Spoken English Badi - స్పోకెన్ ఇంగ్లీషు బడి

Simple Present Tense by Medha Chiranjeevi

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Thu, 26 Oct 2017 05:44:00 +0000

English Language/ Easy tips by Dr Chiranjeevi at IMPACT SEPT 2015

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Thu, 26 Oct 2017 05:26:00 +0000

Learn English Through Telugu-Animals Names(జంతువుల పేర్లు)

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Thu, 16 Jun 2016 08:08:00 +0000

Learn Telugu Animals through English - Animals of Telugu in English, Telugu words in English, Animals in English and Telugu, List of English Animals in Telugu, English words in Telugu, Animals in English and Telugu, Animals in Telugu.

Sl.No	English	Telugu	Picture
1	Ape	Toka leni Kothi (తోక లేని కోతి )
2	Armadillo	Armadillo (అర్మదిల్లో )
3	Ass/Donkey	Gadidha (గాడిద)
4	Adder	Chinna Visha Sarpam (చిన్న విష సర్పం )
5	Alligator	Musali (మొసలి )
6	Angora cat	Nalla pilli (నల్ల పిల్లి)
7	Ant	Cheema (చీమ )
8	Antelope	Oka rakamina koti (ఒక రకమైన కోతి)
9	Baboon	Kukka vale vunde kothi (కుక్క వలె వుండే కోతి)
10	Bandicoot	Pandikokku (పందికొక్కు )
11	Badger	Chinna eluka (చిన్న ఎలుక)
12	Bear	Elugabanti (ఎలుగుబంటి)
13	Beaver	Oodatha (ఊడుత )
14	Bitch	Adakukka (ఆడకుక్క)
15	Bison/ Bull/ Ox	Eddu (ఎద్దు)
16	Boar	Maga pandi మగ పంది)
17	Buffalo	Geda, dunna (గేద)
18	Bullock	Gitta (గిత్త)
19	Buck	Lady (లేడీ)
20	Cat	Pilli (పిల్లి)
21	Calf	Avu dooda (ఆవు దూడ)
22	Camel/Dromedary	Onte (ఒంటె)
23	Puma/Cheetah/Leopard	Chiruta puli (చిరుత పులి)
24	Chimpanzee	Chimpanzee చింపాంజీ
25	Civet	Punugu pilli (పునుగు పిల్లి)
26	Cow	Aavu (ఆవు)
27	Cougar	Puli (పులి)
28	Crocodile	Mosali (మొసలి)
29	Dog	Kukka (కుక్క)

31	Deer/Stag	Jinka (జింక)
32	Elephant	Enugu (ఏనుగు)
33	Fox	Nakka (నక్క)
34	Goat	Meka (మేక)
35	Giraffe	Giraffe ( జీరఫీ)
36	Guinea – pig	China pandi (చిన్న పంది)
37	Grey hound/hound/Mongrel	Veta kukka (వేట కుక్క)
38	Hare/rabbit	kundelu (కుందేలు)
39	Horse	guram గుర్రం)
40	Hippopotamus	Hippopotamus (హిప్పోపోటమాస్)
41	Hog	Eddu pandi (ఎద్దు పంది)
42	Hyena	Shivangi (శివంగి)
43	Jackal	Gunta nakka (గుంట నక్క)
44	Jaguar	Jaguar puli (జాగ్వర్ పులి)
45	Kangaroo	Kangaroo (కంగారు)
46	Lion	Simham సింహం
47	Lynx	Adavi pilli (అడవి పిల్లి)
48	Mongoose	Mungisa (ముంగిస)
49	Monkey	Kothi (కోతి)
50	Mouse	Chitti eluka చిట్టి ఎలుక
51	Mule	Kanchara gadidha కంచర గాడిద
51	Musk deer	Kasturi mrugam
52	Molecricks	Kummari mrugam కుమ్మరి పురుగు
53	Panther	Chirutha puli lantidi చిరుత పులి లాంటిది
54	Pig	Oora pandi (ఉర పంది )
55	Porcupine	Mulla pandi (ముళ్ళ పంది)
56	Ram	Pottelu (పొట్టేళ్ళు)
57	Rat	Eluka (ఎలుక)
58	Rhinoceros	Kadga mrugam (ఖడ్గ మృగం )
59	Sheep	Gorre (గొర్రె)
60	Sloth	Devanga pilli (దేవాంగ పిల్లి)
61	Squirrel	Oodatha (ఉడత )
62	Swine	Pandi (పంది)
63	Tiger	Puli (పులి)
64	Turtle	Thabelu (తాబేలు)
65	Wolf	Thodelu (తోడేలు)
66	Yak	Jadala barre జడల బర్రె
67	Zebra	Charala gurram (చారల గుర్రం )

Learn English Grammar Through Telugu-Part2-Capital Letters Use

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Tue, 14 Jun 2016 09:19:00 +0000

When to use capital letters-కాపిటల్ లెటర్స్ ని ఎప్పుడు వాడాలి

It's important to know that, with regard to professional or academic writing, capitalization in English entails quite a bit more than simply knowing to begin names and titles with capital letters.

ముఖ్యంగా మనము ,ఇంగ్లీష్ క్యాపిటలైజేషన్ అనేది వృత్తిపరమైన లేదా విద్యా రచన సంబంధించి, కేవలం పెద్ద అక్షరాలతో జాబితా పేర్లను మరియు బిరుదలను ప్రారంభించడానికి తెలుసుకోవడం అనే దానికన్నా కొంచెం ఎక్కువ అనివార్యం అని తెలుసుకోవాలి .

Some capitalization rules-కొన్ని క్యాపిటలైజేషన్ నియమాలు

Capitalization rule #1

Capitalize the first word in quotations, provided the quoted material is a complete sentence.

కొటేషన్స్ లోని మొదటి పదం ను కపిటల్ లెటర్ తో రాయలి.

For example:

Ralph Waldo Emerson said, "The only way to have a friend is to be one."

Capitalization rule #2

Use capitals for proper nouns. In other words, capitalize the names of people, specific places, and things.

మనుషులు,ముఖ్యమైన ప్రదేశాలు మరియు వస్తువుల పేర్ల ను వ్రాసేపుడు కాపిటల్ లెటర్ తో రాయాలి.

For example:

We don't capitalize the word "bridge" unless it starts a sentence, but we must capitalize Brooklyn Bridge because it is the name of a specific bridge.

