systems

Tips get money On Internet

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Tue, 02 Jun 2009 06:41:43 PDT

Making money on the internet is an activity that can be done by anyone. Activities make money with this model, people do not need to have a large warehouse containing thousands of merchandise amount. Okelah, if you want to open shop online and sometimes you need a stock of merchandise. However, we are not talking a matter will open the online store. We will talk about techniques make money on the internet that does not require any capital, except the time, little ability to write and internet access.

Making money on the internet allows people to work anywhere. Wind make money on the internet does not need offices. He need is a computer connected to the internet. I need to have your own computer, from any cafe make money on the internet can do activities. In fact, with the capital at this time the phone can surfing on internet. Of course, because internet via mobile phone is clearly experience compared with using a computer.
Internet promises a potential income of extremes. Remember, the internet penetration in Indonesia not reach 10%. Imagine if there are 50% of Indonesians are connected to the internet, of our income from these activities make money on the internet will be up as well. We can not forget that when the internet penetration in Indonesia has reached 50% in the United States, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Europe and Australia can be reached will penetration is 99%. Our potential income because of the more remarkable with the number of people online in the internet there are people who will click on ads that we install in our blog.
There are several ways make money on the internet starting from the knee have capital aka free and without knowledge of IT is to take the money and capital level IT skills, including:
1. Create your blog
2. Create your blog
3. Create your blog
After first blog, You have to register some program monetasi blog in the form of PPC (pay per click) like Google AdSense, Text Links Ads, Bidvertiser, etc.. Of course there are many programs monetasi blogs such as PTR (paid to review), CPM, Direct Advertising, etc.. However, here we will only talk PPC only. PPC is also a special that is Google AdSense.
Because Google's AdSense has the best value.
Google AdSense is easy:
• registration
• implementation
Google AdSense :
• Used by most carpenters make money on the internet
• Most high-control market than other PPC programs
• The more the ad (via Google AdWords)
• Always pay the publisher ad revenue
• Check the obvious and too easy

Tips Become Rich

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Fri, 29 May 2009 04:07:15 PDT

All wealth begins from the mind, which is the source of financial success for some of the richest people in the world such as Bill Gates, Ross Perot, Sam Walton, or Steven Jobs. They all find a way to change the ideas, information, the system of benefits that are selling high value, so that the kingdom is able to build their business.
Theory, to become rich, you must have the ability to. earn more than that-at your expense. Of course you should be able to find or how the benefits of value 1000 times more than the current value of your give, either to the company and to your customers.
The key to wealth is to be provided and the value and benefits of value, to others, and with chance money as compensation. If you have more skills, more intellect, have any products / services that are more innovative or more freeze selling high, then the others, or your boss, or your customers, you will pay more, and you will be more rich than before.
Why doctors are paid more expensive than the hotel doorman? The answer simple: Doctor gives more value added. He has been studying and working hard to become a doctor, so he can help cure disease and opens the door of life. Meanwhile, opens the door to the hotel, anyone can do it without the need to learn.
Will successful entrepreneur who is also a financially wealthy person and respected? Because they provide added value or benefit to the consumer compared with similar companies or other employers.
There are two main things that were created by the success of the first is the ability to provide benefits that can improve the quality of life through the use of customer product / service. This is because in the second run businesses, entrepreneurs create employment. Because the work is that many employees can send their children even to be doctors, lawyers, teachers or other professional who can give more benefits to the wider community. Not if we add that family employees who will spend salary the other business sectors that created the welfare of others.
When asked by Ross Perot confidential financial success, he said, "What I can do for this country is creating jobs. I'm pretty good at that, and Lord knows we need them." Subject is simple: The more you give benefits to people others, the more likely you will be valued and paid.
And you do not need to be a businessman to be able to add value / benefits. But every day you should always develop the knowledge, skills and ability to be able to benefit more. That is why self-education is important. Ask yourself each day:
* How can I can be more beneficial for my company?
* How do I achieve more productivity with less time?
* Is there a way so that I can cut costs and improve quality?
* Is there another system or other technology applications company that allows me more advanced and more happiness?
* How do I satisfy more customers, so they buy more and more often?
* And so on.

If you can provide more benefit to others, you will receive the award and financial services more than before. Even simple concepts, I realized that not many people do, so no wonder if the rich is quite small. One other thing, and trust is one of the many people, that want to get "something for nothing", like most mental employees who want salaries and career always increase, without considering whether the productivity and increase their contribution or not. Disgusting is not it?
The increase in salary promotion career moreover, must be previously with increased productivity and the provision of extra benefits by employees, because if not, the company's financial condition can be disrupted, as do the extra spending without the increase in revenue.
Instead, the company must also treat its employees in the jelly, because they are assets. So if you have employees be paid 50 million a year to provide income or benefits worth 500 million, why not respect the employee with a bonus and / or extra education to increase competence and motivation, so that in time it can provide income or the value of the benefits of one billion for example. If you do not pay attention and appreciate the achievements of employees, they will leave you!
Next is the wealth you accumulate. To be rich enough to not only continue to seek more money, but spend way less than you earn and invest the difference. Examples of cases have been quite a lot about the lives of the great income - are celebrities, athletes, professionals, businessmen, or the soon-ended impoverished, because the life style razzle-spree with the money as soon as they throw him.
As a result, if their income decreases and / or if they have a natural need that extra cost, they will fall hard, and even baffle other people! yourself to ask ourselves before you intend to spend money:
* Do I really need this? (Do I really need it?)
* What's the minimum I can pay to get it? (Will cheapest way to get it?)
I seriously have to emphasize that you want and able to create a financial surplus and investation again. For if not, at any until you will never become rich. You may earn a large, luxurious style of life, respected people, but you are not signed in the rich category, because you do not have any savings or property or assets in a safe and long-term. Behavior spend as much revenue-especially the debt-is the behavior of animals that have never shed inventory.
The next step is to protect your wealth. It is very pity to see that the rich do not feel safe and comfortable to think of safety not their property, and even more difficult than when the first is still poor. Many people are concerned that many have with the property, they lost a lot of potential to.
Therefore, my advice is: Do not put all your eggs in one basket! This means, you should choice in some type of investment portfolio, to put some money in your bank, your business in developing countries, and keep your valuables in a bank safe deposit box and not at home, and insure your assets that are relevant and tend to be at risk.
Do not forget to enjoy your property. Many rich people behave foolish. They have trouble giving added value to other people, so get more compensation money. They have to save and invest their money, so it becomes more and become rich after passing through a difficult period long enough. They also have to protect and maintain their property well. But unfortunately, they are sure to enjoy. They still lack feel, felt worried, felt his life empty and is not happy.
It's vital that they forget about money and benefits. Money is not the goal, but a means or media to reach the goal. What purpose? Be more useful for self, family, and others! Money is only useful if it is seemly. If only to save, money is no different with other objects such as dead jar, or cabinet, or even a dead lizard.
To benefit, the money must be spent, the value is exchanged with other benefits, whether to pay for education, buying food, go to picnic, contributing to orphanages, and others. If you forget the fact the existence and function of money, you are the most hapless, even more unhappy than the poor, because you have a lot of money but still griping (please note that griping is different and scrimp. Pinchpenny it would not even need to remove the money and able, while sparing is not spent, if not necessary) and live in lack. Therefore I need to remind: If you die, your money will be left to enjoy other people who do not exhaust the bushes to get it. Are you willing?
My advice: Enjoy the exchange rate of the money every time you are wise, because it is your right. No need to wait until you become rich, and want to enjoy the benefits of the new money, because it seemed foolish and worship money. Remember my saying, "Money is a good servant, but master of evil!" So, make him the servant! There are four fundamental questions that need to be your responsibility to start to accumulate money and become rich:
1. How do you make money more than the cost of consumption? Value or whether the extra benefit 'would you offer to people or other parties so that they would give more money to you as compensation on the benefits you provide?
2. What will you do to invest the surplus in order to optimize the growth of your money in order to produce more?
3. What will you do to protect your money and property to remain still grow and flower more?
4. What will you do with the existence of money is always you, well now when you have not too many or later if you have too many?

As for tips if you want to dive in the world of business, you should enter the business is that you personally competent to manage it, so you can get started without much dependent on other people, and to prevent your employees by trick not assume that you are stupid or not the issue.
This is the second most important to business success is the ability to give your business products / services that are needed by consumers to improve the quality of life, and the benefits are greater than the value for money from the buyer and the value that can be provided by competitors.
The phrase "required by the consumer" is important and necessary as underline emphasis, because the needs and desires consumer become the focus of attention and effort to fulfill you, and not the desire or the taste of you, unless you want to buy your own products! Other characteristics needed to become successful entrepreneurs are:
=> A sense of Thrift, or the spirit of sparing. Employers must apply the principles of discipline in the "produce more than you consume" and "make your money first, then think about spending it" in business and private life. Behavioral sparing will prevent waste, so that your business can be managed with low cost that can be a competitive advantage for your market. Perhaps you have heard the quip that get to the rich, "The rich are stingy." Although the statement is not 100% correct, but nearly correct. More precisely is: Since behavioral sparing, people can save and invest so that it becomes rich. Meanwhile, people who lavish, never leaving incomes, so that even death will never be rich.
=> As a business owner, you must work harder and think more than the employees, because you can not expect employees will have a sense of belonging and capacity as you, because if so, they will not be employees, but to become their own boss.
=> You shared with all employees to be constantly thinking about ways to improve and enhance the benefits of your products with the right technology to implement, and / or make changes to improve operational efficiency and effectiveness so that your business is always low cost highly useful. Behavior of continuous innovation and improvement is very necessary that your company can still create and maintain a satisfied customer on an ongoing basis, in order to continue profit and growing in all circumstances the competition with anyone and anywhere.
= »Even if your sales and profit have increased dramatically, with growth carefully and wisely. Do not be tempted by the lifestyle want to appear big and fast with great overexpansion and overspending, especially to pay for growth through debt. Keep behave sparingly. Remember that it is the spirit that makes you rich. Jactitation and razzle razzle-only will immediately destroy you!

