Tech Jatt

IRIS FLOWER data set in Matlab Tutorial

2016-01-31T22:23:00.000+05:30

Step 1 : Download and import data in MS Excel.

First go to UCI Machine Learning Repository.
download iris.data file from that page, or download it by clicking iris.data here. (You may use right click and then save link as option to save it, if it gets opened in browser instead of getting downloaded)
Now open MS Excel.
Open the file iris.data in MS Excel by clicking on open and browsing the file.
A text import wizard will open.
Click on Next.
Then tick tab and comma option in next window, and click on next.
In next box click finish.
Now your data will get arranged in cells automatically.

Step 2 : Arrange Data in MS Excel.

First column is for Sepal Length, second is for Sepal Width, third for Petal Length and fourth is for Petal Width.
Last column represent type of flower.
Inset rt these headings if you want it (for understanding purpose or leave these steps if you don't want to do it, but I recommend doing it for understanding).
Adjust column width for better understanding purpose.
Now click on + icon in bar at bottom and open a new sheet in same excel document, rename it to test.
We will use this sheet's data to check our network's efficiency.
Put "1" in place of all cells having iris-setosa in them.
Similarly putt "2" for iris-versicolor and "3" for iris-virginica.
Now cut data from 5 rows (random or continuous) each category of flowers. i.e. 5 from first 50, 5 from mid 50s and 5 from last 50s.
Paste this data in the new sheet created with name test.
Delete the blank rows formed due to cutting and pasting data, in first sheet.

Step 3 : Matlab Part

First of all, be familiar with commands we will be using here in this tutorial.
Press "Enter" after writing every command to execute.
clc to clear the main command window, input for making input file, you can use any name like ip, inp or any other as the name what you will give will be used to create the file, we have used input in our example.
output for making output file, the brackets [] are used to make matrix in matlab. target and output are one and same in our example, you can use any name.
semicolon ; is used to separate one row from other in a matrix and if applied after a command before pressing enter, it will just apply the action but will not show you any result on screen.
Now, main working part. Ignore above things if you were unable to understand it, it'll be clear when you use it.
start entering the commands written in bolds, don't forget to press enter after every command.
input=[]
output=[]
test=[]
Now, there will be 3 files in right pane, double click on input and copy paste data from first 4 columns of excel sheet.
Similarly, paste data from 5th column in output file, and from test sheet in test file in matlab.
now, we need to convert rows in columns in excel sheets and vice versa in order to get our data in a format such that it follows rule of sx1.
For this, enter below commands followed by enter, Pay attention, we are going to use semicolon ; here so that data doesn't come on screen, you can try without semicolon to feel the difference.
input=input';
output=output';
test=test';
nntool
Now, Import data as shown in video below,
Select input and output files. leave test file untouched at this time,
Now close this window, click in new button, change name of network1 to iris or leave it if you want, but it will change further commands.
In input data and target data, click on drop down menu and select input and output files respectively.
click on create and close this window.
click on iris and open it, then in second tab, select data as in video,
train network 5-6 times and check regression, it should be same as shown in last picture i.e. regression line should be from lower left corner to upper right corner.
then close all windows as in video.
export iris as in video.
enter commands a=sim(iris,test)
here sim means simulate and it is used to call the network named iris which we created and trained.
This was last command, if network is trained correctly then you should see that first 5 results are near to 1, next 5 to 2 and last 5 to 3, which will prove right training and efficiency of our neural network.
That;'s all for the day.
Enjoy folks

Video for complete understanding.

Share with your friends if you like it or find it useful.

Nitin Kundu

Find author on social media from navigation of site or ask queries in comments section below (Facebook comments).

ABBYY FineReader – The Best OCR Software – A Review

2014-09-28T17:17:00.001+05:30

Many a times you have to type a document as it is, from an already typed printed document i.e. a hardcopy. You can type documents by with 10-20 pages easily by investing time, but what if the number of pages is 100+ or 500+?

Here comes in handy the use of OCR softwares.

What is OCR?

OCR stands for Optical Character Reader. In words of folks at ABBYY:

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technology that enables conversion of images, received from scanner or digital camera, and PDFs to editable and searchable text documents ready for editing, quoting, search, and archiving.

These are the programs designed for Desktops, Laptops (and now even Smart Phones and Tablets) which can convert the printed documents into digital / electronic format with the help of algorithms on which they work. At present , different projects are going on, in the market for OCR technology, but the Leader among all is ABBYY’s FineReader. ABBYY is a company who has mastered the OCR technology since its launch in 1989 and have built a trust factor among users for value for money.

WORKING – The features which impressed Tech Jatt

1) Convert Image/ PDF files to Word (.doc, .rtf. .docx) file

FineReader can convert the images to a word file easily and quickly, which you can edit to make changes. The best thing I liked about FineReader is that it conserves the formatting of document –i.e. the bolds, italics, font, size and structure of page remain intact. Other OCRs fail at this step as they would extract plain text from images or PDFs, and then you’ll have to spend your precious time formatting the document manually, which is quite troublesome and the desired results can’t be achieved in case of complex prints.

FineReader also conserves the Header, Footer, Page Number etc. elements along with tables and pictures (diagrams) of that document. So, you can convert your Printed Documents, Printed Books, Publications, News-Articles or any thing else to Digital Format to save them for future use, and decrease the space taken by these heavy documents in your bookshelf.

(click images to enlarge)

2) Convert image Files to PDFs

FineReader can also convert images to machine readable / searchable documents with PDF, PDF/A extensions. The conversion rates and accuracy are >98%. It can be used to preserve your thesis, your documents, publications, other articles, books etc. to PDF format, which can be used later for reading, for republishing, reading on your smart phone etc.

3) EPUB files

FineReader can convert any image, PDF file to .epub file. EPUB is a newly developed extension used for EBook Readers Thus you can convert your PDF Books, Printed Books or anything else you want to EPUB format, which can be later read on your Kindle or other EBook Reader.

Now-a-days many apps are available on Android, BlackBerry, iOS, Windows and other platforms, which can open EPUB files on your Smart Phone. So, ABBYY’s FineReader comes in Handy at this stage also.

4) PDF containing only images to searchable PDF

The PDF files in which there are only images of text can be easily converted to machine readable PDFs, which can be analyzed for finding required text. So, it makes using PDFs easy. Also the size of converted and searchable PDFs is lesser than that of non-searchable Image only containing PDFs.

I have converted a book with 971 pages to Searchable form and the size reduced from 77 MB to 54 MB.

Legal-Disclaimer: Scanning a copyrighted book of a publisher, or any other patented material can cause you to run in trouble, because its against law. So, please take due care before altering someone else's creation. At that stage, neither Tech Jatt site, nor its ADMINS or the FineReader Software makers can be held responsible for the law-breaking. Do this at your own risk.
So, scan anything for personal use only and that too after getting permission from creators of that content.

Other Features:

Direct scanning from scanner to any format.
Verify Text: The software automatically show you a dialog in which it will show you texts which are either not in Dictionary or are susceptible for errors due to error in conversion. You can skip the correctly converted text and rectify the wrongly converted text.

FineReader also convert special characters easily, which other OCRs can not do.
You can add / remove any text or complete page from document after reading is complete and before saving.
Show hidden characters i.e. show where ENTER, TAB, SPACE etc. have been used.
Image Editor: The images can be edited to suit the requirements fro better conversion with less errors. Eraser is also provided to erase non-required points and scans.
Pre-Conversion: The images can be easily enhanced to best form for better conversion.
It can also merge 2 or more PDFs, or add as many pages in between or remove as many as you want from any file of any format written above.

Upper one is the image from PDF and lower one is the converted text, in which image (diagram) has been identified.

PROS

Everything in our pocket, the scans can be saved on a small chip, or on hard disc, saving the enormous space required by Hard Copies.
Cloud Storage for future use.
Searchable PDFs.
EPUB files.
Alter anyone’s content by converting to document format and then again saving as PDFs.
Save time.
Support for 185+ languages.
You can also train ABBYY FineReader to understand non-understandable characters.
You can live longer without retyping. Each hour ABBYY's OCR/PDF products save to customers 12 years for work and life (more than 110 000 years annually).
No need of separate softwares for conversion like PDF to Word Converter, Images to Word Converter OCR software, Image to PDF converter etc. Its a one stop solution.

Cons

It doesn’t support Hindi language, which is native and National language of INDIA..
No support for Hand-written characters. But why become sad, no software offers it yet and ABBYY will be the first to give it in future.

Requirements for latest version FineReader 12

PC with 1 GHz or higher
1024 MB RAM
In a multiprocessor system, an additional 512 MB of RAM is required for each additional processor core
850 MB of hard disk space for typical program installation and 850 MB free space for optimal program operation
Video card with 1280x1024 resolution or higher
Internet connection required to activate your serial number. Some FineReader 12 versions support activation by phone in addition to activation by internet. Connection charges for telephone or Internet may apply.

Buy ABBYY FineReader 12 Professional from Official site for $169,99
Visit official site of FineReader to know about complete features and pricings.

Jat/ Jaat / Jatt Reservation / Aarakshan in Center under OBC - Other Backward Castes Category

2014-03-21T22:12:00.001+05:30

Friends, Fans and All JAT / Jaat / Jatt brothers,
I am very happy to tell you that jat aarakshan got started in 9 states of India under category OBC - i.e. Other Backward Castes Category of Center Government
Some people might be unhappy with this judgement, but this will really help us achieve good status in society and help us get good and reputed jobs in future
You may be searching for the official notification of Center Government regarding the ammendment and starting of JAT / Jaat / Jatt Reservation
So, you may download the gazette from here

Official site of Government (PDF of 5.20 MB)

Download a copy of above pdf from Google Documents server of our site (PDF of 969 KB)

NOTE : If you were searching for Jat / Jaat / Jatt Aarakshan / Reservation in Haryana under category SBC - i.e. Special Backward Classes, then you may visit the page
Jat Reservation started in Haryana under category SBC

Jai Jat | Jai Jat Ekta | Jai Jat Devta

Like us on Facebook | Twitter | Google Plus to stay updated

Add Authors to your Blogger Blog

2014-02-05T19:38:00.001+05:30

1) Go to your Blog’s Dashboard from URL

Blogger Dashboard

2) Click on “Settings” in left menu

3) Click on “Basic”

4) Under “Permissions” see heading “Blog Authors”

5) Click on “+ Add Authors”

6) In Box, Write the Email addresses of Persons you want to add as authors

7) Separate each address with comma “,”

8) Click on “Invite Authors”

9) It’s Done

Adding ADMINS to Blogger Blogs

10) After the authors have verified the Email addresses by clicking on the link sent to them, the authors will appear as authors as shown in picture

11) To promote any existing Author as ADMIN, click on author button in front of name of author, and select Admin from drop down menu.

