stock exchange lovers

Major stock exchanges

2009-09-11T10:14:00.000-07:00

Twenty Major Stock Exchanges In The World: Market Capitalization & Year-to-date Total Turnover at the end of May 2009

Region	Stock Exchange	Market Value (millions USD)	Total Share Turnover (millions USD)
Africa	Johannesburg Securities Exchange	605,040.2	117,424.7
Americas	NASDAQ	2,773,684.3	12,256,704.3
Americas	São Paulo Stock Exchange	920,263.9	191,926.1
Americas	Toronto Stock Exchange	1,347,674.0	490,912.4
Americas	New York Stock Exchange	9,574,066.6	7,986,835.8
Asia-Pacific	Australian Securities Exchange	839,062.7	273,205.9
Asia-Pacific	Bombay Stock Exchange	1,032,589.6	83,906.6
Asia-Pacific	Hong Kong Stock Exchange	1,773,002.2	519,465.7
Asia-Pacific	Korea Exchange	640,357.6	618,607.8
Asia-Pacific	National Stock Exchange of India	968,815.1	242,641.7
Asia-Pacific	Shanghai Stock Exchange	2,069,937.1	1,685,862.2
Asia-Pacific	Shenzhen Stock Exchange	563,103.3	880,744.6
Asia-Pacific	Tokyo Stock Exchange	3,102,492.9	1,561,888.8
Europe	Euronext	2,262,751.6	742,885.6
Europe	Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Deutsche Börse)	1,132,126.2	1,101,064.6
Europe	London Stock Exchange	2,204,320.0	1,483,263.3
Europe	Madrid Stock Exchange (Bolsas y Mercados Españoles)	1,084,606.4	591,217.3
Europe	Milan Stock Exchange (Borsa Italiana)	554,613.9	341,421.1
Europe	Nordic Stock Exchange Group OMX¹	664,465.8	319,398.1
Europe	Swiss Exchange	854,369.0	272,201.5

Note 1: includes the Copenhagen, Helsinki, Iceland, Stockholm, Tallinn, Riga and Vilnius Stock Exchanges

Sources: World Federation of Exchanges - Statistics/Monthly

The role of stock exchanges?

2009-09-11T10:10:00.000-07:00

Raising capital for businesses

The Stock Exchange provide companies with the facility to raise capital for expansion through selling shares to the investing public

Mobilizing savings for investment

When people draw their savings and invest in shares, it leads to a more rational allocation of resources because funds, which could have been consumed, or kept in idle deposits with banks, are mobilized and redirected to promote business activity with benefits for several economic sectors such as agriculture, commerce and industry, resulting in stronger economic growth and higher productivity levels of firms.

Facilitating company growth

Companies view acquisitions as an opportunity to expand product lines, increase distribution channels, hedge against volatility, increase its market share, or acquire other necessary business assets. A takeover bid or a merger agreement through the stock market is one of the simplest and most common ways for a company to grow by acquisition or fusion.

Profit sharing

Both casual and professional stock investors, through dividends and stock price increases that may result in capital gains, will share in the wealth of profitable businesses.

Corporate governance

By having a wide and varied scope of owners, companies generally tend to improve on their management standards and efficiency in order to satisfy the demands of these shareholders and the more stringent rules for public corporations imposed by public stock exchanges and the government. Consequently, it is alleged that public companies (companies that are owned by shareholders who are members of the general public and trade shares on public exchanges) tend to have better management records than privately-held companies (those companies where shares are not publicly traded, often owned by the company founders and/or their families and heirs, or otherwise by a small group of investors). However, some well-documented cases are known where it is alleged that there has been considerable slippage in corporate governance on the part of some public companies. The dot-com bubble in the early 2000s, and the subprime mortgage crisis in 2007-08, are classical examples of corporate mismanagement. Companies like Pets.com (2000), Enron Corporation (2001), One.Tel (2001), Sunbeam (2001), Webvan (2001), Adelphia (2002), MCI WorldCom (2002), Parmalat (2003), American International Group (2008), Lehman Brothers (2008), and Satyam Computer Services (2009) were among the most widely scrutinized by the media.

Creating investment opportunities for small investors

As opposed to other businesses that require huge capital outlay, investing in shares is open to both the large and small stock investors because a person buys the number of shares they can afford. Therefore the Stock Exchange provides the opportunity for small investors to own shares of the same companies as large investors.