సాధారణంగా ఒక వాక్యం మద్యలో "bridge" అని వ్రాసేపుడు "Bridge" అని వ్రాయరాదు.కాని,ఏదైనా వాక్యము ప్రారంభంలో గాని,లేదా ప్రత్యేకమైన పేరుగా గాని రాసేపుడు మనము "Bridge" అని రాయవచ్చు.

ఉదాహరణకు "Brooklyn Bridge",ఇది ఒక బ్రిడ్జి యొక్క పేరు కావున ఇక్కడ మనము కాపిటల్ "B" ని

వాడాము.

The word “country” would not normally be capitalized, but we would have to write China with a capital "C" because it is the name of a specific country.

"country" అని వ్రాసేపుడు కాపిటల్ "C" ని వాడరాదు. "China" అని వ్రాసేపుడు కాపిటల్ "C" ని వాడవచ్చు,ఎందుకనగా China అనేది ఒక దేశము యొక్క పేరు కనుక.

The word "state", while not normally capitalized, would be written with a capital if it is in the name of an organization, such as The State Board of Education.

"state" అనే పదమును వ్రాసేపుడు కాపిటల్ "S" ని వాడరాదు.కానీ,ఏదైనా ఒక సంస్థ యొక్క పేరుగా వ్రాసేపుడు మనము కాపిటల్ "S" ని వాడవచ్చు.ఉదా: "The State Board of Education".

Capitalization rule #3

Capitalize titles when they are on the signature line of a letter, when the title comes immediately before a name, or when the title replaces the use of a name (i.e., a title used as a direct address).

ఏదైనా ఒక లెటర్ ని వ్రాసినపుడు అందులో ఏదైనా సిగ్నేచర్ ని గాని,ఎవరినైనా సంబోధించినపుడు గాని వారి పేర్లను కాపిటల్ లెటర్ తో వ్రాయాలి.

Here are some examples:ఉదా:

Sincerely,

Vicky Marquez, President

Ms. Vicky Marquez

Hello, Senator. It's nice to see you again.

- Do not capitalize titles when they are not used as a direct address to a person. For example:

ప్రత్యేకంగా సంబోదించనపుడు కాపిటల్ లెటర్ ని వాడరాదు.ఉదా :

The senator will be in town today to inspect the building of the railway.

Capitalization rule #4

Do not capitalize "north," "south," "east," and "west" when giving directions:

దిక్కుల పేర్లను ఎపుడు కాపిటల్ లెటర్ తో రాయరాదు.

Drive six blocks north, and then turn right.

Capitalize directions only when they refer to specific regions.

ప్రత్యేకమైన ప్రదేశాలను గురించి చెప్పేటపుడు మాత్రమే మనము దిక్కుల పేర్లను కాపిటల్ లెటర్ తో రాయవలెను.ఉదా :

For example:

My favorite place in the world is Northern Ontario.

Capitalization rule #5

All large words in the titles of movies, books, and other publications should be capitalized, while all small words (a, an, the, but, and, if, as, or, nor, to name a few) should not be capitalized unless they are the first or last words in the title:

సినిమాలు, పుస్తకాలు, మరియు ఇతర ప్రచురణలు పేర్లలో అన్నీ పెద్ద పదాలు, క్యాపిటల్స్ చేయాలి.అయితే,అన్ని చిన్న పదాలు (ఎ, ఎన్, కానీ, మరియు, అయితే, వంటి, లేదా, లేదా, కొన్ని పేరు) క్యాపిటల్స్ చేయరాదు అవి శీర్షిక లో మొదటి లేదా చివరి మాటలు అయితే తప్ప.

A Life Less Ordinary (The word "A" would not normally be capitalized, but because it is the first word in the title, we must capitalize it.)

పై వాక్యంలో "A" ని కాపిటల్ చేసాము.ఎందుకనగా అది వాక్యము ఆరంభంలో ఉన్నది.కానీ మామూలుగా అయితే "a" మాత్రమే రాయాలి.ఉదా:

This is a Cat.

Capitalization rule #6

The first word of a salutation should be capitalized, as well as the first word of a closing. For example:

ఏదైనా ఒక లెటర్ లో ఒక వ్యక్తిని ప్రారంభంలో గాని,చివర లో గాని సంబోధించినపుడు కాపిటల్ లెటర్ ని వాడవలెను.

Dear Billy,

Regards,

John Smith

Capitalization rule #7

Capitalize words derived from proper nouns. For example:

I like English, but math is my favorite subject. (English is capitalized because it is derived from the proper noun England, while math is not capitalized because it is not derived from a proper noun.)

Specific course titles should, however, be capitalized. For example:

I don't know what I'm going to do. I have to take Math 101 next year and it looks hard!

Capitalization rule #8

Capitalize when two or more sentences follow a colon.

For example:

We have set this restriction: Do your chores before watching television. That includes washing the dishes.

Do not capitalize after a colon if you are writing a list, or if there is only one sentence following the colon:

There are many metals hidden away within the earth's crust: gold, zinc, and lead are just a few examples.

There is a way to remember test information: study a lot the night before your big midterm!

Now you have a better idea of how to use capitals in your writing. Good luck with your next piece!

ధన్యవాదాలు

Learn Spoken English Through Telugu - Vegetables names

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Tue, 14 Jun 2016 05:48:00 +0000

Indian Vegetables called in English, Indian Vegetables called in Hindi, Indian Vegetables called in Telugu, Vegetable Meaning in Hindi Telugu English, Vegetables.

A vegetable is an edible plant or its part, intended for cooking or eating raw.

Vegetables may be raw or cooked; fresh, frozen, canned, or dried/dehydrated; and may be whole, cut-up, or mashed.

Based on their nutrient content, vegetables are organized into subgroups: Leafy Vegetables, dark green vegetables, starchy vegetables, red and orange vegetables, beans and peas, and other vegetables.