12) It’s Done……..

Hope you Enjoyed it.

Having Trouble??? Feel free to ask in comments below…………

DRC

2013-10-30T11:19:00.001+05:30

The Pharma Section of this site has been moved to new site : Pharma Rocks http://www.pharmarocks.tk
Consider checking that site for more info in future
Thanks
Nitin Kundu
Admin
TechJatt.tk
89506-49901

Basics as well as Advanced Power Point Tutorial

2013-09-10T21:29:00.005+05:30

It is the file which Er. Naveen Khanna Sir wanted to share with the 2nd Year students of PGIMS Rohtak,
The file hosts information about Power Point - from basics to advanced features, how to use it, make slides, presentations, slide shows, adding effects and all.
Click the below link to DOWNLOAD the file to your Phone/ PC or view it online.

Note: The file is hosted on External Servers of Media Fire and has been made available by Our faculty Member and our Teacher, Neither TechJatt site nor the admin holds any responsibility for Copyright violation or any other mis-happening the file may cause to your Knowledge

Supplementry Date Sheet of B Pharma 2nd and 4th Year – Pt. B D Sharma Health University Rohtak

2013-09-08T17:28:00.001+05:30

PT. B.D.SHARMA, UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, ROHTAK.

Tentative Theory date sheet for conducting B. Pharmacy 2^nd ^t and 4^th Year Supple Exams, 2013

Time of Exam: - 1:00 PM to 4:00 PM

Centre of Exam: - As per Roll No. Slip

Date/Day	B.Pharmcy-2^nd Year	Code	Sr. No.	B.Pharmcy-4^th Year	Code	S.No.
26.09.2013	Pharmaceutical Chemistry- III (Physical Chemistry)	BPH 211	1021	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-VIII (Medicinal Chemistry-II)	BPH 411	1041
26.09.2013	Pharmaceutical Chemistry- III (Physical Chemistry) 2008 Batch	BPH 201	1021x	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-VIII (Medicinal Chemistry-II) 2008 batch	BPH 401	1041x
28.09.2013	Pharmaceutical Chemistry- IV (Pharmaceutical Analysis-I)	BPH 212	1022	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-IX (Pharmaceutical Analysis-II)	BPH 412	1042
28.09.2013	Pharmaceutical Chemistry- IV (Pharmaceutical Analysis-I) 2008 Batch	BPH 202	1022x	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-IX (Pharmaceutical Analysis-II) 2008 batch	BPH 402	1042x
01.10.2013	Pharmaceutical Chemistry- V (Pharmaceutical Biochemistry)	BPH 213	1023	Pharmaceutics-X (Pharmaceutical Technology-II)	BPH 413	1043
01.10.2013	Pharmaceutical Chemistry- V (Pharmaceutical Biochemistry) 2008 Batch	BPH 203	1023x	Pharmaceutics-X (Pharmaceutical Technology-II) 2008 batch	BPH 403	1043x
04.10.2013	Pharmaceutics-IV (Pharmaceutical Microbiology)	BPH 214	1024	Pharmaceutical Management & Psychology	BPH 414	1044
04.10.2013	Pharmaceutics-III (Pharmaceutical Microbiology) 2008 Batch	BPH 204	1024x	Pharmaceutical Management & Psychology 2008 batch	BPH 404	1044x
07.10.2013	Pharmaceutics-V (Pharmaceutical Engineering –I)	BPH 215	1025	Pharmaceutics –XI (Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology)	BPH 415	1045
07.10.2013	Pharmaceutics-IV (Pharmaceutical Engineering –I) 2008 Batch	BPH 205	1025x	Pharmaceutics –XI (Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology) 2008 batch	BPH 405	1045x
09.10.2013	Pharmacognosy- II	BPH 216	1026	Pharmacology-IV	BPH 416	1046
09.10.2013	Pharmacognosy- II 2008 Batch	BPH 206	1026x	Pharmacology-IV 2008 batch	BPH 406	1046x
11.10.2013	Computer in Pharmacy	BPH 217	1027	Pharmaceutics-XII (Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics)	BPH 417	1047
11.10.2013	Computer in Pharmacy 2008 Batch	BPH 207	1027x	Pharmaceutics-XII (Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics 2008 batch	BPH 407	1047x
13.10.2013	Pharmaceutical Mathematics	BPH 219	1028	Pharmacognosy-IV (Pharmaceutical Plant Biotechnology)	BPH 418	1048
13.10.2013	Pharmaceutical Mathematics 2008 batch	BPH-209	1028X	Pharmacognosy-IV (Pharmaceutical Plant Biotechnology) 2008 batch	BPH 408	1048x

Note: 1. Before answering the question paper, the candidates should ensure that they have been supplied the correct question paper. Complaints in this regard, if any, shall not be entertained after the examination.

2. The Pager/Mobile phone should not be allowed in the examination centre at any cost.

Rohtak Sd/-

Dated: - 06.09.2013 Controller of Examinations

Refer to Examinations Page of Pt. B D Sharma Health University for more Info

Suppelementry Date Sheet of B Pharma 1st and 3rd Year – Pt. B D Sharma Health University Rohtak

2013-09-08T17:26:00.001+05:30

PT. B.D.SHARMA, UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, ROHTAK.

Tentative Theory date sheet for conducting B. Pharmacy 1^st and 3^rd Year Supple Exams, 2013

Time of Exam: - 1:00 PM to 4:00 PM

Centre of Exam: - As per Roll No. Slip

Date/Day	B. Pharmacy 1^st year	Code	S.N0.	B. Pharmacy 3^rd	Code	S.No.
25.09.2013	Pharmaceutical Chemistry –I (Inorganic Chemistry)	BPH 111	1001	Pharmaceutical Chemistry - VI (Medicinal Chemistry- I)	BPH 311	1031
25.09.2013	-	-	-	Pharmaceutical Chemistry - VI (Medicinal Chemistry- I) (2008 Batch)	BPH 301	1031x
27.09.2013	Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II (Organic Chemistry)	BPH 112	1002	Pharmaceutical Chemistry - VII (Heterocyclies, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic Acids)	BPH 312	1032
27.09.2013	-	-	-	Pharmaceutical Chemistry - VII (Heterocyclies, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic Acids) (2008 Batch)	BPH 302	1032x
30.09.2013	Pharmaceutics- I (Introduction to Dosage Forms)	BPH 113	1003	Pharmaceutics- VII (Physical Pharmacy)	BPH 313	1033
30.09.2013	-	-	-	Pharmaceutics- VII (Physical Pharmacy) (2008 Batch)	BPH 303	1033x
03.10.2013	Pharmaceutics- II (Forensic Pharmacy)	BPH 114	1004	Pharmaceutics- VIII (Pharmaceutical Engineering-II)	BPH 314	1034
03.10.2013	-	-	-	Pharmaceutics- VIII (Pharmaceutical Engineering-II) (2008 Batch)	BPH 304	1034x
05.10.2013	Pharmacognosy – I	BPH 115	1005	Pharmaceutics-IX (Pharmaceutical Technology-I)	BPH 315	1035
05.10.2013	-	-	-	Pharmaceutics-IX (Pharmaceutical Technology-I) (2008 Batch)	BPH 305	1035x
08.10.2013	Pharmacology-I (Anatomy, Physiology & Health Education)	BPH 116	1006	Environmental Sciences (2009 batch)	BPH-319	1040
08.10.2013				Pharmaceutics-X (Forensic Pharmacy) (2008 Batch)	BPH 306	1036x
10.10.2013	Pharmaceutics- III (Drug Store & Hospital Pharmacy)	BPH 117	1007	Pharmacology-II	BPH 316	1037
10.10.2013	-	-	-	Pharmacology-II (2008 Batch)	BPH 307	1037x
12.10.2013	Pharmaceutical Biology,	BPH 118	1008	Pharmacognosy-III (Natural Products)	BPH 317	1038
12.10.2013	-	-	-	Pharmacognosy-III (Natural Products) (2008 Batch)	BPH 308	1038x
14.10.2013	-	-	-	Pharmacology-III (Pharmaceutical Animal Biotechnology	BPH 318	1039
14.10.2013				Pharmacology-III (Pharmaceutical Animal Biotechnology) (2008 Batch)	BPH 309	1039x

2. The Pager/Mobile phone should not be allowed in the examination centre at any cost.

Rohtak Sd/-

Dated: - 05.09.2013 Controller of Examinations

Refer to Examinations Page of Pt. B D Sharma Health University for more info

Where's My Phone? Google to Roll Out Find My Android Service

2013-08-31T15:25:00.001+05:30

We've all misplaced our phones for a period of time. Maybe it only took a few frightened glances next to the couch or a quick look back at the restaurant table to retrieve it. For some of us, however, the loss was permanent, as our little black and grey finger candies were snapped up by the first person who wandered by. And we spent the rest of the day oscillating between fear and anger.

If you've got an iPhone, you've been covered for years now simply by activating Find My iPhone, a service that lets you locate, down to a fairly small circle, where your device is awaiting your rescue (or remote data-wiping if unobtainable). For Android users, however, you've had to rely on third party apps with limited capability to lead you back to your errant device. That is, until now.

The Official Google Blog, a Technorati Top 100 Overall listing, has announced that devices running the Android 2.2 Operating System will soon receive a new service, called the Android Device Manager. The upgrade, due out later this month, will include a number of features that will put it on par with Apple's lost phone security system.

If you discover you've lost your phone, you can go to any computer and log into the Android Device Manager, which will be part of the Google Play Store. All that is required is your Google account login, the same one you used to activate your Android phone.

