Entertainment, Tips/Tricks And Education

Miss Queen Lekhnath 2017 - Part 1

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Tue, 13 Feb 2018 05:58:00 +0000

Quality of life in human basic life styles

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Tue, 13 Feb 2018 03:12:00 +0000

CONCEPT OF QUALITY LIFE:

Quality of life includes followings things:

Basic physical needs :They include food, clothing, shelter ,safe drinking water etc.

socio cultural needs: They include education, health service and facility, employment, security, communication, recreation etc

Spiritual needs: They include freedom of religion, freedom to practice any rituals etc. So QOL is complete satisfaction in physical, socio-cultural and spiritual needs.

UNESCO,1976 has given the defination of quality of life as follows:

“The quality of life is the sense of being pleased or satisfied with those life elements that are most important to a person.”

IN THIS WAY QUALITY OF CAN BE DEFINED AS:

Quality of life is the stage of the attainment of optimum satisfaction and happiness with fulfillment of the people’s basic needs like food ,shelter ,clothing , health , education as well as social , cultural , spiritual and emotional needs. Quality of life is the degree of satisfaction one has in relation to physical, mental and psychological needs. The quality of life is the style with full of happiness and satisfaction that fulfill socio cultural , psychological and emotional needs including survival needs(basic needs)

Activity(group discussion)

Ramesh is to rise early in the morning at 6 a.m and carry 15kg. Of rock on his head for 10hours through the heat of the day. At the end of the day, he will be paid Rs. 100. It will buy one kilogram of rice, some vegetables, oil and spices as well as fuel. Would he be able to meet his survival needs of eating, housing, clothing etc? Deepak left his school after grade IX and then worked as a restaurant boy (waiter) for several months. But, unfortunately he got into trouble with the manager and he is forced to be jobless now. Honestly speaking, he does not want to go back to the country side and he already regrets not continuing with school. What must he do?

Needs and importance of quality of life :- Quality of life includes the overall standard of an individual or family. On the other hand it represent a total standard of a nation and on the other hand it symbolize the life standard of different class groups within a country. Life is not considerd as meaningful and sucessful unless and untill quality of life is achieved. The need and importance of quality life was not discussed and realized at the past time but it is highly important at modern age because this age is totally competitive and based on the development of science and technology. The world has now made wonderful progess in science , technology, art and litrature etc. the aim of all these progess is to give maximum peace, satisfaction and happiness to human beings. Therefore , quality of life is a matter of discussion and main concern for all clivilized people these days.

The importance of quality of life can be describe below:-

Fullfillment of basic needs:- Quality life plays a vital role in family welfare it is very easy to live a life in the family having quality of life. Basic needs such as food, clothes and shelter can easily be managed in such a family.

Management of health service, facilities and sanitation:- The main goals of quality of life is to make a family members healhty fit and active. If there is quality of life in a family, every member of family will get timely health services and facilities. Similarly they get knowledge about the importance of sanatation in the house as well as in the society.

Facilities of maternal and child welfare:- Maternal and child welfare means looking after the physical and mental health of the pregnant women, the women who has recently given a birth a baby the child in the warm and the child who is under 5 years old. We have to give special attention in the maternal and child health. If there is quality of life in the family more attention can be given to maternal and child welfare.

Opportunity for income generating activities and employment:- If the living standar of a fmaily is ahigh and qualitative member of the family can get oppourtunty to attain the quality education and good training so that there chances of getting employment are definitely very high .

Women empowerment:- The family having quality of life has positive attitude toward education of all the family members the educated family can changed all the traditional practices related to gender . This will result in raising the status of women in the family. Similarly, the women of such family have employmetnt opportunities as compared to the women of having low quality of life. If women have equal access to different decision making process, the family members have good relationship and understanding.

Elements of quality of life:- There are various factors which determine the level of quality of life in a family. Some factors like fresh drinking water, avaiability of health services and facilities etc. are beyond the control of an individual and family whereas other factors like education, food, nutrition etc. depend upon the income and expenditure pattern of the family.

There are many elements of quality of life they are pointed as bellow:-

-Nutritious Food

-Family Size

-Health

-Sanitation

-Education

-Income of family

-Security

-Saving

-Housing

-Social and cultural values

Nutritious Food
Nutritious food is and important basis of quality of life. Nutritious food helps in the physical, mental and intellectual development of the family members. People suffer from malnutrition in the absence of a nutritious and balanced diet. The life of an individual becomes miserable if he/she suffers from malnutrition. Therefore, balanced and nutritious food is a must every member of a family healthy, active, productive which ultimately helps to lead a quality of life.

Health :- Health is one of the important elements of quality of life. Health is a precious wealth for everybody. Healthy manpower is considered as important resources and means for the development and progress of the country. The life becomes absolutely useless if the members of family do not have good health.

Sanitation :-Keeping our surounding clean is called sanitation. The surounding must be clean ,fresh and healthy. Every important place like house, courtyard, garden, public places, market , place, street,temple etc should be clean. Proper sanitation keeps the surounding clean and fresh which helps to make the members of the community healthy and fit.

Income of family :- The income of family shows the overall economic status of that family. The income of the family depends upon the number of economically active members in that family. The income will automatically increase if there are more members in jobs and business.

Security :- We cannot remain happy and satisfeid without proper management of security. The personal, social and community life of the people becomes easier and comfortable in a secure environment where they can work freely and conduct their daily acitivities without any distrubance. A secure environment provides a platform to the individuls to explore their potential and make their life happy and sucessful.

Saving :- Saving is another important element of quality of life. Saving indicates the amount of money which is saved from the income after necessary expenses. Saving helps to generate more income for the family and that can fulfill the needs and desire of family members. The more the saving , the more the opportunities for more income.

Housing :- Housing is a basic need for human beings. Human beings need housing to protect themselves from heat, cold, storm, rain , wildlife, criminals, etc. The house must be well-protected from cold and darkness. A good house definitely helps to improve the quality of life in a family.

Social and cultural values :- Social, cultural and religious values and norms also affects the quality of life. The social problems and evils like untouchability, caste discrimination and superstition are still un abolished in our society. These practices have directly or indirectly affected the quality of life of people. The social and cultural norms and values like preference given to the son, taking a big family as a strong family, giving importance to the son during funeral ceremony , shraddha etc. have adversely affected the development and empowerment of women.

Comparing between quality life and low quality of life

Quality of life

-Basic Physical needs like food,clothes,shelter,education,health etc can be easily fulfilled.

-Quality of life helps to attain quality education,develop skill etc

-Can afford better health services when needed.

-Health and life of both mother and infant can be easily ensured.

Low quality of life

-There is always problems for the fulfillment of such basic needs.

-Low quality of life brings lack of education

-At the time of need can not easily afford health services.

-There is always risk for health and life of mother and infant.

Bases of quality of life

Quality of life of a person includes all his/her material wealth along with the socio-cultural norms and values and philosophy of life.

Basic needs:- Fulfillment of basic needs is one of the important bases of the measurement or comparision of quality of life of an individual or family.

The following needs are included under basic needs:-

-Food

-Housing

-Health

-Clothes

-Education

-Drinking water and sanitation.

Physical quality of life index:-

Physical quality of life index is more related with social service without considiring the income. Physical quality of life index is measured from 0 to 100. the index 100 is the optimum level and the 0 is the lowest level. The higher the value is found the more a country is considered with people of high quality of life. Now a days this index has been replaced by human development index.

Human development index

HDI is the scientific measure of life expentancy, literacy and income of the countries worldwide. Therefore, HDI is calculated on the basis of the following three things:-

-Life expectancy at birth

-Education

-Income

Efforts for making quality of life

The quality of life of the people of any country has direct relationship with the population growth rate and the economics growth rate of that country. The main objective of a family, society and the country is happy and prosperous life of the people. Every individual has an aim of making their life happy, peaceful and prosperous.

The following are the important attempts that can be made to achieve quality of life.

-Maintain the small size of family

-Provision of quality education

-Appropriate age of marriage

-First conception at an appropriate age

-Birth spacing

-Care for health and sanitation

-Provision of nutritious diet.

-Maintaining Gender equality.

-Bearing the responsibilities of parents.

-Saving practice.

-Maintain the small size of family

The size of a family has an important role in the maintenance and promotion of quality of life. The size of a family determines the need and neccessities of the family members. It is easy to fulfill needs and desires of a family members in a small family. Therefore, maintaining a family of small size is one of the important attempts towards achieving quality of life.

Provision of quality education :- Quality of life cannot be imagined without quality education. Quality education imparts knowledge, skills and attitude. Therefore, an educated person always maintains proper understanding, co-odination, tolerance, mutual help, peace in a family. A person without education does not have a quality mindset and important life skills to handle family matters and everyday life sucessfully. Therefore, an attempt to provide quality education is absolutely necessary in order to achieve quality of life.

