Linux and Microcontroller Tips

How to reset CASAOS Password

2025-06-12T19:57:00.000+05:30

For resetting casaos password run the script as root

bash -c "$(wget -qLO - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bigbeartechworld/big-bear-scripts/master/reset-password-for-casaos/run.sh)"

How to Install rpi-imager in Ubuntu 20.04

2022-07-22T10:27:00.000+05:30

Open a Terminal

$ sudo apt update

$sudo snap install rpi-imager

$ wget https://downloads.raspberrypi.org/imager/imager_latest_amd64.deb

$ sudo apt install ./imager_latest_amd64.deb

How to check the failed login history of your linux server

2021-03-09T14:26:00.001+05:30

lastb command is used to check the failed login history in Linux.

usage :

$ sudo lastb

How to make pdf file from multiple Image files in Ubuntu

2021-01-28T10:48:00.000+05:30

If you have multiple image files and you want to make a single pdf file from it, just follow the steps

This GUI tool convert multiple image files to a single pdf file in Ubuntu linux

open terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T)

$ sudo apt install gscan2pdf

How to keep running a process after ending ssh session

2019-07-19T09:25:00.001+05:30

ssh into your remote server.
start screen.

$ screen

Start the process .

$ run any process

Then Press Ctrl-A then Ctrl-D. This will detach your screen session but leave your processes running.
You can now log out from the remote server.

When you like to come back to monitor your process, then log on again to the remote server and type screen -r.
This will resume your screen session,

You can Check your previous process.

Free Open Source Firewall Solution - Pfsense

2017-11-03T12:40:00.000+05:30

PFSense is an open source firewall and router distribution based on FreeBSD .
Pfsense is tailored for use as a firewall and router that is entirely managed via web interface.

pfSense can be setup on a lower end PC. It can be configured and enhanced through a web-based interface, with out any knowledge in FreeBSD system.

PfSense is very flexible and can easily be adapted to numerous applications ranging from a home router to a firewall for a large corporate network. PfSense includes many features that are often only found in expensive commercial routers.

Why use pfSense instead of another router?

PfSense is fast, free, and stable offering tons of great features.

If you have an existing router that doesn't offer the features, or performance you need pfSense is a great choice to replace it with. Offering complete control of the hardware you can customize your pfSense system with the components you want.

If you've ever shopped for routers or firewall's before you probably know that depending on the features you are looking for they can be quite expensive. By using pfSense you can save a ton of money without compromising on features.

Popular uses for pfSense
    Firewall
    LAN / WAN Router
    Wireless Hotspot (Captive Portal)
    VPN Router
    DHCP / DNS Server
    Wireless Access Point
    Multi Wan Router
    Multi-WAN load balancing
    Automatic connection failover
    Bandwidth throttling
    IPv4 and IPv6 support
    Port Forwarding / NAT (Network Address Translation)

User Authentication
    Local user and group database
    User and group-based privileges
    External RADIUS authentication

Proxy and Content Filtering
    Transparent Squid Proxy Server
    HTTP and HTTPS proxy
    Non Transparent or Transparent caching proxy
    Web Content Filter
    Domain/URL filtering
    Anti-virus filtering
    Unified Threat Management
    DNS Blacklist
    GeoIP blocking
    Anti-Spoofing
    Time based rules
    SafeSearch for search engines
    Website access reporting
    Usage reporting for daily, monthly, etc.

Dashboard with configurable widgets
Local logging
Remote logging
Local monitoring graphs
Real-time interface traffic graphs and More.........................

AppImage : Portable package for Linux

2017-10-23T13:44:00.002+05:30

AppImage : New package format for Linux

Debian/Ubuntu useing .deb packages, Redhat, Fedora Using .rpm Packages. Now a days you can see a new package format .appimage

AppImage is a Universal package format that runs in all the Linux Distributions.

It is very easy to use , because there is no dependency issues.

A typical linux installation create files in various places so it requires root permission for installation.

but in appimage doesn't need root privilege because it doesn’t really install the software.