Below are the names of Indian Vegetables in English, Indian Vegetables in Telugu and Indian Vegetables in Hindi

English	Telugu	Hindi
Amaranth	Totakura	Chaurai
Ash Gourd	Boodidha Gummidikaya	Ghiya
Asparagus	Pilli peechara chandra vanka gaddalu	Shatavari
Aubergine	Bajji Vankaya	Baingan
Balloon vine	Buddakakara, Ekkudutige	Kanphata, Kanphuti
Bamboo shoot	Veduru Chiguru	Baans
Beetroot	Beetroot	Chukandar
Betel leaf	Tamalapaku	Paan
Bitter gourd	Kakarakaya	Karela
Black nightshade	Kamanchi	Makoi
Bok Choy, Chinese Cabbage	Chinese Cabbage	Chinese Cabbage
Bottle Gourd	Anapakaya/Sorakaya	Dudhi, Lauki
Breadfruit	Seema Panasa	Barhal
Brinjal/Egg plant	Vankaya	Baingan
Broad beans, Kidney Bean	Chikkudukaya	Bakala
Broccoli	Green Cauliflower	Hari Phool Gobi
Brussels Sprouts	Chinna Cabbage, Banglore Cabbage	Choti Bund Gobhi
Butternut Squash	Thiyya Gummadikaya, Thipi Gummadikaya	Kaddu
Cabbage	Cabbage	Bandh Gobi
Capsicum/Bell Pepper	Bengaluru Mirapakayi	Simla Mirchi
Carrot	Carrot	Gajar
Cassava/Tapioca	Karrapendalam	Simla Aloo
Cauliflower	Cauliflower	Phool Gobi
Celery	Vamaku	Shalari, Ajmud, Randhuni
Centella	Saraswataku, Brahmi	Brahma-mandukini, Khulakhudi, Mandookaparni
Chayote	Seema Vankaya	Chow Chow
Chenopodium album, lamb’s quarters	Pappukura	Bathua, Cheel Bhaji
Cluster Beans	Goru Chikkudukaya	Gwar-ki-Phalli
Colocasia/Yam	Chamadumpa/Chemagadda	Arbi
Coriander leaves	Kothimeera	Dhania
Corn	Mokkajonna Kandelu	Makkai, Bhutta
Cowpeas	Bobbarlu(Jhulungo)	Lobhia
Cucumber	Kheera Dosakaya	Kheera, Kakadi
Curry leaves	Karivepaku	Kadi Patta
Delhi Carrot	Pink Carrot	Gulab Gajar
Dill	Soya Koora	Suwa
Dock Sorrel	Chukkakura	Khatta Palak
Double Beans, Lima Beans		Guvar Fali
Drumstick	Mulakada	Saijan
Elephant Apple	Velakkaya	Kaith
Elephant Foot Yam	Kanda gadda	Jangli Suran
Fenugreek Leaves	Menthi kura	Methi
Fetid Cassia	Chakramarda, Prapunnada	Chakavad, Papamd
Field Bean	Anumulu	Val
French Bean, Green Beans, String Beans	Beans	Beans
German Turnip/Kohlrabi		Nookal
Green chilli	Pacchi Mirapakaya	Hari Mirchi
Green Eggplant, Green Brinjal	Paccha Vankaya	Hari Baingan
Green Mango	Pachchi Mamidikaya	Aam
Green Peas	Pachi Batani	Mattar
Indian Nettle	Harita-Manjari, Kupintaku	khokali, khokla
Ivy Gourd/Gherkins	Dondakaya	Tindora/Tondli
Jicama, Mexican Turnip, Yam Bean	Kandha	Mishirkhand
Ker(small radish-like pods)
Kohlrabi	Noolkol	Gaanth Gobhi
Ladies Fingers	Bendakaya	Okra
Leeks	Ulli Poraka	Lasson Vilayiti
Lemon	Nimmakaya	Nimbu
Lettuce
Lime Leaves	Nimma Akulu	Nimbu-ka-patha
Lotus Stem	Tamara Tudulu	Kamal Kakdi
Malabar Spinach/Chinese Spinach	Bachhali	Poi Saag
Mango Ginger	Mamidallam	Aam Adrak
Marrow Squash, Vegetable Marrow
Mint leaves	Pudina aaku	Pudina Patta
Mushroom	Kukka Godugu	Dhingri
Mustard leaves	Aava aaku	Sarson Ka Saag
Natal Plum, Cranberry	Vaakkayalu	Karonda
Onion	Ullipaya	Pyaaz
Orach
Parsnip	Mullangi	Mooli
Pink Beans, Horse gram	Ulavalu	Gahat, KULATH, Kulthi
Plantain Flower/Banana Flower	Arati Puvvu	Kele-ka-phool
Plantain Stem/Banana Stem	Arati Davva/Arati Duta	Kele ka guda
Pointed Gourd	Potols	parwal/parval
Potato	Bangala Dumpa/Alugadda	Aloo
Pumpkin	Gummadikaya	Kaddu
Purple Cabbage	Cabbage	Bandh Gobi
Purslane	Peddapaayala Kura	Lunia
Radish	Mullangi	Mooli
Radish Leaves	Mullangi Aaku	Mooli Ka Patta
Raw Banana	Pachi Aratikaya	Kaccha Kela
Raw Jackfruit	Panasapattu	Kathal
Raw Papaya	Pachi Boppayi	Kacha Papita
Red Amaranth	Koyya Totakura	Lal Chaurai
Red lettuce
Ridge Gourd	Beerakaya	Tori
Rough Lime	Dabbapandu
Scarlet Runner Beans	Chikkudukai, Chikkudukaya	Bakala
Sesbania Grandiflora	Agise	Agati
Silk Squash / Egyptian Luffa	Neti Beerakaya	Gilka/ Gilki
Smooth Luffa, Chinese okra	Beerakaya	Ghosavala
Snake Gourd	Potlakaya	Chachinda, Padual
Sorrel leaves/Kenaf	Gongura	Pitwaa
Spinach	Palakura	Palak
Spring onion/ Green onion	Vulli Kada	Hara Pyaaz
Star Gooseberry, Cekur manis, Katuk		Kutchumku, Surasarabi
Sweet Potato	Chilakada Dumpa	Shakarkand
Sword Beans	Chamma Kaya, Tamma Kaya	Khadsampal, Badi sem
Table Radish	Mulangi	Mooli
Tamarind tender leaf shoots	Chintha Chiguru aaku	Imli Ka Patta
Teasel Gourd/Spiny Gourd	Aakakarakaya	Kakrol
Tomato	Tomato	Tamatar
Turkey Berry	Kottuvastu	Bhurat, Bhankatiya
Turnip	Tella Dumpa	Shalzam / Shalgam
Water Caltrop, water chestnut		Singhara, Paniphal
Water Spinach	Gurukkoorakku, Tutikura	Kaluma
White Radish	Telupu Mullangi	Safed Mooli
Yellow Squash
Zucchini	Beera Kaaya	Tori

Learn English Grammar Through Telugu-Part 1

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Sat, 11 Jun 2016 05:53:00 +0000

If you just started learning English, you first need to know some basic rules of the language. Developing a solid foundation in English grammar will not only help you create your own sentences correctly but will also make it easier to improve your communication skills in both spoken and written English.

