to hide from them, no realistic amount of protection will save you.

You could not even put an entire planet between you and the sun to protect yourself from these particles. Once again, the sun is not going to rise this way, but if it did, it would take us all with it, not with an explosion, but with a weekly moan of interaction because of science.

I just want to thank Dr Ethan Siegal's article on this topic that I read in his blog "Start with a blow" on Forbes and it was very informative. Much of the information is from the same place, so I suggest you go and follow it. It is fascinating and read all this, it is very good writing.

Also, if the sun became a supernova, we would not like to warn ourselves. There is something called Supernova Early Warning System that we have established throughout the planet, SNEWS and you can monitor different stars and their exits there, luminosity, what they are doing, to give you an early warning type so that it did not come out of nowhere, but even if we detect it early, I mean, there isn't much you can do.

If you found this value-adding to your knowledge, please leave a comment below.

~sciencenerds

Do Aliens Exist? If they do, would we know? - sciencenerds

2020-02-17T12:55:00.002+05:30

One of the most important questions is, could there be another life besides us in the universe? And I think that almost all the scientists I know feel that there should be. I mean, simply the numbers: in our galaxy alone, there are half a billion stars. And now we are beginning to realize that almost all stars have their own solar system. At least, our unique galaxy has hundreds of billions of planets. And some of the stars are even older than our sun. There may be an opportunity for a civilization to begin billions of years before life began on earth.

And if that is true, could there be extraterrestrial civilizations that are much more technologically advanced than us? The unfortunate thing, of course, is that we have no evidence of this. They are not making it very obvious. So, is there any way we can see some of at least the artefacts of one of these super civilizations around a distant star? And one of the people who thought about this in a really wonderful way was a man named Freeman Dyson. And his name lent itself to something called the Dyson sphere. And what is a Dyson sphere: the idea is that a very advanced civilization would probably need a lot of energy. And one of the best sources of energy is solar energy, the energy of its star that orbits around. But instead of waiting for the starlight to reach a planet and be placed in small detectors and solar cells, what would happen if civilization were a bit more assertive about it, and actually went to the star and built collectors giants around? that star? The idea of a Dyson sphere is probably a bit extreme because some people wondered if a civilization could build a full shell around a star. And that shell would collect all available radiation from that star that they could use for any alien purpose in their super-advanced civilization.

Many people have suggested that perhaps Shell would not be stable. It would be very difficult to keep that really working and orbiting around a star. Then, maybe I could make a giant grid of huge collectors that would orbit the star and capture as much radiation as possible. So, a Dyson sphere, or a kind of the equivalent of that, having many, many detectors in orbit around a star, is a wonderful idea in science fiction. The question is, is there any way to detect one of these? And for some time, in reality, people have wondered, what would happen if you saw a lot of infrared radiation, heat radiation, coming from an object similar to a star, but you didn't see any visible light? Is it possible that there was a layer of material around that star used to collect all its energy, and that layer was heating up because it is around the star, but it did not let the light pass? There are very serious scientists who proposed to look for objects similar to stars that only have heat, but that does not have associated light. Unfortunately, we never found any of those either. A couple of years ago, however, something very dramatic happened. which happened during the Kepler mission. This was a mission that looked for planets around other stars. And the way Kepler looked for planets is basically looking at a part of the sky where you could see a couple of hundreds of thousands of stars at a time, and only looked at it for years. The telescope never moved. I looked at the same part of the sky for a long, long time. And then, over time, scientists watched if the starlight varied. In general of these stars, could each star vary as a planet rotates and makes a small eclipse so that the planet has to be perfectly aligned along our line of sight, but that can happen, there are many planets in many Different orientations around the stars in the sky?

So, if what is perfectly aligned, you would see a small eclipse. The planet would pass in front of a star. You would not see the planet itself, but you would notice the fall of the starlight. The star would dim slightly. So what happens if you notice that a single star in that field darkens every three days? Every three days, there is the same small attenuation that returns again and again. You realize that you have a planet there, a planet, in this case, that orbits every three days and blocks the light. We have even found planets in Earth-like orbits that revolve around once a year.