How to use appimage

just download , make executable(right click on file --> select properties--> permissions and click on execute) and run

Lot of Appimages are avilable here

How to Install ESP32 Board in Arduino IDE ( Ubuntu /Debian )

2017-09-26T23:06:00.000+05:30

How to Install ESP32 Board in Arduino IDE ( Ubuntu /Debian )

Now a days ESP32 become more popular than NodeMCU.

ESP32 board is not available in Arduino IDE.

For Adding ESP32 Board in Arduino IDE

First you have to install the latest Arduino IDE from arduino.cc

Run the following commands in a terminal

sudo usermod -a -G dialout $USER && \
sudo apt-get install git && \
wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py && \
sudo python get-pip.py && \
sudo pip install pyserial

 Now make a folder espressif in your arduino/hardware folder and change to that directory

 mkdir -p ~/Arduino/hardware/espressif 
cd ~/Arduino/hardware/espressif

now run the following command

git clone https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32.git esp32 && \
cd esp32/tools/ && \
python get.py

Copy and paste the above all commands in a terminal.

It will download and install all the required files and settings.

Restart Arduino IDE.

How to Run 720p and 1080p mkv files Raspberry pi

2017-09-21T22:53:00.004+05:30

VLC and other common video players in Raspberry pi not support GPU.

You can use Omxplayer a text based video player for running 720p and 1080p mkv and almost all other video formats.

for installing omxplayer

sudo apt-get install omxplayer

omxplayer is a textbased player , so it is very difficult to use.

you can provide a graphical front end by using tboplayer

https://github.com/KenT2/tboplayer

Download the zip file from above site

run the following commands
sudo su
unzip tboplayer-master.zip
cd tboplayer-master
./setup.sh

This will take some time to complete

now run the following
python /opt/tboplayer/tboplayer.py

if any python module missing issue

pip install

Example:

raceback (most recent call last):
File "/opt/tboplayer/tboplayer.py", line 65, in
import pexpect
ImportError: No module named pexpect

Solution : pip install pexpect

How to Install Edup Wifi Adapter in Ubuntu

2017-08-22T22:48:00.000+05:30

How to Install Edup Wifi Adapter in Ubuntu

USB ID 148f:7601 Ralink Technology, Corp.

Chip : Ralink MT7601u

Open a Terminal and Run the following commands

`sudo apt-get install linux-headers-generic build-essential`

`sudo apt-get install git`

`git clone https://github.com/art567/mt7601usta.git`

`cd mt7601usta/src`

`make`

`sudo make install`

`sudo mkdir -p /etc/Wireless/RT2870STA/`

`sudo cp RT2870STA.dat /etc/Wireless/RT2870STA/`

`sudo modprobe mt7601Usta`

`Now Check your Wifi`

How to cut a field from csv file using bash

2017-07-24T20:52:00.000+05:30

How to cut a field from csv file using bash

Example :
cat mycsv.csv | cut -d ',' -f3

`cat mycsv.csv | cut -d "," -f3 | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head`

How to Disable Ports 445, 139 and 3389 , Protect your system from wannacy attack

2017-05-15T22:22:00.001+05:30

How to Disable Ports 445, 139 and 3389 , Protect your system from wannacy attack

Run the following command in cmd (run as administrator).

netsh advfirewall firewall add rule dir=in action=block protocol=TCP localport=135 name="Block_TCP-135"

netsh advfirewall firewall add rule dir=in action=block protocol=TCP localport=445 name="Block_TCP-445"

netsh advfirewall firewall add rule dir=in action=block protocol=TCP localport=3389 name="Block_TCP-3389"

How to Disable SMB Service in Windows and Protect your system from wannacry virus

2017-05-15T21:58:00.002+05:30

How to Disable SMB Service in Windows and Protect your system from wannacry virus

How to Disable SMBv1 support

The wannacry vulnerability can be closed by completely disabling SMBv1 support. Run the following command in cmd (run as administrator).