Development of Computer Technology

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Fri, 15 May 2009 06:38:24 PDT

1. Before 1940
a. In the year 1816, Charles Babbage make 'the difference engine'. This machine is able to complete math problems such as calculation of the logarithm with the right mechanics to twenty digits. This machine has a media input, has a memory storage, and removing the output in the form of prints on paper.
b. The concept of this machine surprise experts in the science because it is considered too advanced. However, the lack of technical support, the development of this machine dormant.
c. Babbage and then switch attention to the project 'the analytical engine'. Lack of technology in the period the project is also suspended.
d. Although it failed to set up a second machine, but the idea Babbage is considered very useful in the establishment of a modern computer at this time.
e. All computers at the time of this model using the machine as designed by Babbage, the input, memory, and pemprosesan output.
f. Howard Aiken introduced the use of machines that are named elektromagnetik Mark I in the year 1937. One part is the electronic machines and some mechanics. Of large and heavy. Mark I able to complete the calculation of trig functions in addition to other mathematical calculations. Even so, he is still considered slow because the amount of memory that can be kept small.
2. After the Year 1940
Computer evolution after 1940 is divided into five generations, namely:
a. First generation (1940 - 1959)
1) Computer-computer using the first generation of thousands of vacuum cleaner tube to process and store data. So that its size is very large and expensive. Example of the first generation of computer ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) was created by Dr. John Mauchly and Presper Eckert in 1946.
2) The development of the most valued is the first computer store in memory, which is known as the concept of storing programs (stored program concept). Concept that is found by John von Neumann was also a period beratkan use binari number for all tasks pemprosesan and storage.
3) Dr. Mauchly and Eckert also help make computer EDVAC (Electronic discrete Variable Automatic Computer) that reduce the use of tube-tube vacuum cleaner.
a) The calculation becomes faster than the ENIAC.
b) EDVAC use binari number system and the concept of storing programs.
c) Computer EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) to introduce the use of mercury (mercury) in the tube to store the memory. This is found more economical than the vacuum cleaner tube. But basically it is still considered too expensive.
4) EDSAC developed by Cambridge University, England.
5) In the year 1951 Dr. Eckert and Mauchly created the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Calculator) computer that is used to process the trade data.
b. Second generation (1959 -1964)
1) Computer-genarasi computer using the second transistor and dioda to replace the tube-tube vacuum cleaner, making the computer smaller size and cheaper.
2) The FORTRAN and Cobol signifies the beginning of high-level language.
3) Computers DEC PDP-8 is minikomputer first created in 1964 to process data-commerce data. Other computer in this generation is the IBM 7090 and IBM 7094.
c. Third generation (1964 - early 80's)
1) Chip start replacing transistor, where the chip consists of thousands on the transistor pembuatannya process called large scale integration (LSI). So that the computer become smaller in size.
2) Mikrokomputer of the popular Apple II, IBM PC, NEC PC and Sinclair.
3) Many programming languages such as BASIC appear, Pascal and PL / 1.
d. Fourth generation (early 80's -?)
1) Chip is still used for pemprosesan and save memory. He is more advanced, the transistor components beratusribu therein. The process of chip technology is called very large scale integration (VLSI).
2) the main computer memory to be larger.
3) The Birth of superkomputer faster than Mainframe computer.
e. Fifth generation (future)
1) Computer generation of this unit have more pemproses who work together to complete more than one task at a time.
2) Computer generation also has a very large memory to be able to finish more complex problems.
3) Unit pemprosesan central (CPU) is also able to function as the human brain.
4) Computer vision has distinctive flair, identify surroundings through the vision and can make decisions without human supervision. Extraordinary nature of this referred to as "artificial intelligence".

Development of Information Technology
In general, there are four periods or the development of information technology era, which began from the first computer to the finding at this time. Fourth era is (Cash et.al., 1992) occurred not only because it triggered by the development of computer technology in such a rapid, but also supported by new theories about the modern management of the company. Four Era of Information Technology Development, namely:
1. ERA computerization
a. This period begins around 1960 when the Mainframe and mini computer companies like IBM introduced to the industry
b. Use of computers in this period aimed to increase work efficiency
c. Organization needs the most time on the computer when it is back to the administration office, mainly related to accounting and finance.
d. Mainframe ability to perform complex calculations used to help companies complete the problem-technical operational problem, such as simulation-simulation calculations on the mining and manufacturing industries.
2. ERA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
a. In the early 1970's, technology, PC or Personal Computer was introduced as an alternative start of a mini computer
b. Use computers in the company not only to improve efficiency, but more of a process to support a more effective workplace
c. Unlike in the era of computerization where computers are only the personal property division EDP (Electronic Data Processing) company, in this era of both individuals in the organization can take advantage of computer sophistication, such as to prepare a database, spreadsheet, and data processing (end-user computing)
d. In the era of the computer enters this new phase, namely as a facility that can provide competitive advantage for companies, especially those engaged in the service or services.
e. Theories of modern management organization started intensively introduced in the early 1980s. One theory of the most learned and applied is about the management changes (change management)
h. Almost all the theoretical framework of change management emphasized the importance of information technology as one of the main components that must be considered by companies that want to win in business competition
i. At this era of emphasis is that more information systems, where computer and information technology is a component of the system
3. ERA MANAGEMENT CHANGES
a. The key to the success of companies in the era of 1980s is the creation and control of information quickly and accurately
b. Informasilah of the company that has a competitive advantage in the macro environment
c. It is clear in the new format of competition, the role of computers and information technology, which combined with other components such as processes, procedures, organizational structure, human resources, corporate culture, management, and other related components, in the form of better information systems, is one of the the success of the company's key strategic
d. Era in the 1980s until the early 1990s many companies that make BPR (Business Process Reengineering), re-strukturisasi, implementation of ISO-9000, TQM implementation, installation and use of corporate information systems (SAP, Oracle, BAAN) , and others.
4. Era of globalization INFORMATION
a. Early 1990s the Internet began to be introduced to the industry
b. Application of technologies such as LAN, WAN, GlobalNet, Intranet, Internet, Ekstranet, the day the more evenly and be entrenched in the community
c. There is no country that is able to prevent mengalirnya information from or to foreign countries, because of restrictions between countries is not known in the virtual world of computer
d. Through the virtual world of computer, someone can find customers in the whole society of the world connected to the Internet network.
e. Difficult to count the amount of money or investment that flows freely through the Internet network.
f. Trade transactions can easily be done in cyberspace through electronic transaction with the practice's electronic money
g. With the look of this, clearly visible akan needs new information technology that is suitable for the company, the technology is capable of adaptive change.
h. Practitioners of the challenges ahead with the products, application-based objects, such as oop (Object Oriented Programming), OODBMS (Object Oriented Database Management System), Object Technology, Distributed Object, and so forth.

The development of Internet technology
Initially, the Internet is a computer network that was established by the Department of Defense in the United States in 1969, through the ARPA project called ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network). Destination dibangunnya initial project is for the military. At that time the United States Department of Defense (U.S. Department of Defense) to create a computer network system is connected with the computer in areas vital to overcome the problem occurs when the nuclear attack and to avoid the occurrence of the information center, which happens when the war can easily destroyed.
In the beginning, the ARPANET only 3 sites are the Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, where they form a single integrated network in the year 1969, and in general ARPANET introduced in October 1972. Not long after this project is growing rapidly in all areas, and all universities in the country to join.
Internet (inter-network) is a network computer that is connected in some series of computers that use TCP / IP protocol as the exchange of data packets (packet switching communication protocol). Each network computer connected to the internet in the form of an identity has IP.Alamat IP address is a unique name (single or only one course in each of the Internet). example IP address: 202.110.6.212
Companies or agencies that hold the Internet connection services referred to as the ISP (internet service provider) or also referred to as ISPs (Internet service providers). ISP network have both domestic and international so that customers or users of the connection provided by the ISP can be connected to the Internet network global. Some examples of the latest technology to make Internet access: WiMAX, Wi Fi, HSDPA, CDMA, 3G, GPRS.
Computer network is a collection of some of the computers and computer equipment (printers, modems, etc.) that are connected in one kesatuan.Setiap computer, printer or peripherals connected to the network is called the node.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK LAN or a network computer that is small in one particular area (such as teachers' office, school computer lab, a bank), which is used to connect a computer with other computers, so multiple computers can exchange information or data.
MAN Metropolitan area NETWORK or can be used to connect a computer disekolah school in a neighboring city or even across town.
WIDE AREA NETWORK WAN or the embryo of terbentuknya internet that is used to overcome the tranasaksi communications and data between computers jangkawan the geographic area from a more knowledgeable on the LAN and MAN
Kinds of types of computer network topology: Bus topology (advantage: sparing and loss of the cable: the error can not be detected with either) topology tokenring (advantage: sparing the loss kabeldan: error sensitive, so if there is a node in the interference caused terganggunya entire network) topology star (advantage: the most flexible and losses: the needs of most cable / spendthrift.
Elements of the computer on the network: Hardware / hardware, Software / software, Ethernet, network topology, protocol TCP / IP.
A. Intalasi Intranet Network: IP Address, Computer Configuration and workgroup name, Network Connection in the ever created.
B. Intalasi Internet Connection
C. Internet Sharing
D. Automatic IP address configuration