Appropriate age at marriage

The marriage which is performed only after being selfreliant at an ideal age is caled appropriate age at marriage. Normally, the marriage between 20 to 30 years of age the appropriate age for marriage. Marrying at the appropriaate age helps individuals get necessary educational qualification and skills so that they get better job opportunities for better income of the family.

First conception at an appropriate age

The first conception at an appropriate age is an important attempt for leading a family into quality of life. The first conception which takes place after 20 years of age of women is more appropriate from the point of view of health because women become reproductively mature at this stage.

Birth spacing

Appropriate birth spacing helps both the mother and the child to maintain their good health. Therefore, a couple should adopt appropriate birth spacing. The interval between the births of two babies should be 4-5 years. Good birth spacing helps the mother to recover her health on the one hand and on the other hand, the child gets proper care from the parents.

Care of health and sanitation

A healthy mind exits in a healthy body. Healthy members play a vital role in making a family successful and economically and socially advanced.

Personal and community sanitation is also very important for a person to be healthy. If we keep our own house, courtyard, street and public places neat and clean, our surrounding also became fresh and clean.

Provision of nutritious diet

Nutritious food is a basic pre-requiste to make family members healthy and active. It helps in the physical, mental and intellectual development of family members. The balanced growth and development of the body and mind is impossible in the absence of nutritious food.

Maintaining gender equality

Gender equality plays an important role in the formation of quality of life. Our society is still practising gender inequality by giving more importance to a son than to a daughter. It is due to the importance given to the son, parents in our traditional society keep on giving birth to female babies until they get son. Due to this wrong tendency, the family size become large in many families.

Bearing the responsibilities of parents

It is the prime duty of parents to look after their children by providing them with love, affection, quality education, health services and facilities etc. parents have to bear these responsibilities until and unless children grow up and become self-reliant.

Saving practice

Saving is an important aspect of quality of life. The habit of saving after necessary expenses of the income in fulfilling family needs is absolutely essential for family welfare. We can invest the saving for an urgent work or for generating more income. This helps to increase the income of the family and solve financial problem as well. The members of a family remain happy when their needs are fulfilled.

Farewell party 2018

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Mon, 12 Feb 2018 06:46:00 +0000

Loshar special gurung dance 2017- Sanju Gurung ( Group )

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Mon, 12 Feb 2018 01:20:00 +0000

Loshar special dance programme 2017 Brinda Gurung Group

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Mon, 12 Feb 2018 01:19:00 +0000

Arghum At Shyaklung 2018

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Mon, 12 Feb 2018 01:18:00 +0000

How to kill big snake

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Mon, 12 Feb 2018 01:17:00 +0000

How to delete undeleting files & folder easily

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Mon, 12 Feb 2018 01:17:00 +0000

College Fun Time - Parents Day

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Mon, 12 Feb 2018 01:16:00 +0000

Funny video with my cute sister

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Mon, 12 Feb 2018 01:16:00 +0000

How To Create Free Domain and Hosting Account (100% Working)

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Mon, 12 Feb 2018 01:15:00 +0000

Farewell Programme 2018

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Sun, 11 Feb 2018 16:10:00 +0000

FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Sun, 11 Feb 2018 09:23:00 +0000

Download PDF file for beter view (Image / Content)

THE concept of quality of life is more complex and extensive. Different people have given different opinions about quality of life. some people define quality of life on the basis of social, economic, cultural and religious backgrounds whereas some others define it on the basis of personal interest and philoshopy of life. The degree of satisfaction in terms of the fulfilment of human types of need is called quality of life.It is the method of living with happiness and satisfaction. The concept of quality of is broad and complex. It may differ from person to person. Some people may be happy with the fulfillment of basic needs . Whereas , some other may need more. The quality of life is related with needs of our life. As we all do not live similar life , our needs also different. Therefore , it is difficult to measure and define quality of life. Quality of life is the degree of satisfaction in terms of our living. How happy and satisfied are we? If our degree of satisfaction is high it is called quality of life. Quality of life includes followings things:
Basic physical needs:They include food, clothing, shelter ,safe drinking water etc.

Socio cultural needs: They include education, health service and facility, employment, security, communication, recreation etc

Spiritual needs: They include freedom of religion, freedom to practice any rituals etc.

So QOL is complete satisfaction in physical, socio-cultural and spiritual needs. According to WHO “Quality of life refers to the condition of life resulting from the contribution of the efforts at the complete range of happiness including comfort in the physical environment , satisfactory education,social and educational attainments, freedom of action , justice and expression.” UNESCO,1976 has given the definition of quality of life as follows:

“The quality of life is the sense of being pleased or satisfied with those life elements that are most important to a person.

IN THIS WAY QUALITY OF CAN BE DEFINED AS:
Quality of life is the stage of the attainment of optimum satisfaction and happiness with fulfillment of the people’s basic needs like food ,shelter ,clothing , health , education as well as social , cultural , spiritual and emotional needs. Quality of life is the degree of satisfaction one has in relation to physical, mental and psychological needs. The quality of life is the style with full of happiness and satisfaction that fulfill socio cultural , psychological and emotional needs including survival needs(basic needs)

Activity(group discussion)

Deepak left his school after grade IX and then worked as a restaurant boy (waiter) for several months. But, unfortunately he got into trouble with the manager and he is forced to be jobless now. Honestly speaking, he does not want to go back to the country side and he already regrets not continuing with school. What must he do?

The importance of quality of life can be describe below:-

Attainment of quality education:- Children of a family with quality of life can receive quality education from well reputed school and universities because parents can easily invest their money even in expensive educational institution for Fullfillment of basic needs, Quality life plays a vital role in family welfare it is very easy to live a life in the family having quality of life. Basic needs such as food, clothes and shelter can easily be managed in such a family.The provision of quality education for their children.

Management of health service, facilities and sanitation:- The main goals of quality of life is to make a family members healhty fit and active. If there is quality of life in a family, every member of family will get timely health services and facilities. Similarly they get knowledge about the importance of sanatation in the house as well as in the society.

Elements/components of quality of life:- There are various factors which determine the level of quality of life in a family. Some factors like fresh drinking water, availability of health services and facilities etc. are beyond the control of an individual and family whereas other factors like education, food, nutrition etc. depend upon the income and expenditure pattern of the family.

There are many elements of quality of life they are pointed as bellow:-

-Nutritious Food

-Family Size

-Health

-Sanitation

-Education

-Income of family

-Security

-Saving

-Housing

-Social and cultural values

Nutritious Food :- Nutritious food is and important basis of quality of life. Nutritious food helps in the physical, mental and intellectual development of the family members. People suffer from malnutrition in the absence of a nutritious and balanced diet.

The life of an individual becomes miserable if he/she suffers from malnutrition. Therefore, balanced and nutritious food is a must every member of a family healthy, active, productive which ultimately helps to lead a quality of life.

Family Size:- The size of a family matters a lot in determining the quality of life. It affect the other elements as well. The members of small size family can get nutritious food, appropriate clothes, shelter, quality education , health facilities, entertainment etc. in a better way because there are less member to utilize such services and facilities. In large family ,parents can’t take care of their children properly and will not able to fulfill their responsibility ,which may degrade the quality of life .

Health:- Health is one of the important elements of quality of life. Health is a precious wealth for everybody. Healthy manpower is considered as important resources and means for the development and progress of the country. The life becomes absolutely useless if the members of family do not have good health. Healthy person can involve in different income generating activities to maintain quality of life.

Sanitation:- Keeping our surrounding clean is called sanitation. The surrounding must be clean ,fresh and healthy. Every important place like house, courtyard, garden, public places, market , place, street ,temple etc should be clean. Proper sanitation keeps the surrounding clean and fresh which helps to make the members of the community healthy and fit . sanitation makes the environment healthy and helps the members of the family to be healthy and active.

Education :- Education is one of the most important elements of quality of life. It provides awareness to every individual. A well educated person enriched with knowledge and skills doesn’t feel difficulty in getting good jobs. Due to his skill , he will have high income and will easily fulfill the needs of family members. Similarly , it enables one to follow healthy habits.

Income of family :- The income of family shows the overall economic status of that family. The source of income is the measurement of the economic condition of the family. The income of the family depends upon the number of economically active members in that family. The income will automatically increase if there are more members in jobs and business.

Security :- We cannot remain happy and satisfied without proper management of security. The personal, social and community life of the people becomes easier and comfortable in a secure environment where they can work freely and conduct their daily activities without any disturbance. A secure environment provides a platform to the individuals to explore their potential and make their life happy and successful.

Saving :- Saving is another important element of quality of life. Saving indicates the amount of money which is saved from the income after necessary expenses.

Saving helps to generate more income for the family and that can fulfill the needs and desire of family members. The more the saving , the more the opportunities for more income . The proper saving and expenditure help to maintain the quality of living standard of the family members.