Choose your registered phone and push out a signal to ring at full volume, even if your lost phone was last put on vibrate or silent mode. If this doesn't do the trick, find the phone as a blip a Google Map.

If you discover that your lost Android phone is on the move and you don't feel safe going into full-on vigilante mode (or are worried it will get turned off soon), delete all data on the device using a special built-in wipe mode, to keep your data safe from prying eyes.

Share with your friends to keep them updated………..

7 Zip – Best File Archiver Software

2013-08-28T20:50:00.001+05:30

7-Zip is a file archiver with a high compression ratio.

Download 7-Zip 9.20 (2010-11-18) for Windows:

Link	Type	Windows	Size
Download	.exe	32-bit x86	1 MB
Download	.msi	64-bit x64	1 MB

The download links above redirect you to download pages on SourceForge.net

License

7-Zip is open source software. Most of the source code is under the GNU LGPL license. The unRAR code is under a mixed license: GNU LGPL + unRAR restrictions. Check license information here: 7-Zip license.

You can use 7-Zip on any computer, including a computer in a commercial organization. You don't need to register or pay for 7-Zip.

The main features of 7-Zip

High compression ratio in 7z format with LZMA and LZMA2 compression
Supported formats:
- Packing / unpacking: 7z, XZ, BZIP2, GZIP, TAR, ZIP and WIM
- Unpacking only: ARJ, CAB, CHM, CPIO, CramFS, DEB, DMG, FAT, HFS, ISO, LZH, LZMA, MBR, MSI, NSIS, NTFS, RAR, RPM, SquashFS, UDF, VHD, WIM, XAR and Z.
For ZIP and GZIP formats, 7-Zip provides a compression ratio that is 2-10 % better than the ratio provided by PKZip and WinZip
Strong AES-256 encryption in 7z and ZIP formats
Self-extracting capability for 7z format
Integration with Windows Shell
Powerful File Manager
Powerful command line version
Plugin for FAR Manager
Localizations for 79 languages

7-Zip works in Windows 7 / Vista / XP / 2008 / 2003 / 2000 / NT / ME / 98. There is a port of the command line version to Linux/Unix.

Compression ratio

We compared 7-Zip with some of the leading archivers.

FILE SETS: Mozilla Firefox 1.0.7 for Windows and Google Earth 3.0.0616 for Windows after full installation.

Archiver	Mozilla Firefox		Google Earth
	161 files 15,684,168 bytes		115 files 23,530,652 bytes
	Compressed size	Ratio	Compressed size	Ratio
7-Zip 4.23 (7z format)	4621135	100%	6109183	100%
WinRAR 3.50	5021556	109%	6824892	112%
CABARC 5.1	5131393	111%	7434325	122%
WinZip 10.0 beta (maximum-PPMd)	5277118	114%	8200708	134%
7-Zip 4.23 (zip format)	6222627	135%	8909446	146%
WinZip 10.0 beta (maximum-portable)	6448666	140%	9153898	150%

Compression ratio results are very dependent upon the data used for the tests. Usually, 7-Zip compresses to 7z format 30-70% better than to zip format. And 7-Zip compresses to zip format 2-10% better than most of other zip compatible programs.

Paint.NET - Free Professional Image Editing Software

2013-08-25T16:40:00.001+05:30

Paint.NET is free image and photo editing software for PCs that run Windows. It features an intuitive and innovative user interface with support for layers, unlimited undo, special effects, and a wide variety of useful and powerful tools. An active and growing online community provides friendly help, tutorials, and plugins. It started development as an undergraduate college senior design project mentored by Microsoft, and is currently being maintained by some of the alumni that originally worked on it. Originally intended as a free replacement for the Microsoft Paint software that comes with Windows, it has grown into a powerful yet simple image and photo editor tool. It has been compared to other digital photo editing software packages such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Paint Shop Pro, Microsoft Photo Editor, and The GIMP.

Download Now

New for version 3.5 is a revamped UI theme for Windows 7 and Vista users, inspired by Aero and making use of "glass". Other features include reduced memory usage, better stability, and better performance. See the Roadmap page for more details.

The following image was created with a combination of a transparency gradient, Sepia adjustment, Add Noise effect, and the new Soften Portrait effect in v3.10. The original picture was taken at the Classic Car Show in downtown Kirkland on July 22, 2007.

New for v3.10 is support for the DirectDraw Surface (DDS) file type, which is popular in game development and game modding. It is also used by the XNA Development Kit for the XBOX 360.

Paint.NET can be used to enhance and clean up your photographs. Using the Clone Stamp tool, the power lines that criss-crossed in front of the Space Needle were carefully removed. Other operations were performed that had the effect of smoothing out the image without blurring it, adding some "bloom" (glow), and increasing the contrast.

Paint.NET v2.6 introduces the Curves adjustment, available from the Layers → Adjustment → Curves menu item, which is capable of some powerful and sophisticated editing. This screenshot was edited in Paint.NET in order to add the inset copy of the original image, a border shadow, and overlaid text with shadow.

Paint.NET v2.5 added full freedom to scale, rotate, move, and combine both selections and images. This screenshot includes two images from akinna's stock photography page on deviantArt: "cat1" (link) and "polaroid1" (link). Used with permission.

Work with TGA images, which are popular in the game development community and is also the format used for World of Warcraft screenshots.

Use the various features together to create stunning and original effects:

Motivational Quotes and Status Messages -- The Daily Dose

2013-08-18T16:28:00.000+05:30

All our fights and challenges makes us stronger. That's where you can tell that we are alive. No matter what happens, you make it through. Each person has insecurities and character flaws that they have to get past and it's a decision to make you and mold you to a better individual and reach a place of understanding and acceptance. It's a test of how strong you are as a person. You either give up or hold on for dear life...
“For what it’s worth: it’s never too late or, in my case, too early to be whoever you want to be. There’s no time limit, stop whenever you want. You can change or stay the same, there are no rules to this thing. We can make the best or the worst of it. I hope you make the best of it. And I hope you see things that startle you. I hope you feel things you never felt before. I hope you meet people with a different point of view. I hope you live a life you’re proud of. If you find that you’re not, I hope you have the courage to start all over again.”
“There is so much about my fate that I cannot control, but other things do fall under the jurisdiction. I can decide how I spend my time, whom I interact with, whom I share my body and life and money and energy with. I can select what I can read and eat and study. I can choose how I'm going to regard unfortunate circumstances in my life-whether I will see them as curses or opportunities. I can choose my words and the tone of voice in which I speak to others. And most of all, I can choose my thoughts.” ― Elizabeth Gilbert
“People are like stained-glass windows. They sparkle and shine when the sun is out, but when the darkness sets in, their true beauty is revealed only if there is a light from within.” ― Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

Some must read - Motivational Quotes and Status Messages

2013-08-18T13:26:00.000+05:30

“Taking on too much of other people's drama is just a poor excuse for not taking ownership and control over your own life.”

People spend too much time finding other people to blame, too much energy finding excuses for not being what they are capable of being, and not enough energy putting themselves on the line, growing out of the past, and getting on with their lives.

Everything in life is temporary, so if things are good enjoy them because they won't last forever. If things are bad, don't worry because they won't last either..Life has its own way of making you SMILE even when you want to give up and lose hope.. because certain SURPRISES come your way just when you thought you'd never smile AGAIN.

You can spend minutes, hours, days, weeks, or even months over-analyzing a situation; trying to put the pieces together, justifying what could've, would've happened... or you can just leave the pieces on the floor and move on. You must make a decision that you are going to move on. It wont happen automatically. You will have to rise up and say, ‘I don’t care how hard this is, I don’t care how disappointed I am, I’m not going to let this get the best of me. I’m moving on with my life.

“I was raised, I didn't just grow up. I was taught to speak when i enter a room, say please and thank you, to have respect for my elders, to get up off my lazy butt and let the elder in the room have my chair, say yes sir and no sir, lend a helping hand to those in need, hold the door for the person behind me, say excuse me when it's needed, and to love people for who they are, not for what I can get from them! I was also taught to treat people the way I want to be treated.”
If you were raised this way too, re-post this. Sadly, many won't because they weren't and it shows...

The Ultimate Quotes by Celebrities

2013-08-16T08:25:00.000+05:30

To all my heartbroken friends - Sometimes you just have to hold your head up high, blink away the tears and say good-bye and Sometimes all you need is a broken heart to realize that something even better is right in front of our eyes, just waiting to be found.
Pretty women wonder where my secret lies.I'm not cute or built to suit a fashion model's size, But when I start to tell them,
They think I'm telling lies. I say, It's in the reach of my arms, The span of my hips, The stride of my step, The curl of my lips. I'm a woman Phenomenally. Phenomenal woman, That's me. - maya angelou
“I believe that everything happens for a reason. People change so that you can learn to let go, things go wrong so that you appreciate them when they're right, you believe lies so you eventually learn to trust no one but yourself, and sometimes good things fall apart so better things can fall together.” ― Marilyn Monroe

The Best Motivational Status Messages

2013-08-15T17:11:00.001+05:30

I just wish my ex could look down from heaven and see me right now, but no, the b*stard is still alive!
Sometimes my greatest accomplishment is just keeping my mouth shut .... But it doesn't last very long
Ability is what you’re capable of doing, motivation determines what you do, and attitude determines how well you do it.
If 5 seconds of smile can make a photograph more beautiful then just imagine, if you keep always smiling, how beautiful your life will be.
“People are like stained-glass windows. They sparkle and shine when the sun is out, but when the darkness sets in, their true beauty is revealed only if there is a light from within.” ― Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
Do not think about the past. Accept the Present. Think for the Future, and face tomorrow with a sweet and beautiful smile.
Beautiful things happen in your life when you distance yourself from all the negative things.
I'm only me. That is all I can be. No more, no less, don't second guess. I love, I live, I laugh, I cry. Some days I'm funny, others I'm not, sometimes I'm in overdrive and I can't stop. You may not like me, but that's okay because this is me and how I'll stay.
“I believe that everything happens for a reason. People change so that you can learn to let go, things go wrong so that you appreciate them when they're right, you believe lies so you eventually learn to trust no one but yourself, and sometimes good things fall apart so better things can fall together.” ― Marilyn Monroe

Run Complete Android 4.0 on your PC

2013-08-11T13:25:00.000+05:30

Running certain Android apps on your desktop is nothing new with Bluestacks, but now you can get the whole dang OS running on your PC as a native application thanks to a little program called WindowsAndroid.