dism /online /norestart /disable-feature /featurename:SMB1Protocol

This will permanently disable SMBv1

For enabling just change the disable-future to enable-future

How to Install GUI in Ubuntu Server

2017-03-14T11:19:00.005+05:30

How to install GUI in Ubuntu Server

You can install the default Ubuntu desktop by executing the following:

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop

There are many desktop alternatives which you may install and use, like:

    Gnome 3 installation: sudo apt-get install gnome-shell
    XFCE installation: sudo apt-get install xfce4
    LXDE installation: sudo apt-get install lxde
    KDE see Kubuntu installation: sudo apt-get install kubuntu-desktop
    Openbox installation: sudo apt-get install openbox

Another good GUI : sudo apt-get install gnome-session-fallback

How to install Richo SP 111 Printer in Ubuntu

2016-10-24T16:51:00.002+05:30

Install the following files

`sudo apt-get install jbigkit-bin inotify-tools`

`Download the git files or clone form here https://github.com/madlynx/ricoh-sp100`

`Extract the zip file in a folder`

Copy the following file

`sudo cp pstoricohddst-gdi /usr/lib/cups/filter/`

`Now change the permissions`

`sudo chown root:root /usr/lib/cups/filter/pstoricohddst-gdi`

`Add Printer > Choose Ricoh SP 111 > Model > Provide ppd file (RICOH_Aficio_SP_111.ppd)`

Another method

To add printer from the ppd file: In your web browser, navigate to http://localhost:631/

CUPS for Administrators > Adding Printers and Classes Printers > Add a printer Enter your root username and password

How to Move Unity Launcher to Bottom in ubuntu 16.04

2016-09-08T10:46:00.004+05:30

How to Move Unity Launcher to Bottom in ubuntu 16.04

Now you can move your unity launcher to bottom in Ubuntu 16.04.

Move unity launcher to bottom

use the following command

$ gsettings set com.canonical.Unity.Launcher launcher-position Bottom

Move unity Launcher to left

$ gsettings set com.canonical.Unity.Launcher launcher-position Left

Features of Serial Wifi Module Esp8266

2016-07-04T22:31:00.003+05:30

Main features of ESP8266 are:

Integrated low-power 32-bit MCU
802.11 b/g/n protocol
UART/SPI/I2C/GPIO/ADC/PWM
Infrastructure BSS Station mode / P2P mode / softAP mode support
Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
WPA/WPA2 PSK, and WPS driver
built-in AT Command firmware
Integrated PLL, regulators and power-management units
+19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode
Antenna diversity and selection (software managed hardware)
SDIO 2.0, SPI, UART
Maximum frequency is 80MHz
64k bytes of instruction RAM
96k bytes of data RAM
64k bytes of boot RAM
RISC architecture

How to run H.265 / HEVC codec Movies on Ubuntu 16.04

2016-06-27T20:35:00.000+05:30

How to run H.265 / HEVC codec Movies on Ubuntu 16.04

Add the following repository

`$ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:strukturag/libde265 $ sudo apt-get update`

`Now install` `gstreamer`

$ sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-libde265

Install vls Plugin

$ sudo apt-get install vlc-plugin-libde265

Now your system is ready to run 
H.265 / HEVC codec Movies

Nodemcu (ESP8266) Based Device Control Using Arduino IDE

2016-06-26T21:23:00.000+05:30

This Experiment will help you to "Turn On and Turn Off" an LED that has connected to the Nodemcu (Esp8266), the Nodemcu has programmed from Arduino IDE to control the Device (here it is LED).

Connect Nodemcu ( Esp8266) to the Wi-Fi using SSID and password .