Government capital-raising for development projects

Governments at various levels may decide to borrow money in order to finance infrastructure projects such as sewage and water treatment works or housing estates by selling another category of securities known as bonds. These bonds can be raised through the Stock Exchange whereby members of the public buy them, thus loaning money to the government. The issuance of such bonds can obviate the need to directly tax the citizens in order to finance development, although by securing such bonds with the full faith and credit of the government instead of with collateral, the result is that the government must tax the citizens or otherwise raise additional funds to make any regular coupon payments and refund the principal when the bonds mature.

Barometer of the economy

At the stock exchange, share prices rise and fall depending, largely, on market forces. Share prices tend to rise or remain stable when companies and the economy in general show signs of stability and growth. An economic recession, depression, or financial crisis could eventually lead to a stock market crash. Therefore the movement of share prices and in general of the stock indexes can be an indicator of the general trend in the economy.

source

http://en.wikipedia.org/wikik/

Stock exchangeis???

2009-09-11T10:09:00.000-07:00

A stock exchange is a corporation or mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade stocks and other securities. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for the issue and redemption of securities as well as other financial instruments and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. The securities traded on a stock exchange include: shares issued by companies, unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment products and bonds. To be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange, it has to be listed there. Usually there is a central location at least for recordkeeping, but trade is less and less linked to such a physical place, as modern markets are electronic networks, which gives them advantages of speed and cost of transactions. Trade on an exchange is by members only. The initial offering of stocks and bonds to investors is by definition done in the primary market and subsequent trading is done in the secondary market. A stock exchange is often the most important component of a stock market. Supply and demand in stock markets is driven by various factors which, as in all free markets, affect the price of stocks (see stock valuation).
Source
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_exchange

MIssion of Karachi Stock Exchange

2009-09-11T10:06:00.000-07:00



Mission


	To strive to provide quality and value-added services to the capital market in an efficient, transparent and orderly manner, compatible with international standards and best practices.

	To provide state-of-the-art technology and automated trading operations, driven by a team of professionals in accordance with good corporate governance.

	To protect and safeguard the interests of all its stakeholders, i.e. members, listed companies, employees and the investors at large.

	To reflect the country’s economic health and behavior and play its role for the growth, development and prosperity of Pakistan.

KSE Notice and Updates

2009-09-11T10:02:00.000-07:00

Stock updates

2009-09-11T09:58:00.000-07:00


Sep 11, 2009	uspension of trading in the convertible and non-convertible preference shares of Azgard Nine Limited
Sep 11, 2009	Final redemption and delisting of 1st tranche of 2nd issue of TFCs of Trust Investment Bank Limited
Sep 11, 2009	Settlement of M/s Adamjee Insurance Company Limited in Deliverable Futures Contract
Sep 11, 2009	SECP-Anti-Money Laundering Measures-Customer Due Diligence (CDC)/ Know Your Customer (KYC)
Sep 10, 2009	Authorization for communication with the Clearing House
Sep 10, 2009	Client Level Margining System
Sep 10, 2009	Capital Adequacy Requirement - Certificate of Net Capital Balance
Sep 10, 2009	Client Level Margining System
Sep 10, 2009	Suspension of trading in the shares of Tariq Cotton Mills Limited
Sep 09, 2009	Suspension of provisional trading in the shares of Nishat Power Limited
Sep 08, 2009	Khoja's Capital Management (Private) Limited - Change of Nominee Director/Chief Executive and Management
Sep 08, 2009	SECP-Additional Condition to Modaraba Authorization Certificate-Addition in Panel of Auditors For Modaraba
Sep 07, 2009	Notice For All Members-Awareness Presentation on Introduction of Market Halt & Widening scrip Level Circuit Breakers
Sep 04, 2009	Suspension of trading in the Shares of Pak Fibre Industries Limited
Sep 04, 2009	Suspension of trading in the Certificates of Long Term Venture Capital Modaraba
Sep 04, 2009	Suspension of trading in the Shares of Indus Polyester Company Limited
Sep 04, 2009	SECP-Amendments in Non-Banking Finance Companies and Notified Entities Regulations,2008
Sep 04, 2009	Invitation of claims against M/s M.K.A Securities (Pvt.) Limited
Sep 03, 2009	Notice For All Members-Expulsion Of M/S.M.K.A Securities (PVT) Limited From The Membership Of The Exchange
Sep 03, 2009	Notice For All Members-Renewal Of Registration Of Broker Under The Brokers & Agents Registration Rules 2001
Sep 03, 2009	CDC-Notice Of Suspension Of CDS Eligibility Of Ordinary Shares Of Al-Mal Securities And Services Limited Under The CDC Regulations
Sep 03, 2009	CDC-Notice Of Suspension Of CDS Eligibility Of Ordinary Shares Of Usman Textile Mills Limited Under The CDC Regulations
Sep 03, 2009	CDC-Notice Of Suspension Of CDS Eligibility Of Modaraba Certificates Of First Investec Modaraba Under The CDS Regulation
Sep 03, 2009	CDC-Notice Of Suspension Of CDS Eligibility Of Ordinary Shares Of Investec Securities Limited Under The CDC Regulations
Sep 03, 2009	CDC-Notice Of Suspension Of Modaraba Cerftificates Of Unity Modaraba Under The CDC Regulation
Sep 02, 2009	Central Depository Company of Pakistan Limited
Sep 02, 2009	Suspension of trading in the shares of Saitex Spinning Mills Limited
Sep 02, 2009	Suspension of trading in the shares of Sahrish Textile Mills Limited
Sep 02, 2009	Revised Deliverable Futures Contract Schedule for trading and settlement of M/s Adamjee Insurance Company Limited
Sep 02, 2009	Capital Adequacy Requirement - Certificate of Net Capital Balance
Sep 01, 2009	SNM Securities (Private) Limited - Branch office
Sep 01, 2009	Notice for Invitation of Bids Membership rights of Karachi Stock Exchange
Sep 01, 2009	Client Level Margining System