Then Kepler found thousands of planets just by looking at this part of the sky. Now, normally, when a planet is placed in front of a star, the brightness decrease is very small, less than 1%. If you have a large planet, a planet the size of Jupiter, and maybe that planet is even very close to the star, a couple per cent may fall. The real effect is relatively small. The stars are much larger and brighter than any planet around them. So, the dive is just a small dive. And so, imagine the surprise of people a couple of years ago when one of the stars seemed to be experiencing very dramatic brightness drops, up to 25%. Now, the only thing that could block 25% of a star's light is something as big as another star, and then we would see another star spinning, and that wasn't there. We had never seen anything like this before.

And interestingly, this was done by what we call a citizen scientist. There are people in the public who are not trained scientists who really help NASA. They review our data. And they have no training. It is almost like a video game format. In fact, they help us review the data, and then point out things that are interesting. Obviously, we have computer programs that look for these variations in the starlight. And computer programs find 99% of everything we are looking for. But sometimes there is a strange result, something that does not match the computer algorithm, and the computer discards it. And that is what happened with this star. It was such a dramatic fall that it could not have been real. And not only that, the fall was not symmetrical. When you have a small ball, a small planet goes in front of a star, the fall is nice and symmetrical. It is a beautiful, even, circular shape that goes in front of the star. It had a very strange shape, almost as if giant triangles moved across the surface of the star.

So, scientists did not immediately conclude that, hey, maybe these are giant extraterrestrial solar collectors. But in the article that was published, the first author was Tabetha Boyajian, they noticed that if there was something like Dyson's sphere, it could look like this. And, of course, the press grabbed it and people wondered that if we could really have found evidence for the existence of a super civilization around the star. And actually, even myself, this star is about 60 light-years away and is visible through a small telescope. It is not a particularly bright star, but you can see it through a small telescope. And I was wondering if we could prove that this was artificial. You could go out to your backyard at night, put a telescope in the sky and see this little point of light, and know that there was something wonderful, amazing, a super civilization around that star. It gave me the chills. Of course, we wanted to follow up and find out what it really was. Could they really be giant solar collectors orbiting a star? Well, the unfortunate thing is that, after many follow-ups and looking at it in different wavelengths of light, there was a relatively simple discovery that everything is made of dust. In reality, it duplicates different wavelengths of light, different colours, differently, in the same way, that sunlight blushes in a water droplet.

As it descends through the air, the blue light disperses, the red light is left and you have a beautiful orange or red sunset. And whatever is made of dust. Unless aliens are particularly good at making giant solar particle collectors that are less than a millionth of a meter wide, it is not an alien civilization. Instead, we have a new mystery: what is this? There is a giant cloud of dust, opaque and thick around this star, and it is very uneven. And people wonder if maybe two planets have collided recently. Maybe two planets collided and threw this giant cloud of dust that is still settling. Maybe that is what we are seeing. We are not really sure. But One of the things I think he really says about this is that they often ask me, would you hide evidence of a civilization? Let's say we had extraterrestrial bodies or a UFO, or that we had found signs of space, would scientists hide that? from the public? And instead, I think what you saw were scientists jumping up and down, saying, oh my God, what if this is really something very interesting? We even called our SETI colleagues, the search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, which is an organization that really looks for radio signals around the sky that could be produced artificially, we asked them to take a look at the star, where they didn't see anything, so although this didn't turn out to be an alien civilization, and in fact, we still don't have evidence of aliens, we love the idea that there could be life out there.

As scientists, this excites us. It inspires us. And immediately, even before knowing if it was true or not, we wondered if it could be a possibility. There is no way we can do it. Never hide it And not only that, but the sky is open to all. There isn't a single country that can really-- you're the only people who can point a telescope at the sky. There is no way that people can be organized enough to hide something like this. And as soon as we think When something unusual happened, we followed up. We wanted to know more about it.

So that's fine, there are still no super civilizations, but maybe, someday, we will really receive a signal or see something there that has to be artificial. And then I'll be in my backyard with that telescope, looking with goosebumps.

~sciencefreak

What If Dinosaurs Were Still Alive Today? - sciencenerds

2020-02-16T13:41:00.002+05:30

Wouldn't it be cool to ascertain a real-life t-rex, if only that one fatal asteroid never hit the world, would dinosaurs still be alive today? would they have evolved? what humans have survived this long? could we ever learn to coexist?