After uploading the program , use Serial monitor to find the IP Address and url for controlling Device

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
 
const char* ssid = "your SSID";
const char* password = "Your Password";
 
int ledPin = 2; // GPIO13 // NodMcu builtin LED
WiFiServer server(80);
 
void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  delay(10);
 
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
 
  // Connect to WiFi network
  Serial.println();
  Serial.println();
  Serial.print("Connecting to ");
  Serial.println(ssid);
 
  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
 
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
    delay(500);
    Serial.print(".");
  }
  Serial.println("");
  Serial.println("WiFi connected");
 
  // Start the server
  server.begin();
  Serial.println("Server started");
 
  // Print the IP address
  Serial.print("Use this URL to connect: ");
  Serial.print("http://");
  Serial.print(WiFi.localIP());
  Serial.println("/");
 //see your serial monitor with boud rate 115200 for see the link
}
 
void loop() {
  // Check if a client has connected
  WiFiClient client = server.available();
  if (!client) {
    return;
  }
 
  // Wait until the client sends some data
  Serial.println("new client");
  while(!client.available()){
    delay(1);
  }
 
  // Read the first line of the request
  String request = client.readStringUntil('\r');
  Serial.println(request);
  client.flush();
 
  // Match the request
 
  int value = LOW;
  if (request.indexOf("/LED=ON") != -1)  {
    digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
    value = LOW;
  }
  if (request.indexOf("/LED=OFF") != -1)  {
    digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
    value = HIGH;
  }
 
// Set ledPin according to the request
//digitalWrite(ledPin, value);
 
  // Return the response
  client.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");
  client.println("Content-Type: text/html");
  client.println(""); //  do not forget this one
  client.println("<!DOCTYPE HTML>");
  client.println("<html>");
 
  client.print("LED STATUS ");
 
  if(value == LOW) {
    client.print("ON");
  } else {
    client.print("OFF");
  }
  client.println("<br><br>");
  client.println("<a href=\"/LED=ON\"\"><button>Turn On </button></a>");
  client.println("<a href=\"/LED=OFF\"\"><button>Turn Off </button></a><br />");  
  client.println("</html>");
 
 delay(1);
  Serial.println("Client disonnected");
  Serial.println("");
 
}

Arduino NodeMcu (ESP8266) Pin Mapping

2016-06-26T20:08:00.001+05:30

 Arduino NodeMcu (ESP8266) Pin Mapping

 If you use  NodeMcu borad  with Arduino IDE the following chart will help to find the pin maping

eg. NodeMCU Pin D1 is equivalent to arduino Pin 5.

Built in LED of NodeMCU is connected to D4  in arduino programming it equivalent to Pin 2

NodeMCU      Arduino

 D0      =    16
 D1      =    5
 D2      =    4
 D3      =    0
 D4      =    2
 D5      =    14
 D6      =    12
 D7      =    13
 D8      =    15
 D9      =    3
 D10     =    1

How to find Mac Address in Ubuntu Linux using bash command

2016-02-01T21:40:00.002+05:30

open a terminal

type
$/sbin/ifconfig | grep 'HWaddr' | tr -s ' ' | cut -d' ' -f4,5

Arduino Killer - ESP8266 Based NodeMCU

2016-02-01T12:13:00.002+05:30

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is an embedded SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack. It helps microcontrollers access to your WiFi network. IoT devices exploits this facility. Lot of firmwire you can use with ESP8266. Many ESP8266 comes with AT firmware for serial communications. NodeMCU is one of them, which supports lua programming language. Latest ESP8266 boards contains plenty of I/O lines and ADC,PWM, I2C,SPI features like Arduino. It is very cheap($3-Rs.180)

All of the above board build with ESP8266. Almost all are same.

How To Check Your Own Open Ports in Ubuntu / Debian

2015-11-16T09:56:00.003+05:30

Netstat is available by dafault in your system.

Open a Terminal

$ sudo netstat -plunt

`or`

`$ sudo netstat -nat`

How to get Previous commands quickly in Ubuntu / Debian Linux

2015-06-08T14:31:00.000+05:30

How to get Previous commands quickly in Ubuntu / Debian Linux

You can use the up arrow to view the previous command
Type !! and press enter for the previous command
Type !-1 and press enter for the previous command
Press Control+P will also display the previous command

How to Disable Bash History Temporarily in Ubunu / Debian Linux

2015-06-06T14:18:00.001+05:30

How to Disable Bash History Temporarily in Ubunu / Debian Linux

Some times we want to use password as command line argument. Storing your password in .bash_history file is not a good idea.

use the following command

$ unset HISTFILE

it is only for current session.

