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5G NR Measurement

2020-03-03T08:31:00.001+03:00

5G NR uses SS (Synchronization Signal) and CSI (Channel State Information) instead of CRS.

Reference Signal (RS) measurements are further classified into three measurement parameters as given below:

Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)
Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)
Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ)

Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) :

RSSI is defined as the total received wide-band power measured over entire bandwidth by UE. RSSI is not reported to eNodeB. The RSSI is used in the calculation of RSRQ in LTE system. RSSI is also a power and its measurement unit is dBm

Reference Signal Received Power(RSRP):

RSRP is the linear average of reference signal power (in Watts) measured over a specified bandwidth (in number of REs). It is very similar to CPICH RSCP in WCDMA. It is applicable while UE in different RRC states i.e. RRC_IDLE intra-frequency, RRC_IDLE inter-frequency, RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency, RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency.

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Difference between EcNo,RSCP and RSSI

2014-03-07T14:00:00.000+02:00

Many of engineers are not clear on the exact definition for RSCP and RSSI?

Even some engineers are not clear on What is EcNo and What is EcIo?

This post is for those engineers.

RSSI: recieved signal strength indicator.
RSSI= RSCP-Ec/Io

EcNo: energy per chip over the noise, a measure of the quality of the signal

RSCP: Energy after processing ie with gain from coding etc
RSCP = RSSI + EcNo

RSSI: A dB measure of the signal arriving at the antenna before gain from processing

CPICH: Pilot Channel of the cell.

You have to measure two parameter on pilot ch (Ec/No & RSCP) to verify P-CPICH detection to minimise coverage holes,

Ex: (RSCP > -100dBm (sufficient) & Ec/No > -14 (sufficient))

& by correlation between low Ec/No & high RSCP you can find the interference & pilot pollution.

Read more on 5G Core Network Funcationality

Ericsson UMTS RF Optimization Best Practices

2014-03-06T13:40:00.002+02:00

Content :
-PILOT CHANNEL FAILURE - HIGH DOWNLINK INTERFERENCE
-PILOT CHANNEL FAILURE - OUT OF PILOT COVERAGE
-UPLINK AND PILOT COVERAGE IMBALANCE
-TRANSMITTING MAX DL CODE POWER – FULL COVERAGE
-TRANSMITTING MAX DL CODE POWER – NOT FULL COVERAGE
-INSUFFICIENT RECEIVED UL DPCH POWER
-UNEVEN LOAD DISTRIBUTION
-HIGH DOWNLINK TX POWER
-HIGH UPLINK RSSI
-MANY DOWN-SWITCHES DUE TO COVERAGE TRIGGERING
-HIGH FACH USAGE
-HIGH SWITCHING RATES BETWEEN DEDICATED AND COMMON CHANNELS
-HANDOVER EVENT DETECTION FAILURE
-HANDOVER FUNCTION FAILURE
-HIGH ACTIVE SET UPDATE RATE
-CELL RE-SELECTION FAILURE - UE IN IDLE OR CELL_FACH MODE
-RANDOM ACCESS PROCEDURE PROBLEM
-DOWNLINK DEDICATED RADIO LINK SYNCHRONIZATION FAILURE – CALL SETUP

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What is PUSCH Hopping?

2014-01-16T05:01:00.001+02:00

A Simple defination of PUSCH hopping is Hopping in LTE Uplink.
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH): is used to carry on the uplink user data. QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM are the modulation schemes supported on PUSCH. PUSCH is mapped to Physical resource blocks in different ways depending on whether uplink frequency hopping is 23 enabled or not. The mapping also differs for different types of hopping if uplink frequency hopping is enabled.Different techniques that provide uplink diversity can be used in cases where channel dependent scheduling is not suitable. Frequency hopping is one of the techniques that can be used to enhance diversity in the 3G LTE uplink. Hopping in frequency can be performed on PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) – the channel on which the user data is transmitted. Thus frequency hopping in the uplink can be called PUSCH frequency hopping.