Latest KSE Updates

2009-09-09T22:24:00.000-07:00

Thursday September 10,2009--Ramadan 19,1430A.H





Group Chairman: Mir Javed Rahman	Founded by: Mir Khalil-ur-Rahman	Editor-in-Chief: Mir Shakil-ur-Rahman

KSE-100 Index
Tuesday	8,821.56
Thursday	9,084.98
Active Issues
Plus	244
Minus	118
Unchanged	20
Major Gainers
Siemens Engg	Rs54.44
Wyeth Pak	Rs19.20
Goodluck Ind	Rs18.90
Bata Pak	Rs18.34
Major Losers
Treet Corp	Rs19.50
Shezan Int	Rs06.07
Fazal Tex	Rs06.00
Nestle Pak	Rs05.00
Volume Leaders
Pak PTA Ltd	35,488,530
NIB Bank	20,529,877
Oil & Gas Devp	14,829,560
Bank of Punjab	12,680,439
Total Turnover
Tuesday	156,563,153
Thursday	252,300,853

KSE 100 INDEX LATEST

2009-09-09T22:22:00.000-07:00

The Karachi Stock Exchange’s (KSE) benchmark 100-share index ended or 109.40 points (1.25 per cent) higher at 8,878.64, the highest closing of the year, after reaching 8,939.75 at one point. Volume was 231.12 million shares.

The KSE-100 has gained 51.38 per cent this year after losing 58.3 per cent in 2008.

Dealers said improved macroeconomic fundamentals were encouraging foreign investors to look at Pakistan. According to official data, foreign investors bought shares worth $95.3 million in August and $21.29 million on Tuesday.

Last week, S&P raised Pakistan’s sovereign rating to B-minus from CCC+, citing improvements in its external liquidity and a reduction in its fiscal deficit.

‘We’ve been seeing a lot of foreign interest lately, after Pakistan’s ratings improved and that trend seems to be continuing’ said Mohammed Sohail, chief executive at Topline Securities.

Dealers said the energy and banking sectors led the rally.

Bank Alfalah, volume leader, rose 7.13 per cent to12.92 rupees while Oil and Gas Development Co. Ltd. ended 1.12 per cent higher at 109.50 rupees.

Dealers said while the stock market looks healthy for now, foreign flows will dictate going forward. In the currency market, the rupee ended firmer at 82.61/71 compared with Tuesday’s close of 82.86/96 due to portfolio inflows, but dealers said the rupee was expected to face downward pressure near-term on import-related dollar payments.

daily dawn

KSE-100 Index cross 8,900 level

2009-09-09T22:21:00.001-07:00

KARACHI: The Karachi Stock Exchange Index (KSE) has crossed the level of 8,900 after more then eight months whereas yesterday, foreign investors made buying of $24, million, the highest during last 17 months.

The trading started with increment of 76 points, however, KSE-100 Index soon cross the level of 8,900 with the increment of 200 points. Last time, such activity was witnessed in December 15, 2008 when KSE-100 Index reached at 8817 points level.