Different aspect of quality of life

Physical aspects: The physical aspects of quality of life include housing ,clothing , food , health ,safe drinking water, environmental sanitation, means of communication etc

Social and cultural values/aspect :- Social, cultural and religious values and norms also affects the quality of life. The social problems and evils like untouchability, caste discrimination and superstition are still exist in our society.

These practices have directly or indirectly affected the quality of life of people. The social and cultural norms and values like preference given to the son, taking a big family as a strong family, giving importance to the son during funeral ceremony , shraddha etc. have adversely affected the life. Similarly,the orthodox tradition like use of alcohol in festival harsh menstruation rites and dowry system will retard the quality of life.

Emotional and mental aspect:-The mental and emotional aspect of quality of life includes thought ,understanding , love, enjoyment , affection satisfaction , attention , discipline , recreation etc .when emotional and mental aspects of quality of is in good form then one will be satisfied.

Spiritual aspects :- Spiritual aspect is also one of the important aspects that play an important role in maintaining quality of life.The spiritual aspect of quality of life include religion , pray ,worship , freedom, personal values ,to maintain peaceful environment , etc.

Comparing between quality life and low basic Physical needs like food,clothes,shelter,education,health etc can be easily fulfilled.Quality of life helps to attain quality education,develop skill etc can afford better health services when needed. Health and life of both mother and infant can be easily ensured.

Low quality of life

There is always problems for the fulfillment of such basic needs.

-Low quality of life brings lack of education

-At the time of need can not easily afford health services.

-There is always risk for health and life of mother and infant.

Quality of life and low quality of are interrelated with each other .they complement our life.

These are two sides of a coin . No one have 100% quality of life and 100% low quality of life. .Our life is a combination of both quality and low quality of life .people with quality of life may have higher percent of quality ,whereas ,people with low quality of have more quality part. In every quality of life there is some part of low quality and in every low quality of there is some part of quality of life. Therefore ,both quality of life and low quality of are the part of a single human life.

Bases of quality of life

Quality of life of a person includes all his/her material wealth along with the socio-cultural norms and values and philosophy of life.

Basic needs:- Fulfillment of basic needs is one of the important bases of the measurement or comparison of quality of life of an individual or family.

The following needs are included under basic needs:-

-Food

-Housing

-Health

-Clothes

-Education

-Drinking water and sanitation.

-Physical quality of life index:-

Physical quality of life index is more related with social service without considiring the income.It was developed by Morris D Morris in 1979. Physical quality of life index is measured from 0 to 100. the index 100 is the optimum level and the 0 is the lowest level. The higher the value is found the more a country is considered with people of high quality of life. Now a days this index has been replaced by human development index.PQLI based on the following indicators:

-Mortality rate of children under five years

-Life expectancy at birth

-Literacy rate

Human development index

HDI is the scientific measure of life expectancy, literacy and income of the countries worldwide. HDI is measured ranging from 0 to 1. HD report has been published yearly since 1990 A.D. It was first propounded by Pakistan economist Mahbub UL Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen. HDI is calculated on the basis of the following three things:-

-Life expectancy at birth

-Education

-Income

The value of HDI is classified on the basis of the values as follows:

High HDI : value 0.800 and above

Medium HDI : value 0.500 – 0.799

Low HDI : Value 0 – 499

Nepal's score and rank

RANK 138 SCORE WITH 0.527 (2006)

RANK 137 SCORE WITH 0.526 (2011)

RANK 145 SCORE WITH 0.540 (2014)

Efforts for making quality of life

The following are the important attempts that can be made to achieve quality of life.

-Maintain the small size of family

-Provision of quality education

-Appropriate age of marriage

-First conception at an appropriate age

-Birth spacing

-Care for health and sanitation

-Provision of nutritious diet.

-Maintaining Gender equality.

-Bearing the responsibilities of parents.

-Saving practice.

Maintain the small size of family
The size of a family has an important role in the maintenance and promotion of quality of life. The size of a family determines the need and necessities of the family members. It is easy to fulfill needs and desires of a family members in a small family. Therefore, maintaining a family of small size is one of the important attempts towards achieving quality of life.

Provision of quality education
Quality of life cannot be imagined without quality education. Quality education imparts knowledge, skills and attitude. Therefore, an educated person always maintains proper understanding, co-ordination, tolerance, mutual help, peace in a family.

A person without education does not have a quality mindset and important life skills to handle family matters and everyday life successfully. Therefore, an attempt to provide quality education is absolutely necessary in order to achieve quality of life.

Needs and importance of quality of life

Quality of life includes the overall standard of an individual or family. On the other hand it represent a total standard of a nation and on the other hand it symbolize the life standard of different class groups within a country. Life is not considerd as meaningful and sucessful unless and untill quality of life is achieved. The need and importance of quality life was not discussed and realized at the past time but it is highly important at modern age because this age is totally competitive and based on the development of science and technology. The world has now made wonderful progess in science , technology, art and litrature etc. the aim of all these progess is to give maximum peace, satisfaction and happiness to human beings. Therefore , quality of life is a matter of discussion and main concern for all clivilized people these days. Appropriate age at marriage the marriage which is performed only after being self-reliant at an ideal age is called appropriate age at marriage.Normally, the marriage between 20 to 30 years of age the appropriate age for marriage. Marrying at the appropriate age helps individuals get necessary educational qualification and skills so that they get better job opportunities for better income of the family which helps to obtain quality and happy life. whereas, early marriage results in early birth. It brings adverse effects on the child and mother health .

First conception at an appropriate age

Birth spacing

Care of health and sanitation

A healthy mind exits in a healthy body. Healthy members play a vital role in making a family successful and economically and socially advanced. Personal and community sanitation is also very important for a person to be healthy. If we keep our own house, courtyard, street and public places neat and clean, our surrounding also became fresh and clean.

Provision of nutritious diet

Maintaining gender equality

Gender equality plays an important role in the formation of quality of life. Our society is still practicing gender inequality by giving more importance to a son than to a daughter. It is due to the importance given to the son, parents in our traditional society keep on giving birth to female babies until they get son. Due to this wrong tendency, the family size become large in many families.

Bearing the responsibilities of parents

Saving practice

Saving is an important aspect of quality of life. The habit of saving after necessary expenses of the income in fulfilling family needs is absolutely essential for family welfare. We can invest the saving for an urgent work or for generating more income. This helps to increase the income of the family and solve financial problem as well. Saving in a family supports to sustain and uplift the quality of life.

The members of a family remain happy when their needs are fulfilled.

Concept Of Quality Of Life

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Sun, 11 Feb 2018 08:13:00 +0000

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CONCEPT OF QUALITY LIFE:

Quality of life includes followings things:

Basic physical needs :They include food, clothing, shelter ,safe drinking water etc.

socio cultural needs : They include education, health service and facility, employment, security, communication, recreation etc

Spiritual needs : They include freedom of religion, freedom to practice any rituals etc.

So QOL is complete satisfaction in physical, socio-cultural and spiritual needs.

UNESCO,1976 has given the defination of quality of life as follows:

“The quality of life is the sense of being pleased or satisfied with those life elements that are most important to a person.”

IN THIS WAY QUALITY OF CAN BE DEFINED AS:

Quality of life is the stage of the attainment of optimum satisfaction and happiness with fulfillment of the people’s basic needs like food,shelter,clothing,health,education as well as social,cultural,spiritual and emotional needs.Quality of life is the degree of satisfaction one has in relation to physical, mental and psychological needs.The quality of life is the style with full of happiness and satisfaction that fulfils socio cultural,psychological and emotional needs including survival needs(basic needs)

Activity(group discussion)

Needs and importance of quality of life, Quality of life includes the overall standard of an individual or family. On the other hand it represent a total standard of a nation and on the other hand it symbolize the life standard of different class groups within a country.

Life is not considerd as meaningful and sucessful unless and untill quality of life is achieved. The need and importance of quality life was not discussed and realized at the past time but it is highly important at modern age because this age is totally competitive and based on the development of science and technology. The world has now made wonderful progess in science , technology, art and litrature etc. the aim of all these progess is to give maximum peace, satisfaction and happiness to human beings. Therefore , quality of life is a matter of discussion and main concern for all clivilized people these days.

The importance of quality of life can be describe below:-

Fullfillment of basic needs:- Quality life plays a vital role in family welfare it is very easy to live a life in the family having quality of life. Basic needs such as food, clothes and shelter can easily be managed in such a family.

Attainment of quality education:- Children of a family with quality of life can receive quality education from well reputed school and universities because parents can easily invest their money even in expensive educational institution for the provision of quality education for their children.

Facilities of maternal and child welfare:- Maternal and child welfare means looking after the physical and mental health of the pregnant women, the women who has recently given a birth a baby the child in the warm and the child who is under 5 years old. We have to give special attention in the maternal and child health. If there is quality of life in the family more attention can be given to maternal and child welfare.

Opportunity for income generating activities and employment:- If the living standar of a fmaily is ahigh and qualitative member of the family can get oppourtunty to attain the quality education and good training so that there chances of getting employment are definitely very high .