Here's what would happen if dinosaurs never went extinct until 66 million years ago dinosaurs of all shapes and sizes roamed the earth intelligent adaptable and sometimes weighing as much as two jet planes it'shard to believe that it only took one rock to wipe them all out of course this was no ordinary rock, the asteroid that took out the dinosaurs was nine miles wide and hit the earth with the destructive force of ten billion Hiroshima bombs, the radioactive shockwave obliterated everything for hundreds of miles in every direction and 75% of all species on earth went extinct if that asteroid had hit just a little earlier a little later or even a few miles off courses we would be living in a very different world today.

The rock that killed the dinosaurs struck the shallow waters of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula had it landed a little farther off the coast in a deeper part of the ocean the water might have absorbed some of the blasts along with its devastating effects on the atmosphere but even if the asteroid missed the earth dinosaurs would have to survive many significant global events in order to make it to our time.
55 million years ago temperatures rose, the climate was 8 degrees hotter than it is today, rainforests crowded and vegetation flourished, herbivores would have adapted and thrived but they'd have started to look a little different, the plants of this period were less nutritious and easier to digest the meaning, dinosaurs would likely shrink in size since their new diet wouldn't have as much energy roughly 20 million years after that South America and Antarctica split creating a cooler and drier world climate during this period long-legged, fast-moving dinosaurs would have evolved to travel the huge landmasses across the globe.

Compared to mammals of this era, dinosaurs held significant advantages like having more teeth and better eyesight considering the dinosaurs were already so advanced scientists ponder whether mammals would have evolved in the least if dinosaurs hadn't gone extinct it's likely that the large animals we all know today would are preying the dinosaurs but remember humans evolved alongside woolly, mammoths and sabre-toothed cats while those species didn't survive the ice ages of two .6 million years ago given the evolutionary traits of some dinosaurs there is a chance they could have persisted but what about us could we handle freezing temperatures and large terrifyingly vicious predators and that they say running keeps the body warm but which may also cause you to taste better in an alternate universe if we did survive alongside these prehistoric beasts, it's possible we could see a true live t-rex on a protected reserve, not unlike Jurassic Park.

Human population growth and excessive hunting would have driven larger dinosaurs to near extinction today they would most certainly be an endangered species but those that shrank and adapted over millions of years could coexist peacefully among us, in fact, some actually do where do you think pigeons came from it's hard to believe that birds were once the size of biplanes but then again it's hard to believe that with a slight twist of fate we might have walked with Dinosaursor we might have become dinosaur chow and not have evolved at all but seeing is believing,

Science stands on facts, not faith so if you've got a passion for the incredible then keep Reading.

~sciencefreak

What is Pi - sciencenerds

2020-02-15T14:29:00.002+05:30

What is 𝛑?

Let's assume, we are asked to draw a circle of radius three centimetres. So we draw a circle like this. The length of the red line will be the perimeter. And we have a special name for the perimeter of a circle. It's called the circumference. This length will be the circumference. This length will measure 18.85 centimetres. The next thing we need to find out is the diameter of the circle. The radius of any circle is half of its diameter. Hence, the diameter will be 2 multiplied by 3, which equals 6 centimetres.

Now we've been asked to draw a circle of radius four centimetres. It will be slightly bigger than the previous one. This red boundary will be the circumference. This time too we measure the circumference. For this circle, we get the circumference as,25.1 Centimeters. And the Diameter will be twice its radius, which equals 8 centimetres. We looked at two different cases here.

One circle with 3 as the radius, and another with 4 as its radius.

In both cases, we calculated the circumference and the diameter. Let's zoom out and find the ratio of the circumference by diameter in each case. On calculating the value of circumference by diameter in the first case, we will approximately get it as 3.14 And guess what! In the second case too we get the value of circumference upon diameter as approximately 3.14.

No matter which circle you take into consideration, the value of circumference by diameter will always be approximately equal to 3.14. This value is Pi. Remember, both these values are approximations. Now let's zoom out and deduce a formula for the circumference. As the circumference by diameter equals Pi, we can say that the circumference of a circle equals Pi multiplied by the Diameter. If we call the diameter 'D' then the formula can be written as multiplied by D'.Which can also be written as 'Pi multiplied by 2R'.

i.e circumference = 2𝛑R = 𝛑D

Because the diameter is twice the radius. So the circumference of a circle is written as 2𝛑R. It's an important formula, as it gives we can calculate the circumference even if you just have the radius of the circle.

There's another important thing about this special Constant 𝛑 (Pi). We get the same value when we divide 22 by 7. So the value of 𝛑 approximately equals 3.14 or 22 by 7. But why do we use this symbol for Pi? What is this symbol?