Development of Advanced
In 1989, Timothy Berners-Lee, a computer expert from the UK created the World Wide Web is a kind of program that allows voice, images, movies, music, shown in the internet. Because this is the invention of the internet to become more attractive appearance and very varied. Now the Internet has achieved this growth, far from the beginning of the first penemuannya.
Operate with its own Internet protocol on the transfer of data between the series. Protocols were formed based on the discussion Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which is open to the public. This body issued a document known as RFC (Request for Comments). Protocols that are often used such as, IP, TCP, POP3 SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, Telnet, FTP, LDAP, and SSL.
Some of the popular services on the Internet using the protocol above, is to email / electronic mail, Usenet, Newsgroups, communion file (File Sharing), WWW (World Wide Web), Gopher, session access (Session Access), WAIS, finger, IRC, MUD, and MUSH. In between all this, email and World Wide Web is used more often, and more services are built berdasarkannya, such as mailing lists (Mailing List) and Weblog.
Internet service allows the current (real-time service), such as web radio, and webcast, which can be accessed around the world. In addition, through the internet for possible berkonikasi directly between two or more users through an instant messaging program like Camfrog, Pidgin (Gaim), Trilian, Kopete, Yahoo! Messenger, MSN Messenger and Windows Live Messenger.

Development in Indonesia
History of the Internet began in Indonesia early 1990s. in 1994 there are two Internet Service Provider (ISP) (Science & Technology and IndoNet-NET) with a total speed to Internet is 128Kbps. As the implementation of packet radio network using a simple 1200bps even use the walkie talkie part of the inter-university, especially in Bandung & Jakarta in 1992 that originally dimotori by BPPT (Science & Technology-NET), UI, ITB & eight.
Since 1996, development of telecommunication infrastructure terpacu appear with the needs associated with the Internet 19 cities in the network Frame Relay 2Mbps owned PT. Lintasarta Aplikanusa and more than 40 cities on the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) owned by PT 2Mbps. Telekomunikasi Indonesia

Development Impact
Number of Internet users is large and growing, have to realize the Internet culture. Internet also has a large influence on the science, and views the world. Berpandukan with only a search engine such as Google, users around the world have internet access that is easily over a variety of information. Compared with books and libraries, the Internet represents the distribution of (Decentralization) / knowledge (knowledge) of information and data in the extreme.
Development of the Internet has also affected economic development. Many of sale and purchase transactions that previously could only be done with the face (and some very small by post or telephone), is now very easy and often done through the Internet. Transactions via the Internet is known by the name of eCommerce. Associated with the government, the Internet also trigger the growth of transparency in governance through the implementation of e-government
Internet is also increasingly used in public places. Some public places that provide internet services including the library, and internet cafe / cafe (also called Cyber Cafe). There is also a common center, which provides internet access, such as Internet Kiosk, Public access terminals, and web phone. There are also shops that provide wi-fi access, such as Wifi-cafe. Users only need to bring a laptop (notebook), or PDAs, which have the ability to get wifi internet access

WARSHIP

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Sun, 12 Apr 2009 07:56:16 PDT

The modern warship is an excellent example wherein sophisticated engineering disciplines are appropriately interlinked for the purpose of making the warship a formidable force both in its defensive and offensive roles. The primary role of warship is to detect the enemy and destroy it. The enemy could be in the air, on the surface and underwater.

The enemy targets in the air and on the surface are detected by a radar. The radar is a divice where in electromagnetic energy is sent out at regular intervals and reflected energy from te target is received. From the time of receiving the reflected energy an estimation of the target range can be made out and from the rotation of the radar aerial bearing information can be obtained.

The radar information of the target, such as the range, bearing, range rate, bearing rate, etc., are sent to a computer with the help of which the future position of the target is calculated. Interlinking between the radar units and the computer units forms a complex intergration. The future position signal of the target coming out of the computer are fed to the hydraulic units (via the digital to analog converter), which move guns or missiles as the case may be.

A knowledge of fluid mechanics and hydraulic engineering assumes a major role in deciding the accurate matching between the computer output and the hydraulic units. The study of loading and firing mechanisms in a gun or missile involves a knowledge of the theory of mechanics and machines.

Similarly, the detection of an enemy target underwater is done with the help of a sonar. Sound energy is produced with the help of magnetostriction and piezoelectric effects. Complex and sophisticated signal processing techniques are used to fish out a real acho from noise and other spurious signals. Manipulations are done on the real echo to decide the range, bearing, range rate, bearing rate of the target.

The information about the target is passed on to a sonar computer. The sonar computer along with the various sonar displays is employed to find out the future position of the enemy underwater target. The information regarding the future position is continuously passed on to underwater attack weaponswhich are moved by the hydraulic units.

In all this underwater detection and attack process , the role of electronics piezoelectric effect, signal processing and filtering techniques, computer, hydraulic units, control engineering are clearly evident. But for a thorough and complex integration of various engineering disciplines, a modern warship would be unable to play the role assigned to it.

TIMBULNYA GERAKAN REFORMASI 1998 DI INDONESIA

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Wed, 25 Mar 2009 05:26:55 PDT

Copyright © B. R. Pudya, Ganesha Study Club
http://pelitabaraapi.blogspot.com/

Reformasi merupakan suatu gerakan yang menghendaki adanya perubahan kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara ke arah yang lebih baik secara konstitusional. Artinya, adanya perubahan kehidupan dalam bidang politik, ekonomi, hukum, sosial, dan budaya yang lebih baik, demokratis berdasarkan prinsip kebebasan, persamaan, dan persaudaraan.
Gerakan reformasi lahir sebagai jawaban atas krisis yang melanda berbagai segi kehidupan. Krisis politik, ekonomi, hukum, dan krisis sosial merupakan faktorfaktor yang mendorong lahirnya gerakan reformasi. Bahkan, krisis kepercayaan telah menjadi salah satu indikator yang menentukan. Reformasi dipandang sebagai gerakan yang tidak boleh ditawar-tawar lagi dan karena itu, hampir seluruh rakyat Indonesia mendukung sepenuhnya gerakan reformasi tersebut.

PERAN MAHASISWA INDONESIA DI MASA REFORMASI

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Wed, 25 Mar 2009 05:21:52 PDT

Copyright © B. R. Pudya, Ganesha Study Club
http://pelitabaraapi.blogspot.com/

Orde Baru dalam perjalanan sejarahnya, telah berupaya melakukan pembangunan berencana bagi rakyat Indonesia khususnya antara tahun 1970-an hingga pertengahan tahun 1980-an. Yang dilakukan pertama kali adalah melakukan pembangunan secara kolosal dan dibiayai oleh negara, pasalnya karena rakyat memang tidak berdaya. Tujuan pemerintah adalah membangun kekuatan dari rakyat dan kelak menyerahkan kekuatan tersebut kepada rakyat dan rakyat membangun dengan mandiri.

INDONESIA DI MASA GLOBALISASI

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Thu, 19 Mar 2009 08:29:27 PDT

INDONESIA DI MASA GLOBALISASI
copy right: baraapi

A. Globalisasi dan latar belakangnya.

Kata "globalisasi" diambil dari kata globe (bola dunis) menjadi global yang berarti ‘mendunia’. Globalisasi menggambarkan, bahwa warga dunia semakin menyatu. Mereka memiliki pola hubungan yang semakin erat. Kehidupan dunia seperti itu digambarkan sebagai desa yang mengglobal (global village). Dengan globalisasi seluruh bangsa dan negara di dunia semakin terikat satu sama lain, mewujudkan suatu tatanan kehidupan baru dengan menyingkirkan batas-batas geografis, ekonomi, dan budaya masyarakat.

Globalisasi mempunyai ciri-ciri sebagai berikut: adanya perubahan dalam konsep ruang dan waktu, pasar dan produksi di negara-negara yang berbeda menjadi saling tergantung, peningkatan interaksi budaya melalui perkembangan media massa, dan peningkatan masalah bersama.

Sekarang ini kita sudah berada dalam era globalisasi, tentu saja kita tidak akan dapat melepaskan diri dari globalisasi ini. Sudah barang tentu globalisasi ini akan berdampak terhadap kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara. Dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat yaitu kehidupan yang ada dalam masyarakat dilihat dari pekerjaan seseorang (guru, pegawai, petani) maupun dilihat dari tempat tinggal yang berbeda (desa atau kota). Dalam kehidupan berbangsa tentu dilihat dari unsur yang paling kecil yaitu keluarga, suku bangsa dan bangsa. Dan kehidupan bernegara yang meliputi aspek-aspek kenegaraan (infra struktur dan supra struktur).