Women empowerment:- The family having quality of life has positive attitude toward education of all the family members the educated family can changed all the traditional practices related to gender . This will result in raising the status of women in the family. Similarly, the women of such family have employmetnt opportunities as compared to the women of having low quality of life. If women have equal access to different decision making process, the family members have good relationship and understanding.

Elements of quality of life :- There are various factors which determine the level of quality of life in a family. Some factors like fresh drinking water, avaiability of health services and facilities etc. are beyond the control of an individual and family whereas other factors like education, food, nutrition etc. depend upon the income and expenditure pattern of the family.

There are many elements of quality of life they are pointed as bellow:-

-Nutritious Food

-Family Size

-Health

-Sanatation

-Education

-Income of family

-Security

-Saving

-Housing

-Social and cultural values

Family Size

The size of a family matters a lot in determining the quality of life. It affect the other elements as well. The members of small size family can get nutritious food, approprite clothes, shelter, quality education , health facilities, entertainment etc. in a beter way because there are less member to utilize such services and facilities.

Health

Health is one of the important elements of quality of life. Health is a precious wealth for everybody. Healthy manpower is considered as important resources and means for the development and progress of the country. The life becomes absolutely useless if the members of family do not have good health.

Sanitation

Keeping our surounding clean is called sanitation. The surounding must be clean ,fresh and healthy. Every important place like house, courtyard, garden, public places, market , place, street ,temple etc should be clean.Proper sanitation keeps the surounding clean and fresh which helps to make the members of the community healthy and fit.

Education

Education is one of the most important elements of quality of life. It provides awareness to every individual. A well educated person enriched with knowledge and skills doesnt feel difficulty in getting good jobs. h/she is also provide all family mix.

Income of family

The income of family shows the overall economic status of that family. The income of the family depends upon the number of economically active members in that family. The income will automatically increase if there are more members in jobs and business.

Security

We cannot remain happy and satisfeid without proper management of security. The personal, social and community life of the people becomes easier and comfortable in a secure environment where they can work freely and conduct their daily acitivities without any distrubance. A secure environment provides a platform to the individuls to explore their potential and make their life happy and sucessful.

Saving

saving is another important element of quality of life. Saving indicates the amount of money which is saved from the income after necessary expenses.Saving helps to generate more income for the family and that can fulfill the needs and desire of family members. The more the saving , the more the opportunities for more income.

Housing

Housing is a basic need for human beings. Human beings need housing to protect themselves from heat, cold, storm, rain , wildlife, criminals, etc. The house must be well-protected from cold and darkness. A good house definitely helps to improve the quality of life in a family.

Social and cultural values

Social, cultural and religious values and norms also affects the quality of life. The social problems and evils like untouchability, caste discrimination and superstition are still un abolished in our society.

Comparing between quality life and low quality of life

Quality of life

basic Physical needs like food,clothes,shelter,education,health etc can be easily fulfilled.

Quality of life helps to attain quality education,develop skill etc

Can afford better health services when needed.

Health and life of both mother and infant can be easily ensured.

Low quality of life

There is always problems for the fulfillment of such basic needs.

Low quality of life brings lack of education

At the time of need can not easily afford health services.

There is always risk for health and life of mother and infant.

Bases of quality of life

Quality of life of a person includes all his/her material wealth along with the socio-cultural norms and values and philosophy of life.

Basic needs:-

Fulfillment of basic needs is one of the important bases of the measurement or comparision of quality of life of an individual or family.

The following needs are included under basic needs:-

-Food

-Housing

-Health

-Clothes

-Education

Drinking water and sanitation.

Physical quality of life index:-

Human development index

HDI is the scientific measure of life expentancy, literacy and income of the countries worldwide. Therefore, HDI is calculated on the basis of the following three things:-

-Life expectancy at birth

-Education

-Income

Efforts for making quality of life :-

The following are the important attempts that can be made to achieve quality of life.

-Maintain the small size of family

-Provision of quality education

-Appropriate age of marriage

-First conception at an appropriate age

-Birth spacing

-Care for health and sanitation

-Provision of nutritious diet.

-Maintaining Gender equality.

-Bearing the responsibilities of parents.

-Saving practice.

Maintain the small size of family
The size of a family has an important role in the maintenance and promotion of quality of life. The size of a family determines the need and neccessities of the family members. It is easy to fulfill needs and desires of a family members in a small family. Therefore, maintaining a family of small size is one of the important attempts towards achieving quality of life.

Provision of quality education
Quality of life cannot be imagined without quality education. Quality education imparts knowledge, skills and attitude. Therefore, an educated person always maintains proper understanding, co-odination, tolerance, mutual help, peace in a family.

A person without education does not have a quality mindset and important life skills to handle family matters and everyday life sucessfully. Therefore, an attempt to provide quality education is absolutely necessary in order to achieve quality of life.

Appropriate age at marriage

the marriage which is performed only after being selfreliant at an ideal age is caled appropriate age at marriage. Normally, the marriage between 20 to 30 years of age the appropriate age for marriage. Marrying at the appropriaate age helps individuals get necessary educational qualification and skills so that they get better job opportunities for better income of the family.

First conception at an appropriate age

Birth spacing

Care of health and sanitation

A healthy mind exits in a healthy body. Healthy members play a vital role in making a family successful and economically and socially advanced.

Provision of nutritious diet

Maintaining gender equality

Bearing the responsibilities of parents

Saving practice

Concept Of HPE (Health, Population & Environment)

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Concept of Health, Population and Environment Education

Population is the integral part of environment whose health depends on the status of environment itself.

Health, Population and environment are the three different subjects or disciplines brought together because of their interrelatedness and interdependence.

Health, population and environment education is introduced as an integrated subject due to profound interrelationship that exists among the subject matters of these three disciplines. Any changes in one discipline directly influences changes in other two subjects. For instance, the effect of population growth lies in health and environment aspects. Due to rapid population growth, degradation of the resources takes place. Degradation of environmental resources affect in healthy living. On the other hand, controlled population creates a balanced environment and consequently, it tends to produce healthy people. Therefore, education of health, population and environment acts as supplementary of a one another.

Health, Population and Environment

Health Education: Health education focuses on change of attitude and behaviour for improving healthy habits, preventing diseases, maintaining healthy environment and producing healthy man power.

Population Education: Population education focuses on managing population by changing attitude and behavour for balanced birth, death and migration as well as for having small, happy and healthy family.

Envirounment Education: Environment education focuses on conserving biotic and abiotic aspects of environment by changing attitude and behavour of people to maintain healthy environment and healthy population.

Health Education and its aspect

Health education is a combination of Physical, mental , emotional and social well-being.

Health is defined by WHO as physical, mental , emotional and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

To Maintain good health , it is necessary to recognize all the aspects of health and to keep them in balance. Good health does not only mean the absence of an disease.

But also , it is a condition in which all the aspect such as mental, emotional, physical , social and spiritual work in a collective way. Physical body , mind , sprit, family, friends, community , education, employment , religion culture and beliefs determine the health of a person.

The well being of person includes the following aspects of health:

Physical Health

Mental Health

Social Health

Emotional Health

Spiritual Health

Environment and its aspects

Environmental Aspect is an element of an organization's activities, products or services

that can interact with the environment.

It is the study of relationship and interactions between natural and human systems. In short, environmental education is provided so that people can have a better understanding of the world around them and know how to take care of it properly so that the world can be a better place

Environmental aspects

Physical aspects &

Biological aspects

Physical Aspects

All the physical components of environment such as land, water , air , sunlight, temperature, humidity, climate, minerals and chemicals are the physical aspects of environment. These aspects play crucial roles for maintaining ecosystem and life on the earth.

Biological aspect

All the plant and animal species from microscopic animals/plants to higher vertebrates /tree are biological aspects.

The function of an ecosystem food chain in different tropic level continues to occur in environment by the help of plants and animals.

Socio economic and religious cultural aspects

Humans have developed their own places for extinces. Social activities, economical activities, religious activities and cultural activities are carried out in that place. The human community including social sectors like education, health services, transportation, communication, drinking water etc. are the social aspects of the environmnet.

Similarly industries, factories, trade, business, agriculture, etc are the economical aspects of environment. Belief on god is religion and life related practices is the culture. All the culture and religious activities are carried out within human development environment . Uncontrolled activities within environment degrade environment locally and globally too. So we should control our activities for the protection of nature and environment.

Aspects/ Nature of population

Population is defined as the total number of people living in a particular place at the particular time.

It is dynamic in nature because of birth, death, and migration. Birth and death are the natural aspects.

Where as migration is the non- natural(human cause) aspect.

Aspects

Birth: Starting a new life on the earth is birth. Birth increases population. Birth is a continuous process in the nature.

Death : Death is the permanent loss of evidence of life. Is decreases size of population. It is also a continuous process in nature.