𝛑 is actually the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet. But the question remains the same, why the 16th letter? We just saw that 𝛑 has got something to do with the perimeter or the circumference of the circle. Let's use Google Translate to see the Greek equivalent of the perimeter.

As we can see the first letter of the Greek word is 𝛑.

Let's try a couple of more words related to the perimeter. How about the periphery?

The first letter is still Pi. Hmm. Okay, let's try circumference.

As we can see the first letter is still 𝛑. That's probably why this symbol was used to denote Pi. Anyway, don't forget an important point. Pi is the result of the circumference of the circle, divided by its diameter. So it is the ratio of the circumference to the diameter. Based on the formula if the diameter of the circle is 1 unit. Then its circumference will be Pi units. If we have a circle with a diameter equal to n unit, then the length of its boundary will be n times Pi(n𝛑) or approximately 3.14 units.

~sciencefreak

Life_Sustain_on_mars - sciencenerds

2020-02-14T18:18:00.003+05:30

We’ve talked a lot about what it would take to get humans to Mars, and even what a colony on Mars might look like. But soon we'd provide a few people one-way tickets to Mars. So how are they gonna survive? Turns out, scientists and engineers are planning about colonizing space for a short time.

As we sent human to the Moon, it seemed like a Mars colony couldn’t be too far off. But the 1970s came and went ... and the ’80s . . . and the ‘90s . . . and the 2000s. Still, no people on Mars -- and it’s looking like it isn’t going to happen in the 2010s, either. Well, you recognize what they say: The sixth decade’s the charm… right? Because now it’s 2020, and the crew of Mars One, a mission being planned by a nonprofit organization of the same name, could be the humans to colonize Mars. Right now, the mission is set to launch in 2026 -- though it’s already been delayed twice. But what’s so hard about fixing shop on Mars, anyway?

Also read: Elon Musk - Mars colonization_2050 - sciencenerds

There aren’t any five-star Martian hotels, so when it involves sleeping accommodations, it’s one among those “bring-your-own-room” situations. Before they send people Mars, One is getting to send missions with rovers and supplies, including living units and life support units that the robots will found out for the first group of astronauts. Then, after the primary crew lands, they’ll receive more supplies and found out the lebensraum for the second crew which pattern will continue for all of the missions afterwards.

Each astronaut will probably have around ten square meters of private living area. But there also are getting to be some common spaces like kitchens and hallways, so things shouldn’t get too cramped. They’re not luxury apartments, but they’re not half bad for Martian land. Now that we’ve got our astronauts settled in the Martian condos, what are they gonna eat? the thought is to grow many edible crops in special greenhouse sections of the habitats-- quite like what Mark Watney tried to try to within the Martian -- so there’s always food to reap.

The settlers got to ensure their plants have artificial light, CO2, nutrients, and water to grow. And Mars’s atmosphere could be very thin, but it's almost entirely CO2, so that’s an encouraging sign that we’ll be ready to use a number of the Martian air within the greenhouses. Scientists also think that Martian soil may need the proper nutrients for plants to grow, especially if astronauts supplement it with fertilizers and wash out a number of the things that might be toxic to humans. But finding water on a desert planet like Mars may be a little trickier. Fortunately, tons of scientists think that there is much water locked away within the topsoil and rocks. It’ll be up to those habitat-building robots to prove them right, extract some water, and obtain the initial crops growing. By the time the astronauts arrive, they’ll have some food to reap and can get to start planting their own. But, with food involves poop. So scientists are still trying to work out the way to affect all of the waste that folks and plants produce, especially because the colony grows. But who really cares about sleeping and eating if you can’t survive outside of a spacesuit:. . .
Where will breathable air come from? The atmosphere of Mars is incredibly thin having almost no oxygen. In fact, just about 0.13% of Mars’s atmosphere is oxygen, compared to that of Earth which is 21%. And humans, don’t tend to sustain long without oxygen. So an Earth-like atmosphere inside the habitats has got to come from somewhere, and that we need to make tons of it refill all that lebensraum.

The plants will produce oxygen as they photosynthesize, but it might take an extended time for that oxygen to create up to life-sustaining levels. The hope is that some oxygen gas are often extracted from the Martian air, by basically splitting up the carbon and oxygen within the CO2, or it can come from the soil with the assistance of microbes. It’s getting to take a touch little bit of juggling to urge all of the proper gases within the right proportions within the air, but scientists are pretty sure it can work with the proper technologies. So will these plans work?
So Are we finally gonna send people to colonize Mars? Well, maybe.