Peristiwa-peristiwa dalam sejarah dunia yang meningkatkan proses globalisasi antara lain adalah:
1. Ekspansi Eropa dengan navigasi dan perdagangan.
2. Revolusi industri yang mendorong pencarian pasaran hasil industri.
3. Pertumbuhan kolonialisme dan imperialisme.
4. Pertumbuhan kapitalisme.
5. Pada masa pasca Perang Dunia II meningkatlah telekomunikasi serta transportasi mesin jet.

B. Persoalan utama menghadapi perkembangan di era globalisasi.

Sebuah kelompok kerja yang dibentuk oleh PBB pada tahun 2004 lalu, yang diberi nama Millenium Project telah mendeskripsikan 10 (sepuluh) tantangan bagi umat manusia pada abad 21.Kesepuluh tantangan yang diberikan pada tabel 1 itu memiliki dua sifat yaitu:
1. Adanya unsur interrelasi yang sangat kuat, artinya kesepuluh tantangan itu, sangat berpautan erat antara satu Negara dengan beberapa negara lain. Meskipun tantangan-tantangan itu pada mulanya dijumpai hanya di satu atau beberapa negara akan tetapi lambat laun akan terjadi di seluruh negara di berbagai belahan bumi. Apalagi dengan kemajuan teknologi transportasi dan teknologi telekomunikasi dan informasi yang telah menyebabkan interaksi antar manusia baik secara nyata maupun maya semakin meningkat, maka penyebaran dari kesepuluh tantangan itu diperkirakan akan semakin cepat. Sebagai misal, kemajuan teknologi transportasi yang mempermudah interaksi antar manusia akan meningkatkan maraknya epidemi berupa wabah penyakit serta memfasilitasi peningkatan kejahatan lintas negara dalam berbagai bentuknya.

2. Adanya keterjangkauan berskala global (global coverage), artinya kesepuluh masalah itu, dapat menyebar ke seluruh dunia, dan memberikan dampak yang juga berskala dunia/global. Harus diakui bahwa kemajuan teknologi informasi, telekomunikasi, dan transportasi berperan besar untuk mendiseminasikan kesepuluh tantangan itu ke berbagai belahan bumi.

Dengan adanya dua sifat itu, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa gejala keterhubungan (interconnectedness) antara kesepuluh tantangan di atas dengan hubungan antar bangsa telah semakin meningkat, dan hal itu sebenarnya adalah sebuah konsekuensi logis dari globalisasi yang memang pada akhirnya akan membawa manusia untuk menjadi semakin mudah dan semakin sering berinteraksi.

Namun di pihak lain, sifat jangkauan global dan dampak globalnya juga harus diwaspadai. Dalam dunia yang semakin mengglobal dan diperkirakan akan terus mengglobal di abad-abad berikutnya, maka berbagai masalah yang diawali pada suatu lokasi di belahan bumi tertentu dapat memberikan dampaknya ke seluruh planet bumi dan bahkan bagi seluruh umat manusia. Oleh karena itu, maka budaya peradaban di era globalisasi sekarang ini harus diarahkan pada suatu asas komplementasi (complementary thinking) atau pola pikir untuk saling melengkapi. Sepuluh Tantangan Peradaban di Abad ke-21sebagai berikut:

1. Jumlah penduduk yang semakin meningkat;
Penduduk bumi saat ini meningkat sebesar rata-rata 1,6% per tahun, di tahun 2030 diproyeksikan ada 10 milyar manusia. Tantangan terbesar adalah pada ketersediaan makanan, air bersih dan layanan kesehatan

2. Perbedaan standar hidup yang semakin ekstrim;
Jurang pemisah (gap) antara negara kaya dan negara miskin semakin lebar, dan berpotensi pada masalah imigrasi antar negara berikut berbagai tantangannya.

3. Ancaman pandemi dan penyakit menular;
Berbagai ekses dari kemajuan industri, pengaruh perubahan iklim serta meningkatnya interaksi antar manusia telah mengakibatkan berkembang biaknya pandemi penyakit baru seperti flu burung, ebola, HIV/AIDS, dan sebagainya.

4. Peran masyarakat dalam pengambilan keputusan;
Prinsip demokrasi telah semakin menunjukkan perannya yang semakin dominan di berbagai negara. Masyarakat umum semakin memperoleh akses pada kekuasaan untuk turut menentukan jalannya pemerintahan.

5. Gejala aksi terorisme;
Usai Perang Dingin (1965-1985) dan runtuhnya Uni Soviet telah menjadikan konstelasi dunia menjadi Unipolar. Meskipun demikian pasca 9 September 2001 berbagai aksi terorisme nampak semakin menggejala di berbagai belahan bumi.

6. Hubungan terbalik (adverse interrelation) antara industrialisasi, pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kualitas lingkungan;
Data dari World Trade Organization tahun 1995 menyatakan bahwa volume perdagangan dunia meningkat 300% di dua decade terakhir. Namun di balik itu, Konferensi PBB di Rio de Janeiro tahun 1997 menyepakati bahwa ada keterkaitan erat antara derap industrialisasi, pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan degradasi kualitas lingkungan hidup.

7. Konflik rasial, etnis, dan religi;
Sejalan dengan semakin meningkatnya interaksi antar manusia dan meningkatnya kebebasan berpikir (freedom of faith and thinking), maka di berbagai tempat ditengarai telah terjadi peningkatan konflik karena isu rasial, isu etnis, maupun isu religius.

8. Pengarus-utamaan gender;
Peran wanita di berbagai bidang sekarang ini semakin meningkat dengan adanya pendidikan yang semakin baik. Di beberapa negara, khususnya negara berkembang, pergeseran peran wanita ini telah mendorong perubahan-perubahan sosial berikut berbagai pengaruhnya.

9. Kejahatan terorganisir;
Kejahatan terorganisir apalagi yang bersifat lintas negara atau transnational-crime saat ini telah semakin menggejala dan bahkan cenderung semakin mengglobal.

10. Ketersediaan energi;
Kemajuan peradaban umat manusia dibarengi dengan kebutuhan konsumsi energi yang semakin besar. Hal ini menuntut adanya upaya konversi maupun konservasi energi serta penemuan energi terbarukan. Permasalahan menjadi semakin kompleks karena sebagian dari sumber energi baru (misalnya energi nabati) ternyata juga merupakan bahan baku untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan pangan.

Jika dilihat dari kacamata yang positif, maka globalisasi akan mempunyai dampak yang menyenangkan, karena dengan globalisasi di bidang ekonomi, orang akan secara mudah memperoleh barang konsumtif yang dibutuhkan, membuka lapangan kerja bagi yang memiliki keterampilan, dapat mempermudah proses pembangunan industri, juga dapat mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional.

Di dalam era globalisasi sifat rasa kedaerahan, corak kebangsaan tidak lagi secara dominan dapat ditonjolkan, dunia seolah-olah makin akrapm suatu bangsa tidak lagi merasa asing bila berada di suatu tempat bangsa lain, pakaian, makanan, dan bahkan bahasa tidak lagi menentukan identitas suatu bangsa. Pada saat ini hal itu baru merupakan kecendrungan-kecendrungan yang kelihatannya semakin nyata telah menanmpakkan sosok yang global, sosok yang mendunia.

Era globalisasi terjadi arus lalu—lintas perjalanan bangsa-bangsa dari satu negeri samgat maju, karena adanya system tranportasi dan sikap penerimaan dari bangsa-bangsa yang dituju. Kemudahan transportasi dan sikap penerimaan ini ditunjang oleh keadaan yang makin mantap dan pelayanan yang semakin memuaskan.

Demikian pula masing-masing Negara yang ada di dunia meningkatkan dan menggalakkan pariwisata, disamping skap masing-masing bangsa yang suka mengadakan kunjungan atau tour ke manca Negara secara terencana. Misalnya saja, pada masa-masa sebelumnya bangsa kita adalah bangsa yang belum tourist minded, artinya berkunjung keluar negeri itu bukan suatu gaya hidup, tetapi sekarang, bagi mereka yang mampu, bepergian ke luar negeri itu memang sudah menjadi suatu rencana, sudah diarahkan.