Most of the buying of shares occurred in the sectors of oil and gas, banking, telecom, cement and transport.

KSE-100 Index cross 8,900 level

2009-09-09T22:21:00.000-07:00

GBP/USD: Trading the Bank of England Interest Rate Decision

2009-09-09T22:10:00.000-07:00

USD: Trading the Bank of England Interest Rate Decision

The Bank of England is widely expected to hold the benchmark interest rate at 0.50% and is likely to maintain its GBP 175B asset purchase program as the board anticipates economic activity to improve throughout the second-half of the year, and the central bank may adopt a neutral policy stance going forward as the extraordinary efforts work their way through the real economy.

Full Article

Currency Analyst

Ilya
Spivak

British Pound Takes Center Stage as Bank of England Announces Interest Rates (Euro Open)

The British Pound is in European trading hours as currency markets turn their attention to the interest rate decision from the Bank of England. An actual change in borrowing costs is unlikely, with traders paying keen interest to anything that hints at the future course of the bank’s quantitative easing program.

Dollar Rebounds as Stocks Fall

2009-09-09T22:04:00.000-07:00

After a sharp decline yesterday due to increased risk appetite in stocks markets globally, the dollar rebounded today as speculations led traders to understand that the current gains in equities may not reflect the real potential of world economic and corporate growth.

The U.S. dollar rebounded slightly after being traded at the lowest level versus the European common currency yesterday this year, as a report showed that consumer prices in the bloc’s wealthiest country, Germany, declined in August in the yearly comparison, refreshing investors that the economic situation in Europe is still not as favorable as markets’ sentiment towards it. High-yielding currencies linked to commodities like the South African rand and the Australian dollar also declined after the price of metals declined worldwide. The greenback also gained versus Sweden’s krona, country which had its long term debt ratings downgraded by Moody’s Investors Service.

Two main reasons are behind the dollar’s rebound today. Firstly, a corrective movement can be perceived as traders profit from yesterday’s extensive rally in high-yielding currencies, and the current economic sentiment is not as optimist as it was some months ago, when a fast paced economic rebound was a consensus among traders for the future, proved false as still many economic regions around the world face a series of different problems.

EUR/USD traded at 1.4494 as of 9:58 GMT from a previous rate of 1.4433 yesterday. USD/CAD traded at 1.0806 after hitting 1.0690 yesterday.

If you want to comment on the U.S. dollar’s recent action or have any questions regarding this currency, please, feel free to reply below.

courtesy of

http://www.topforexnews.com/

KSE-100 index unchanged

2009-03-04T15:23:00.000-08:00

CHI (December 03 2008): Trading at Karachi share market improved further on Tuesday. However, KSE-100 index remained unchanged. Some activity in second-tier stocks supported the all share index to close in positive at 6,641.75 points, up by 0.08 points. Trading volume at ready market increased to 197,300 shares as compared to 102,900 shares traded a day earlier. No trading was witnessed at the futures counter.Out of the total 11 active scrips, five closed in positive and one in negative while the value of five scrips remained unchanged. "Some positive signals regarding availability of market stabilisation fund and removal of floor invited some buying in second-tier stocks. However, majority of market players stayed on sidelines, opting 'wait and see' policy", analysts said.National Assets was the volume leader with 159,000 shares and gained Re. 0.04 to close at Re. 0.44. Pak Com Leasing closed at Re. 0.56, up by Re. 0.01 with 28,500 shares. Pak Datacom increased by Rs 2.44 to close at Rs 51.41 with 3,200 shares.Sitara Energy gained Re. 0.97 to close at Rs 19.62 with 2,000 shares. Mod Al-Mali lost Re. 0.50 to close at Rs 2.25 with 1,500 shares. Southern Electric increased by Re. 0.05 to close at Rs 3.65 with 1,000 shares. KESC remained unchanged at Rs 3.80 with 500 shares. Chashma Sugar closed at Rs 5.70 without any change, with 500 shares.Japan Power remained unchanged at Rs 4.50 with 500 shares. Millat Tractors closed at Rs 163.92 without any change with 400 shares. Pak Datacom was the highest gainer and gained Rs 2.44 to close at Rs 51.41, while Mod Al-Mali was the worst loser and lost Re 0.50 to close at Rs 2.25

Forex - Investment Management Firms

2009-03-04T15:21:00.000-08:00

Investment management firms (who typically manage large accounts on behalf of customers such as pension funds and endowments) use the foreign exchange market to facilitate transactions in foreign securities. For example, an investment manager bearing an international equity portfolio needs to purchase and sell several pairs of foreign currencies to pay for foreign securities purchases.Some investment management firms also have more speculative specialist currency overlay operations, which manage clients' currency exposures with the aim of generating profits as well as limiting risk. Whilst the number of this type of specialist firms is quite small, many have a large value of assets under management (AUM), and hence can generate large trades.