In a paper published earlier this year, a group of scientists at MIT described a detailed simulation of the Mars One mission. In the paper, they write, and I quote, “our analysis finds that the Mars One mission plan, as publicly described, is not feasible.”But there are also a bunch of scientists who think that Mars One is progressing right on track and that it’s going to work. So it’s hard to say if we’re really going watch human beings colonize the Red Planet in 2027. But we know that either way, NASA has planned to send astronauts on Mars somewhere in the 2030s. So even if we don’t have a colony set up by then, hopefully, the astronauts will return with data that might help us plan for one in future.

Thank you for reading this article, Let's take mankind to space heights along with humanity . . .

~sciencefreak

Elon Musk - Mars colonization_2050 - sciencenerds

2020-02-14T16:26:00.001+05:30

Elon Musk says he plans to send a million people to Mars by launching three-star ship rockets every day !

creating a lot of jobs on Mars in a series of tweets on Thursday, Elon Musk shared few details for his plan to set up a city of about a million people on Mars by 2050. Elon Musk said he hoped to build 1000 starships fully reusable spaceships that space acts are developing in South Texas over a period of 10 years which equates to 100 starships per year.

Elon Musk added eventually the goal is to launch an average of 3 starships per day and make the trip to Mars available to anybody quote it needs to be such that anyone can go if they want with loans available for those who don't have money and quote Elon Musk wrote each starship would pack enough thrust to send more than a hundred tons about seven fully loaded school buses worth of mass and a hundred people into orbit at a time.

Elon Musk didn't specify what exactly the Rockets would need to carry to Mars but a lot of food water building materials tools and advanced life support systems are a given thus he estimated he would need a whole fleet of starships to build a permanent settlement, Elon Musk tweeted on Thursday quote megatons per year to orbit are needed for life to become multi-planetary and quote in total, 1000 starships could hypothetically transport about a hundred megatons of stuff to Mars, that's the volume musk has said he hopes to send to the Red Planet per year with each ship ferrying about a hundred passengers that would make for a total migration of about a hundred thousand people.

Also read: Life_sustain_on_mars - sciencenerds

Elon Musk also suggested he plan to capitalize on the brief windows of time that orbits of Earth and Mars aligned which come about on every month that allows spacecraft to spring off Earth's rotation and set themselves on a low fuel journey toward Mars.

Elon Musk said he would take advantage of the opportunity by the quote "loading the Mars fleet into Earth orbit" then sending all, 1000 ships on a Mars-bound trajectory over that 30 day window every month a starship prototype could launch within 26 months.

Elon Musk sent a new starship prototype may launch before the end of March quote first flight is hopefully, two to three months away and equal must tweet on December, the development of the prototype hit delays after an accidental explosion during a fuel tank pressurization test on November 20th, which blew the top off space axis first 16 story starship prototype, the company could build as many as different prototypes before engineers settle on a 1.0 design to fly cargo and people the full starship launch system would also include a toy two-story rocket booster called super-heavy combined the whole thing would stand about 387 feet tall during launch a starship spaceship would ride atop the booster disconnect after the booster runs low on fuel and rocket it's way into orbit both parts are being designed to be fully reusable if that vision comes to pass.

Elon Musk estimates the cost of a single launch would be just two million dollars that be hundreds of times cheaper than the current cost of launching a similar number of people an amount of cargo into space on any planned or existing rocket including SpaceX's own Falcon9 system.

~sciencefreak

Why Isn't Pluto a Planet Anymore? - ScienceNerds

2020-02-13T21:10:00.001+05:30

Why Pluto is no longer a Planet Anymore?

why Pluto is not a Planet

Pluto was discovered by US astronomer Clyde Tombaugh in 1930, who was using the Lowell Observatory in Arizona.

When Pluto was discovered, it had been named the ninth planet of the system . quite seventy-five years later, that planetary status was revoked and Pluto was demoted to a dwarf planet. many of us were left wondering what changed, and what the difference was between a planet and a dwarf planet.

The controversy began when astronomers discovered other icy bodies out beyond Neptune's orbit, during a region called the Kuiper Belt. the talk only intensified when objects approaching Pluto's size were discovered. In, an object called Eris was discovered, which seemed to be larger than Pluto.