Lalu lintas kunjungan inilah yang membuat masing-masing negara menyiapkan suatu yang sesuai dengan keadaan Negara yang mengunjungi, sehingga makanan, pakaian apa yang ada di Jepang sudah pasti ada di Flipina, begitu juga apa yang ada di Amerika sudah pasti ada restoran-restoran Indonesia dan sebaliknya. Mobilitas antar bangsa sangat tinggi.
Di bidang transportasi nantinya diperkirakan tidak akan ada lagi alat transportasi yang menggunakan bahan bakar seperti sekarang ini. Hal ini disebabkan terbatasnya cadangan bahan bakar yang ada di bumi. Sehingga pada tahun tersebut diperkirakan akan muncul suatu alat transportasi berbahan bakar tenaga surya. Ini jelas sangat menguntungkan, karena selain menghemat sumber daya yang telah disediakan oleh alam, juga menghemat biaya pengeluaran untuk memebeli bahan baker

Di era globalisasi perkembangan teknologi sudah maju dengan sangat pesat. Hal ini tentunya sangat membantu manusia dalam melakukan kegiatannya sehari-hari. Semakin hari kebutuhan manusia akan barang dan jasa, terus semakin meningkat dan bervariasi. Untuk itu diciptakanlah benda-benda baru yang mampu mengimbangi kebutuhan manusia yang semakin kompleks dan bervariasi. Pada perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, diperkirakan akan muncul benda-benda baru yang menduduki fungsi dari benda yang terdahulu dengan fungsi yang lebih bervariasi tentunya.
Kemampuan-kemampuan yang ditawarkan teknologi komunikasi misalnya dapat memberikan kenyamanan bagi kelangsungan transaksi bisnis. Dalam bidang pendidikan, kemajuan teknologi komunikasi dan informasi telah memberikan kesempatan yang amat luas bagi masyarakat untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan. Dengan teknologi komunikasi dan informasi memungkinkan orang belajar dengan sistem jarak jauh atau belajar dengan bantuan komputer.

.
KESIMPULAN

Globalisasi yang merupakan suatu proses tatanan masyarakat yan bersifat mendunia dan tidak mengenal batas wilayah, akan memberikan dampak baik yang bersifat positif maupun yang bersifat negatif. Semua aspek kehidupan baik ekonomi, politik, sosial budaya maupun hankam akan terkena dampaknya. Menghindar atau bersifat tertutup dari dampak globalisasi adalah menjadi tidak mungkin, karena kita adalah bagian dari masyarakat dunia.

Untuk itu kita harus mempunyai sikap dalam menghadapi globalisasi, sehingga kita tidak terhanyut dalam menghadapi dampak globalisasi yang bersifat negatif. Menanamkan jiwa nasionalisme dan patriotisme masih sangat diperlukan untuk seluruh bangsa Indonesia, sehingga kita lebih siap dalam menghadapi globalisasi

Kerjasama dengan bangsa lain di dunia dilakukan dengan prinsip saling menghormati dan bersifat bebas dan aktif. Dengan demikian bangsa Indonesia akan mampu bersaing secara sehat dengan bangsa lainnya di muka bumi dan mewujudkan tujuan nasionalnya dengan baik.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Sudarsono Agus, Sugiharsono, dkk. . Contextual Teaching and Learning Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial IX. --Jakarta: Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2008

2. Sugeng Priyanto A.T, Harun Djaenudin, dkk. Contextual Teaching and Learning Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan: Sekolah Menengah Pertama/Madrasah Tsanawiyah Kelas IX Edisi 4. Jakarta: Pusat Perbukuan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2008.

3. BSE, http:// invircom.com

4. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, http://www.setneg.go.id, 2009.

EDUCATION

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Thu, 12 Mar 2009 05:40:33 PDT

Pendidikan (education) merupakan sesuatu yang wajib kita peroleh dan kita tempuh. Dengan pendidikan kita akan dapat meraih masa depan dengan lebih baik. Dan pendidikan pula yang dapat membuat kita berpikir dan bertindak bijaksana dalam menyelesaikan/menghadapi persoalan hidup. Pendidikan dapat kita peroleh dari:
1. Lingkungan keluarga, di dalam keluarga kita akan memperoleh pendidikan dasar (etika, sopan-santun, tata krama, dll)yang akan menjadiperilaku kita di dalam masyarakat
2. Lingkungan masyarakat, pergaulan kita dengan masyarakat di sekitar kita sangat mempengaruhi pola berpikir dan tindak tanduk kita sehari-hari. Di sini tidak dianjurkan memilih dengan siapa kita bergaul, tetapi kita wajib memilah-milahnya
3. Lingkungan akademik,di lingkungan akademik seperti sekolah, kita akan memperoleh ilmu pengetahuan yang dapat kita jadikan bekal di masa yang akan datang.

WAJIB BELAJAR
Wajib belajar merupakan program pemerintah yang bertujuan untuk mencerdaskan bangsa khususnya generasi muda yang akan menjadi pemimpin bangsa di masa mendatang. Belajar di sekolah sepertinya masih menjadi sesuatu yang membosankan bagi anak-anak kita, adalah menjadi tugas kita untuk menyadarkan dan memberikan motivasi belajar kepada anak-anak kita.
sejak dari dulu mata pelajaran matematika di sekolah masih menjadi momok yang menakutkan bagi anak-anak kita. Di jaman internet ini masih banyak siswa, orangtua dan guru yang buta akan komputer, padahal kita akan banyak sekali mandapatkan mafaat dari internet seperti mengunduh/download soal-soal latiahan dan buku-buku pelajaran di internet.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/13207213/Fisikawan-Dunia

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Thu, 12 Mar 2009 05:43:14 PDT

Nicolaus Copernicus (nama Polandianya: Mikolaj Kopernik), dilahirkan tahun 1473 di kota Torun di tepi sungai Vistula, Polandia. Dia berasal dari keluarga berada. Sebagai anak muda belia, Copernicus belajar di Universitas Cracow, selaku murid yang menaruh minat besar terhadap ihwal ilmu perbintangan.
Pada usia dua puluhan dia pergi melawat ke Italia, belajar kedokteran dan hukum di Universitas Bologna dan Padua yang kemudian dapat gelar Doktor dalam hukum gerejani dari Universitas Ferrara. Copernicus menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya tatkala dewasa selaku staf pegawai Katedral di Frauenburg (istilah Polandia: Frombork), selaku ahli hukum gerejani yang sesungguhnya Copernicus tak pernah jadi astronom profesional, kerja besarnya yang membikin namanya melangit hanyalah berkat kerja sambilan.
Selama berada di Italia, Copernicus sudah berkenalan dengan ide-ide filosof Yunani Aristarchus dari Samos (abad ke-13 SM). Filosof ini berpendapat bahwa bumi dan planit-planit lain berputar mengitari matahari. Copernicus jadi yakin atas kebenaran hipotesa “heliocentris” ini, dan tatkala dia menginjak usia empat puluh tahun dia mulai mengedarkan buah tulisannya diantara teman-temannya dalam bentuk tulisan-tulisan ringkas, mengedepankan cikal bakal gagasannya sendiri tentang masalah itu. Copernicus memerlukan waktu bertahun-tahun melakukan pengamatan, perhitungan cermat yang diperlukan untuk penyusunan buku besarnya De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (Tentang Revolusi Bulatan Benda-benda Langit), yang melukiskan teorinya secara terperinci dan mengedepankan pembuktian-pembuktiannya.
Di tahun 1533, tatkala usianya menginjak enam puluh tahun, Copernicus mengirim berkas catatan-catatan ceramahnya ke Roma. Di situ dia mengemukakan prinsip-prinsip pokok teorinya tanpa mengakibatkan ketidaksetujuan Paus. Baru tatkala umurnya sudah mendekati tujuh puluhan, Copernicus memutuskan penerbitan bukunya, dan baru tepat pada saat meninggalnya dia dikirimi buku cetakan pertamanya dari si penerbit. Ini tanggal 24 Mei 1543.
Dalam buku itu Copernicus dengan tepat mengatakan bahwa bumi berputar pada porosnya, bahwa bulan berputar mengelilingi matahari dan bumi, serta planet-planet lain semuanya berputar mengelilingi matahari. Tapi, seperti halnya para pendahulunya, dia membuat perhitungan yang serampangan mengenai skala peredaran planet mengelilingi matahari. Juga, dia membuat kekeliruan besar karena dia yakin betul bahwa orbit mengandung lingkaran-lingkaran. Jadi, bukan saja teori ini ruwet secara matematik, tapi juga tidak betul. Meski begitu, bukunya lekas mendapat perhatian besar. Para astronom lain pun tergugah, terutama astronom berkebangsaan Denmark, Tycho Brahe, yang melakukan pengamatan lebih teliti dan tepat terhadap gerakan-gerakan planet. Dari data-data hasil pengamatan inilah yang membikin Johannes Kepler akhirnya mampu merumuskan hukum-hukum gerak planet yang tepat.
Dengan demikian, teori Copernicus telah merevolusionerkan konsep kita tentang angkasa luar dan sekaligus sudah merombak pandangan filosofis kita. Namun, dalam hal penilaian mengenai arti penting Copernicus, haruslah diingat bahwa astronomi tidaklah mempunyai jangkauan jauh dalam penggunaan praktis sehari-hari seperti halnya fisika kimia dan biologi. Buku Copernicus punya makna yang tampaknya tak memungkinkan baik Galileo maupun Kepler menyelesaikan kerja ilmiahnya. Mereka semua adalah pendahulu-pendahulu yang penting dan menentukan bagi Newton, dan penemuan merekalah yang membikin kemungkinan bagi Newton merumuskan hukum-hukum gerak dan gaya beratnya. Secara historis, penerbitan De Revolutionobus Orbium Coelestium merupakan titik tolak astronomi modern. Lebih dari itu, merupakan titik tolak pengetahuan modern.