Migration: Migration is the process of movement of people from one place to another place temporarily or permanently. In-migration increases the population of the destination place whereas out migration decreases the size of population.

Aspect of health, population and environment

Physical aspect

Biological aspect

Socio-cultural aspect

Economic aspect

Scientific and technological aspect

Political aspect

Psychological aspect

Inter relationship between Environment , Population and Health

Physical aspect

The natural physical aspects and man- made things come under the physical aspect. Man produces different physical things to satisfy his/her needs and wants. While producing such materials people use raw materials available in their environment. Thus, the development works like construction of roads, canals, bridge, industries, etc. are the physical environment. This is the reason that the density of population is greater in places where different physical aspects are available. So, the physical aspect is especially interrelated with one other and to various aspects of health and population.

Biological aspect

Various aspects of health and population are related with the biological aspects of environment. Biological things available in various places are different according to the geographical situation. Man gets food items from biological things like plants, birds and animals. Density of population is more on those places where there is fertile and cultivable land. Livestock farming and agriculture production are better on those places. People can get fresh items needed for their life. Their economic condition becomes better. Thus, health, population and various aspects of environment are related to each other.

Social and cultural aspects

Man has made different social and cultural backgrounds like festivals, religious tradition, life- style, customs, living standard, etc. Various aspects of health, population and environment are related to social and cultural aspects. Competition to spend more to celebrate festivals and ceremonies effects the economic condition of the people. If people use excessive food in such traditions that also has adverse effect on their health. It is necessary for us to build such traditions that to do affect the environment get polluted. Then, diseases like cholera, dysentery and typhoid may spread sometimes it could lead to ultimate death of people. So, several activities should be organized without affecting the natural environment. People must realize that “to disturb the environment is to disturb them”.

Economic Aspect

The economic aspect has direct relationship with the various aspects of health, population and environment. It the economic aspect of the country is weak, it is reflected on health of the people. To satisfy their immediate needs, people excessively use environment resources like air, water, land, plants, etc. Excessive use of them degrades the environment. It causes imbalance in environment. Ultimately, the degradation in the environment causes an adverse effect on the health of people, living standard of population will go down.

Science and Technology Aspect

The development of science and technology has had an impact on every field. It has made the people easy to move here and there. It has made easy for them to get different knowledge about the countries in the world. People can easily perform different task with the help of different equipment, machines, and instruments. The proper use of science and technology has had positive effect and misuse of it has had dangerous impact on the environment in every field.

Political Aspect

It refers to the formation of policies at the administrative and government level. The political aspect of the country affects all aspects of the health, population and environment education. If there is political commitment to develop these aspects, according to the changing time and circumstances, various programmes will be given priorities from the government. Environment resources will get properly utilized and it helps to conserve the environment. Various population programmes will be conducted. As a result productive human beings will be produced which, can be utilized for development works. Thus, it will help to make all development works effective and productive.

Psychological Aspect

Various aspects of health, population and environment education are related to the people’s feeling, thinking and altitudes. They may be attributed to the psychological aspect. The feelings for the conservation and protection must come from the inner core of the heart of man. They will help to keep surrounding neat, clean and also helps to conserve birds, animals and plants sincerely. The habit of proper management of wastage must being from each household. Such habit helps to keep the environment neat, clean and green. The conservation and protection of air, water, land and settlement zones preserved in environment, helps to keep us healthy.

Demography

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Demography is the measurement of the population of a specific place in a particular time and their scientific study. Demography means the statistical and mathematical study of population size, regional distribution, composition and population change. Demography can also be stated as the scientific study of human population.

The word demography is derived from the Greek word “demos “ meaning people and “graphian “ meaning the science or studies. Thus demography refers to the scientific study of populations ,primarily with respect to their size , structure and development. In other words , demoghraphy is a science dealing with the birth , death, migration and marriage (social mobility) of human population.

Demographic components are :
-Birth
-Death &
-Migration
Which change the size of population. Birth and death are the natural components which change the population size where as migration are non-natural components.

Components of Demography

Fertility : Fertility is defined as actual birth performance by a women within her life time. It means the total number of live births given by a women with in fecund period.

Fecundity : It is defined as the capacity of women to bear children it means the physiological/ biological capacity of a women to give birth.

Measurement of fertility

Fertility

Fertility is related to the process of reproduction. It refers to the reproductive work performed by woman

Fertility is a reproductive function.it is the child bearing performance of individuals , couples ,groups or population. fertility and fecundity are similar but not the same terms.Whereas fertility performance restricted to women , normally of 15 to 49 years of age , fecundity is the physiological capacity of a man woman or couple to produce live birth.fecundity starts with regulation of monthly menstrual cycle.this process runs up to 49 years of age.if a woman is unable to give birth , she is called in-fecund or a sterile. Therefore the women able to reproduce are known as fecund.

Difference between Fertility and Fecundity

Fertility

-It starts by sexual contact.

-It is only performed by female.

-It affects population growth.

-It is based on fecundity .

Fecundity

-It starts after adolescence period.

-Both male and female have this power.

-It does not affect population growth.

-All fecund women may not fertile.

Fertility

The fertility rate can be measured by the following measurement:-

-Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

-General Fertility Rate (GFR)

-Age-specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

-Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Crude birth rate

Crude Birth Rate is defined as number of live birhts in a year per thousand mid year population of certain time.

MID YEAR POPULATION

Mid year population is an average population of a whole year.It is mostly considered as population of July 1 in English calendar.Mid year populaion is very important aspect in demographic measures .without mid year population, demography is incomplete work.Mid year polpulation is used because the birth , death, and migration do not occur in same manner throughout the year.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

CBR:- The number of live births in a given year per 1,000 people alive at the middle of that year. One disadvantage of this indicator is that it is influenced by the age structure of the population.

Advantage and Disadvantage of CBR

Advantage

It is easy to calculate.

It does not require specific data.

It gives the general picture of the fertility rate of a place or country.

Disadvantage

All the people who don’t give birth are also included in CBR. Thus , it is a rough calculation.

It is not very useful for researchers and demographers in the projection of fertility rate.

It is affected by age and sex composition of population

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

GFR:- The number of births in a year divided by the number of women aged 15–44, times 1000. It focuses on the potential mothers only, and takes the age distribution into account.

GFR= B X1000

P (15-49)

Age-specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

ASFR:- Age specific fertility rate is the total number of births given by the women of a specific age group per thousand women of the same age in a given year. General fertility rate tells us about how many infants are born in a specific year by the female of reproductive age whereas, ASFR find out the number of births given by the women specific age group.

ASFR

ASFRa = (Ba/Pfa) x1000

Where,

Ba= the total number of live births given by the women of age ‘a’ in a place in a given year.

Pfa= the total number of mid-year female population.

A= Age group of women of reproductive age, i.e., 15-19, 20-24, 25-29,30-34,35-39,40-44 & 45-49.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

TFR:- Total fertility rate refers to total number of births given by a woman in her reproductive age. Total fertility rate is calculated from age-specific fertility rate. Actually, the sum of age specific fertility rate is the total fertility rate.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Mortality

Death is the permanent disappearance of all evidences of life.Mortality plays a vital role in bringing about a change in the size of population of a place or country.As fertility increases the population mortality decreases it by death.It caused due to diseases, accidents, etc…..

Measures of mortality are:

-Crude Death Rate (CDR)

-Age specific Death rate (ASDR)

-Infants mortality Rate (IMR)

-Marternal Mortality Ratio

Crude Death Rate

Crude Death Rate (CDR):- it is defined as the number of death in a year per 1000 mid year population of certain place at given time.

Age specific Death rate (ASDR)
ASDR:- Age specific death rate is the total number of death of a specific age group per 1000 mid-year population of that age group in a given year.

Infants mortality Rate (IMR)
IMR:- It is defined as the total number of infant deaths under one year of age per 1000 live birth in a place in a given year.

Maternal Mortality Ratio

It refers to the numbers of women who dies as a result of child bearing complication during pregnancy ,delivery and postnatal periods in a given year per 100000 live deliveries in that year.

Migration

The permanent or temporary settlement of people from one area to another is called migration.Migration brings about change in the size, growth, composition and distribution of population of particular place or country.On the basis of the change in residence, migration can be divided into two types emigration and immigration.

-Measures

-In-migration rate

-Out-migration rate

-Net-migration rate

-Gross-migration rate

-In-migration Rate (IMR)

IMR:- The total number of in-migrants from place of origin per 1000 of mid year population at the distination place is called in migration.

Out migration Rate (OMR)

OMR:- Out-migration refers to the process of leaving the place of origin per 1000 of mid year population and migration to a new place is called out-migration.

Net-migration rate (NMR)

NMR:- The difference between in-migration rate and out-migration rate is called net migration rate.

NMR = I-E X 1000

Where, I= Total number of immigrants/ in-migrants.

E= total number of out-migrants/emigrants.

Gross-migration Rate (GMR)

GMR:- The sum of in-migration Rate and out-migration Rate is called Gross-migration Rate.