Some people wanted Eris recognized because of the tenth planet. Others argued that so many objects similar to Pluto in the same area of space meant that Pluto was not a planet, but some new kind of object. In, the International Astronomical Union formed a committee to decide once and for all what characteristics qualified an object to be called a planet. According to the committee, a planet must orbit around the Sun, have enough mass to pull itself into a round or nearly round shape, and have cleared its orbit of other objects and debris.

Pluto met the primary two guidelines, but not the third, meaning it couldn't be considered a planet. The term dwarf planet was created for objects that orbit the Sun and have enough mass to pull themselves into mostly round shapes but have not cleared their orbits of other objects. Currently, five objects in the solar system are classified as dwarf planets – Pluto, Eris, Ceres, Haumea, and Make– and it is likely that more will be discovered.

~sciencefreak

Why the rocket launch sound could kill you? - sciencenerds

2020-02-11T20:29:00.001+05:30

Sound waves created during Rockets launches can get so loud that could knock down a close-by building

we can't see sound, doesn't mean it's not something physical it is and the loudest sounds ever created like the sound of a rocket launching it can be powerful and damaging, sound needs to travel through something like the air we can hear the sound because it vibrates the air molecules as it travels but that also means that the air has to pass out the way permitting sound to travel making a pressure wave.

The pressure wave is proportional to the intensity of a sound it's measured in decibels and as the intensity of a sound wave increases so does the waves pressure sound is mechanical so the waves are moving the air to make higher and lower densities of air molecules essentially an explosion pushes the air out of the way vibrating it at a high frequency with a lot of mechanical energy now think of rockets they're generating so much sound that the decibel levels are huge a typical conversation registers at about decibels and things can't get much louder before we start to damage our hearing sounds between and decibels like a subway train feet away from you is the level where you start to have hearing loss from sustained exposure a loud rock concert which could cause actual hearing damage is around decibels that's louder than a motorcycle or a power saw physical pain starts at around a hundred twenty-five decibels think standing a few feet away from a pneumatic Riveterouch anything above certain decibels like a jet engine roaring a from a hundred feet away can cause damage to your tissues in your ear irreversibly in a very short time.

One of the highest sound power levels ever recorded was, when NASA was testing these super cool awesome first stage of the Saturn rocket this stage used five engines to generate 1 million pounds of thrust and one test registered about decibels modern rockets are a little quieter coming in at about decibels I went to see that last shuttle launch STS and even on the opposite side of the tidal pond from the platform the sound was really extremely noisy however it took a short time to get some which were really cool sound doesn't just threaten our hearing the energy stored in sound can create strong enough pressure waves that can damage physical structures in cool putting the rocket that's making the sound it doesn't seem like a good idea.

With Merlin engines firing to produce and a half million pounds of thrust, it's fair to say, it’s pretty loud. For rockets with this much power, the sound energy produced by the engines can actually be very damaging to the rocket itself as well as the surrounding buildings.

In this article, we’re going to look at the method that NASA uses to reduce some of the sound damage. We’re also going to look at the unique way that the Russian’s deal with this problem.

Incredible heat energy emerging out from the engines includes sound energy when the rocket lifts off from the launchpad.

According to NASA, the Saturn delivered a sound degree of around decibels during lift-off. If you were close enough to the engines, it wouldn’t just destroy your eardrums, leading to death. During the launch of the first Space Shuttle flight STS-, the sound energy produced by the engines was powerful enough to damage some of the protective thermal tiles on the Shuttle's hull. Although NASA used sound suppression frameworks before, the danger of harming the rocket or placing the team in danger was higher for the shuttle due to its unique shape and sensitive heat shield.

To avoid damaging the vehicle or putting the crew in danger, NASA solved this problem by implementing a more effective sound suppression system. This consists of a large water tower at the launch site which dumps over 1 million lbs of water onto the launch pad in just 40 seconds.

As the sound waves meet the water, they are absorbed by bubbles of air that contract and heat up, turning the sound energy into heat energy. Along with this enormous spray of water, NASA also used “water bags” at the base of the SRB’s to further dampen the shock waves. These were large nylon bags - each about one foot wide and one foot deep - filled with water and stretched across the SRB flame holes. Together, these two frameworks had the option to diminish the sound degree of the Space Shuttle from decibels to a progressively good, the likeness a fly taking off.