Developed by a start-up in Bejing called SocketeQ, WindowsAndroid not only lets you mess with Android apps on your computer, but emulate an entire 4.0 ICS device on there, complete with all the settings and everything else. It's available for download from SocketeQ's site, if you'll give them your email address and—as you should be able to guess—it runs on Windows Vista, 7, and 8 exclusively.

WindowsAndroid will also make good use of the computer it's running on. It supports big resolutions, cranks up performance using your PC's guts, and can make use of your mouse and keyboard in addition to a touchscreen monitor if you have one. You can also side-load apps by dropping the .apks in the right folder. But for the moment, that's the only reliable way to get fun stuff on it, because Google Play doesn't recognize the hardware.

The project started as an experiment with Android 2.1 and 2.3 and only just recently hopped up to 4.0. The team is currently working on Jelly Bean too, but there's no telling when that might come. In the meantime, WindowsAndroid is a neat little application, if young and doubtlessly buggy.

Run Android Apps on Windows PC

2013-08-11T09:27:00.001+05:30

Bluestacks has launched an alpha test version of its App Player software, which integrates Android support right into Windows. You can have Android apps on your desktop right now, for free. Any takers? Anyone at all?

We are currently playing Bebbled at 1680x1050 resolution, which is easily one of the more pointless activities we've indulged in this year, but there you go. Installing the 117MB PC appcreates a Windows Gadget on your desktop, which pops out into a listing of available Android apps.

There's no Android Market support within the App Player software itself, but Bluestacks has provided its own Apps Channel as part of the desktop App Player. This opens a web browser with a very limited selection (31 at the moment) of additional apps and games to install to PC.

However, the company has also launched an accompanying app it calls Cloud Connect on the Android Market, which sits on your mobile and lets you send apps to your PC from your phone, using a PIN number to verify connections. That way you can seamlessly send every app currently on your phone to PC.

And it totally works, very well. Now we just need to think of a mobile app we actually want to use on a desktop PC. It shouldn't be this hard, thinking of one? [Bluestacks]

God Mode in Windows 7 – The Super User Privilege

2013-08-10T23:24:00.001+05:30

GodMode is actually a content folder that can be created by adding a special set of characters to the folder name and it contains all the control option settings, Windows settings and everything else. This Folder let you Control Settings which are not available to Limited User and you can access them just by creating this Folder. So basically you are gaining Super User Access. The folder thus created can be very useful and helpful if you encounter any problem using Windows 7.

How to enable GodMode in Windows 7:

Create a new folder anywhere on your computer and name it as “GodMode.{ED7BA470-8E54-465E-825C-99712043E01C}”.
Now save it with the above name and you should get a folder named as GodMode

Enjoy being the ‘God’ for a change in Windows 7.

PHARMACOGNOSY – GPAT Syllabus 2013

2013-07-23T09:10:00.000+05:30

Sources of Drugs:

Biological, marine, mineral and plant tissue cultures as sources of drugs;

Classification of Drugs:

Morphological, taxonomical, chemical and pharmacological classification of drugs; Study of medicinally important plants belonging to the families with special reference to: Apocynacae, Solanaceae, Rutaceae, Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Liliaceae, Graminae, Labiatae, Cruciferae, Papaveraceae.

Cultivation, Collection, Processing and Storage of Crude Drugs:

Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants, Types of soils and fertilizers of common use. Pest management and natural pest control agents, Plant hormones and their applications, Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants.

Quality Control of Crude Drugs:

Adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods and properties.

Introduction to Active Constituents of Drugs:

Their isolation, classification and properties.

Systematic pharmacognostic study of the followings:

CARBOHYDRATES and derived products:

agar, guar gum acacia, Honey, Isabagol, pectin, Starch, sterculia and Tragacanth.

Lipids:

Bees wax, Castor oil, Cocoa butter, Codliver oil, Hydnocarpus oil, Kokum butter, Lard, Linseed oil, Rice Bran oil, Shark liver oil and Wool fat.

RESINS:

Study of Drugs Containing Resins and Resin Combinations like Colophony, podophyllum, jalap, cannabis, capsicum, myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of Tolu, balsam of Peru, benzoin, turmeric, ginger.

TANNINS:

Study of tannins and tannin containing drugs like Gambier, black catechu, gall and myrobalan.

VOLATILE OILS:

General methods of obtaining volatile oils from plants, Study of volatile oils of Mentha, Coriander, Cinnamon, Cassia, Lemon peel, Orange peel, Lemon grass, Citronella, Caraway, Dill, Spearmint, Clove, Fennel, Nutmeg, Eucalyptus, Chenopodium, Cardamom, Valerian, Musk,Palmarosa, Ga ultheria, Sandal wood;

Phytochemical Screening:

Preparation of extracts, Screening of alkaloids, saponins, cardenolides and bufadienolides, flavonoids and leucoanthocyanidins, tannins and polyphenols, anthraquinones, cynogenetic glycosides, amino acids in plant extracts.

FIBERS:

Study of fibers used in pharmacy such as cotton, silk, wool, nylon, glass-wool, polyester and asbestos. Study of the biological sources, cultivation, collection, commercial varieties, chemical constituents, substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features and specific chemical tests of following groups of drugs.

GLYCOSIDE CONTAINING DRUGS:

Saponins :

Liquorice, ginseng, dioscorea, sarsaparilla, and senega.

Cardioactive glycosides:

Digitalis, squill, strophanthus and thevetia,

Anthraquinone cathartics:

Aloe, senna, rhubarb and cascara,

Others:

Psoralea, gentian, saffron, chirata, quassia.

ALKALOID CONTAINING DRUGS:

Pyridine-piperidine:

Tobacco, areca and lobelia.

Tropane:

Belladonna, hyoscyamus, datura, duboisia, coca and withania.

Quinoline and Isoquinoline:

Cinchona, ipecac, opium.

Indole:

Ergot, rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux-vomica and physostigma.

Imidazole:

Pilocarpus.

Steroidal:

Veratrum and kurchi.

Alkaloidal Amine:

Ephedra and colchicum.

Glycoalkaloid:

Solanum.

Purines:

Coffee, tea and cola. Biological sources, preparation, identification tests and uses of the following enzymes: Diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin, pancreatin.

Studies of Traditional Drugs:

Common vernacular names, botanical sources, morphology, chemical nature of chief constituents, pharmacology, categories and common uses and marketed formulations of following indigenous drugs: Amla, Kantkari, Satavari, Tylophora, Bhilawa, Kalijiri, Bach, Rasna, Punamava, Chitrack, Apamarg, Gokhru, Shankhapushpi, Brahmi, Adusa, Atjuna, Ashoka, Methi, Lahsun, Palash, Guggal, Gymnema, Shilajit, Nagarmotha and Neem. The holistic concept of drug administration in traditional systems of medicine.Introduction to ayurvedic preparations like Arishtas, Asvas, Gutikas, Tailas, Chumas, Lehyas and Bhasmas.

General Techniques of Biosynthetic Studies and Basic Metabolic Pathways/Biogenesis:

Brief introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance.

Terpenes:

monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and triterpenoids.

Carotenoids:

a-carotenoids, ß-carotenes, vitamin A, Xanthophylls of medicinal importance.

Glycosides:

Digitoxin, digoxin, hecogenin, sennosides, diosgenin and sarasapogenin.

Alkaloids:

Atropine and related compounds, Quinine, Reserpine, Morphine, Papaverine, Ephedrine, Ergot and Vinca alkaloids.

Lignans, quassanoids and flavonoids. Role of plant-based drugs on National economy:

A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and aromatic plants in India. Utilization and production of phyto-constituents such as quinine, calcium sennosides, podophyllotoxin, diosgenin, solasodine, and tropane alkaloids. Utilization of aromatic plants and derived products with special reference to sandalwood oil, mentha oil, lemon grass oil, vetiver oil, geranium oil and eucalyptus oil. World-wide trade in medicinal plants and derived products with special reference to diosgenin (disocorea), taxol (Taxussps) digitalis, tropane alkaloid containing plants, Papain, cinchona, Ipecac, Liquorice, Ginseng, Aloe, Valerian, Rauwolfia and plants containing laxatives. Plant bitters and sweeteners.

Plant Tissue Culture:

Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance. Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.

Marine pharmacognosy:

Novel medicinal agents from marine sources.

Natural allergens and photosensitizing agents and fungal toxins. Herbs as health foods. Herbal cosmetics.
Standardization and quality control of herbal drugs, WHO guidelines for the standardization of herbal drugs.

PHARMACOLOGY – GPAT Syllabus 2013

2013-07-22T21:10:00.000+05:30

Pathophysiology of common diseases; Basic Principles of Cell Injury and Adaptations:

Causes of Cellular injury, pathogenesis, morphology of cell injury, adaptations and cell death.

Basic Mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and repair:

Vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation, chemical mediators of inflammation, pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, brief outline of the process of repair.

Immunopathophysiology:

T and B cells, MHC proteins, antigen presenting cells, immune tolerance, pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases, AIDS, Amyloidosis.

Pathophysiology of Common Diseases:

Asthma, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, ulcerative colitis, neoplasia, psychosis, depression, mania, epilepsy, acute and chronic renal failure, hypertension, angina, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peptic ulcer, anemias, hepatic disorders, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Wherever applicable the molecular basis should be discussed.

Fundamentals of general pharmacology:

Dosage forms and routes of administration, mechanism of action, combined effect of drugs, factors modifying drug action, tolerance and dependence; Pharmacogenetics; Principles of Basic and Clinical pharmacokinetics, absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of drugs, Adverse Drug Reactions; Bioassay of Drugs and Biological Standardization; Discovery and development of new drugs, Bioavailability and bioequivalence studies;

Pharmacology of Peripheral Nervous System:

Neurohumoral transmission (autonomic and somatic), Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, Adrenergic receptor and neuron blocking agents, Ganglion stimulants and blocking agents, Neuromuscular blocking Agents, Local anesthetic Agents.