GAS BILL

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Fri, 27 Feb 2009 09:17:35 PST

Slash your - GAS BILL – Now
New Enviromentally safe Fuel reduction PILL
Contact person for Q & A: Dan Barnett 866-549-1587

Since BioPerformance, Inc. based in Dallas, TX went LIVE at 8 PM (CST) on Thursday, December 8, over 1,400 people have enrolled, 412 people will be receiving their first commission check and $246,469.00 in commissions have already been earned!! According to many Industry professionals BioPerformance has set new records in the Network Marketing Industry! Also, December is normally the lowest month of sales in most Network Marketing companies, but BioPerformance projects to do $1 Million in sales within its first 30 days in business.

BioPerformance Inc. has introduced their exclusive product, BioPerformance Fuel. This product can give consumers up to 35% or more savings on fuel. The company does not in any way guarantee anyone any income, and it doesn"t guarantee anyone any results using the product. If you so desire, people can simply use the product and see first-hand what kind of results they will get. The same is true with building a business with BioPerformance, Inc. Any and all testimonies are not intended directly or indirectly to guarantee you in any way with similar savings. The testimonies have not been proven in any way by BioPerformance, Inc. to be true, because they are simply people sharing their results from using BioPerformance Fuel. The testimonies are valuable replies from your fellow Americans. Each reply is believed to be true in its content. These stories are not backed by independent research, so you must evaluate them for yourself and then let BioPerformance hear your own story.

The mission of BioPerformance, Inc. is to reduce pollution, conserve fuel, reduce the demand for fuel, therefore reducing the price of fuel and create 1,000 millionaires. BioPerformance, Inc. has exclusive rights on its product in the USA. Their web site is www.car-pills.mybpbiz.com. In accordance with American Legislation, this product is registered with the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY of the Federal Government of the United States of America. EPA 40-CFR 79.23 NO. 1932-0001. Registration of this product does not constitute endorsement, certification, or approval by any agency of the United States.

To participate in BioPerformance and/or purchase its product, you must contact an Independent Business Owner, which currently totals over 1,400 people. BioPerformance, Inc. has already shipped product to people in every state in America, including Alaska and Hawaii. The company projects to do over $1 Million in business within their first 30 days. BioPerformance"s first week of sales, incalculable market potential and extremely bright future is impressive to anyone.

Biogas energi altrnatif di masa depan

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Fri, 27 Feb 2009 09:15:38 PST

Biogas energi altrnatif di masa depan
Copyright © B. R. Pudya, Ganesha Study Club
http://systems-baraapi.blogspot.com/

Selama ini limbah organic yang dihasilkan dari peternakan, pertanian dan pengolahan hasil industri pertanian masih disepelekan. Bahkan seringkali dituduh sebagai penyebab bau dan pencemaran lingkungan tanpa dicari solusi untuk mengatasinya.

Limbah organic tersebut ternyata merupakan salah satu sumber energi alternative yang sangat potensial untuk di kembangkan. Jika limbah organic tersebut diolah menjadi biogas akan sangat membantu pemerintah dlam mengatasi kelangkaan energi seperti gas, minyak tanah dan listrik.

Biogas merupakan gas yang dihasilkan melalui proses penguraian bahan organic oleh mikro-organisme pada kondisi anaerob ( langka oksigen). Dalam keadaan hangat, basah dan kekurangan udara, bakteri akan mencerna sembarang bahan / sampah organic, dan menghasilkan gas methane (CH4) yang sangat mudah terbakar.

Biogas merupakan campuran gas methane(CH4) dengan carbondioksida (CO2) dengan perbandingan 13 : 7. Biogas ini jika terbakar dapat menghasilkan panas yang cukup tinggi, cepat daya nyalanya, tidak berbau, apinya berwarna biru dan tak berasap jika dibakar.

Biogester merupakan alat untuk mengolah limbah organic menjadi biogas. Dalam bukunya Bu xuan an mengatakan; manfaat lain dari biogester antara lain; dapat menurunkan bau kotoran dan mengurangi asap pembakaran bila menggunakan kayu baker. Dan yang tak kalah pentingnya biogester mampu mengurangi bakteri yang berbahaya bagi manusia, seperti kita ketahui bahwasannya bakteri dapat hidup pada kotoran ternak dan sampah yang tertimbun.

Dari hasil penelitian beberapa ahli ternyata biogas memiliki potensi ekonomi yang sangat besar . 1 m3 biogas tenyata setara dengan 0,46 kg gas elpiji; 0,62 liter minyak tanah; 0,8 liter bensin; 0,52 liter solar dan 3, 5 kg kayu bakar. Dan disamping itu pupuk kandang yang dihasilkan dari sisa / ampas proses produksi biogas mempunyai nilai ekonomis yang tidak kecil, yang berguna untuk meningkatkan kesuburan tanah pertanian.

MAKE MONEY ONLINE

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 09:48:44 PDT

PayPal is the safer, easier way to pay and get paid online. The service allows anyone to pay in any way they prefer, including through credit cards, bank accounts, buyer credit or account balances, without sharing financial information.

PayPal has quickly become a global leader in online payment solutions with more than 153 million accounts worldwide. Available in 190 markets and 18 currencies around the world, PayPal enables global ecommerce by making payments possible across different locations, currencies, and languages.

PayPal has received more than 20 awards for excellence from the internet industry and the business community -most recently the 2006 Webby Award for Best Financial Services Site and the 2006 Webby People's Voice Award for Best Financial Services Site.

Located in San Jose, California, PayPal was founded in 1998 and was acquired by eBay in 2002.
Copyright © 1999-2009 PayPal. All rights reserved.
Consumer advisory- PayPal Pte. Ltd., the holder of PayPal's stored value
facility, does not require the approval of the Monetary Authority of Singapore.
Users are advised to read the terms and conditions carefully.
https://www.paypal.com/id/mrb/pal=BVPGV855ZU4S4

AW surveys

AW surveys adalah BUKAN web gratisan, jadi kita juga usaha, kerjanya apa sih ???
* Kita dibayar atas pendapat/penilaian yang kita berikan terhadap suatu website yang diberikan. Dengan kata lain website tersebut membayar ke AW Surveys dan kita dibayar oleh AW Surveys. Hal semacam ini sudah biasa di negara-negara maju. Perusahaan ingin membenahi pelayanan kepada konsumennya.
* Rata-rata per bulan ada 8 buah website yang perlu kita nilai/review/survey. Setiap pendapat kita dibayar $ 4. jadi dalam sebulan kita bisa mendapat $ 4 x 8 = $ 32. ditambah $1,25 jika kita mengajak orang lain + $ 6 saat pertama kali kita daftar.

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1. tidak boleh mendaftar pada affiliate diri sendiri
2. tidak boleh berbuat fraud/membuat data palsu
3. isian formulir/survei yang kita isi akan direview ulang sebelum dibayar, apakah layak atau tidak.

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STORE ONLINE

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Fri, 27 Feb 2009 08:58:16 PST

Amazon.com Associates Program
baraapi

You'll receive another email from us officially welcoming you to the Program once we've reviewed your Web site. You have been granted full access to Associates Central--the online resource area for Amazon.com Associates. It provides a complete range of features for exclusive use by our Associates. You may log in to Associates Central 24-hours a day to:
Build new links
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Get the latest news about what's new at Amazon.com
Learn how to increase referral fees
Please bookmark this page for future reference
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5 Day Cash Machine Review

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Sun, 22 Feb 2009 10:35:18 PST

5 Day Cash Machine Review

If you've been thinking about buying the new 5 Day Cash Machine course, this review will help you decide if it's really for you...

The course is all about using Liz Tomey's (an affiliate marketing expert) proven system that she has used for years to create an autopilot affiliate income...

Becoming an affiliate marketer is a dream of many because of all the benefits. You can work from anywhere, you don't have to deal with customer support, you don't have to create products, and on and on.

It seems though everywhere you turn there is some product promising you hundreds of thousands of dollars in affiliate profits. Most of this is mis-information and just rehashed information. The truth here is this...

Affiliate marketing consists of finding a good product to promote that has good commissions. Then taking that product creating an offer for it, and driving traffic to that offer.

You can't make money without those four things...

The 5 Day Cash Machine covers all of this and more.

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When you sign up for the course, you'll be taken to your "learning center". Here you will find all the videos that teach you the entire 5 Day Cash System.

Along with videos, you'll also find resource documents, mind maps, and more just to make sure you really understand everything.

To go even a step further, you'll also get the advanced videos that teach you even more great ways to make money!

Nothing is left out in this step-by-step course, and to top it off, you'll even get live help from the product creator Liz Tomey.

I've never seen anyone offer this with their products. Talk about standing out there with a helping hand!

Liz will give you a lifetime membership to her Lessons With Liz site. That way you can meet with her live each month, and get the help you need. You'll be able to watch as she answers any and all questions that you have.

When you get the 5 Day Cash Machine, you can rest assured that you're getting the exact training you need to become a successful super affiliate, and you'll even get any extra help that you need.

I 110% Recommend The 5 Day Cash Machine

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4 Must Haves For Success With Autopilot Affiliate Income

Becoming an affiliate marketer is a dream of many because of all the benefits. You can work from anywhere, you don't have to deal with customer support, you don't have to create products, and on and on.

It seems though everywhere you turn there is some product promising you hundreds of thousands of dollars in affiliate profits. Most of this is mis-information and just rehashed information. The truth here is this...

