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	<title>Nagaitoshiya.com</title>
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	<link>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en</link>
	<description>A Philosophical Adventure Beyond the Boundaries of Scientific Disciplines</description>
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	<title>Nagaitoshiya.com</title>
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		<title>Entropy and Sustainability</title>
		<link>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2018/entropy-sustainability-series/</link>
					<comments>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2018/entropy-sustainability-series/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nagai, Toshiya]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 02 May 2018 10:54:02 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Announcements]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[entropy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[environment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sustainability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[renewable energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate change]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/?p=1158</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The modern civilization that originated from the Industrial Revolution is now spreading throughout the world. The demand for natural resources is rapidly increasing and the environmental problems are getting globally more and more serious. Our civilization seems hardly sustainable. What should we do to make it sustainable? This series establishes the fundamental theory of civilization, analyzes the problems of resources and the environment in terms of entropy, and suggests a solution to them.]]></description>
		
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">1158</post-id><media:thumbnail url="https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/wp-content/uploads/entropy-sustainability-series-featured-image-100x100.png" width="100" height="100" />	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Is the Singularity Near?</title>
		<link>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2018/technological-singularity-ray-kurzweil-2045/</link>
					<comments>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2018/technological-singularity-ray-kurzweil-2045/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nagai, Toshiya]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Mar 2018 12:21:14 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Engineering]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[innovation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[singularity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[futurology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[artificial intelligence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mind uploading]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/?p=1117</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Kurzweil published The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology in 2005 and predicted that human life will be transformed to transcend the current biological limitations from 2045 on. More and more people believe in the technological singularity as artificial intelligence approaches human intelligence. But is his Singularitarianism worth believing? Here I critically examine whether his prediction is correct or not.]]></description>
		
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			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">1117</post-id><media:thumbnail url="https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/wp-content/uploads/technological-singularity-ray-kurzweil-2045-featured-image-100x100.jpg" width="100" height="100" />	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Integration Into a New Website</title>
		<link>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2015/nagai-toshiya-dotcom-revival/</link>
					<comments>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2015/nagai-toshiya-dotcom-revival/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nagai, Toshiya]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 01 Aug 2015 12:44:02 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Announcements]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://nagaitoshiya.com/en/?p=505</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[I have decided to integrate the contents placed in four websites into a new domain nagaitoshiya.com from August 1, 2015 on. The URLs of Systemics Blog and Systemics Archive are automatically redirected respectively to those of the new website, NagaiToshiya.com, while those of Systemics Wiki and Systemics Forum are redirected to its portal page.]]></description>
		
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			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">505</post-id><media:thumbnail url="https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/wp-content/uploads/nagai-toshiya-dotcom-revival-featured-image-100x100.png" width="100" height="100" />	</item>
		<item>
		<title>How Can We Improve Recycling ?</title>
		<link>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2014/recycling/</link>
					<comments>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2014/recycling/#comments</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nagai, Toshiya]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 12 Aug 2014 06:11:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[resource]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[recycling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sustainability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[entropy]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.systemicsblog.com/en/?p=270</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Most of people believe that material recycling is the true recycling and thermal recycling is a fake. But the conventional material recycling is actually downcycling, whereas thermal recycling by the gasification system can realize more radical recycling. That is to say, what was thought to be the genuine recycling is deceptive, whereas what was thought to be the deceptive recycling is genuine. This recognition leads to reconsideration of the role that the government must play to promote recycling.]]></description>
		
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			<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		
		
		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">270</post-id><media:thumbnail url="https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/wp-content/uploads/recycling-featured-image-100x100.png" width="100" height="100" />	</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Reasons Georgescu-Roegen Was Wrong About Recycling</title>
		<link>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2014/georgescu-roegen-entropy/</link>
					<comments>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2014/georgescu-roegen-entropy/#comments</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nagai, Toshiya]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 18 Jun 2014 06:29:28 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[thermodynamics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[resource]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[recycling]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sustainability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[renewable energy]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.systemicsblog.com/en/?p=245</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Georgescu-Roegen coined the fourth law of thermodynamics according to which matter continuously and irrevocably degrades from an available to an unavailable state in a closed system including the Earth and predicted that we would soon arrive at the state of maximum entropy, material death rather than heat death. He also insisted that recycling could not avoid this material death, because the ideal of complete recycling is based on the illusion of the thermodynamically impossible perpetual motion. But what he called the fourth law of thermodynamics is false. A closed system such as the Earth can reduce material entropy in exchange for increasing thermal entropy, keeping the former low by dumping the latter in outer space. That is to say, a sustainable economy based on recycling is possible, at least theoretically.]]></description>
		
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			<slash:comments>11</slash:comments>
		
		
		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">245</post-id><media:thumbnail url="https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/wp-content/uploads/georgescu-roegen-entropy-featured-image-100x100.png" width="100" height="100" />	</item>
		<item>
		<title>How Did Clausius Define Entropy?</title>
		<link>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2014/clausius-entropy/</link>
					<comments>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2014/clausius-entropy/#comments</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nagai, Toshiya]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Apr 2014 12:40:02 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[energy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[efficiency]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[heat engine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[entropy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[exchange]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[thermodynamics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.systemicsblog.com/en/?p=232</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Clausius, one of the main founders of the modern thermodynamics, is the originator of the term “entropy,” but before this coinage he used an expression “equivalence value of transformations” instead. The term “entropy,” which is now used as a physical term, was originally economically conceived as equivalent value of exchange. Thermodynamics itself was a field of physics that was economically motivated to improve the thermal efficiency of heat engines. So, it was half physics and half economics. Apart from Clausius’s interest, the term has now become an important keyword for solving the environment and resource problems.]]></description>
		