GMR= I+E X 1000

Where, I=immigrants

E= emigrants/ out-migrants

P= mid year population.

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

RNI:- Rate Natural increase is the increase in population due to the difference between birth and death.

Birth and Death are natural factors of population change.

RNI

RNI= CBR-CDR (per thousand)

While changing this formula into percent, it goes like this:

RNI= CBR-CDR X 100 , RNI= CBR-CDR

1000 10

Population Growth Rate(PGR)

PGR:- Population growth rate is the sum of the rate or natural increase and net migration rate.

PGR= CBR-CDR+NMR X 100

1000

Where, NMR= net migration rate.

Population Doubling time (PDT)

PDT:- Population doubling time is the tentative time period for doubling the population of any country.

PDT= 70

PGR

Where, PGR= population growth rate (annual)

Dependency Ratio

Dependency ratio:-

is defined as number of population below 15 and above 60 and over in particular place at specific time out of 100 independent population of 15-59 years of age.

DR= P0-14+P60 & Above X 100

P15-59

Sex Ratio

Sex ratio:- Sex ratio refers to the total number of males per 100 females in certain country at given time.

Sex Ratio= PM X 100PF

Where M refers to the male and f refers to female.

Assignment for Students

The total mid-year population of nepal in 2001 was 2,31,51,423. When the total number of live birth in the year was 7,66,312, find out the CBR.

Suppose the total mid-year female population of reproductive age in Nepal in 2009 AD was 65,01,300 & the total number of live birth in the same year was 8,66,450. find GFR.

Assignment for Students

3. Suppose, the total popn of female of age group 20-40 was 35000 in 2007 in Butwal. The women of the same age group gave birth to 2500 babies in the same year. Calculaate ASFR.

4. The total popn of Nepal in 2001 A.D. was 2,31,51,423 & in the same year 2,22,254 death were recorded. Find CDR.

Assignment for Students

5. Calculate TFR from the following ASFR according to the data of 1991 A.D in Nepal.

Assignment for Students

6. In Nepalgunj, 1800 children of 0-4 year of age group died in the year 2008. the total mid-year population of children of the same agr group was 25000. find out ASDR.

7. There were 65,000 infant death in Nepal in 1995 and the total number of live birth was 8,50,000. find out the IMR of Nepal in 1995.

Assignment for Students

8. Suppose, a total of 8,500 people migrated to pokhara in the year 2008. The total mid-year population of Pokhara was 95000. calculate IN-MIGRATION RATE.

9. Suppose, 1,500 people left janakpur in search of job and came to ktm in 2006. the total mid-year popn of janakpur in the same year was 95,000. calculate Out-migration rate of Janakpur in the year 2006.

Assignment for Students

10. In 2005, 1,800 people migrated to Mahendranagar and in the same year 1500 people emigrated for jobs. The total mid-year population of Mahendranagar in the year 2005 was 35,000. Calculate NMR for Mahendranagar.

Assignment for Students

11. The total population of a district in 2005 was 80,000. in the same year 800 people came to the district for the settlement and 1200 district dwellers went outside in search of job. Calculate Gross migration Rate for that district

12. The CBR of the period 1991 to 2001 AD in Nepal was 33.1 per 1000 population and the CDR in the same period was 9.6 people per 1000. find out the Rate of natural increase.

Assignment for Students

13. The CBR of a country was 32. the CDR was 10 and net migration rate was 5 per thousand popn. Find out PGR of that country.

14. According to the census of 2011 AD, the population of Nepal was 26,494,504 and the annual Growth rate of population was 1.35 percent. In how many year will the population of Nepal be doubled?

Assignment for Students

15. In 2011, the total popn of children of 0-14 years was 92,48,246 and the popn of 60 and above was 2154410. the popn of economically active people of age group 15-59 years was 15091848 find out dependency ratio for Nepal.

16. The total popn of Nepal in 2011 was 2,64,94504 out of which 12,849,041 were males and 3,645,463 were female. Calculate sex ratio.Consequences of rapid population growth , Over population is undesirable condition where the number of existing human population exceeds the carrying capacity of earth. The over population is caused by a number of factors. The population growth seriously affects :

-Social

-Cultural

-Economical

-Environmental .

-Effects on social aspects

-Social violence

-Effects on education

-Health services

-Security and entertainment

-Lack of drinking water supply

Population management

Population management means balancing between population and available natural resources.

There are two ways of controlling population :

a)Indirect methods

b) direct methods

Indirect methods of population control:

-Marriage at right age

-Proper birth spacing

Improve the status of women and education

Gender equity

Direct methods of controlling population:

-Contraceptive methods for male

-Contraceptive Methods for Female

-Natural methods

-Rhythm/calendar method

-Cervical Mucus Method

-Basal Body Temporary method

-Lactation or Breast feeding Method

Rhythm /calendar methods

In this methods mathematical formula is used to calculate the fertile period.The woman first must observe the length of at least six menstrual cycles and then applies the formula to this observation.

Withdrawal methods

It is also called coitus interruption method .A couple using the withdrawal method may have a sexual intercourse until ejaculation is impending , at which male partner withdrawals his penis from the vagina.

Lactation amenorrhea method.

In this method,women should not have their menstruation returned yet after the child birth.feeding a baby with breast milk day and night not less than 8 times in 24 hours up to 6 months works as a temporary birth control method.it may not be effective after a child.

Cervical mucus test method

In the first stage the menstrual cycle, the cervical mucus is little and thick. During ovulation ( when the ovum comes out from ovaries), the amount of cervical mucus increased . It is watery and can form a thread when taken between the tips of finger.

Basel body temperature method

Before ovulation, a women has temperature slightly lower than she has it other times. After ovulation her temperature becomes slightly high.A women should measure her temperature early in the morning before getting up from the bed by using thermometer in the mouth.if the temperature is slightly high(0.2c to 0.4c)she must abstain herself from sex for 3 days.

Temporary family planning device

-Condom

-Famidom

-Diaphragm

-Spermicides

-IUCD ( Intrauterine contracetive device)

-Oral pills

-Depo-Provera

-Norplant s

Condom

Condom is an effective device used by male to prevent conception.It prevents sperm from entering in to cervix and prevents pregnancy .It is made up thin smooth and elastic latex rubber.

Famidom

Femidom is a temporary and women controlled method to protect against STDS and pregnancy.It is thin, transparent and strong sheath which is made up polyurethane ,a soft plastic.It is 17 cm long and 7.8 cm wide.

Diaphragm

The diaphragm is a vaginal barrier. It was invented by a German physician in 1882: also known as “Dutch cap”. The method is not readily available in Nepal .

It is inserted just before the intercourse. It is inserted just before or up to 6hours before intercourse and must remain in place for 6-8 hours after it.

Spermicides

The main spermicides available in nepal is kamal chakki, a semicidal veginal suppository made from menfegal spermicide. Kamal tablet is available only in medical shops. A women puts one kamal vaginal suppository into her vagina for 7-10min before the intercourse. Her body temperature melts the suppository which changes into foam. The spermicides prevents pregenancy by interactivaing sperm.

Intrauterin Contraceptive Device (IUCD)

It is a plastic wrapped by copper which is kept inside the uterus by trained medical person or doctor with the help of special instrument .It is also called mechanical method .It doesn’t let the sperm enter in the uterus.It works for 10 years.If the baby is neccesary it can be taken out immediately.

Copper t

Warning / Danger sign for IUCD

P : pregnancy , abnormal spotting or bleeding

A: abdominal pain, pain with intercourse, severe cramping

I: infection exposure, abnormal discharge

N: not feeling well, fever

S : shorter or longer or the plastic tip of the IUD can felt.

Advantages

Highly effective (99%)

Immediately effective and pregnancy is possible as soon as it is taken out.

It works for 12days i.e. Long Lasting

It is suitable for breast feeding women.

Disadvantages

May increase risk of pelvic inflammatory disease.

It requires trained medical personnels to insert and remove it.

It increase menstrual bleeding and cramping during the first few months.

No protection against STDs.

Oral pills

It is hormonal contraceptive. It contains the hormone estrogen and progestrone. Estrogen in pills usually prevents realese of an ovum from the ovary and progesterone cause thick and scanty cervical mucus to prevent sperm travelling into the uterus. It is found in Nepal in the name of “Gulab and Nilcon chakki”. It should be taken as a tablet every day. It should be taken everyday starting on the 5^thday of menstrual cycle.

Advantages

-It is 99.9 % effectie when used correctly.

-It does not interfere with and intercourse.

-Easily available at low cost from medical shops.

-Makes menstrual cycle regular.

-Prevents anaemia by decreasing blood loss.