Pharmacology of Central Nervous System:

Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S., General Anesthetics, Alcohols and disulfiram, Sedatives, Hypnotics, Anti-anxiety agents and Centrally acting muscle relaxants, Psychopharmacological agents (anti-psychotics), anti-maniacs, and hallucinogens, Antidepressants, Anti-epileptics drugs, Anti-Parkinsonian drugs, Analgesics, Antipyretics, Narcotic analgesics and antagonists, C.N.S. stimulants, Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse.

Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System:

Drugs used in the management of congestive cardiac failure, Antihypertensive drugs, Anti-anginal and Vasodilator drugs, including calcium channel blockers and beta adrenergic antagonists, Antiarrhythmic drugs, Anti-hyperlipedemic drugs, Drugs used in the therapy of shock.

Drugs Acting on the Hemopoietic System:

Hematinics, Anticoagulants, Vitamin K and hemostatic agents, Fibrinolytic and anti-platelet drugs, Blood and plasma volume expanders.

Drugs acting on urinary system:

Fluid and electrolyte balance, Diuretics.

Autacoids:

Histamine, Antihistaminic drugs, 5-HT- its agonists and antagonists, Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, Angiotensin, Bradykinin and Substance P and other vasoactive peptides, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-gout agents.

Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System:

Anti-asthmatic drugs including bronchodilators, Anti-tussives and expectorants, Respiratory stimulants.

Drugs acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract:

Antacids, Anti-secretory and Anti-ulcer drugs, Laxatives and anti-diarrhoeal drugs, Appetite Stimulants and Suppressants, Emetics and anti-emetics, Miscellaneous: Carminatives, demulcents, protectives, adsorbents, astringents, digestants, enzymes and mucolytics.

Pharmacology of Endocrine System:

Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, Thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin and Vitamin D, Insulin, glucagons, incretins, oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin analogs, ACTH and corticosteroids, Androgens and anabolic steroids, Estrogens, progesterone and oral contraceptives, Drugs acting on the uterus.

Chemotherapy:

General Principles of Chemotherapy, Bacterial resistance; Sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole, Antibiotics- Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Quinolones, fluoroquinolones and Miscellaneous antibiotics; Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, HIV and AIDS, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases, malaria, amoebiasis and other protozoal infections and Anthelmentics. Chemotherapy of malignancy and immunosuppressive agents.

Principles of Toxicology:

efinition of poison, general principles of treatment of poisoning with particular reference to barbiturates, opioids, organophosphorous and atropine poisoning, Heavy metals and heavy metal antagonists.

Basic Concepts of Pharmacotherapy:

Clinical Pharmacokinetics and individualization of Drug therapy, Drug delivery systems and their Biopharmaceutic s & Therapeutic considerations, Drugs used during infancy and in the elderly persons (Pediatrics & Geriatrics), Drugs used during pregnancy, Drug induced diseases, The basics of drug interactions, General principles of clinical toxicology, Common clinical laboratory tests and their interpretation.

Important Disorders of Organs, Systems and their Management:

Cardio-vascular disorders- Hypertension, Congestive heart failure, Angina, Acute myocardial infarction, Cardiac arrhythmias.

CNS Disorders:

Epilepsy, Parkinsonism, Schizophrenia, Depression.

Respiratory disease-

Asthma.

Gastrointestinal Disorders-

Peptic ulcer, Ulcerative colitis, Hepatitis, Cirrhosis.

Endocrine Disorders-

Diabetes mellitus and Thyroid disorders.

Infectious Diseases-

Tuberculosis, Urinary tract infections, Enteric infections, Upper respiratory infections. Hematopoietic Disorders- Anemias,

Joint and Connective tissue disorders-

Rheumatic diseases, Gout and Hyperuricemia.

Neoplastic Diseases-

Acute Leukaemias, Hodgkin's disease. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Concept of Essential Drugs and Rational Drug use.

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY – GPAT Syllabus 2013

2013-07-22T20:10:00.000+05:30

Inorganic pharmaceutical & medicinal chemistry

Importance of inorganic compounds in pharmacy and medicine;

An outline of methods of preparation, uses, sources of impurities, tests for purity and identity, including limit tests for iron, arsenic, lead, heavy metals, chloride, sulphate and special tests if any, of the following classes of inorganic pharmaceuticals included in Indian Pharmacopoeia:

Gastrointestinal Agents:

Acidifying agents, Antacids, Protectives and Adsorbents, Cathartics;

Major Intra- and Extra-cellular Electrolytes:

Physiological ions. Electrolytes used for replacement therapy, acid-base balance and combination therapy;

Essential and Trace Elements:

Transition elements and their compounds of pharmaceutical importance, Iron and haematinics, mineral supplements; Cationic and anionic components of inorganic drugs useful for systemic effects;

Topical Agents:

Protectives, Astringents and Anti-infectives.

Gases and Vapors:

Oxygen, Anesthetics (inorganic) and Respiratory stimulants;

Dental Products:

Dentifrices, Anti-caries agents; Complexing and chelating agents used in therapy;

Miscellaneous Agents:

Sclerosing agents, Expectorants, Emetics, Inorganic poisons and antidotes.

Pharmaceutical Aids Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:

Anti-oxidants, Preservatives, Filter aids, Adsorbents, Diluents, Excipients, Suspending agents, Colorants;

Acids, Bases and Buffers:

Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability, buffered isotonic solutions, measurements of tonicity, calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity.

Inorganic Radiopharmaceuticals:

Nuclear reaction, radioisotopes, radiopharmaceuticals, Nomenclature, Methods of obtaining their standards and units of activity, half-life, measurement of activity, clinical applications, dosage, hazards and precautions. Physical Chemistry and its importance in pharmacy

Importance of basic fundamentals of physical chemistry in pharmacy:

Behavior of Gases, Kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behavior and explanation.

The Liquid State:

Physical properties (surface tension, parachor, viscosity, refractive index, dipole moment);

Solutions:

Ideal and real solutions, solutions of gases in liquids, colligative properties, partition coefficient, conductance and its measurement, Debye Huckel theory;

Thermodynamics:

First, Second and Third laws, Zeroth law, Concept of free energy, enthalpy and entropy, absolute temperature scale;

Thermochemical equations; Phase rule; Adsorption:

Freudlich and Gibbs adsorption, isotherms, Langmuir’s theory of adsorption.

Photochemistry:

Consequences of light absorption, Jabolenski diagram, Quantum efficiency;

Chemical Kinetics:

Zero, First and Second order reactions, complex reactions, theories of reaction kinetics, characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid base and enzyme catalysis;

Quantum Mechanics :

Postulates of quantum mechanics, operators in quantum mechanics, the Schrodinger wave equation. Organic Chemistry and its importance in pharmacy

Importance of fundamentals of organic chemistry in pharmaceutical sciences; Structure and Properties:

Atomic structure, Atomic orbitals, Molecular orbital theory, wave equation, Molecular orbitals, Bonding and Anti-bonding orbitals, Covalent bond, Hybrid orbitals, Intramolecular forces, Bond dissociation energy, Polarity of bonds, Polarity of molecules, Structure and physical properties, Intermolecular forces, Acids and bases;

Stereochemistry:

Nomenclature, isomerism, stereoisomerism, conformational and configurational isomerism, optical activity, specification of configuration, Reactions involving stereoisomers, chirality, conformations;

Stereoselective and stereospecific reactions; Structure, Nomenclature, Preparation and Reactions of:

Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Cyclic analogs, Dienes, Benzene, Polynuclear aromatic compounds, Arenes, Alkyl halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, Phenols, Aldehydes and ketones, Carboxylic acids, Functional derivatives of' carboxylic acids, a,ß-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds, Reactive intermediates- carbocations, carbanions, carbenes and nitrenes;

Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions:

Reactivity and orientation; Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Addition Reactions; Rearrangements (Beckman, Hoffman, Benzilic acid, pinacole-pinacolone and Bayer-Villager).

Elimination reactions; Conservation of Orbital Symmetry and Rules:

Electrocyclic, Cycloaddition and Sigmatropic reactions;

Neighboring group effects; Catalysis by transition metal complexes; Heterocyclic Compounds:

Nomenclature, preparation, properties and reactions of 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7-membered heterocycles with one or two heteroatoms like 0, N, S. Chemistry of lipids, Carbohydrates and Proteins.

Biochemistry

Biochemistry in pharmaceutical sciences:

The concept of free energy, Determination of change in free energy - from equilibrium constant and reduction potential, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological significance;

Enzymes:

Nomenclature, enzyme kinetics and their mechanism of action, mechanism of inhibition, enzymes and iso-enzymes in clinical diagnosis.

Co-enzymes:

Vitamins as co-enzymes and their significance. Metals as cofactors and their significance; Carbohydrate Metabolism: Conversion of polysaccharides to glucose-1-phosphate, Glycolysis, fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose and galactosemia, Role of sugar nucleotides in biosynthesis, and Pentose phosphate pathway;

The Citric Acid Cycle:

Significance, reactions and energetics of the cycle, Amphibolic role of the cycle, and Glyoxalic acid cycle;

Lipids Metabolism :

Oxidation of fatty acids, ß-oxidation & energetics, biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their utilization, biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Control of lipid metabolism, Essential fatty acids & eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes), phospholipids, and sphingolipids, Biosynthesis of eicosanoids, cholesterol, androgens, progesterone, estrogens corticosteroids and bile acids.

Biological Oxidation:

Redox-potential, enzymes and co-enzymes involved in oxidation reduction & its control, The respiratory chain, its role in energy capture and its control, energetics of oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.

Metabolism of ammonia and nitrogen containing monomers:

Nitrogen balance, Biosynthesis of amino acids, Catabolism of amino acids, Conversion of amino acids to specialized products, Assimilation of ammonia, Urea cycle, metabolic disorders of urea cycle, Metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids.

Purine biosynthesis:

Purine nucleotide inter-conversions. Pyrimidine biosynthesis and formation of deoxyribounucleotides.

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids:

Brief introduction of genetic organization of the mammalian genome, alteration and rearrangements of genetic material, Biosynthesis of DNA and its replications.