Linux and Microcontroller Tips

How to reset CASAOS Password

How to Install rpi-imager in Ubuntu 20.04

How to check the failed login history of your linux server

How to make pdf file from multiple Image files in Ubuntu

How to keep running a process after ending ssh session

Free Open Source Firewall Solution - Pfsense

AppImage : Portable package for Linux

How to Install ESP32 Board in Arduino IDE ( Ubuntu /Debian )

How to Run 720p and 1080p mkv files Raspberry pi

How to Install Edup Wifi Adapter in Ubuntu

sudo apt-get install linux-headers-generic build-essential

sudo apt-get install git

git clone https://github.com/art567/mt7601usta.git

cd mt7601usta/src

make

sudo make install

sudo mkdir -p /etc/Wireless/RT2870STA/

sudo cp RT2870STA.dat /etc/Wireless/RT2870STA/

sudo modprobe mt7601Usta

Now Check your Wifi

How to cut a field from csv file using bash

cat mycsv.csv | cut -d "," -f3 | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head

How to Disable Ports 445, 139 and 3389 , Protect your system from wannacy attack

How to Disable SMB Service in Windows and Protect your system from wannacry virus

How to Install GUI in Ubuntu Server

How to install Richo SP 111 Printer in Ubuntu

sudo apt-get install jbigkit-bin inotify-tools

Download the git files or clone form here https://github.com/madlynx/ricoh-sp100

Extract the zip file in a folder

Copy the following file

sudo cp pstoricohddst-gdi /usr/lib/cups/filter/

Now change the permissions

sudo chown root:root /usr/lib/cups/filter/pstoricohddst-gdi

Add Printer > Choose Ricoh SP 111 > Model > Provide ppd file (RICOH_Aficio_SP_111.ppd)

Another method

How to Move Unity Launcher to Bottom in ubuntu 16.04

Features of Serial Wifi Module Esp8266

How to run H.265 / HEVC codec Movies on Ubuntu 16.04

$ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:strukturag/libde265 $ sudo apt-get update

Now install gstreamer

Nodemcu (ESP8266) Based Device Control Using Arduino IDE

Arduino NodeMcu (ESP8266) Pin Mapping

How to find Mac Address in Ubuntu Linux using bash command

Arduino Killer - ESP8266 Based NodeMCU

How To Check Your Own Open Ports in Ubuntu / Debian

or

$ sudo netstat -nat

How to get Previous commands quickly in Ubuntu / Debian Linux

How to Disable Bash History Temporarily in Ubunu / Debian Linux

`sudo apt-get install linux-headers-generic build-essential`

`sudo apt-get install git`

`git clone https://github.com/art567/mt7601usta.git`

`cd mt7601usta/src`

`make`

`sudo make install`

`sudo mkdir -p /etc/Wireless/RT2870STA/`

`sudo cp RT2870STA.dat /etc/Wireless/RT2870STA/`

`sudo modprobe mt7601Usta`

`Now Check your Wifi`

`cat mycsv.csv | cut -d "," -f3 | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head`

`sudo apt-get install jbigkit-bin inotify-tools`

`Download the git files or clone form here https://github.com/madlynx/ricoh-sp100`

`Extract the zip file in a folder`

`sudo cp pstoricohddst-gdi /usr/lib/cups/filter/`

`Now change the permissions`

`sudo chown root:root /usr/lib/cups/filter/pstoricohddst-gdi`

`Add Printer > Choose Ricoh SP 111 > Model > Provide ppd file (RICOH_Aficio_SP_111.ppd)`

`$ sudo apt-add-repository ppa:strukturag/libde265 $ sudo apt-get update`

`Now install` `gstreamer`

`or`

`$ sudo netstat -nat`