మీరు కేవలం ఇంగ్లీష్ నేర్చుకోవడం ప్రారంభించింది ఉంటే, మీరు మొదటి భాష యొక్క కొన్ని ప్రాథమిక నియమాలు తెలుసుకోవాలి.ఇంగ్లీషు గ్రామరు కు గట్టి పునాది నిర్మించుకోవడము వలన అది కేవలం మనకు సొంతంగా వాక్యాలను వ్రాయడమే కాకుండ అది మనకు స్పోకెన్ మరియు వ్రిటెన్ ఇంగ్లీసషు రెం డింటిలోనూ కమ్యూనికేషన్ స్కిల్స్ ని అభివృద్ధి చేసుకోవడానికి దోహదపడుతుంది.

1.Alphabet(అక్షరమాల) :

ఆంగ్ల భాష నందు మొత్తం 26 అక్షరములు గలవు.వీటిని "అక్షరమాల లేక వర్ణమాల (Alphabet)" అంటారు.
అక్షరముల లోని రకములు
ఆంగ్ల భాష నందు రెండు రకముల అక్షరములు గలవు.అవి, 1) అచ్చులు - Vowels.(వోవెల్స్)
2) హల్లులు - Consonants .(కాంన్సొనంన్ట్స్)

1) Vowels(వోవెల్స్) - అచ్చులు :
అన్య అక్షరముల అవసరము లేకుండానే స్వయంగా ఉచ్చరింపబడెడి
అక్షరములకు "అచ్చులు" అని పేరు.
Vowels are the letters that can be sounded independently or without the aid of any other letters.

ఆంగ్లభాష నందు గల అచ్చులు సాధారణంగా తెలుగు భాష లోని అచ్చులు “అ,ఆ,ఇ,ఈ,ఉ,ఊ,ఎ,ఏ,ఐ,ఒ,ఓ,ఔ" ల ధ్వనిచే కలిగియుండును.

ఆంగ్లభాష నందు 5 అచ్చులు గలవు.అవి "A,E,I,O,U " అనునవి.
1. A : అ admit,local; ఆ water,father; ఎ about....
2. E : అ finger; ఇ she; ఈ ante; ఎ leg,beg......
3. I : అ bird; ఇ shit,pin; ఐ time,white,kite......
4. O : అ son; ఆ on; ఉ foot; ఊ tool; ఒ no; ఓ local.....
5. U : అ but; ఉ put,full; ఊ rule,june....

2). Consonants(కాన్సొనంట్స్) – హల్లులు :

అచ్చుల సహాయము లేనిదే స్వయముగా ఉచ్చరింపబడజాలని అక్షరములను “హల్లులు” అంటారు.

Consonants are the letters which cannot be sounded independently or without the aid of vowels.

1.B : బ్ bush 2.C : స్ cinema క్ curd చ్ chin 3.D : డ్ den 4.F : ఫ్ fish 5.G : జ్ genious గ్ gun

6.J : జ్ jug 7.K : క్ kind 8.L : ల్ lamp 9.M : మ్ money 10.N : న్ next 11.P : ప్ pen

12.Q : క్వ్ queen 13.R : ర్ rain 14.S : స్ send 15.T : ట్ tear 16.V : వ్ vapour 17.X : క్ష్ sixer

18.Z : జ్ zero

ఒకే అక్షరము అచ్చు గాను,హల్లు గాను పనిచేయుట :

U,H,W,Y అను నాలుగు అక్షరములు కొన్ని సందర్భములయందు అచ్చులుగాను,మరికొన్ని సందర్భములందు హల్లులుగాను పనిచేయును.

అక్షరము అచ్చుగా ఇచ్చు ధ్వని హల్లులుగా ఇచ్చు ధ్వని

U అ umbrella(అంబ్రెల్లా) యూ university (యూనివర్సిటి)

H ఆ honest (ఆనెస్ట)h is silent హ hero (హీరో)

W చివర ఉన్నపుడు-paw(పా) power(పవర),way(వే)

Y dyke(డైక),many(మని) royal(రాయల),you(యు)

Learn English Words Through Telugu Words

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Fri, 10 Jun 2016 12:39:00 +0000

Language, in a sense, is “man’s culminating cultural instrument.” It is a social institution. It is an expression of human spirit. Every language has its own set of vocabulary. And every word has its own sound. Indeed, words are more than sounds–they emote bhava in the listener. For poets, words are vennelalo adukone andamaina adapillalu – “beauteous belles playing about under the moonlight.”

Words are the accepted vehicles of new things, new ideas, new attitudes, or new points of view. Every practitioner of a language must acquire a fair understanding of words. No matter even if it is one’s mother-tongue, one can enjoy it more, only if he or she could see it from the inside – looking at the words with a feeling for them. This becomes feasible only when one knows what the symbol, the sound, the word stands for.

English Vocabulary-Learn Words with Telugu 3

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Fri, 10 Jun 2016 12:08:00 +0000

Learn English Words Daily and make your speaking skills better.

English Vocabulary-Learn Words with Telugu 2

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Fri, 10 Jun 2016 11:28:00 +0000

Learn a new word each day and rapidly expand your English vocabulary.

స్పోకెన్ ఇంగ్లీష్ చిట్కాలు

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Fri, 10 Jun 2016 07:22:00 +0000

---కింది చిట్కాలు నాకు ఇంగ్లీషు మాట్లాడుటను మెరుగుపరచడానికి మరియు ఆంగ్ల భాషలో నా సంశయం అధిగమించడానికి సహాయం చేశాయి.ఇవి మీకు కూడ ఉపయోగకరంగా ఉంటాయని ఆశిస్తున్నాము.