Affiliate marketing consists of finding a good product to promote that has good commissions. Then taking that product creating an offer for it, and driving traffic to that offer.

You can't make money without those four things...

1. A good product
2. Good commissions
3. An offer
4. Traffic

Let's look at each of these in detail.

Let's say you are interested in gardening, and have come across some products that you love. You know they're good products, and you see they have an affiliate program that pays 40% commissions.

You just got two of the four things you need!

A good product with good commissions.

What if you don't have any idea of a good product with good commissions?

Then just do a search on any affiliate network for a subject that you are interested in, and you'll find great products with great commissions.

Now the next two things you need (An offer and traffic) is where the real struggle comes in.

An offer is simply anything you create that gets people to buy the product through your link.

This can be a blog post, an article, an ezine ad, a minisite, etc....

Creating multiple offers is actually ideal, but to get you started just create one, and then the last must have which is driving traffic.

Now once you have at least one offer created, you need to start driving traffic to it. I always use the following traffic methods...

Article marketing
Ezine advertising
Forum posting
Adwords

There are several other tactics that you can use too.

The key thing to remember here is to follow what I've just taught you here, create a plan and implement that plan. Don't try this and that. Stick to what you know and only focus on it, and autopilot affiliate success will come!

=========================================

Liz Tomey is an affiliate marketing expert specializing in teaching people easy to implement affiliate marketing systems. Her newest course "The 5 Day Cash Machine" shows you how in just 5 days you can build an affiliate income and a list you can market to over and over again. You can get more information on this course by going to http://mailorder2.5daycash.hop.clickbank.net

Super Affiliate Success Story

We all love to hear about people being successful, and I want you to take the time to read this story because you can learn a lot from it.

Internet marketing expert Liz Tomey is known as a "softy". She has a real commitment to people, and when she found one of her close friends in need, she came to the rescue, and turned a total newbie into an "insane affiliate marketing machine".

You see, Liz's close friend Michele was going through a divorce, and losing her husband's income. She knew that she couldn't pay all the bills and in turn would have to sell her house, and uproot her little boy from his "little world". All Michele really needed was a few extra grand a month to pay the bills and keep everything "normal" for her son.

Now to some of you that doesn't seem like much, but to most of you, a few extra grand a month means a lot.

So, Liz took 5 days out of her schedule and showed Michele one of her very own affiliate marketing systems that had worked for her for years.

Now Michele had never heard of affiliate marketing before. She knew how to check email and surf the Internet, but had no idea that you could make money online.

Boy was Michele shocked to find that after 5 days of implementing what Liz taught her she was able to make over $500 and get 400 new subscribers that she could make money off of time and time again.

Michele wont be worrying about bills now as she continues to make money. She'll even be quitting her job in just a few months!

With Liz's teachings, Michele has an easy to obtain income goal of $500 a day, and now Liz wants to show you how to do the same thing...

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Like Liz, I'm very proud of Michele, and hope that you will take advantage of Liz's help, and start creating your own autopilot affiliate income today...

Grab the new course from Liz, and get started right now .... http://mailorder2.5daycash.hop.clickbank.net

5 Day Cash Machines Will Show You Step-By-Step How To Create Autopilot Affiliate Income!

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Sun, 22 Feb 2009 10:26:07 PST

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socialist

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Tue, 24 Feb 2009 10:25:53 PST

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Travian adalah permainan dengan mengggunakan browser yang memberikan dunia dengan ribuan pemain lainnya. Bermula dengan memimpin sebuah desa kecil.Di tahap awal desa kecilmu hanya memiliki satu bangunan. Bagaimana cara memperluas desamu sehingga menjadi kota yang kaya dan kuat?
Terdapat empat jenis sumberdaya di travian: kayu, tanah liat, besi, dan gandum.
Sebelum kamu mulai memperluas bengunan desamu, kamu harus mengembangkan lahan sumberdayamu untuk meningkatkan suplai sumberdaya.Setelah meningkatkan suplai sumberdaya, kamu dapat mulai malakukan ekspansi desa.
Gudang dan lumbung memungkinkan untuk menyimpan banyak sumberdaya. Cranny menyembunyikan sumberdaya agar tidak dirampok oleh musuh.Kamu tidak sendirian di Travian.
Kamu akan berinteraksi dengan ribuan pemain di dunia travian. Pemain yang berada disekitarmu sangat penting. Untunglah ada peta yang memungkinkan untuk melihat sekitar.pandangan umum: Disini kamu dapat menemukan lahan sumberdaya
pusat: Disini kamu dapat membuat bangunan
peta: Disini kamu dapat mengawasi daerah sekelilingmu
statistik: Peringkat setiap pemain
Laporan:Informasi apa yang terjadi di desamu
Pesan-pesan: Kirim dan terima pesan
Sekarang kamu sudah mengetahui apa yang penting mengenai Travian. Setelah pendaftaran, kamu dapat mulai bermain!
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Use Yuwie - Get Paid!

Yuwie pays you to blog, upload pictures, refer friends, chat, hang out, etc.
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GAS FOR FUEL AND LIGHT

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Fri, 27 Feb 2009 07:00:50 PST

GAS FOR FUEL AND LIGHT

The air we breathe contains the gases oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N), and small quantities of other gases. Every gas consists of molecules of particular substance, moving rapidly about. The molecules are comparttively far apart, but they fill evenly any vessel containing them. All gases can be changed to liquids, and some even to solids, if they are cooled down enough.

The oxygen (O2) used in factories for making a very hot flame to cut and weld steel is sometimes stored and carried about the liquid state, and solid carbon dioxide (CO2), usually calleddry ice, is used for keeping ice cream cold.

The kinds of gases used in cookers and gas fire come from three sources. The first kind is made of naptha (which is a light oil); the second is made from coal, while the third is natural gas ( almost entirely methane).

Geologists belive that natural gas was produced from carboniferous, or coal bearing rocks. The gas rose into the rock holes in the sandstone, and was prevented from escaping upwards out of the sandstone by a “cap” rock, usually a from of rock salt which formed adome over the natural reservoir of gas.
Almost in big cities in the wolrd it is common practice to use for cooking. Gas reaches the houses through large underground pipes called gas mains; a smaller pipes called service pipes lead to the gas meters in each house or building. The meters records how much gas is used.

Natural gas and gas from oil has no distinctive smell, so an artificial smell is produced by adding small quantities of concentrated adorants, to enable people to detect any leak that may occur.

Accounting and Decisions

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Tue, 24 Feb 2009 10:31:14 PST

Accounting has been called “the language of business”. Perhaps a better term is “the language of financial decisions”. The better you understand the language, the better you can manage the financial aspects of living. Personal financial planning, education expenses, investment, loans, car payment, income taxes, and many other aspects of daily life are based on accounting.

A recent survey indicates that business managers believe it is more important college students to learn accounting than any other any business subject. Other surveys show that persons trained in accounting and finance make it to the top of their organizations in greater numbers than persons trained in any other field. Indeed, accouing is an important subject.

Accounting is the system that measures business activities, processes that information into reports and communicates these findings to decision makers. Financial statements are the documents that report on an individual’s or an organization’s business in monetary amounts.

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WILDLIFE CONSERVATION

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Fri, 27 Feb 2009 08:52:37 PST

WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
Copyright © B. R. Pudya, Ganesha Study Club
http://systems-baraapi.blogspot.com/

There is a reason for the deepest concern about the plight of wildlife in Indonesia. Many rare species are threatened with extinction, because of the greed of hunters game collectors.

Orangutan are rarely found in their natural habitat in the forest of Kalimantan (Borneo) and Sumatera (Andalas). But one may find them in zoos or private menageries all over in the world. Ruthess hunters kill innocent elephants for their valuable ivory tusks. Or catch them alive to perform in circuses. Tiger’s hides decorate wall and floors of rich people’s home in distance countries.

If things are allowed to continue in this way, it’s feared that very soon all wildlife will disappear from our forests fortunately. The government has now imposed strict law on hunting. Some areas are desingnated wildlife reserves where hunters can not enter. These include Ujung kulon and Pangandaran in West Java, Merubetiri in East Java, and many more in the other islands.

Sometimes ago our newspaper and TV contained reports of elephants whichhad run amok in the province of Lampung (south of Sumatera). They had emerged from their abode in the forest and destroyed crops and houses belonging to the villagers. The people could not understand, why the beasts had suddenly gone wild.

The strange thing was that the animals had not come for food, because having wrought destruction they returned to the forest. They seemed to have come only to vent their anger. As elephants are protected by law, the people could not kill any of them.

The explanation for the elephants strange behaviour is that they felt theirquiet life had been disturbed by the timber-felling projects and sawmills set up deep in the forest.

The animals felt their domain was being narrowed by men, and so they got angry. Elephants need peace and quiet for their family life. They also need vast areas of land in which to roam. They live in herds and each herd likes to have it’s own terrytory.

Now the government has driven the elephants back into the forest, away from any village or lumbermill. By shouting and shooting in the air the people drove the great beasts to a nem abode in the district of air sugihan. It’s hoped that they will feel at home there and can live in peace and quiet.