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Type 1 PUSCH Hopping
Hopping based on explicit hopping information in the scheduling grant
Type 2 PUSCH Hopping
In Type 2 PUSCH hopping, the hopping bandwidth is virtually divided into sub-bands of equal width. Each sub-band constitutes a number of contiguous resource blocks.

Comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 PUSCH Hopping
Diversity
In Type 1 PUSCH hopping, there are three different hopping options with a period of only 1 subframe in case of intra and inter-subframe hopping or 2 subframes in case of inter-subframe hopping mode as explained in Section 4.2 above. A UE may perform hopping in the second slot with an offset of ½ , -¼, or ¼ of the PUSCH bandwidth with respect to the lowest index PRB in the first slot.

WCDMA Online Quiz

2013-09-11T05:40:00.002+03:00

Some good quizzes on WCDMA technology.

By attending this quiz any one can learn basics.

Experts can brush up their learning and knowledge.

First WCDMA onlie Quiz is on Traffic Class

Which covers various questions on Traffic Class in WCDMA

Click Here to Take Traffic Class Quiz

This Quiz Based on WCDMA Traffic Classes

- Conversational
- Streaming
- Interactive
- Background

Second Quiz on WCDMA Basics which covers very basic part of WCDMA.

Click Here to Take WCDMA Basics Quiz

Go and take Quiz and Check your Knowledge.

Basic HSPA parameters for Ericsson system

2013-04-19T15:37:00.002+03:00

Friends

Today I am going to discuss some Basic HSPA parameters for Ericsson System.

flexibleSchedulerOn:

This is very important parameter which selects Scheduler.

flexibleSchedulerOn is used to activate the HSDPA flexible scheduler feature, and the scheduling algorithm is chosen through the parameter queueSelectAlgorithm.

One aspect in the choice of scheduling algorithm is the judgment of fairness.It is recommended to use the proportional fair and Max CQI algorithms together with the CQI adjustment feature, in order to achieve a throughput gain compared to round robin. When using proportional fair without CQI adjustment in poor radio conditions, the NACK ratio can be very high, leading to lower cell throughput than with round robin.

The default value for queueSelectAlgorithm is ROUND_ROBIN. With this scheduling algorithm all users are equally scheduled. MAX_CQI maximizes the cell throughput, but UEs in bad radio conditions will probably not be scheduled. A trade-off between throughput gain and UE scheduling fairness can be achieved with the PROPORTIONAL_FAIR algorithms. Note that the utilization of MAX_CQI and PROPORTIONAL_FAIR need the CQI adjustment feature to be activated in order to guarantee good performance.

What is Reverse Link Interference Cancellation (RLIC)?

2013-04-04T15:04:00.002+03:00

Also known as BTS Interference Cancellation, RLIC reduces the interference in the reverse link to increase network capacity. RLIC also improves network coverage since the effective range of a cell site is typically limited by

the reverse link (e.g., the transmit power of the mobile device).

With RLIC the improved signal that is received at the cell site means that the device can transmit from a greater distance or in a harder to reach location (e.g., indoors) and still maintain the connection.

RSSI vs RSRP: A Brief LTE Signal Strength Introduction

2013-03-05T11:12:00.000+02:00

RSSI and RSRP as signal strength measurement techniques for LTE:

RSSI varies with LTE downlink bandwidth. For example, even if all other factors were equal, VZW 10 MHz LTE bandwidth RSSI would measure 3 dB greater than would Sprint 5 MHz LTE bandwidth RSSI. But that does not actually translate to stronger signal to the end user.
RSSI varies with LTE subcarrier activity -- the greater the data transfer activity, the higher the RSSI. But, again, that does not actually translate to stronger signal to the end user.
RSRP does a better job of measuring signal power from a specific sector while potentially excluding noise and interference from other sectors.
RSRP levels for usable signal typically range from about -75 dBm close in to an LTE cell site to -120 dBm at the edge of LTE coverage.