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			<slash:comments>4</slash:comments>
		
		
		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">232</post-id><media:thumbnail url="https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/wp-content/uploads/clausius-entropy-featured-image-100x100.png" width="100" height="100" />	</item>
		<item>
		<title>What Work Does the Earth Do as a Heat Engine?</title>
		<link>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2013/heat-engine/</link>
					<comments>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2013/heat-engine/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nagai, Toshiya]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Dec 2013 07:05:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Geoscience]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[entropy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[thermodynamics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[convection]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[atmosphere]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[heat engine]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.systemicsblog.com/en/?p=184</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[A heat engine is a device that repeatedly converts thermal energy into kinetic energy. It needs the difference of temperature and a working substance with a high rate of expansion to do useful work for us. It can be done in two ways: utilizing the change of volume of the working substance that hot and cold reservoirs make alternately expand or compress, and utilizing convection that the change of density resulting from the change of volume causes. A heat engine is not confined to an artificial one. The Earth also does useful work for living systems as a heat engine. The heat engine whose hot reservoir is solar radiation heat maintains the circulation of air and water, while the heat engine whose hot reservoir is geothermal heat maintains the circulation of mantle and mineral nutrition.]]></description>
		
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			<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		
		
		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">184</post-id><media:thumbnail url="https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/wp-content/uploads/heat-engine-featured-image-100x100.png" width="100" height="100" />	</item>
		<item>
		<title>How Original Is Galileo&#8217;s Work on Kinematics?</title>
		<link>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2013/mean-speed-theorem/</link>
					<comments>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2013/mean-speed-theorem/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nagai, Toshiya]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Aug 2013 01:05:43 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Physics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tradition]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[paradigm]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Galileo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mechanics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[renaissance]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.systemicsblog.com/en/?p=155</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Galileo was once thought to have discovered kinetic laws important for classical mechanics by himself by means of observations and experiments in contrast to the Scholastics who confined themselves to the interpretation of Aristotle. To be sure he gave such an impression to readers, but the fact is that the Scholastics in 14th century such as Oxford Calculators and Oresme who discovered and developed the Mean Speed Theorem prepared for Galileo’s discovery of kinetic laws. They did not perform experiments except thought experiments, but since the 17th century scientific revolution is the shift from Aristotle-Thomas paradigm to Plato-Archimedes paradigm, we can consider the Oxford Calculators and Oresme to be the pioneer of the paradigm shift, because this paradigm insisted on mathematical models preceding experience.]]></description>
		
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">155</post-id><media:thumbnail url="https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/wp-content/uploads/mean-speed-theorem-featured-image-100x100.png" width="100" height="100" />	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Why Was Galileo Convicted of Heresy?</title>
		<link>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2013/galileo-affair/</link>
					<comments>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2013/galileo-affair/#comments</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nagai, Toshiya]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 30 Jun 2013 10:07:57 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Galileo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Catholic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[heresy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[matriarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[patriarchy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Copernican Revolution]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.systemicsblog.com/en/?p=135</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Christianity and Judaism are paternal religions that came into power after overcoming maternal religions. The Catholic Church thought of GalileoÃ¢ÂÂs heliocentrism as the revival of a maternal religion, because it implies that Mother Earth moves by itself and makes the sun, the symbol of Father God, fall. ]]></description>
		
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			<slash:comments>3</slash:comments>
		
		
		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">135</post-id><media:thumbnail url="https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/wp-content/uploads/galileo-affair-featured-image-100x100.jpg" width="100" height="100" />	</item>
		<item>
		<title>My Proposal for a New Zero-Based Calendar</title>
		<link>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2013/zero-based-calendar/</link>
					<comments>https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/2013/zero-based-calendar/#comments</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Nagai, Toshiya]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 14 Apr 2013 11:58:48 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Policy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[zero]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[numeral]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[coordinate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[institution]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[revolution]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.systemicsblog.com/en/?p=116</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The Anno Domini dating system and the Gregorian calendar that we now use are not zero-based numbering systems. There are no zeroth days, zeroth months or the zeroth year in these systems. That is because Europeans did not know zero as a number when they invented the AD dating system and the Roman calendar, the prototype of the Gregorian calendar. The numeral system we now use is, however, the zero-based decimal system. Identifying the time in reference to the current time system makes it difficult to calculate the functions whose variables include time. Although we should avoid unnecessary amendments, it is not desirable that we will continue to be bound by the numbering system which was formed when European mathematics was underdeveloped. Here I propose the best calendar that I can think of.]]></description>
		
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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">116</post-id><media:thumbnail url="https://www.nagaitoshiya.com/en/wp-content/uploads/zero-based-calendar-featured-image-100x100.png" width="100" height="100" />	</item>
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