Forex - Central Banks

2009-03-04T15:17:00.000-08:00

Forex - Central Banks

National central banks play an important role in the foreign exchange markets. They try to control the money supply, inflation, and/or interest rates and often have official or unofficial target rates for their currencies. They can use their often substantial foreign exchange reserves to stabilize the market. Milton Friedman argued that the best stabilization strategy would be for central banks to buy when the exchange rate is too low, and to sell when the rate is too high — that is, to trade for a profit based on their more precise information. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of central bank "stabilizing speculation" is doubtful because central banks do not go bankrupt if they make large losses, like other traders would, and there is no convincing evidence that they do make a profit trading.The mere expectation or rumor of central bank intervention might be enough to stabilize a currency, but aggressive intervention might be used several times each year in countries with a dirty float currency regime. Central banks do not always achieve their objectives. The combined resources of the market can easily overwhelm any central bank.Several scenarios of this nature were seen in the 1992–93 ERM collapse, and in more recent times in Southeast Asia.

Forex - Currency Future

2009-03-04T15:10:00.000-08:00

currency future, also FX future or foreign exchange future, is a futures contract to exchange one currency for another at a specified date in the future at a price (exchange rate) that is fixed on the purchase date. Typically, one of the currencies is the US dollar. The price of a future is then in terms of US dollars per unit of other currency. This can be different from the standard way of quoting in the spot foreign exchange markets. The trade unit of each contract is then a certain amount of other currency, for instance €125,000. Most contracts have physical delivery, so for those held at the end of the last trading day, actual payments are made in each currency. However, most contracts are closed out before that. Investors can close out the contract at any time prior to the contract's delivery date.

Forex - Currency Pair

2009-03-04T15:08:00.000-08:00

A currency pair depicts a quotation of two different currencies. The first currency in the pair is the base currency or transaction currency. The second currency in the pair is labelled quote currency, payment currency or counter currency. Such a quotation depicts how many units of the counter currency are needed to buy one unit of the base currency.For example the quotation EUR/USD 1.2500 means that one euro is exchanged for 1.25 US dollar. If the quote moves from EUR/USD 1.2500 to EUR/USD 1.2510, the euro is getting stronger and the dollar weaker. On the other hand if the EUR/USD quote moves from 1.2500 to 1.2490 the euro is getting weaker while the dollar is getting stronger.

Forex - Market Liquidity

2009-03-04T15:03:00.000-08:00

Market liquidity is a business, economics or investment term that refers to an asset's ability to be easily converted through an act of buying or selling without causing a significant movement in the price and with minimum loss of value. Money, or cash on hand, is the most liquid asset.An act of exchange of a less liquid asset with a more liquid asset is called liquidation. Liquidity also refers both to that quality of a business which enables it to meet its payment obligations, in terms of possessing sufficient liquid assets; and to such assets themselves.

forex farward contract

2009-03-04T15:01:00.000-08:00

A forward contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specified point of time in the future. The price of the underlying instrument, in whatever form, is paid before control of the instrument changes. This is one of the many forms of buy/sell orders where the time of trade is not the time where the securities themselves are exchanged.The forward price of such a contract is commonly contrasted with the spot price, which is the price at which the asset changes hands on the spot date. The difference between the spot and the forward price is the forward premium or forward discount, generally considered in the form of a profit or [loss] by the purchasing party.This process is used in financial operations to hedge risk, as a means of speculation, or to allow a party to take advantage of a quality of the underlying instrument which is time-sensitive

FORIEGN EXCHANGE

2009-03-04T14:59:00.000-08:00

The foreign exchange (currency, forex or FX) market is where currency trading takes place. FX transactions typically involve one party purchasing a quantity of one currency in exchange for paying a quantity of another. The FX market is one of the largest and most liquid financial markets in the world, and includes trading between large banks, central banks, currency speculators, corporations, governments, and other institutions. The average daily volume in the global forex and related markets is continuously growing. Traditional turnover was reported to be over US$ 3.2 trillion in April 2007 by the Bank for International Settlement. Since then, the market has continued to grow. According to Euromoney's annual FX Poll, volumes grew a further 41% between 2007 and 2008.......