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Is LTE Performance Good? See the Facts

2013-02-13T11:52:00.000+02:00

Firstly, substantial increases in peak LTE speeds do not equate to similar increases in network capacity. LTE maximises the data rate available to end users that experience excellent radio conditions (for example close to a base station). However, mobile users that experience poor signal conditions will continue to achieve relatively poor data rates. Hence, it is only a lucky few within a base station coverage area that will experience data rates approaching the peak rates possible. It is true that these users will increase the average throughput delivered by the base station, but by nowhere near the magnitude suggested by the peak data rates.

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Secondly, the highest LTE speeds are only achieved through the use of large spectrum allocations – ideally 2x20MHz – which is four times the 2x5MHz spectrum used by W-CDMA and HSPA.

Value of RSRP, RSRQ, RSSI and SINR to get Good Data Rate

2013-02-12T11:46:00.000+02:00

RSRP, RSRQ ,RSSI are the measurements that the UE takes for cell reselection or handover puroposes. It is not used for the purposes of the transmission settings, but to take the decision (by the UE – in case of cell reselection; or eNB – in case of handover) to move the UE to other cell. In the case of handover, the UE sends the measurement results according to the eNB commands (e.g. periodically or triggered by event). The power of the eNB is constant and does not depend on the RSRP / RSRQ / RSSI measurements.

What is CQI?

Parametric Changes to Improve CQI?

Read more on 5G NR Measurement

The measurements and feedback that relate to the transmission settings are known as CQI (channel quality indicator). Depending on that value (CQI index), the eNB takes the decision to assign a particular MCS (modulation and coding scheme) for a particular UE. The higher the CQI (ranging from 0 up to 15) the higher the modulation and coding scheme and the higher the throughput. However it is up to the implemented receiver algorithms in the UE, at which SNIR the good throughput can be achieved (the algorithms are vendor dependent so the “good SNIR” may vary for various UEs).

What is RTWP?

2013-02-11T11:44:00.001+02:00

Its Received Total Wideband Power.the total level of noise within the UMTS frequency band of any cell.RTWP is related to uplink interference.Because of Uplink Interference you faced call drop.Actually its indication of Uplink Interference in Cellular Network.- Most common problem is Configuration Issue.So Check from RNC end.- Check Hardware loose Jumper cable or faulty transmitter.- Every thing is ok than may issue of external interference.
General value is nearly -104 or -105 dBm.Possible Solution for RTWP:- Most common problem is Configuration Issue.So Check from RNC end.- Check Hardware loose Jumper cable or faulty transmitter.- Every thing is ok than may issue of external interference.

Know more Possible Solution of RTWP?

3G Huawei CE TCP RTWP Power Utilisation

In Which SIB user get RTWP value?

Services Provided by Physical (L1) Layer in LTE

2013-02-07T15:33:00.000+02:00

The physical layer offers data transport services to higher layers. The access to these services is through the use of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer. A transport block is defined as the data delivered by MAC layer to the physical layer and vice versa. Transport blocks are delivered once every TTI (Transmission Time Interval).

The physical layer is expected to perform the following functions in order to provide the data transport service:

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- Error detection on the transport channel and indication to higher layers

- FEC encoding/decoding of the transport channel

- Hybrid ARQ soft-combining

- Rate matching of the coded transport channel to physical channels

- Mapping of the coded transport channel onto physical channels

- Power weighting of physical channels

- Modulation and demodulation of physical channels

- Frequency and time synchronisation

- Radio characteristics measurements and indication to higher layers

- Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna processing

- Transmit Diversity (TX diversity)

- Beamforming

- RF processing. (Note: RF processing aspects are specified in the TS 36.100)

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What is HSDPA Frame Loss in Ericsson System?