Although it can be difficult to see the water deluge system in action, it’s during a sound suppression test that we really get a sense of just how much water is used. Dumping this much water onto the launch pad not only protects the rocket and nearby buildings from intense shock waves, but it also stops any fires that might be caused by the exhaust of the rocket. NASA still uses a very same water deluge system at it's all main launch sites. whereas Russians using a different approach.

Since a lot of the Russian Soyuz rockets launch from Baikonur in Kazakhstan, where the temperatures can be as low as - degrees in the winter, a water deluge system would freeze up instantly, making it completely useless.

Their solution is to simply suspend the rocket over a much larger flame trench. This means that it is very little in the way for the shock waves to damage or reflect back onto the rocket. So although rocket science deals with some of the most complex engineering challenges, it’s interesting to see that some problems can be solved with very simple solutions.

~sciencefreak

Planet Venus : Atmosphere and Weather - sciencenerds

2020-02-11T18:09:00.002+05:30

Venus, a planet completely covered with clouds miles above the surface, the winds are whipping around in a ferocious pattern that basically carries the cod features around the entire planet every four days.

Venus surface

Venus is closer to the Sun than Earth and it's heated from the Sun that drives the wind the circulation pattern of Venus's clouds is actually quite simple there's a warm side of Venus and a cold side and as the air warms up and rises on the dayside of Venus it spreads around to the night side so this discontinuous.

current it's actually quite a lot simpler than the atmospheric circulation on earth, Venus's winds circulate faster than the fastest hurricane on earth but they look very similar to the Venus Express probe captured these remarkable images of the planets the South Pole.

one of the great mysteries of Venus which actually had jaws dropping in the halls of many astronomy departments is the fact that we have hurricanes at the poles of Venus especially in the southern hemisphere that have two eyes, not one eye but two eyes now we've never seen this before in such a planetary scale Venus's double eyed for Texas, miles wide two hurricanes whirl around each other if you could descend into the vortex of Venus something I would love to do at least with a remote machine.

You would see some kind of an extraordinary wall of cloud and sort of twisting form spinning around you at ferocious speeds it would be quite a sight it's a mystery how deep this raging spinning vortex goes but maybe this mega-storm I descend to the planet's surface down here permanent Twilight bathes a volcanic landscape and the atmosphere colossal weight creates immense pressure

the atmospheric pressure on Venus is about a hundred times that of the earth think of taking a car squeezing it down to about a square inch and putting it one very square inch of your skin you would be flattened within a fraction of a second because of all that pressure boluses dense atmosphere creates one of the strangest Omega storms imaginable for miles per hour winds with the force of a hurricane.

The wind's on the surface of Venus are actually very slow because Venus has a very slow rotation rate it takes Venus about months to turn once around with respect to the Sun the crushing atmospheric pressure rams gas molecules together so tightly that they feel more like a liquid a gentle four mile an hour breeze packs of brutal punch it's like a hurricane in slow motion winds on Venus are totally unlike anything we see on the planet Earth you would almost feel like a molasses effect it'd be quite difficult to simply walk and run right through the wind Venus's surface is so hostile that life is impossible here but the upper atmospheres faster winds hold an extraordinary possibility I harbour this I don't know if I would call it a hypothesis or a scientific fantasy but I do think it's plausible that there could be some kind of life living in the clouds of Venus there are certainly energy sources there's sunlight and there are certain nutrients there's carbon there's hydrogen there's oxygen all the stuff we think of that you need to make life exists in the cause of Venus

what would it see miles above the surface it hits a thick layer of cloud but this is no ordinary cloud it's made of vaporized acid corrosive enough to burn through steel scientists believe that the acid clouds are a by-product of Venus's violent history gigantic volcanic eruptions blasted billions of tons of sulfur high into the atmosphere there it mixed with water vapour to form concentrated sulfuric acid as the probe breaks through the upper atmosphere it slows to make a low pass over the surface the terrain is dominated by dormant volcanoes but our three miles into the atmosphere deep channels forged a million years ago by more lava stretched thousands of miles one longer even than the River Nile probe sensors reveal an atmospheric pressure times greater than on earth large enough to crush a car but the biggest problem is temperature.

The atmosphere is nearly all carbon dioxide just like on earth, this gas acts like a pane of glass in a greenhouse letting the light through but not the heat out on earth increased carbon dioxide levels are causing small rises in temperature but on Venus, they have pushed the temperature to over degrees.

~sciencefreak