మీ భాష లొ తప్పుల గురించి చింతించకండి .ఎందుకంటే,నేర్చుకునే దశలో అందరూ చిన్న చిన్న తప్పులు చేస్తారు.
ఓపికపట్టండి. ఇది ఒక రోజు ప్రక్రియ కాదు.
కొన్ని పదబంధాలు తెలుసుకోండి.వాటిని బహుళ పరిస్థితుల్లో ఉపయోగించవచ్చు.
ఎవరైనా సరిగా లేక మర్యాదగా ఎలా అభినందించాలో తెలుసుకోండి.
నెమ్మదిగా మరియు జాగ్రత్తగా మాట్లాడండి. మీ వాక్యాలు కఠినముగా ఉండరాదు.
మీకు మీ మీద విశ్వాసం వచ్చే వరకు సాధారణ వాక్యాలను ఉపయోగించండి.
మీ ఉచ్చారణ కొరకు చూడండి. మనకు ఒక పదం సరిగ్గా ఎలా పలకాలో అనేక ఆన్లైన్ టూల్స్ అందుబాటులో ఉన్నాయి . మీకు అనుమానం కలిగినపుడు వాటిలో ఏదైన ఒకటి చూడండి.
ఆంగ్ల భాష లో ప్రావిన్యము గల వారు ఆంగ్ల పదాలను ఎలా పలుకుతారో శ్రద్దగా గమనిస్తూ ఉండండి.
మీ స్నేహితులు, బంధువులును ఎవరినైనా మీ తప్పులను గురించి అడిగి వాటిని సరి చేసుకోండి.
వారితో ఆంగ్లంలో మాత్రమే మాట్లాడండి.ప్రతి రోజు సాదన తప్పనిసరిగా చేయలి.
మీరే ప్రతి రోజు బిగ్గరగా ఒక వ్యాసం చదివి దానిని రికార్డ్ చేసుకొని,దాని ద్వారా మీ యొక్క ఉచ్చారణ , వేగం , స్పష్టత ను గమనించండి.
అనేక ఆన్లైన్ సైట్లు మీరు, మరొక యూజర్ తో వాయిస్ చాట్ చేసే అవకాశం కల్పిస్తున్నాయి. ఈ సాధన ఒక సమర్థవంతమైన మార్గం.
ప్రతి రోజు కనీసం ఒక కొత్త పదం నేర్చుకోండి.దాన్ని ఇతర వ్యక్తులతో మీ సంభాషణ లో ఒక భాగంగా ఉపయోగించండి. వారం చివరికి , మీరు నిజంగా ఏడు పదాలను బాగా తెలుసుకొని ఉండాలి.
ప్రతి రోజు కొత్త పదాలను తెలుసుకోండి.
ప్రతి రోజు మీకు ఇష్టమైన కనీసం ఒక ఆంగ్ల వ్యాసం ను గట్టిగా చదవండి.
ఉపశీర్షికలు గల ఇంగ్లీష్ సినిమాలు చూడండి.
ఆంగ్ల పుస్తకాలు మరియు పత్రికలు చదవండి.
ఏవైనా కొత్త పదాలను తెలుసుకోవడానికి ఒక జేబు నిఘంటువు ను మీ వద్ద ఉంచండి.
మీరు ఒక కొత్త పదం విన్నప్పుడు, దాని వినియోగం మరియు దాని వ్యతిరేకపదాలు కనుగొనేందుకు ప్రయత్నించండి.

Click Here To Read This Post in English

Spoken English Tips

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Fri, 10 Jun 2016 05:50:00 +0000

The following tips helped me improve my spoken English and overcome my hesitation in the language. Hope they are useful for you too.

1. Don’t worry about making mistakes because you will make mistakes as a learner.

2. Be patient. This isn’t a one day process.

3. Learn certain phrases that can be used in multiple situations.

4. Learn how to greet someone properly.

5. Talk slowly and carefully. Don’t rush through your sentences.

6. Restrict yourself to simple sentences until you gain confidence.

7. Watch out for your pronunciation. Many online tools will tell you how to pronounce a word correctly. Check one of them out when you’re in doubt.

8. Carefully observe how proficient speakers of the language pronounce words and frame their sentences.

9. Ask your friends, relatives and anyone you can to point out your mistakes and correct them.

10. Speak to them in English only. Practice is a must.

11. Record yourself reading one article aloud every day. Focus on pronunciation, speed, clarity and emphasis.

12. Many online sites offer you the opportunity to voice chat with another user. This is an effective way to practice.

13. Learn at least one new word every day and use it as a part of your conversation with people. By the end of the week, you should know seven words really well.

14. Learn new words everyday.

15. Read at least one article of your choice aloud every day.

16. Watch English movies with subtitles.

17. Read books and magazines.

18. Keep a pocket dictionary handy for any word you may need to know the meaning of.

19. When you hear a new word, try to find its usage and its antonyms.

ఈ పొస్టుని తెలుగులో చదవడానికి ఇక్కడ క్లిక్ చేయండి.

English Vocabulary-Learn Words with Telugu

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Thu, 09 Jun 2016 14:06:00 +0000

Learning vocabulary by memorizing the definition in your native language is an inefficient way to learn words. Rather, reading is the best way to increase your vocabulary. Learn words by seeing the word in a sentence. You can look up words in a dictionary, but study them in sentences, not the word itself.

ఏ భాష కైనా మొదటగా పదాలను నేర్చుకోవడము చాలా ముఖ్యము .

1.There are roughly 100,000 word-families in the English language.

(ఎన్ని పదాలు మీరు ఇంగ్లీష్ లో తెలుసుకోవాలి ? ఈ చాలా సాధారణ ప్రశ్న మరియు అది మీ లక్ష్యం మీద ఆధారపడి ఉంటుంది. ఆంగ్ల భాషలో 100,000 పద కుటుంబీకులు సుమారు ఉన్నాయి.)

2.A native English speaking person knows between 10,000 (uneducated) to 20,000 (educated) word families.
(ఒక స్థానిక ఆంగ్లం మాట్లాడే వ్యక్తికి సుమారు 10,000( అవిద్యా ) నుంచి 20,000 వరకు( విద్యను అభ్యసించినవారు) పద కుటుంబాలు తెలుసు.)

3.Professor Paul Nation found that a person needs to know 8,000-9,000 word families to enjoy reading a book.

(ప్రొఫెసర్ పాల్ నేషన్ తన పరిశోధన లో, ఒక వ్యక్తి ఒక పుస్తకాన్ని చదవి ఆనందించడానికి 8,000-9,000 పద కుటుంబాలు అవసరమని కనుగొన్నారు.)

4,Studying heritage language learners reveal that a person with a vocabulary size of 2,500 passive word-families and 2,000 active word-families can speak a language fluently.
(ఒక వ్యక్తి ఒక భాషను అనర్గళంగా మాట్లాడటానికి 2,500 నిష్క్రియాత్మక పదం కుటుంబాలు మరియు 2,000 క్రియాశీల పదం కుటుంబాలు అవసరమవుతాయి.)

మీ లక్ష్యం స్పష్టంగా ఆంగ్లం మాట్లాడటం అయితే, మీరు 10,000 పదాలు అధ్యయనం చేయాల్సిన అవసరం లేదు.మీరు ఇంగ్లీషు నేర్చుకోవడానికి మీకు 2,000 పదాలు తెలిస్తే చాలు.

మీకు ఇంగ్లీషు నేర్చుకోవడానికి అవసరమయ్యే ముఖ్యమైన పదాలను ఇక్కడ ఇవ్వడం జరిగినది.వీటిని మీరు రోజూ చదివి గుర్తుపెట్టుకోవడానికి ప్రయత్నించండి.