Disadvantages

It must be taken daily. If not taken, it doesn’t work. Those who are taking pills for the first time should use condom for 7days or avoid sex for 7 days. It doesn’t prevent STD diseases. Minor side effects may be seen as nausea, breast tenderness, headache, weight gain, high blood pressure. etc

Depo-Provera

Depo-Proverais a birth control method for women.It is made up of hormone similar to progestrone and is given as an injection against pregnancy for up to 14 weeks,but the shot must be received once every 12 weeks to remain fully protected.

Advantage

-Highly effective (99%)

-It doesn’t interfere with intercourse or sexual desire.

-It decreases anaemia and endometrial cancer.

-Pelvic exam is not required to use it.

-After avoiding injection , fertilization continues.

Disadvantage

-It may cause depression.

-It may cause weight gain as common side effect.

-It cause irregular bleeding including apotting.

-Need to go clinics. Health personnel is needed to the injection.

-It causes menstrual changes in most users.

Norplant

Norlpant is a set of 6 small capsules about the size of small matchstick. It is inserted in the arm below the layer of skin within 7days of menstruation .It works for 7 years .It suppress the ovulation cycle in women’s body.

Advantages

-It is highly effective (99.95%)

-Long term protection from conception.

-It does not interfere with sexual intercourses.

-Can be removed at anytime for any reason.

-Doesn’t affect breast feeding.

Disadvantage

-It may cause irregular bleeding.

-It may cause prolonged vaginal bleeding.

-It requires minor surgical procedure for insertion and removal.

-Weight loss may occur.

Emergency family planning device

If sexual intercourse takes place without using any contraceptives then emergency contraceptives can be used to avoid the possible unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion.. Women have to face various health problems as a result of unssafe abortion.It is one of the cause of their death.

When should emergency family planning device be used?

-If there is an unsafe sexual intercourse (unprotected sex).

-If daily contraceptives such as regular pills are not taken.

-If IUCD comes out.

-If natural family planning device are wrongly followed.

-If a women becomes a victim of rape.

An emergency contraceptive device is not for daily purpose. Following method should be done while using it,

Use of hormonal method: In this method, pills which are available can be used for this purpose.4 white tablets (pills) can be taken within 72hours of unsafe sexual intercourse. Then ,after 4 other white tables should be taken within 12 hours. This method of taking called combined oral contraceptive (COC).

Effects of combined oral contraceptive . About 50% of females will have a problem of vomiting after taking 4 tablets pills after association. If vomiting occurs within 2 hours then repeat another dose. Before taking another dose, the user should take anti-vomiting medicine.

Progestin pills

This pills contains the progestin harmone,so these tablets are called progestin pills. These types pills are mainly available in family planning association(EPAN),central clinic and its branches. One tablet should be taken within 72hours of unsafe sexual intercourse. Then after taking first tablet the user should take another tablet after 12hours.it is 98% effective device.

Progestin pills

Permanent family planning device, The permanent surgical contraception also called voluntary sterilization is a surgical method whereby the reproductive function of an individual male and female is purposely a permanently destroyed. The operation done on males is vasectomy and that on females is tubecomy and laproscopy.

Vasectomy (for male)

Vasectomy is a permanent family planning method for males.It is done by simple surgery method applying the doctor or trained medical person.In this method ,doctor makes a small incision (opening)in man’s scrotum to pull out vas deferens. The vas deferens is cut and tied at both the ends so that sperm cannot pass through it.As a result , sperm are not ejaculated in female reproductive organs durinfg the sexual intercourse.

Minilap/ Tubectomy

Tubal ligation or tubectomy (also known as having one's "tubes tied") is a surgical procedure for sterilization in which a woman's fallopian tubes are clamped and blocked or severed and sealed, either of which prevents eggs from reaching the uterus for implantation.

Laparscopy

About 1cm incision is made under the umbilical and then the laproscope is inserted to find out the fallopian tubes then with the same instruments, the tubes are tied using small rubber rings. This method is called lapatscopy.

Difference between Minilap and Laparoscopy

-Done in women who have never had operation before to deliver baby.

-Requires simple standard surgical instrument for performing sterilization

-About 2-3 inches incision is given about 2-5 cm above pubic hair

-Fallopian tubes are taken out and first tied and cut

-Patient feels less pain in such operation compared to laparoscopy

Mostly done in women who had an operation to take out baby earlier.Requires special, expensive instrument called LaparoscopeAbout 3cm incision is given about 2 cm below the navel area. Fallopian tubes are either clamped or damaged with the help of laparoscopeMore painful procedure than Minilap and not easy to perform in obese women.

Artificial Methods for Female

Temporary and permanent method:

-Oral Pills

-Femidom

-Intra Utera Devices(copper T)

-Norplant

-Depo-provera Injection

-Laparoscopy and minilap

Drinking water/ Sanitation/ Health and Physical

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Sun, 11 Feb 2018 02:47:00 +0000

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Health is the most important aspect of every human beings life. The proverb proves it right –“health is wealth”. For good health, healthy environment and clean community is most important with clean drinking water available. Most of the underdeveloped nations are struggling to provide clean drinking water to the general people. Different NGO’s and INGO’s are trying to teach them the importance of clean drinking water for good health and long life.

Developed nations give more preference to public health and sanitation for good health life and clean environment to people for development of the nations human development index. Physically and mentally unwell people are not able to turn fruitful of opportunities to gold charms.

According to the law of the nations, under constitution every human being has right to health. Every individual are free to treat their sickness over different level of treatment procedure where ever they desire. It’s their human right and right to treatment, nation should be able to provide the facilities.

a) Present health status: The present status of health and sanitation of this village is listed as follows:

i. Source of drinking water:

· No. of household facilitate of drinking water through tap/piped line is 707

ii. Availability of treatment in the beginning:

· Old traditional way of treatment (Lama, jharphuk): 14 family

· Health post: 560 family

· Hospital: 130 family

iii. Nearby hospital:

· Gandaki hospital, Manipal hospital

iv. Use of Ionized salt:

· No. of family: 717

The complete description about the above information is given as follows:

Drinking water and sanitation

I. Main source of drinking water

Ward no:	Pine line	tube well	Well, pound, spring	River, lakes	Rainwater collection	others	Total no. of family
1.	100		1				101
2.	49		3				52
3.	78		1				79
4.	31		2				33
5.	69		1				70
6.	122		1				123
7.	61		1				62
8.	79						79
9.	118						118
Total	707		10				717

General public and private cleanliness

II. Family having their own toilet in house

Ward no	temporary	permanent	Bio-gas available	Proper drainage	Without toilet	others	Total no. of family
1.	3	123					101
2.	8	43			1		52
3.	7	70			2	2	79
4.		33					33
5.	11	59					70
6.	13	154					123
7.	1	61	9				62
8.	14	65					79
9.	11	120	2		1		118
Total	68	635	11		4	2	717

III. Washing hands after use of toilet, cleaning of baby toilet and before eating

Ward no.	Soap water	Water with ash	Green leafs	Stones and mud	Do nothing	Wash sometimes	Total no. of family
1.	94	4		3			101
2.	51			1			52
3.	64	12			3		79
4.	31			1	1		33
5.	68	2					70
6.	128	7		2			123
7.	57			2	2	1	62
8.	78				1		79
9.	111	7					118
Total	658	32		9	7	1	717

IV. Time to reach nearby health facility:

Ward no.	Health post and first attendance of patient			Hospital			Total no. of family
	Place	distance	time	place	Distance	Time
1.	Saurya bazar	1 to 3 km	10 to 25 min	Pokhara	11 to 13 km	1 hrs	101
2.	Saurya bazar	5 to 7 km	50 to 55 min	Pokhara	15 to 19 km	2hrs	52
3.	Saurya bazar	5 to 7 km	50 to 55 min	Pokhara	15 to 19 km	2 hrs	79
4.	Saurya bazaar	3 to 5 km	15 to 30 min	Pokhara	11 to 13 km	1 hrs	33
5.	Saurya bazar	3 to 5 km	15 to 30 min	Pokhara	11 to 13 km	1 hrs	70
6.	Saurya bazar	5 to 7 km	50 to 55 min	Pokhara	9 to 12 km	40 min	123
7.	Saurya bazar	3 to 5 km	15 to 30 min	Pokhara	11 to 13 km	1 hrs	62
8.	Saurya bazar	3 to 5 km	15 to 30 min	Pokhara	11 to 13 km	1 hrs	79
9.	Saurya bazar	2 to 5 km	10 to 25 min	Pokhara	11 to 13 km	1 hrs	118
Total							717

Child protection

Safe motherhood procedure

a. Birth of infant past 2 years

Ward no.	Total no. of birth			survival	Drinking Mother’s milk		No. of infant not drinking mother’s milk		No. of infant drinking milk for 6 mths		No. of infant not drinking milk for 6 mths		No. of infant drinking mother’s milk less than 2 mths
Ward no.	boy	Girl	others	survival	boy	girl	girl	boy	girl	boy	Girl	boy	Girl	Boy
1.	6	6		12	5	5	1	1	4	2	2	2	4
2.	4	2		6	3	2	1		1	1	2	2	1
3.	8	9		17	7	8	1	1	4	3	3	3	6
4.	3	6		9	2	4	1	2	2	3	1	1	3
5.	2	2		4	1	2	1		1	1	1	1	1
6.	7	6		13	4	3	4	3	2	2	5	5	4
7.	7	3		10	7	2		1	2	1	5	5	2
8.	8	3		11	8	3			4	1	4	4	2
9.	7	3		10	4	2	3	1	4	3	3	3
Total	52	40		92	41	31	12	9	24	17	17	26	23

Details of Infrastructure of Development, Housing, Employment and Energy:

Society nowadays is changing every day. And so, change can be seen in Majhthana. For improving our daily life, Majhthana has overcome its traditional view and developed technology and standard of living. Majhthana has improved its insfrafructure of development, residency habits, nature of employment and power system. However, there are many loopholes which need to be improved. There are many oppurinity for community to develop.