Mutation:

Physical & chemical mutagenesis/carcinogenesis, DNA repair mechanism. Biosynthesis of RNA; Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis: Genetic code, Components of protein synthesis and Inhibition of protein synthesis.

Medicinal Chemistry

Basic Principles:

Physico-chemical and stereoisomeric (Optical, geometrical) aspects of drug molecules and biological action, Bioisosterism, Drug-receptor interactions including transduction mechanisms;

Drug metabolism and Concept of Prodrugs; Principles of Drug Design (Theoretical Aspects):

Traditional analog and mechanism based approaches, QSAR approaches, Applications of quantum mechanics, Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD) and molecular modeling. Synthetic Procedures, Mode of Action, Uses, Structure Activity Relationships including Physicochemical

Properties of the Following Classes of Drugs:

Drugs acting at synaptic and neuro-effector junction sites: Cholinergics, anti-cholinergics and cholinesterase inhibitors, Adrenergic drugs, Antispasmodic and anti-ulcer drugs, Local Anesthetics, Neuromuscular blocking agents.

Autacoids:

Antihistamines, Eicosanoids, Analgesic-antipyretics, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroidal) agents.

Steroidal Drugs:

Steroidal nomenclature (IUPAC) and stereochemistry, Androgens and anabolic agents, Estrogens and Progestational agents, Oral contraceptives, Adrenocorticoids;

Drugs acting on the central nervous system:

General Anesthetics, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Anticonvulsants, Anti-Parkinsonian drugs, Psychopharmacological agents (Neuroleptics, Anti-depressants, Anxiolytics), Opioid analgesics, Anti-tussives, CNS stimulants.

Diuretics; Cardiovascular drugs:

Anti-hypertensives, Anti-arrythmic agents, anti-anginal agents, Cardiotonics, Anti-hyperlipedemic agents, Anticoagulants and Anti-platelet drugs.

Thyroid and Anti thyroid drugs; Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents:

Chemotherapeutic Agents used in bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoal, parasitic and other infections, Antibiotics: ß-Lactam, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, polypeptide antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, Anti-metabolites (including sulfonamides); Anti-neoplastic agents; Anti-viral agents (including anti–HIV); Immunosuppressives and immunostimulants; Diagnostic agents; Pharmaceutical Aids.

Microbial Transformations:

Introduction, types of reactions mediated by micro-organisms, design of biotransformation processes, selection of organisms, biotransformation process and its improvements with special reference to steroids.

Enzyme Immobilization:

Techniques of immobilization, factors affecting enzyme kinetics, Study of enzymes such as hyaluronidase, penicillinase, streptokinase, amylases and proteases, Immobilization of bacteria and plant cells.

Pharmaceutical Analysis

Different techniques of pharmaceutical analysis, Preliminaries and definitions:

Significant figures, Rules for retaining significant digits, Types of errors, Mean deviation, Standard deviation, Statistical treatment of small data sets, Selection of sample, Precision and accuracy.

Fundamentals of volumetric analysis:

Methods of expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards:

Acid Base Titrations:

Acid base concepts, Role of solvents, Relative strengths of acids and bases, Ionization, Law of mass action, Common ion effect, Ionic product of water, pH, Hydrolysis of salts, Henderson-Hasselbach equation, Buffer solutions, Neutralization curves, Acid-base indicators, Theory of indicators, Choice of indicators, Mixed indicators, Polyprotic systems, Polyamine and amino acid systems, Amino acid titrations.

Oxidation Reduction Titrations:

Concepts of oxidation and reduction, Redox reactions, Strengths and equivalent weights of oxidizing and reducing agents, Theory of redox titrations, Redox indicators, Cell representations, Measurement of electrode potential, Oxidation-reduction curves, Iodimetry and Iodometry, Titrations involving cerric ammonium sulphate, potassium iodate, potassium bromate, potassium permanganate; titanous chloride, stannous chloride and Sodium 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol.

Precipitation Titrations:

Precipitation reactions, Solubility product, Effect of acids, temperature and solvent upon the solubility of a precipitate, Argentometric titrations and titrations involving ammonium or potassium thiocyanate, mercuric nitrate, and barium sulphate, indicators, Methods of end point determination (GayLussac method, Mohr’s method, Volhard's method and Fajan's method).

Gravimetric Analysis:

Precipitation techniques, The colloidal state, Supersaturation, Co-precipitation, Postprecipitation, Digestion, washing of the precipitate, Filtration, Filter papers and crucibles, Ignition, Thermogravimetric curves, Specific examples like barium sulphate, aluminium as aluminium oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate, Organic precipitants.

Non-aqueous titrations:

Acidic and basic drugs, Solvents used, Indicators.

Complexometric titrations:

Complexing agents used as titrants, Indicators, Masking and demasking;

Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis:

Diazotization titrations, Kjeldahl method of nitrogen estimation, Karl-Fischer aquametry, Oxygen flask combustion method, Gasometry.

Extraction procedures including separation of drugs from excipients; Potentiometry:

Standard redox potential, Nernst equation, Half-cell potential, Standard and indicating electrodes, potentiometric titrations;

Conductometry:

Specific and equivalent conductance, conductometric titrations.

Coulometry:

Coulomb’s law, Coulometric titrations at fixed potential/current.

Polarography:

Decomposition potential, Half-wave potential, Diffision/migration/migration current, Ilkovic equation, Cathodic/anodic polarography, Dropping mercury electrode, Graphite electrode, Organic polarography.

Amperometry:

Rotating platinum electrode, Amperometric titrations.

Chromatography:

Theory of chromatography, plate theory, Factors affecting resolution, van Deemter equation. The following chromatographic techniques (including instrumentation) with relevant examples of Pharmacopoeial products: TLC, HPLC, GLC, HPTLC, Paper Chromatography and Column Chromatography.

The Theoretical Aspects, Basic Instrumentation, Elements of Interpretation of Spectra, and Applications (quantitative and qualitative) of the Following Analytical Techniques:

Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry, Fluorimetry, Infrared spectrophotometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy [proton technique only], Mass Spectrometry (EI & CI only), Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction Analysis, Radioimmunoassay.

Quality assurance:

GLP, ISO 9000, TQM, Quality Review and Quality documentation, Regulatory control, regulatory drug analysis, interpretation of analytical data, Validation, quality audit: quality of equipment, validation of equipment, validation of analytical procedures.

PHARMACEUTICS - GPAT 2013 Syllabus

2013-07-22T14:08:00.001+05:30

Introduction to Physical pharmacy

Matter, Properties of Matter:

State of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heats and vapor pressure, sublimation critical point, Eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid. Complexes, liquid crystals, glassy state, solids- crystalline, amorphous and polymorphism.

Micromeretics and Powder Rheology:

Particle size and distribution, average particle size, number and weight distribution, particle number, methods for determining particle volume, methods of determining particle size- optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation; measurements of particle shape, specific surface area; methods for determining surface area; permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders,
porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.

Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon:

Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency, adsorption at solid interfaces, solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interface.

Viscosity and Rheology:

Newtonian systems, Law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature; non-Newtonian systems: pseudo plastic, dilatant, plastic; thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, negative thixotropy, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometers.

Dispersion Systems:

Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids, applications of colloids in pharmacy; Suspensions and Emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian motion, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological considerations; Emulsions-types, theories, physical stability.

Complexation:

Classification of complexes, methods of preparation, analysis, & applications.

Kinetics and Drug Stability:

General considerations & concepts, half-life determination, Influence of temperature, light, solvent, catalytic species and other factors, Accelerated stability study, expiration dating.

Importance of microbiology in pharmacy

Structure of bacterial cell; Classification of microbes and their taxonomy:

Actinomycetes, bacteria, rickettsiae, spirochetes and viruses.

Identification of Microbes:

Stains and types of staining techniques, electron microscopy; Nutrition, cultivation, isolation of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, viruses, etc; microbial genetics and variation.

Control of microbes by physical and chemical methods:

Disinfection, factors influencing disinfectants, dynamics of disinfection, disinfectants and antiseptics and their evaluation;.

Sterilization:

Different methods, validation of sterilization methods &equipments; Sterility testing of all pharmaceutical products. Microbial assays of antibiotics, vitamins & amino acids.

Immunology and Immunological Preparations:

Principles, antigens and heptans, immune system, cellular/humoral immunity, immunological tolerance, antigen-antibody reactions and their applications. Hypersensitivity, active and passive immunization. Vaccines and sera: their preparation, standardization and storage.

Genetic Recombination:

Transformation, conjugation, transduction, protoplast fusion and gene cloning and their applications.Development of hybridoma for monoclonal antibodies. Study of drugs produced by biotechnology such as Activase, Humulin, Humatrope, HB etc.

Antibiotics:

Historical development of antibiotics. Antimicrobial spectrum and methods used for their standardization. Screening of soil for organisms producing antibiotics, fermenter, its design, control of different parameters. Isolation of mutants, factors influencing rate of mutation. Design of fermentation process. Isolation of fermentation products with special reference to penicillins, streptomycins, tetracyclines and vitamin B12.

Introduction to pharmaceutical jurisprudence & ethics

Pharmaceutical Legislations:

A brief review; Drugs & Pharmaceutical Industry - A brief review; Pharmaceutical Education

An elaborate study of the followings:

Pharmaceutical Ethics; Pharmacy Act 1948; Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945; Medicinal & Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955; Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 & Rules; Drugs Price Control Order.

A brief study of the following Acts with special reference to the main provisions and the latest amendments:

Poisons Act 1919; Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954; Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1970 & Rules 1975; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960; States Shops & Establishments Act & Rules; Insecticides Act 1968; AICTE Act 1987; Factories Act 1948; Minimum Wages Act 1948; Patents Act 1970. A brief study of the various Prescription/Non-prescription Products. Medical/Surgical accessories, diagnostic aids, appliances available in the market.

Introduction to dispensing and community pharmacy

Prescription:

Handling of prescription, source of errors in prescription, care required in dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products. General dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products; Pharmaceutical calculations: Posology, calculation of doses for infants, adults and elderly patients; Enlarging and reducing recipes percentage solutions, alligation, alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic solutions, displacement value etc.

Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of :

Typical prescriptions like mixtures, solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, capsules, pastes, jellies, suppositories, ophthalmic, pastilles, lozenges, pills, lotions, liniments, inhalations, paints, sprays, tablet triturates, etc.

Incompatibilities:

Physical and chemical incompatibilities, inorganic incompatibilities including incompatibilities of metals and their salts, non-metals, acids, alkalis, organic incompatibilities. Purine bases, alkaloids, pyrazolone derivatives, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, carbohydrates, glycosides, anesthetics, dyes, surface active agents, correction of incompatibilities. Therapeutic incompatibilities.

Community Pharmacy:

Organization and structure of retail and whole sale drug store-types of drug store and design, legal requirements for establishment, maintenance and drug store-dispensing of proprietary products, maintenance of records of retail and wholesale, patient counseling, role of pharmacist in community health care and education (First aid, communicable diseases, nutrition, family planning).

Organization and Structure of hospital pharmacy:

Organization of a hospital and hospital pharmacy, Responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist, Pharmacy and therapeutic committee, Budget preparation and Implementation.

Hospital Formulary:

Contents, preparation and revision of hospital formulary.

Drug Store Management and Inventory Control:

Organization of drug store, Types of materials stocked, storage conditions; Purchase and Inventory Control principles, purchase procedures, Purchase order, Procurement and stocking.

Drug distribution Systems in Hospitals:

Out-patient dispensing, methods adopted; Dispensing of drugs to in-patients. Types of drug distribution systems. Charging policy, labeling; Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory patients; Dispensing of controlled drugs, Dispensing of ancillary supplies. Central Sterile Supply Unit and their Management: Types of materials for sterilization, Packing of materials prior to sterilization, sterilization equipments, Supply of sterile materials.

Manufacture of Sterile and Non-sterile Products:

Policy making of manufacturable items, demand and costing, personnel requirements, manufacturing practice, Master formula Card, production control, Manufacturing records.

Drug Information Services:

Sources' of Information on drugs, disease, treatment schedules, procurement of information, Computerized services (e.g., MEDLINE), Retrieval of information, Medication error- types of medication errors, correction and reporting.

Records and Reports:

Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication profile, cases on drug interaction and adverse reactions, idiosyncratic cases. Pharmacoeconomics: Introduction to pharmacoeconomics, different methods of pharmacoeconomics, application of pharmacoeconomics. Pharmacoepidemiology: Definition and scope, method to conduct pharmacoepidemiological studies, advantages & disadvantages of pharmacoepidemiological studies.

Nuclear Pharmacy:

Methods of handling radioisotopes, radioisotope committee.

Importance of unit operations in manufacturing, Stoichiometry:

Unit processes

Material and energy balances, molecular units, mole fraction, tie substance, gas laws, mole volume, primary and secondary quantities, equilibrium state, rate process, steady and unsteady states, dimensionless equations, dimensionless formulae, dimensionless groups, different types of graphic representation, mathematical problems.

Fluid Flow:

Types of flow, Reynold's number, Viscosity, Concept of boundary layer, basic equations of fluid flow, valves, flow meters, manometers and measurement of flow and pressure.

Heat transfer:

Concept of heat flow, applications of Fourier’s law, forced and natural convection, surface coefficients, boiling liquids, condensing vapors, heat exchangers, heat interchangers, radiation, black body, Stefan Boltzmann equation, Kirchoff’s law.

Evaporation:

Basic concept of phase equilibria, factor affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators, Mathematical problems on evaporation.

Distillation:

Roult's law, phase diagrams, volatility; simple steam and flash distillations, principles of rectification, Mc-Cabe Thiele method for calculations of number of theoretical plates, Azeotropic and extractive distillation.

Drying:

Moisture content and mechanism of drying, rate of drying and time of drying calculations; classification and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods.

Size Reduction:

Definition, objectives of size reduction, mechanisms of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing energy and power requirements of a mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill. Size separation: Different techniques of size separation, sieves, sieve shakers, sedimentation tank, cyclone separators, bag fillers Etc.

Mixing:

Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing equipments.

Filtration and Centrifugation:

Theory of filtration, continuous and batch filters, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters including filter press, rotary filter, edge filter, Etc. Factors affecting filtration, filtration, optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters, and centrifugal sedimenters.

Crystallization:

Characteristics of crystals like-purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms size and factors affecting them, Solubility curves and calculation of yields. Material and heat balances around Swenson Walker Crystallizer. Super saturation, theory and its limitations, Nucleation mechanisms, crystal growth.Study of various types of Crystallizers, tanks, agitated batch, Swenson Walker, Single vacuum, circulating magma and Krystal Crystallizer, Caking of crystals and its prevention.Numerical problems on yields;

Dehumidification and Humidity Control:

Basic concepts and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, Hygrometric chart and measurement of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipments for dehumidification operations;

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning:

Principle and applications of refrigeration and air conditioning;

Material of Construction :

General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, Properties and applications of the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel and glass.

Material Handling Systems:

Liquid handling - Different types of pumps, Gas handling-Various types of fans, blowers and compressors, Solid handling-Bins, Bunkers, Conveyers, Air transport.

Corrosion:

Classification, mechanism of corrosion, factors affecting, prevention and control.

Plant location:

Layout, utilities and services.

Industrial Hazards and Safety Precautions:

Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, fire and dust hazards. Industrial dermatitis, Accident records Etc.

Automated Process Control Systems:

Process variables, temperature, pressure, flow, level and vacuum and their measurements; elements of automatic process control and introduction to automatic process control systems; elements of computer aided manufacturing (CAM). Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design for chemical reactions.

Dosages Forms, designing & evaluation

Liquid Dosages Forms:

Introduction, types of additives used in formulations, vehicles, stabilizers, preservatives, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, solubilizers, colors, flavors and others, manufacturing packaging, labeling, evaluation of clear liquids, suspensions and emulsions official in pharmacopoeia;

Semisolid Dosage Forms:

Definitions, types, mechanisms of drug penetration, factors influencing penetration, semisolid bases and their selection. General formulation of semisolids, clear gels manufacturing procedure, evaluation and packaging;

Suppositories:

Ideal requirements, bases, displacement value, manufacturing procedure, packaging and evaluation;

Extraction and Galenical Products:

Principle and method of extraction, preparation of infusion, tinctures, dry and soft liquid extracts;

Blood Products and Plasma Substitutes:

Collection, processing and storage of whole human blood, concentrated human RBCs, dried human plasma, human fibrinogen, human thrombin, human normal immunoglobulin, human fibrin, foam plasma substitutes, -ideal requirements, PVP, dextran Etc. for control of blood pressure as per I.P.;

Pharmaceutical Aerosols:

Definition, propellants, general formulation, manufacturing' and packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications;

Ophthalmic Preparations:

Requirements, formulation, methods of preparation, labeling, containers, evaluation; Cosmeticology and Cosmetic Preparations: Fundamentals of cosmetic science, structure and functions of skin and hair. Formulation, preparation and packaging of cosmetics for skin, hair, dentifrice and manicure preparations like nail polish, nail polish remover, Lipsticks, eye lashes, baby care products Etc.

Capsules:

Advantages and disadvantages of capsule dosage form, material for production of hard gelatin capsules, size of capsules, formulation, method of capsule filling, soft gelatin, capsule shell and capsule content, importance of base absorption and minimum/gm factors in soft capsules, quality control, stability testing and storage of capsule dosage forms.

Micro-encapsulation:

Types of microcapsules, importance of microencapsulation in pharmacy, microencapsulation by phase separation, coacervation, multi-orifice, spray drying, spray congealing, polymerization complex emulsion, air suspension technique, coating pan and other techniques, evaluation of micro capsules.

Tablets:

Advantages and disadvantages of tablets, Application of different types of tablets, Formulation of different types of tablets, granulation, technology on large-scale by various techniques, different types of tablet compression machinery and the equipments employed, evaluation of tablets.

Coating of Tablets:

Types of coating, film forming materials, formulation of coating solution, equipments for coating, coating process, evaluation of coated tablets. Stabilityk inetics and quality assurance.

Parenteral Products:

Pre-formulation factors, routes of administration, water for injection, and sterile water for injection, pyrogenicity, non- aqueous vehicles, isotonicity and methods of its adjustment, Formulation details, Containers and closures and selection, labeling; Pre-filling treatment, washing of containers and closures, preparation of solution and suspensions, filling and closing of ampoules, vials, infusion fluids, lyophilization & preparation of sterile powders, equipment for large scale manufacture and evaluation of parenteral products; Aseptic Techniques-source of contamination and methods of prevention, Design of aseptic area, Laminar flow bench services and maintenance. Sterility testing of pharmaceuticals.

Surgical products:

Definition, primary wound dressing, absorbents, surgical cotton, surgical gauzes etc., bandages, adhesive tape, protective cellulosic hemostastics, official dressings, absorbable and nonabsorbable sutures, ligatures and catguts.

Packaging of Pharmaceutical Products:

Packaging components, types, specifications and methods of evaluation, stability aspects of packaging. Packaging equipments, factors influence choice of containers, legal and official requirements for containers, package testing.

Designing of dosage forms:

Pre-formulation studies, Study of physical properties of drug like physical form, particle size, shape, density, wetting, dielectric constant. Solubility, dissolution and organoleptic properties and their effect on formulation, stability and bioavailability. Study of chemical properties of drugs like hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemization, polymerization etc., and their influence on formulation and stability of products. Study of pro-drugs in solving problems related to stability, bioavailability and elegancy of formulations. Design, development and process validation methods for pharmaceutical operations involved in the production of pharmaceutical products with special reference to tablets, suspensions. Stabilization and stability testing protocol for various pharmaceutical products.ICH Guidelines for stability testing of formulations.

Performance evaluation methods:

In-vitro dissolution studies for solid dosage forms methods, interpretation of dissolution data. Bioavailability studies and bioavailability testing protocol and procedures. In vivo methods of evaluation and statistical treatment.GMP and quality assurance, Quality audit. Design, development, production and evaluation of controlled/sustained/extended release formulations.

Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics

Introduction to biopharmaceutics:

Passage of drugs across biological barrier (passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, ion-pair formation and pinocytosis); Factors influencing absorption- biological, physico-chemical, physiological and pharmaceutical; Drug distribution in the body, plasma protein binding.

Pharmacokinetics:

Significance of plasma drug concentration measurement. Compartment model- Definition and Scope. Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption - Zero order and first order absorption rate constant using Wagner-Nelson and residual methods. Volume of distribution and distribution coefficient. Compartment kinetics- One compartment and two compartment models. Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters from plasma and urine data after drug administration by intravascular and oral route. Clearance concept, mechanism of renal clearance, clearance ratio, determination of renal clearance. Extraction ratio, hepatic clearance, biliary excretion, extra hepatic circulation. Non-linear pharmacokinetics with special reference to one compartment model after I.V. drug administration.

Clinical Pharmacokinetics:

Definition and scope: Dosage adjustment in patients with and without renal and hepatic failure; Design of single dose bio-equivalence study and relevant statistics; Pharmacokinetic drug interactions and their significance in combination therapy.

Bioavailability and bioequivalence:

Measures of bioavailability, Cmax, tmax, Keli and Area Under the Curve (AUC); Design of single dose bioequivalence study and relevant statistics; Review of regulatory requirements for conducting bioequivalent studies. Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) of drugs.

Results

2013-07-16T15:11:00.001+05:30

Today, we’re going to launch our new Results Page. This Page hosts all the Results of B Pharmacy of Health University Rohtak. It will be updated periodically, so bookmark it for future visits. For ease and complete look, we have added past results (both exams as well as Entrance Tests) to this page. Enjoy and share with your friends.

RESULT GAZETTE OF B. PHARMACY 1ST, 2ND, 3RD AND 4TH YEAR.

Result of 1st Year
Result of 2nd Year
Result of 3rd Year
Result of 4th Year

Result of B.Pharmacy Course Entrance Examination-2013 held on 26-05-2013

Roll No Wise List
Common Merit List
Category Wise List
Roll Wise B. Pharma (Leet)
Category Wise B. Pharma (Leet)
Rank Wise B. Pharma (Leet)

Result of B. Pharmacy 1st,2nd,3rd & 4th Year Supplementary Examination October 2012

Result Gazettee of M. Pharmacy 1st Year Annual Examination, May, 2012

Report of Re-Checking B. Pharmacy Part 1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th year.

Result of M. Pharmacy 1st Year Annual Examination , May 2012

RESULT OF B.PHARMACY [LEET] COURSE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION 2012 HELD ON 29/07/2012.
Merit B. Pharmacy (LEET) Wise List
Result B. Pharmacy (LEET) Category Wise
Result B. Pharmacy (LEET) Roll Now Wise
Result B. Pharmacy Category
Result B. Pharmacy Merit
Result B. Pharmacy Roll No

Result of D. Pharmacy 1st & 2nd Year Annual Examination, December 2011.

Result of B. Pharmacy 1st, 2nd & 3rd Year Supplementary Examination, October 2011

Having trouble downloading files or found a broken link? Report it on our Contact Page. Share the results and word with your friends on Facebook by commenting below.

Disclaimer: The results are nothing but links to pdf files hosted on official site of health university rohtak i.e. http://www.pgimsrohtak.nic.in and http://www.uhsr.ac.in. Neither TechJatt site nor its author Nitin shall be held responsible for any discrepancy aroused due to error done by folks at University. We are just referring you to the Results files provided by University.

Blogger Templates – Complete Guide for new Blogger Interface

2013-06-20T16:26:00.001+05:30

What we will Learn?

What are Blogger Templates?
How to Back Up Blogger Template?
How to upload new Blogger Template?
Customising Blogger Default Templates
How to Edit Blogger Template?
Blogger Mobile Templates

Now, without wasting time, let’s come to the topic:

#1 What are Blogger Templates?

Blogger Templates are the coded program or we can say directories which contain the styling i.e. design of your blog. How your blog will look in LIVE form in Browser. It contains design in form of CSS - Cascading Style Sheets and tells browser about look and design of your Blog. If you look at Blogger Template’s Coding – You will see style sheets in <head> section of your blog before opening of <body> tag.

#2 Backing Up Blogger Template

Now, before editing or tweaking your blog’s look, let’s backup your blog template so that if you get stuck somewhere, you may be able to get back to previous look of your blog and may remain safe from trouble. For this, Checkout :

How to Back Up Blogger Template

#3 How to upload new Blogger Template

Instead of tweaking your present template and customising it to make another styled template, you may wish to upload a fully customised template to your blog. This is because Editing Blogger Template is relatively difficult and not meant for new-bies or non-technical users. There are so many blogger templates available on web for free download and you may Google them to find template of your need.

We are also going to start “Best of Blogger Templates” series in future and only best Blogger Templates will be hosted there.

Checkout : How to Restore/ Upload Blogger Template in new Blogger Interface

#4 How to Edit Blogger Template

To edit a Blogger template, check: How to Edit Blogger Template in new Blogger Interface

To find some keyword in Blogger’s new HTML Editor check: How to find codes in new Blogger HTML Editor

#5 Use Template Designer to customise default Blogger Templates

Blogger has evolved and added few yet powerful features since it’s takedown by Google. One of its features include adding 5 types of templates – i.e. Simple, Watermark, Awesome, Picture Window and Travel Every type include 3-6 subtypes also. The templates hosted on other sites are of previous XML type and can’t be customised by Blogger Template Designer & Editor, but the templates provided by Blogger by default are special – These can be customised by Blogger Template Designer to suit to any requirement of you. Template Designer consists of some special features like changing template, changing background of Blog, adjusting Blog’s width including sidebar, changing layout with single, double or three column footer, left, right, both or no sidebar etc. The last section contains the elements to adjust blog’s fonts, colors etc. and also adding custom CSS

#6 Blogger Mobile Templates

Blogger also gives its users, web-developers and your visitors to show a light and fast template for better view, compatibility and experience on mobile devices.

Checkout: Complete Guide to Blogger Mobile Templates

In above tutorial I have almost told all the basics about Blogger’s Templates and done my best to help you. If you are facing any problem feel free to ask in comments below. Please “LIKE”, “SHARE” or “+1” this article to help us and spread the word.

Complete Guide to Editing Blogger Mobile Templates

2013-06-19T18:24:00.001+05:30

Hey Bloggers! I got a good news when i visited Blogger Cods Blog posted by Blogger Team there. If you have customised your blog’s mobile views with Blogger’s default mobile templates, now you will be able to customise the mobile views by using CSS - Cascading Style Sheets definitions. You will also be able to check on which widgets get displayed in mobile view and which in Desktop view. In brief, you’ll be able to show same or alternate content in blogger mobile view.

How to achieve it in Blogger mobile View?

Go to Blog’s dashboard, then select Template from left pane.

Now under Mobile Template, click on Gear (wheel) icon.

Select “Custom” from the “Choose mobile template” drop-down menu.

“Preview” your template in Mobile Version and Save it.

Let’s Start Customisation

The folks at Blogger have done a great job and have added an additional property to the <b:widget/> tag. The property has values ‘default’, ‘yes’, ‘no’ and ‘only’. These values determine how our mobile site will look to readers.

To add CSS - Cascading Style Sheets and codes to Blogger Template Check: How to Edit a Blogger Template in new Interface Part I and Part II

The following widgets are displayed in our mobile template by default:

Header
Blog
Profile
Page List
Attribution

Now, suppose we wish to hide any of above widgets from our blog’s mobile view, then we may use property mobile=’no’ in widget tag. Now, the widget will not appear in mobile.

For Example: To Hide “Attribution” in Mobile View

<b:widget id=’Attribution1’ locked=’false’ mobile=’no’ title=’’ type=’Attribution’/>

If you want to show Blog Archive widget in Mobile View, then change

<b:widget id=’BlogArchive1’ locked=’false’ mobile=’no’ title=’’ type=’BlogArchive’/>

<b:widget id=’BlogArchive1’ locked=’false’ mobile=’yes’ title=’’ type=’BlogArchive’/>

To display a widget only in Mobile Version, set Mobile Property to ‘only’

For Example: To show Blog Archive only in Mobile Version, use mobile=’only’ property in above coding and it will look like

<b:widget id=’BlogArchive1’ locked=’false’ mobile=’only’ title=’’ type=’BlogArchive’/>

Customising the Look and Graphics of Mobile site:

Now, as blogger code blog tells us, we can also customise the design of mobile site additional to just displaying widgets. The body element of the template will be styled by the mobile class.

<body class=’loading mobile’>

Make sure your Template has:

<body expr:class=’"loading" + data:blog.mobileclass’>

For this either use and customise Blogger Default Template, or add the above lines to your non-default custom template.

So’ if you are good at coding and CSS designing, then you can use this class name to style your mobile site template.

.mobile .date-header {

text-decoration: underline;

}

Blogger Default Templates have preinstalled mobile CSS class for your blog, so you may edit them or add new one to style your blog in mobile view.

Alternate Widget Content in Mobile View:

Once you have enabled Custom View for your Mobile Template, you may find that the site template as well as content of widgets is too big and bulky to fit into Mobile Browser. So, if you wish, you can show different (alternate) content inside a widget for Mobile View.

e.g.

<div class="widget-content">
  <b:if cond="data:blog.isMobile">
    <!-- Show a text link in mobile view.-->
    <a href="http://www.blogger.com">
      Powered By Blogger
    </a>
  <b:else/>
    <!-- Show an image link in desktop view.-->
    <a href="http://www.blogger.com">
      <img expr:src="data:fullButton" alt="Powered By Blogger"/>
    </a>
  </b:if>
</div>

The above coding will show a “Powered by Blogger” text link on Mobile View and a “Powered by Blogger” image on the normal Desktop View.

The conditiona tag:

<b:if cond=”data:blog.isMobile”/>

is used to check if the user is seeing our Blog in Mobile Browser or not. You can use this conditional tag to show your creativity and show a completely different looking blog to mobile visitors of your blog.

Happy Customisation!!!

Please share and like this article if this article has helped you in customisation and giving a new look to your blog.