2013-02-06T13:39:00.003+02:00

These counters relating to frame loss are available on the RBS to monitor HighSpeed data service in the downlink direction.

IubDataStreams::pmHsDataFramesLostSpiXX
- the number of HSdata frames lost, destroyed and errored over Iub in the RBS. There areseparate counters for each of the priority classes.

IubDataStreams::pmHsDataFramesReceivedSpiXX
- the totalnumber of HS data frames correctly received over Iub in the RBS. Thereare separate counters for each of the priority classes.

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UMTS/HSDPA MOST WIDELY DEPLOYED 3G TECHNOLOGY

2013-02-05T09:27:00.001+02:00

The GSM technology global coverage footprint has provided the foundation for UMTS/HSDPA to become the most widely deployed 3G technology and market leader, with 167 operators in 69 countries offering UMTS services, 115 of whom have enhanced service with HSDPA. 3G Americas reports today that according to Informa‘s World Cellular Information Service quarterly subscriber reports, UMTS/HSDPA, with 117 million subscribers, is commercially available through twice as many operators as other 3G technologies – 167 operators in 69 countries, compared to 71 operators in 44 countries with CDMA EV-DO. Of the 172 million true mobile broadband 3G subscribers worldwide as of 1Q 2007, 68% use UMTS/HSDPA.

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HSDPA Counters for Ericsson system

2012-12-14T07:34:00.002+02:00

pmAverageUserRate:the distribution of the average user rate among all user allocated ti high-speed-DSCH in the cell.

pmTargetHsRate:the target high-speed bit rate as a percentage of the maxHsRate parameter.

pmNoOfHsUsersPerTti:Average number of high speed users scheduled in the cell at each 2 ms TT1

pmRbsHsPdschCodePrio:The number of times there is an Hs-PDSCH HW shortage. The counter accumulates the number of code shortage occurrences, that is, the number of time priority resolve is entered in the algorithm for dynamic code allocation.

pmRemainingResourceCheck:the reason why it is not possible to schedule another high-speed user for immediate traffic. (1) Hs-SCCH code shortage; (2) HS-PDSCH code shortage;(3)HS-PDSCH power shortage.

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UE identity's in LTE

2012-07-27T18:03:00.004+03:00

- Globally Unique Temporary Identity (GUTI)

GUTI is allocated to the UE by the MME and has two components GUMMEI (Globally Unique MME ID) and the M-TMSI (MME-TMSI). The GUMMEI identifies the MME.When contacting the network, the mobile sends the GUTI to the base station which then uses the parameter to identify the MME to which it will send the request to re-establish the communication session. The Globally Unique MME Identifier (GUMMEI) is constructed from the MCC, MNC and MME Identifier (MMEI).

- Temporary Mobile Subscribe Identity (M-TMSI)

The M-TMSI identifies the UE within the MME. An M-TMSI identifies a user between the UE and the MME. The relationship between M-TMSI and IMSI is known only in the UE and in the MME.This value is allocated by MME.

- Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (S-TMSI)

For paging purposes, the mobile is paged with the S-TMSI. The S-TMSI is constructed from the MMEC and the M-TMSI. S-TMSI = MMEC + M-TMSI. It uniquely identify's the UE within an MME group. It is also included in RRC Connection Request.

Read more at Different UE Identity's in LTE

How HSDPA Improved System Capacity

2012-07-12T14:34:00.000+03:00

A further benefit of HSPA is greater system capacity. For the operator, this means reduced production cost per bit. HSPA increases capacity in several ways:

Shared-channel transmission, which results in efficient use of available code and power resources in WCDMA
A shorter TTI, which reduces round-trip time and improves the tracking of fast channel variations
Link adaptation, which maximizes channel usage and enables the base station to operate close to maximum cell power
Fast scheduling, which prioritizes users with the most favorable channel conditions
Fast retransmission and soft-combining, which further increase capacity
16QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), which yields higher bit-rates

Depending on the deployment scenario, the combined capacity gain over WCDMA 3GPP Release 99 is up to five-fold in the downlink and up to two-fold in the uplink.