Small Words

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Thu, 09 Jun 2016 06:49:00 +0000

ఈ క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన పదములు అన్ని అతి చిన్నవి.ఇంగ్లీషు లొ ప్రాథమిక పరిఙానం గలిగిన వారికి కూడా ఈ పదములు సుపరిచితమైనవే.కానీ,ఒక్కసారి వీటిని చదివి నెమరు వేసుకోండి.

I ME MINE YOU YOURS

ఇ మి మైన్ యు యువర్స్

నేను నాకు నాది నీవు నీది

HE HIS HER HERS THEY THEM

హి హిజ్ హెర్ హెర్స్ దె దెమ్

అతడు అతని ఆమెని ఆమెది వారు వాళ్ళని

WHO WHOSE WHAT WHICH WHEN

హూ హూజ్ వాట్ విచ్ వెన్

ఎవరు ఎవరిది ఏమిటి ఏది ఎప్పుడు

WHY HOW NEW OLD THIS THAT

వై హౌ న్యూ ఓల్డ్ దిస్ దట్

ఎందుకు ఎలా కొత్త పాత ఇది అది

The English alphabet

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Thu, 09 Jun 2016 05:14:00 +0000

The English alphabet consists of 26 letters: ( ఆంగ్ల అక్షరమాల 26 అక్షరాలను కలిగి ఉంటుంది )

Big letters are called Upper Case , or Capital letters.

ఫెద్ద అక్షరాలను అప్పర్ కేస్ లేక క్యాపిటల్ లెటర్స్ అని పిలుస్తారు.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Low letters are called Lower Case letters.

చిన్న అక్షరాలను లోయర్ కేస్ లెటర్స్ అని పిలుస్తారు.

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Listen these alphabet letters :

క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన ప్లేయర్ లో పై అక్షరాలను వినండి

Example Words for this letters :

A = [eɪ] (a-n-d, a-f-t-e-r, a-p-p-l-e)
B = [biː] (b-a-n-a-n-a, b-a-t-h-r-o-o-m, b-o-y)
C = [siː] (c-a-r, c-o-a-t, c-o-l-o-u-r)
D = [diː] (d-o-g, d-r-e-a-m, d-o-l-l-a-r)
E = [iː] (e-l-e-p-h-a-n-t, e-y-e, e-x-t-r-e-m-e)
F = [ɛf] (f-i-n-g-e-r, f-o-u-r, f-i-r-e)
G = [dʒiː] (g-i-r-a-f-f-e, g-i-r-l, g-r-e-e-n)
H = [eɪtʃ] (h-o-t-e-l, h-a-p-p-y, h-o-l-i-d-a-y)
I = [aɪ] (i-m-a-g-e, i-s-l-a-n-d, I-n-d-i-a-n-a)
J = [dʒeɪ] (j-u-n-g-l-e, j-o-l-l-y, J-o-s-e-p-h-i-n-e)
K = [keɪ] (k-a-n-g-a-r-o-o, k-o-a-l-a, k-a-r-a-t-e)
L = [ɛl] (l-o-w, l-e-v-e-l, l-i-o-n)
M = [ɛm] (m-o-t-h-e-r, m-o-m-e-n-t, m-e-s-s)
N = [ɛn] (n-o, n-i-g-h-t, n-o-o-n)
O = [oʊ] (o-l-d, o-b-j-e-c-t, o-a-t)
P = [piː] (p-e-n-g-u-i-n-e, p-i-a-n-o, p-a-c-k-e-t)
Q = [kjuː] (q-u-i-e-t, Q-u-e-e-n, q-u-o-t-e)
R = [ɑr] (r-e-d, r-i-g-h-t, r-a-b-b-i-t)
S = [ɛs] (s-t-r-o-n-g, s-e-v-e-n, s-i-l-v-e-r)
T = [tiː] (t-e-a, t-h-o-u-s-a-n-d, t-w-o)
U = [juː] (u-s-e, u-n-f-a-i-r, u-n-d-e-r)
V = [viː] (v-a-c-a-t-i-o-n, v-e-r-y, v-a-m-p-i-r-e)
W = [ˈdʌbəl juː] say: double-ju (w-e-s-t, w-o-r-m, w-h-i-t-e)
X = [ɛks] (X-r-a-y, x-y-l-o-p-h-o-n-e, X-m-a-s)
Y = [waɪ] (y-a-r-d, y-e-l-l-o-w, y-e-a-h)
Z = [zɛd] in British English, [ziː] in American English (z-e-r-o, z-e-b-r-a, z-i-l-l-i-o-n)

Listen these words :

క్రింద ఇవ్వబడిన ప్లేయర్ లో పై పదాలను వినండి

పట్టిక

Audio file as mp3

English Language Teaching in India: A Brief Historical Sketch

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Wed, 08 Jun 2016 10:34:00 +0000

English is a widely spoken language today. It has often been referred to as ‘global language’, the lingua franca of the modern era and currently the language most often taught as a second language around the world. With the Information Technology revolution and most software and operating systems being developed in the English language, a new utility for written and oral communication in the English language has emerged. English is said to be the world’s most important language having communicative and educative value.

English is used all over the world not out of any imposition but because of the realization that it has certain advantages. A very important reason for regarding English as a world language is that the world’s knowledge is enshrined in English. It is a progressive language. It is dynamic and flexible. Furthermore,English is universally renowned for its power of expression and its rich literature. The changing times have witnessed the growing importance of the English language in all walks of life. It does not seem that we are using the English language as non-native speakers, or as a second language.

Conscious and unconscious use of the words in our everyday conversation from the English language bears evidence to this fact. Therefore, the English language has become the primary requirement for interconnectedness of people, and for free exchange of ideas, cultures and economies and a lingua franca for communication, business and education. In this paper an attempt has been made to highlight the status and importance of teaching English as a second or foreign language in India over the years.