HYDROPONICS
Copyright © B. R. Pudya, Ganesha Study Club
http://systems-baraapi.blogspot.com/

Hydroponics is the term used to describe the several waysin which plants can be raised without soil.These methods, also known generally assoilless gardening include raising plantsin containers filled with water or any of other nonsoil mediums, such as rocks or bricks, and shards of cinder blocks.

There are several excellent reasons for replacing with a sterile medium. Soil borne peste and diseases are immediately eliminated, as weeds are, and the labour involved is reduced.

More important, raising plants in a nonsoil medium will allow you to grow more plants in a limited amount of space. Food crops will mature more rapidly and produce greater yields. Water and fertilizer are conserved, since they can be reused. In addition hydroponics allow you to exert greater control over your plant, to insure more uniform results.

All of this possible by the relation of a plant with its growing medium. It isn’t soil that plants need, it’s the reserves of nutrients and moisture contained in the soil, as well as the suportteh soil renders the plants. Any growing medium will give adequate support.

The methods of Hydroponic gardening developed over the past forty five years can be be divided into categories defined by the medium in which the plants grown. In water culture, the plants are grown only in water, or in a water and nutrient solution. Sand culture calls for raising plant in sterile sand, into which a water and nutrient solution is pumped. Aggregate culture replace the sand, instead of using one of materials such as gravelor vermiculite and retaining the method of pumping a water and nutrient solution into the material. Finally, there are number of experimental or unorthodox techniques.

Hydroponics units have been used to replace the conventional benches in greenhouse, soil borne pests and diseases are avoided.

POLLUTION
Copyright © B. R. Pudya, Ganesha Study Club
http://systems-baraapi.blogspot.com/

There many kinds of pollution, they can be grouped into several major classifications, of which we mention here: water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution and radiation pollution.

Air pollution is caused by car engines and by big factories with large chimneys throught which dirty air escapes.

Land pollution can be caused by waste or rubbish such as paper, bottles, plastic, alumunium, scraps, junk, etc. Because of our carelessness and laziness, our surroundings are very dirty. They are filled with household as well as factory waste. Some waste can be broken down by natural organisme such as bacteria. Rubbish like this is called organic waste. On the other hand, rubbish which can not be broken down by natural organisme is called in organic waste. This is more difficult to dispose of and it makes the surroundings very unpleasant to look at.

Noise pollution can be caused by several things; loud music throught loudspeakers, the noise of motorized vehicles such as trucks , buses, motorcycles, and also aircraft. Loud noise may caused deafness. It can effect the heart and cause nervouse strain.

Radiation pollution can kill many people in one moment. It’s caused by uranium and other radioactive. The testing of atomic / nuclear weapons is feared by people in general, because atomic / nuclear weapons are radioactive. These are a few example of different kinds in our lives.

SYSTEMS

barapudya@gmail.com (baraapi) — Thu, 12 Mar 2009 04:36:46 PDT

SYSTEMS

The word “system” is used in almost all sciences and has become so commonplace that it has penetrated even the everyday language. We shall call the methodology of describing systems and their behaviour as the systems approach. In a sense, the systems approach is no different from the so called scientific approach. It owes its prominence to the exponential growth in technological development and in production and concumption patterns.

In the past, a steam engine, an automobile or a radio reciver were always within the range of knowledge of competent engineer trained in specific areas. But when we speak of modern day spacecraft, large airplanes or ships, the mechanical, electrical and other system as awhole largely determined by their interrelationships.

The exponential technology growth has led to severe demand on the limited natural resources with a consequent increase in social stresses. The present day engineering, apart from being performance and cost conscious, must take full consideration of the interface between product and people.

We can no longer afford to negnlect the reckless exploitation of non replenishable natural resources and the deleterious side effects of technology ( pollution ). This has generated the need for looking across the man made disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, biology, management, economics, social sciences, etc., bringing to bear on every systems problem the integrated knowledge of these special areas.

The most important single development which has tremendously affected our systems thingking is the digital computer. It has increased our computational capability by several orders of magnitude so that it has become possible to analyze complex problems in their totality. In fact, the computer has forced us to think deeper about problems and it has helped us to recognize the similarity between apparently different disciplines and problems.

The whole task of planning and coordinating activities of various disciplines has given a considerable boost to systems approach to problem solving. An important consequence of this is development of a nem discipline called systems science.

Modern systems are becoming increasingly larger and more complex as these have to much the increasing population, increasing production, increasing consumption and ever increasingflow of information. Examples of large scale complex systems are: communication systems, transportation systems, education systems, energy or power systems, food production and distribution systems and so forth.

The definition given above seems to be more appropriate for physical systems which are collection of physical objects, such as machines, springs, transistors, reaction vessels, etc. The physical objects in a physical systems are connected in accordance with some principles based on fundamental physical law. The influence of interconnections is expressed as constraining relations. Electrical machinery, televition sets, chemical process plants, highway bridges, etc.

We are unable to identify a fuctional interconnection and designate its constraining relation. But we can modify our definitionof system by using interaction as a synonym for interconnections. While engineering is the utilization of science for benefits of mankind, systems engineering concerns it self equally with all aspects of its interplay with people anh social responsibilities in an environment of technology.

FORCE, WORK AND POWER

The derived units follow the mathematical expressions which relate the quantities. From “force equals mass times acceleration”, the newton force ( N ) is defined asa the unbalanced force which imparts to a one kilogram mass an acceleration of one mater per second squared. Thus , 1 N = 1 kg m/ s2.

Work results when a force acts over a distance. A joule of work is equivalent to a Newton –meter ( 1 J = 1Nm ). Work and energy have the same units; thus energy stored in a capasitor will be expressed in joules.

Power is the rate at which the work is done, or the rate at which energy is changed from one from to another. The derived unit of power, the watt ( W ), is 1 joule per second ( J/s )

ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY

The electric current supplied to your home from the power station is alternating current, or AC for short. AC reverses its direction of flow 100 times every seconds. If flow 50 times in one direction, say to power station , and 50 times in other direction say from power station.

AC is easier to generate and transmit than DC ( direct currnet ) . an other reason that AC is used for domestic power supplies is that voltage can be changed b y a device called transformer.

Huge quantities of electrical energy are produced by a power station. All this alectricity must be sent our across the country to houses, shops and factory. To “push” the electricity out over long distances, very high voltages are needed. However, when the electricity reaches its destination, lower voltages are needed because high voltages are very dangerous.

High voltages are “stepped-down” by means of a transformer, an invection of the nineteenth-century English scientist Michael Faraday, Who also discovered the principle of the dynamo. The dynamo can change mechanical energy into electrical energy.

The transformer consists of two coils of wire ( both wound on the same iron core ), one coil having more turns of wire than the other. If Ac is passed through one coil, it induces moving lines of magnetic force. This in turn induces an electric current in the other coil. Suspose coil A has half as many turns as coil B, then the voltage induced In it will be half the voltage in coil B. In this way the voltage can be reduced. At the same time the current can be increased.

The power supply from the power station is stepped-down by transformers from hundreds of thousand of volts to 220 volts for domestic use. Houses are wired withelectric circuits. Electricity coming into the house passes through a meter, which measures the amount of electricity used, so that the supplier can charge for it. The current also passes through a fuse box. A fuse protects electrical appliances from over loading If too much power is taken, a wire in the fuse gets hot and melts, so breaking the circuit and acting as a “switch”.

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MODERN WARSHIP

The modern warship is an excellent example wherein sophisticated engineering disciplines are appropriately interlinked for the purpose of making the warship a formidable force both in its defensive and offensive roles. The primary role of warship is to detect the enemy and destroy it. The enemy could be in the air, on the surface and underwater.

The enemy targets in the air and on the surface are detected by a radar. The radar is a divice where in electromagnetic energy is sent out at regular intervals and reflected energy from te target is received. From the time of receiving the reflected energy an estimation of the target range can be made out and from the rotation of the radar aerial bearing information can be obtained.

The radar information of the target, such as the range, bearing, range rate, bearing rate, etc., are sent to a computer with the help of which the future position of the target is calculated. Interlinking between the radar units and the computer units forms a complex intergration. The future position signal of the target coming out of the computer are fed to the hydraulic units (via the digital to analog converter), which move guns or missiles as the case may be.

A knowledge of fluid mechanics and hydraulic engineering assumes a major role in deciding the accurate matching between the computer output and the hydraulic units. The study of loading and firing mechanisms in a gun or missile involves a knowledge of the theory of mechanics and machines.

Similarly, the detection of an enemy target underwater is done with the help of a sonar. Sound energy is produced with the help of magnetostriction and piezoelectric effects. Complex and sophisticated signal processing techniques are used to fish out a real acho from noise and other spurious signals. Manipulations are done on the real echo to decide the range, bearing, range rate, bearing rate of the target.

The information about the target is passed on to a sonar computer. The sonar computer along with the various sonar displays is employed to find out the future position of the enemy underwater target. The information regarding the future position is continuously passed on to underwater attack weaponswhich are moved by the hydraulic units.

In all this underwater detection and attack process , the role of electronics piezoelectric effect, signal processing and filtering techniques, computer, hydraulic units, control engineering are clearly evident. But for a thorough and complex integration of various engineering disciplines, a modern warship would be unable to play the role assigned to it.