Thinnest 4G LTE Embedded Module from Sierra Wireless

2012-06-18T04:52:00.003+03:00

VANCOUVER, British Columbia–Sierra Wireless today introduced the world’s first thin form factor (TFF) embedded wireless module for 4G LTE networks. The AirPrime™ EM7700 embedded wireless module measures only a nominal 2.5 millimeters thick and is designed for use in ultraportable notebooks, tablets, and other devices where thinness is a critical design constraint. Shipments are expected to begin in the second quarter of this year.

3G Events

2012-06-12T07:05:00.000+03:00

Get all details about WCDMA EVENTS

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Intrafrequency reporting events for the FDD mode

Intrafrequency reporting events for the TDD mode

Interfrequency reporting events

UE internal measurement reporting events

UE positioning reporting events

Quality reporting events

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Core Network bandwidth demands in Layered Architecture

2012-06-11T08:29:00.001+03:00

Good Document on Bandwidth Calculation for Core Network

Contents

1 Core Network Layered Architecture

2 Core Network bandwidth calculations

2.1 Voice over ATM backbone

2.2 Voice over IP backbone

2.3 IP multiplexing and RTP header compression

3 Local switching.

3.1 Remote BSC = no local switching

3.2 BSC/TRC + MGw = local switching

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Agilent 10 Hints for Making Better Network Analyzer Measurement

2012-06-06T07:30:00.001+03:00

Agilent 10 Hints for Making Better Network Analyzer Measurement

Download Document from Here

A very Good Document on How to use Agilent Better in Day to Day use.

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How to calculate Call setup time from logfile using excel

2012-06-05T08:10:00.001+03:00

Here is the detailed procedure:

1) Open TEMS and export log file in text format (.FMT file) by selecting L2 and L3 messages.
2) open text file (.FMT file) in excel and look for "Events" column.
3) Apply filter on "Events" column and filter "Call setup"
4) After filter you will see something like this in next column: "MO call setup time 1234ms, user time 5678ms"
5) So the MO call setup time is 1234ms is your call setup time

To know Complete Procedure Visit Here

Adapting Voice For ATMNetworks

2012-06-04T08:01:00.000+03:00

A Comparison of AAL1 Versus AAL2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Introduction
Options for Transporting Voice in ATM Networks

Circuit Emulation

Structured Circuit Emulation
Variable Bit Rate Voice Over ATM
Highlights of AAL2
Voice over ATM: AAL1 versus AAL2
AAL2 Protocol Efficiency
AAL2 Voice Over ATM Trunking Efficiency
When to use AAL1

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RRC Establishment Causes

2012-05-30T07:55:00.000+03:00

RRC Establishment Cause    Description
Cause 0    Originating Conversational Call
Cause 1    Originating Streaming Call
Cause 2    Originating Interactive Call
Cause 3    Originating Background Call
Cause 4    Originating Subscribed traffic Call
Cause 5    Terminating Conversational Call
Cause 6    Terminating Streaming Call
Cause 7    Terminating Interactive Call
Cause 8    Terminating Background Call
Cause 9    Emergency Call
Cause 10    Inter-RAT Cell re-selection
Cause 11    Inter-RAT Cell change order
Cause 12    Registration
Cause 13    Detach

Find the whole Post and Complete List of Causes Here

2G Vs 3G Drive TEST with TEMS

2012-05-28T06:29:00.000+03:00

Confused about Drive Test in 2G and 3G than this is right post for you.

You can Compare Both Drive test.

Download Full Presentation from Here

Content of Presentation:

RXLEVEL Vs RSCP
RXQUAL Vs EC/NO
TEMS Equipment
KPI (Mobile Test)
KPI (Stationary)