English Language Teaching in India

English language has the status of associate official language, but in fact it is the most important language of India. After Hindi it is the most commonly spoken language in India and probably the most read and written language in India. English in India is used not only for communicating with the outside world, but also for inter-state and intrastate communication. Because of the great ethnic and linguistic diversity found within our nation, English acts as an indispensable ‘link’ language. English symbolizes in Indian minds better education, better culture and better intellect. English also serves as the communicator among Indians who speak different languages. English is very important in some systems like the legal, financial, educational and business in India. India has a history of two hundred and fifty (250) years of English teaching, beginning as early as 1759 by the East India Company. The growth of English can be traced back to the advent of formal education in India during the first half of the 19th century. In fact, before the oncoming of the British, priestly classes like ‘Moulavies’ and ‘Pandits’ were the custodians of education who imparted education to a fraction of the people in ‘Pathshalas’ and ‘Madarsas’. There was no instructional programme for the masses. But the state of education at present in India is better than the traditional one. The importance of English Language Teaching was realized from time to time, but it gained momentum after Macaulay’s Minutes of 1835, it was motivated more by a political administrative necessity than by an urge to bring about social transformation. Lord Macaulay, in his famous “Minutes”, recommended the use of English for educating the Indian masses. He felt that the English language was the only suitable medium to transfer technical knowledge and scientific bent of mind to Indians. His aim was to groom a small section of Indians who could later use English as medium of communication and bridge the gap between India and the western world. But the sole purpose was to create a body of clerks to assist in the administration of the country.

Macaulay’s ‘Minute’ very clearly argues for English as the medium of instruction at higher levels, rather than the oriental languages. The ‘Minute’ constitutes an example of colonialist and imperialist attitude of superiority. Macaulay averred that the Oriental languages did not possess any knowledge worth preserving: “I have conversed, both here and at home, with men distinguished by their proficiency in the Eastern tongues. I am quite ready to take the oriental learning at the valuation of the orientalists themselves. I have never found one among them who could deny that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia. The intrinsic superiority of the Western literature is indeed fully admitted by those members of the committee who support the oriental plan of education….” “We must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern, a class of persons Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinion, in morals and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to the great masses of population” (Macaulay, 1979: 116).

Lord Macaulay was a central figure in the language debate over which language(s) should be used as the medium of education in India. The orientalists were in favour of use of classical languages of Indian tradition, such as Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic, which were not spoken as native languages. The Anglicists, on the other hand, supported English. Neither of these groups wanted to surpass the local vernaculars, mother tongues of the people. Both the groups agreed that education would be conducted in the vernacular during the first years of education. The Anglicist group included Charles Grant, Lord Moira, T.B. Macaulay and H.T. Prinsep. The views of these Anglicists have been expressed in the Minute of Macaulay. According to the document which had been prepared for the governor general William Bentinck, after listening to the argument of the two sides, a class should be formed in India, a group of people who would act as interpreters between the British and Indians, ‘’a class of persons, Indians in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinion, in morals and in intellect’’ (Baily 138).

Macaulay’s proposal was a success because in his thinking Indian languages would be enriched by English, so that they could become vehicles for European scientific, historical and literary expression. English gradually became the language of government, education, advancement and a symbol of imperial rule and of self-improvement. But a section of Indian Political Class resisted the introduction of English Education, and the existing facilities for oriental and vernacular instruction were retained. It was a kind of three— language formula in colonial India. While English taught as a subject in all schools and most colleges. The status of the language and the emphasis on its teaching learning varies from region to region. In some areas it is accorded the status of an official language and its teaching begins in the fifth or sixth year of schooling. In spite of the variations in the status accorded to English the fact remains that all students completing their school education have had at least five years of English learning.

Considering the fact that India at present has such a vast infrastructure for teaching English to so many learners and the fact that quite a large number of institutions like English and Foreign Languages University, the Regional Institutes of English and the National Council of Educational Research and Training are constantly engaged in the process of experimenting with methods and materials of teaching English, it is natural to expect that proficiency level of English amongst educated Indians would be high. It is a fact that India had been exposed to English for two hundred years during the British Raj and it is the medium of instruction in the most institutions of higher and specialized education. Besides, English is used extensively by the administrators of the Central Government and the higher officials of the Judiciary.

In the present day India, fanatic opposition to the study of English has almost disappeared and more and more people have begun to realize the cultural, technological and international advantages that flow from the study of English. In the wake of this new mode of thinking, the position of English was reviewed once again by the study group on teaching of English in 1971. ‘At the individual level, English serves as the language of opportunity. Any individual seeking socio-economic advancement would find the ability in English an asset’ (Report of Study group on teaching of English of 1971). It bestowed upon English the status of a ‘literary language’. This has added a new dimension to the teaching of English in modern India such as catering to the current needs of the learner to impart the students’ basic communication skills with a view to using it as a literary language, as a link language, and as an associate official language, etc. This has changed the Indian conditions and the concept of English Syllabus designing has to depend on the role of English in general and objectives of teaching English in particular.

Verma highlights the theoretical considerations underlying the concept of effective teaching and learning of English in India as a second language in the following lines: “Learning English as a second language in India is a process of learning ‘how to mean’ in a new socio-cultural setting, it is a process of enculturation, of capturing, expanding, and refining a network of formal and socio-cultural systems in interaction. English in India is what it is because of its functions which are controlled by its sociocultural setting and by its interaction with the major Indian languages. This sociocultural approach to English in India is designed to show how the lexico grammatical systems of a language get shaped and reshaped by its functions. There is, therefore, no feel that English in India is or will be less effective or less efficient as a system of communication, but there is every reason (linguistic and/or socio-linguistic) to say that it has and will continue to have a marked Indian flavour” (Verma, 1988: 35).

English symbolizes in Indian minds, better education, better culture and higher intellect. In present times, English is the most preferred language. The Indians and the Indian English language press use many words derived from Indian languages. Indian accent is sometimes difficult for non-Indians to understand. Actually English has co-existed in the Indian subcontinent alongside thousands of local languages. It has remained at the core of Indian society. To understand the real picture of English Language Teaching in India it is essential to look at its history and development. The East India Company furthered the process of teaching English in association with the British parliament by trying to maintain schools for Indians. The charter act of 1813 signified the beginning of East India Company’s responsibility for educating Indians. It was at this time that the question of the medium of instruction raised intense controversies both among the British officials and the Indians. One school of thought among the officials advocated the encouragement of oriental languages like Sanskrit and Arabic. A second wanted to promote the regional language.

The strongest group however, was in favour of English as the medium of instruction in all spheres of education. The Indians of the day themselves were undecided about the proposed alternative. Raja Mohan Roy felt that the system of classical education would keep the country in darkness and associated English with a promise of modernization and liberation. This was the beginning of the first ever conscious attempt at introducing English language teaching in India. Unfortunately it was dictated more by a political—administrative necessity than by larger interest of mass education or a promise of modernization and liberation. Raja Roy writes in the foreword of Kanthapura ‘We shall have English language with us and amongst us, and not as a guest or friend but as one of our own, of our castes, our creed, our sect and of our tradition’ (In his foreword to Kanthapura). The policy of the administrators consciously prompted association of English with a status of privilege.