One of the major infrastructures of development is roadway. Previously, Majhthana is famous for trekking route of Royal Trek which was the way to go to village. Royal trek was the route travelled by late King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev. Nowadays earthen road links to the centre of Majhthana. They are preparing to gravel the road which link to Prithivi Highway.

Source of Energy:

Ward No.	Kerosene Oil	Generator	Compound Gas	Solar	National Grid	Energy Deflect	Total no. of families
1	12		6	52	101		101
2	1		2	11	52
3	3		2	14	74	5	52
4			1	3	33		79
5			2	1	70		33
6	5		7	61	127		70
7	3		2	3	62		127
8	1		1	2	79		62
9				3	118		118
Total	25		25	150	712	5	717

Means of Communication:

Ward No	Radio	TV	Telephone	Mobile	Email/ Internet	Newspaper	No. of Families
1	73	75	2	193	16		101
2	49	40	9	94	2	1
3	35	49	1	129	1		52
4	12	29		106			79
5	23	37		109			33
6	71	45		371	15	2	70
7	33	39		204			127
8	26	42	1	117			62
9	70	83	2	222			118
Total	392	439	15	1545	34	3	717

Similarities between profession and employment

Ward No	Agriculture and Animal Husbandry	Commerce and business	Job	Labor	Foreign Employment	No. of Families
1	156	1	17	5	56	101
2	99	7	9	4	10
3	144	16	8	6	50	52
4	84	2	4	4	28	79
5	108	7	17	7	28	33
6		4	15	3	49	70
7	217	2	22	1	30	127
8	104	1	16	5	47	62
9	141	1	17	3	59	118
Total	1247	41	125	38	357	717

After all the study and survey we came to conclusion that the village is gradually doing its best to go up and make fully facilitated of modernization. Different government and non government organizations are trying to figure out the solutions of different problem. Potentiality of the village is in great aspect were locally and government should try to analyze and improve.

Entrepreneurship and Agricultural Innovation

Agriculture, animal husbandry, land irrigation, water supply, market and family consumption

Nepal is an agricultural country; most of the people’s major occupation is agricultural. More than 80 percent of Nepal’s population depends of agriculture.

Here in this village we found similar percentage of people depends on agriculture. Different non-governmental and governmental organizations are motivating general public for more involvement in agriculture as cash crops and food crops. Due to Nepal’s geographical difficulties here in this village modern way of agriculture is mostly difficult but nothing is impossible, having that belief people of this village has been trying to achieve the goal of agriculture. Some grow cash crop for local market and others for house hold consumption.

Water supply for irrigation is depending on mostly through rivers, spring water and rainfall water; it is still not enough for the cultivation done within the village. Different organizations has given the proper way of cultivations and animal husbandry with certain minimum level of financial help to gear up (start up) for way of income source to the family and not depend on agriculture only.

Types of agricultural products grown in village

· Rice, millet, maize, ginger (household consumption goods)

· Vegetables, cash crop, fruits etc.

Agricultural production quatities

· Agricultural product: 29741 cubic

· Vegetable: 1867 cubic

· Fruit: 76 cubic

Major diseases for Agriculture products:

- Cancer, dencing off, weed, sicrus, fruit decomposes problem, etc.

Yearly agriculture products production situation

Ward No.	Cereal Products		Pulse Products		Vegetable Products		Cash Products		Fruit Products		Grass Products
Ward No.	Area(Ropani)	Prod.( quintal)	Area(Ropani)	Prod.( quintal)	Area(Ropani)	Prod.( quintal)	Area(Ropani)	Prod.( quintal)	Area(Ropani)	Prod.( quintal)	Area(Ropani)	Prod.( quintal)
1	826	2760	2	3	8	21	1	2	8	20
2	728	1930		12	70			2	5	10	100
3	750	3150	1	2	10	85			2	4
4	650	2130	2	3	20	30	3	10	2	15	3	15
5	715	3340	3	4	11	34			3	10
6	730	6350	3	2	51	950	2	1	12	15	10	350
7	931	2416							2	3
8	715	2515			5	17
9	993	5150	2	1	21	450			3	4	6	129
Total	6965	29741	13	15	178	1867	6	13	34	76	29	594

In the above figures, Agricultural production situation are presented where cereal products is the highest products of the area followed by vegetables products. The produced quantity of cereal products is 29741 quintal in the area of about 6965 ropanese whereas pulse products contains only 15 quintal in 13 ropanese. Similarly, the vegetable products has 1867 quintal produced from 15 ropanese. However, cash products are only 13 quintal in 6 ropanese area which is by far the lowest one in the chart.

Animal-related products: milk and meat product

Ward no.	Milk			Meat
Ward no.	Cow	buffalo	total	buffalo	Goat/ mutton	Chicken/ duck	total
1	2260	3850	6110	920	1200	1000	3120
2	520	3420	3940	1150	490	910	2550
3	2500	3500	6000	1100	700	1125	2925
4	800	2530	3130	900	500	1234	2634
5	1020	4010	5020	1200	1500	930	3630
6	2510	4505	7015	1400	1600	2100	5100
7	1300	3807	5107	1100	750	700	2550
8	1200	5510	6710	600	1500	650	2750
9	4100	9100	13200	500	2100	1250	3850
Total	16210	36710	52920	8870	9840	9199	27909

In the above figures, we presented animal-related products produced in the area of Majhthana VDC. Considering Milk is the major income-source of the most peoples of the majhthana area, the number of cows and buffalos in all the ward is 16210 and 36710 respectively. Similarly, Meat related products is also being the major source of income, the number of goat/mutton and chicken/duck is 8870 and 9199 respectively.

Finance and Instructional Development and Microcredit Management

Every development projects needs financial support. Day to day life requires finance for daily transaction. Local and governmental organizations are involved in many development projects. Different level of INGO’S and NGO’s are participating in this village like Kopila Nepal, li-bird Nepal, Dhikurpokhari co-operative etc. are the organizations that are involving in finance & instructional development and Micro-credit management.

Non-governmental organization related info

If administration and decentralization’s principle are to be based on, it point out the importance of local development’s pillar i.e. governmental, non-governmental, private sectors and citizen society. Hence, every decision made by the local and central government expects the special helps from non-governmental organisations, private sector and citizen society. Without above mentioned organizations’ helps, cooperation, compromise and involvement, it’ll be hard to implement the development process of the country, village, society and the person. Hence, with the realization of the importance of non-governmental organizations, it’s clearly mentioned in local autonomous article 2055 and regulation 2056.

Co-operative organizations related info

Co-operative organizations that are currently operating are registered in Co-operative Division Office. These organizations are collecting the deposit daily or monthly as well as provide the loan for the member group of the organization. These organizations are very helpful for those who are under the poverty line and in needs for the finances. In fact, for the improvement over the poverty, these organizations are playing the importance roles whereas banking services are mostly focus on urban area.

Co-operative organizations

Name address	Co-operative organization									Investment area
	Ward no.	Total no of members			Assign family			Saving amount(In thousands)	Invested amount	Investment area
	Ward no.	male	female	Total	janjati	dalit	Total	Saving amount(In thousands)	Total
Majhthana agriculture cooperative	9	1420	102	1522				4156	3288	Agriculture and loan
Tulsi mayer saving and credit		1200		1200						Agriculture and loan
Sana kishan agriculture		585	667	1252	60	83		3103		Agriculture and loan
Total		3205	769	3974	60	83		7259	3288

Above figures has shown the numbers of cooperative organizations and its internal related information. According to the figures, there are total 3 co-operative organizations in the area where the numbers of members is 3974. Of those, 3205 are males and 769 are females. For Indigenous peoples, only one organization has employed i.e. 60 for Janjati and 83 for dalit. Similarly, the total saving amount in the co-operative organization is Nrs. 72,59,000. The dominated areas for the investment mostly are Agriculture and Loan.

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Farewell Programme 2018

noreply@blogger.com (Sooresh Krazie Production) — Sun, 11 Feb 2018 02:29:00 +0000