Forex - Electronic Trading

2009-03-04T14:55:00.000-08:00

Electronic trading, sometimes called etrading, is a method of trading securities (such as stocks, and bonds), foreign currency, and exchange traded derivatives electronically. It uses information technology to bring together buyers and sellers through electronic media to create a virtual market place. NASDAQ, NYSE Arca and Globex are examples of electronic market places. Exchanges that facilitate electronic trading in the United States are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission and are generally called electronic communications networks or ECNs.Etrading is widely believed to be more reliable than older methods of trade processing, but glitches and cancelled trades do occur.

Forex - Investment Management Firms

2009-03-04T14:51:00.000-08:00

How Microprocessors function

2009-03-04T14:39:00.000-08:00

How Microprocessors WorksA microprocessor is a computer processor on a microchip. It's sometimes called a logic chip.
The computer you are using to read this page uses a microprocessor to do its work. The microprocessor is the heart of any normal computer, whether it is a desktop machine, a server or a laptop. The microprocessor you are using might be a Pentium, a K6, a PowerPC, a Sparc or any of the many other brands and types of microprocessors, but they all do approximately the same thing in approximately the same way. A microprocessor -- also known as a CPU or central processing unit -- is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful -- all it could do was add and subtract, and it could only do that 4 bits at a time. But it was amazing that everything was on one chip. Prior to the 4004, engineers built computers either from collections of chips or from discrete components (transistors wired one at a time). The 4004 powered one of the first portable electron

Analog To Digital Converter

2009-03-04T14:36:00.000-08:00

digital converter is a high speed 12-bit converter. It has a front end multiplexer capable of accepting signal from any one of 8 channels. An additional channel (not connected externally) accepts output from an internal solid state temperature sensor. Unfortunately, the present device does not incorporate any programmable gain amplifier, which would have added to its functionality in industrial measurement & control applications.The analog to digital converter has a very flexible mode of operation. Its operation can be controlled by any one of the following:Continuous conversion on a channelThrough user program (software)Through internal Timer2Through external trigger on pin 23.Through DMA (continuous conversion mode)DMA based conversion is a high speed operation. It can perform continuous conversion on the selected channels (in sequential order) and automatically store the conversion results in an external SRAM and all this is carried out without any intervention from microcontroller. The microcontroller can continue to function, while DMA conversion is taking place. Up to 16M Bytes of external SRAM memory can be addressed. It is also possible to set up ADC for performing continuous conversion on a selected channel and store the result in its internal registers. This mode of operation is certainly useful in digital process control.

64-bit designs in personal computers

2009-03-04T14:34:00.000-08:00

While 64-bit microprocessor designs have been in use in several markets since the early 1990s, the early 2000s saw the introduction of 64-bit microchips targeted at the PC market.
With AMD's introduction of a 64-bit architecture backwards-compatible with x86, x86-64 (now called AMD64), in September 2003, followed by Intel's fully compatible 64-bit extensions (first called IA-32e or EM64T, later renamed Intel 64), the 64-bit desktop era began. Both versions can run 32-bit legacy applications without any performance penalty as well as new 64-bit software. With operating systems Windows XP x64, Windows Vista x64, Linux, BSD and Mac OS X that run 64-bit native, the software is also geared to fully utilize the capabilities of such processors. The move to 64 bits is more than just an increase in register size from the IA-32 as it also doubles the number of general-purpose registers.

stock exchange lovers

Major stock exchanges

The role of stock exchanges?

Raising capital for businesses

Facilitating company growth

Profit sharing

Corporate governance

Creating investment opportunities for small investors

Barometer of the economy

Stock exchangeis???

MIssion of Karachi Stock Exchange

KSE Notice and Updates

Stock updates

Latest KSE Updates

KSE 100 INDEX LATEST

KSE-100 Index cross 8,900 level

KSE-100 Index cross 8,900 level

GBP/USD: Trading the Bank of England Interest Rate Decision

Currency Analyst

Ilya Spivak

British Pound Takes Center Stage as Bank of England Announces Interest Rates (Euro Open)

Dollar Rebounds as Stocks Fall

KSE-100 index unchanged

Forex - Investment Management Firms

Forex - Central Banks

Forex - Currency Future

Forex - Currency Pair

Forex - Market Liquidity

forex farward contract

FORIEGN EXCHANGE

Forex - Electronic Trading

Forex - Investment Management Firms

How Microprocessors function

Analog To Digital Converter

64-bit designs in personal computers

Ilya
Spivak