This combined with selective education to ‘a class of persons Indian in blood and colour but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect’ (Macaulay 130) led to a sharper division between the few elite (castes) on the one hand and the vernacular educated and the illiterate masses (lower castes and classes with less or no access to English education) on the other with bitter hatred in between. One of the great achievements of this period was the expansion of education and adaptation of vernacular as medium of instruction at the school level. This however did not promote multilingual and multiculturalism and it became a controversial issue. For some time, there was no consensus on this issue. In 1950, the Constitution of India finally laid down that Hindi in Devanagiri script would be the official language of the Union of India. It was expected that by 1965, Hindi would be able to develop as a language of mass communication and would replace English. However, it did not settle the language controversy in the country. In 1956, a three— language formula (Report of the official language commission 38) was adopted by the central advisory Board of education to resolve this controversy.

This formula was accepted by the conference of Chief Ministers in 1961. (Report of the commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India: Vol. 27) It provided for the teaching of: i. the regional language and the mother tongue when the latter is different from the regional language; ii. Hindi or in Hindi speaking areas, another Indian language; and iii. English or any modern European language. The three—language formula was more of the nature of a political solution than of any educational value. The change over from English to Hindi was not possible. Even in the post-independence period the status of English is still a link language among the educated people and the few elites. In spite of the introduction of the Hindi as the official language English still played the important role. But in this way it did not bring about any significant change in the status of English on the contrary, it resulted in the creation of a class of vernacular—educated native to occupy lower position both in education and administration (Agarwal, 1985: 467).

Thus, in India formal language teaching began with a language controversy. In order to resolve this controversy a sort of three language formula was adopted to teach English, oriental languages and regional languages. Under this formula, English became a marker of two levels of social operations—the upper level reserved for the vernacular English in pre—independent remained limited to the elite few. Even among them it was confined to a very limited behavioural situation. At that time, English was not adopted as means of communication. Another landmark in the history of the role of English in the Indian education system was the Wardha Scheme of Education in 1936. Under this scheme Mahatma Gandhi strongly recommended that ‘all instructions were to be imparted in the scholar’s mother tongue and not in any foreign language at the school level’ (Gupta 1035).

The experiment of this scheme was permanently cut short by the outbreak of the Second World War and consequent resignation of the congress ministers in 1939. In 1944, the Central Advisory Board of Education prepared a scheme for educational development of India to be taken up after the conclusion of the World War II. As Sargent, the Education Advisor to the Government of India was the head of this board the new scheme also came to be known as the Sargent Scheme. This scheme incorporated many features of the Wardha Scheme of education, yet it was more comprehensive than the latter. It made recommendations with regard to: (i) Basic education, (ii) Secondary or High School education, (iii) University education, (iv) Health and Physical education, etc. (Singh, 2007: 125). The scheme made provision for free and compulsory education up to the age of 14 years. The use of vernaculars was allowed up to High School with English as one of the compulsory subjects. At the university level, English used to be the medium of instruction. The Sargent Scheme was a document of immense educational value.

Therefore, English has been considered as a major foreign language in India since independence. As the world is getting globalized, there has also been a sense of English as a global language, not just a language of the USA or the UK. Although English was considered as a major foreign language in India, Indians in different contexts are more likely to have witnessed, or experienced benefits of having more competence than before. These changes in the functions and benefits have brought about change in the status of English from that of a foreign language to a global language.

History of the English Language

noreply@blogger.com (Life Changer - Earn Money Online Telugu) — Wed, 08 Jun 2016 10:07:00 +0000

Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century

Old English (450-1100 AD)

The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100.

Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English

Middle English (1100-1500)

In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.

An example of Middle English by Chaucer

Modern English
Early Modern English (1500-1800)

Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world.

This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.

Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare

Late Modern English (1800-Present)

The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.

Varieties of English

From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. Some English pronunciations and words "froze" when they reached America. In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is. Some expressions that the British call "Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example, frame-up, was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies). Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently British English), with words like canyon, ranch, stampede and vigilante being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West. French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English).

Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the USA's dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (including the Internet). But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.

The Germanic Family of Languages

English is a member of the Germanic family of languages. Germanic is a branch of the Indo-European language family.

A brief chronology of English
55 BC	Roman invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar	Local inhabitants speak Celtish
AD 43	Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of Roman rule of Britain
436	Roman withdrawal from Britain complete
449	Settlement of Britain by Germanic invaders begins
450-480	Earliest known Old English inscriptions	Old English
1066	William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invades and conquers England	Old English
c1150	Earliest surviving manuscripts in Middle English	Middle English
1348	English replaces Latin as the language of instruction in most schools
1362	English replaces French as the language of law. English is used in Parliament for the first time
c1388	Chaucer starts writing The Canterbury Tales
c1400	The Great Vowel Shift begins
1476	William Caxton establishes the first English printing press	Early Modern English
1564	Shakespeare is born
1604	Table Alphabeticall, the first English dictionary, is published
1607	The first permanent English settlement in the New World (Jamestown) is established
1616	Shakespeare dies
1623	Shakespeare's First Folio is published
1702	The first daily English-language newspaper, The Daily Courant, is published in London
1755	Samuel Johnson publishes his English dictionary
1776	Thomas Jefferson writes the American Declaration of Independence
1782	Britain abandons its colonies in what is later to become the USA
1828	Webster publishes his American English dictionary	Late Modern English
1922	The British Broadcasting Corporation is founded
1928	The Oxford English Dictionary is published

`అ`a	`ఆ`A, aa	`ఇ`i	`ఈ`I, ee, ii	`ఉ`u	`ఊ`U, uu, oo
`ఎ`e	`ఏ`E, ea	`ఐ`ai	`ఒ`o	`ఓ`O, oe	`ఔ`ou, au
	`ఋ`R	`ౠ`Ru		`అం`aM	`అః`a@h
`క`k	`ఖ`K, kh	`గ`g	`ఘ`gh, G	`ఙ`~m
	`చ`c, ch	`ఛ`C,Ch	`జ`j	`ఝ`J	`ఞ`~n
`ట`T	`ఠ`Th	`డ`D	`ఢ`Dh	`ణ`N
	`త`t	`థ`th	`ద`d	`ధ`dh	`న`n
`ప`p	`ఫ`P, f, ph	`బ`b	`భ`B, bh	`మ`m
`య`y	`ర`r	`ల`l	`వ`v, w	`శ`S	`ష`sh
`స`s		`హ`h	`ళ`L, lh	`క్ష`x, ksh	`ఱ`~r
`్`^	`ం`M		force combination &