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<item rdf:about="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-48-bad-pr-for-ey-these-days.html">
<title>[No. 48] Bad PR for E&amp;Y These Days</title>
<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~3/syzvFmly70I/no-48-bad-pr-for-ey-these-days.html</link>
<description>In post No. 45 I wrote about the examiner's report re Lehman Bros. and the role played in that drama by accountant firm E&amp;Y. Today's Dutch newspaper Het Financieele Dagblad reports that a top accountant from the same firm has...</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In <a href="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-45-examiners-report-re-lehman-brothers-bankruptcy.html" target="_blank">post No. 45</a> I wrote about the examiner&#39;s report re Lehman Bros. and the role played in that drama by accountant firm E&amp;Y.</p>

<p>Today&#39;s Dutch newspaper <a href="http://www.fd.nl/artikel/14422011/accountant-ernst-young-geschorst-jaarrekeningfraude" target="_blank">Het Financieele Dagblad</a> reports that a top accountant from the same firm has been suspended yesterday for 6 months by the accountant&#39;s board for professional conduct. The reason: serious mistakes made by him, in the process of approving the 1999 and 2000 annual accounts of former IT firm Landis, that went bankrupt in 2002 (leading to estimated damage of E 600 million and the firing of 3200 employees).</p><blockquote><p><strong>De externe accountant van het omgevallen ICT-beursfonds
Landis is maandag hard op zijn vingers getikt. De Raad van Tucht heeft
accountant Henk Smits van Ernst &amp; Young voor een half jaar
geschorst.</strong></p><p>De tuchtraad spreekt zelf van ‘een zware maatregel’. Smits krijgt de
straf opgelegd ‘gelet op de aard en de ernst van de begane
overtredingen’, aldus het vonnis. Schorsing van de beroepsuitoefening
is de zwaarste maatregel die de tuchtraad accountants kan opleggen.
Andere mogelijke sancties zoals een waarschuwing en een berisping gaan
veel minder ver. Een schorsing voor een half jaar is zeldzaam voor
accountants. </p><p>
</p>

<p>
De uitspraak is gedaan naar aanleiding van een tuchtklacht die is
ingediend door de curatoren van Landis. Dit snelgroeiende Nederlandse
beursfonds ging in 2002 failliet. De daardoor veroorzaakte schade ramen
de curatoren op € 600 mln. Ruim 3200 werknemers verloren hun baan. </p>

<p>
Volgens onderzoek van de curatoren Willem Jan van Andel en Rinke Dulack
is bij Landis sprake geweest van ‘stelselmatige misleiding’, onder meer
met de door Ernst &amp; Young goedgekeurde jaarrekeningen. Deze mening
wordt gedeeld door enquêteurs die in opdracht van de Ondernemingskamer
van het Amsterdamse gerechtshof onderzoek hebben gedaan naar wanbeleid
bij Landis.<strong> </strong></p>

<p>
<strong><strong>Eindverantwoordelijk voor Landis</strong>
</strong></p>

<p>
Henk Smits is een vooraanstaand accountant. Hij was bij Ernst &amp;
Young eindverantwoordelijk voor Landis. Hij keurde de jaarrekeningen
van 1999 en 2000 van Landis goed. Ook tekende hij voor het ‘Compliance
Certificate’ waarop tien banken, waaronder ABN Amro en ING, vlak voor
het omvallen van Landis nog eens € 175 mln aan het bedrijf uitleenden. </p>

<p>
De tuchtraad verklaart alle vier klachten van de curatoren tegen
accountant Smits gegrond. Hij had de jaarrekeningen 1999 en 2000 niet
mogen goedkeuren. Hij heeft de gelduitlenende banken ook ten onrechte
een goedkeurende verklaring gegeven. Zijn goedkeuring over de
jaarrekening 2000 gaf Smits op een moment dat zijn onderzoek nog niet
was afgerond. </p>
Het praktische effect van de schorsing is nihil. Smits is sinds juli
2003 met pensioen. De sanctie is volgens Van Andel wel een steun in de
rug bij zijn schadeclaim van € 145 mln tegen Ernst &amp; Young.</blockquote>





<p>Suspension is seen as the harshest of the available penalties, including a warning and a formal slap on the wrists. Whether that&#39;s true in this case is a bit doubtful, as the accountant retired in 2003. Nevertheless, the shaming effect won&#39;t be <em>de minimis</em>.</p>

<p>The ruling won&#39;t do much good to the position of the firm, as the inquiry proceeding into the fall of Landis (<a href="http://zoeken.rechtspraak.nl/resultpage.aspx?snelzoeken=true&amp;searchtype=ljn&amp;ljn=AN7011" target="_blank">ordered in 2003</a>; see the investigation report filed by the investigators early May 2009 <a href="http://www.veb.net/content/Bestanden/pdf/acties/RapportLandis.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>) is likely to come to an end soon by means of a mismanagement judgment by the Enterprise Chamber, no doubt to be followed - especially if mismanagement is established on related grounds, which is far from theoretical - by several liability proceedings. Illustrative are <a href="http://www.veb.net/content/HoofdMenu/Acties/Landis/Onderzoeksverslag.aspx" target="_blank">these statements</a> made by the VEB mid 2009, the foundation that represents the interests of shareholders and that is looking into the possibilities of holding E&amp;Y liable.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Chaos</strong><br />Landis werd door bestuurder Paul Kuiken
bestuurd als een ‘vriendenclub&#39;. Beleid en planning werden voortdurend
aangepast. Financiële toetsingen bij overnames ontbraken en er werd -
geheel achterhaald - vastgehouden aan de zogenaamde ‘gulden
balans&#39;-regel (het afboeken van betaalde goodwill van overgenomen
ondernemingen op het eigen vermogen van Landis). <br /><br />De raad van
commissarissen van Landis, bestaande uit Cees de la Haye en Adriënne
Vrisekoop-Sterk, beschikten niet over de vereiste kennis en expertise
voor een beursfonds van deze omvang en hebben nagelaten zich de
indringende vragen te stellen of Landis het beoogde groeitempo wel aan
kon en of Landis wel bestand zou zijn tegen verslechterende
marktomstandigheden.<br /><br /><strong>Wanbeleid</strong><br /><em>Voor de VEB
is het rapport aanleiding om de OK op korte termijn te verzoeken tot
vaststelling van wanbeleid bij Landis over te gaan. Die kwalificatie
zal de basis vormen voor aansprakelijkstellingen en vergoedingen aan
aandeelhouders. <br /><br />De VEB overweegt nog of zij gelijktijdig met
het verzoek aan de OK de civiele rechter zal vragen op basis van het
rapport de aansprakelijkheid van de betrokken partijen vast te stellen.
De mogelijke aansprakelijkheid van huisaccountant Ernst &amp; Young
wordt nog bestudeerd.</em><br /><br /><strong>Boekhouden Landis-stijl</strong><br />Dat
er ook op de administratie van Landis veel aan te merken was werd al
eerder door de curatoren vastgesteld. De creatieve controller Gerrit
Bonnema maakte het wel erg bont toen hij zijn medewerkers opdracht gaf
de cijfers op de gewenste eindresultaten aan te passen. Ook bij de
vastlegging van de besluiten van bestuur en commissarissen was het
nodige mis. <br /><br />Uiteindelijk liep alles spaak met de gebrekkige
concernfinanciering. Beleggers werden door bestuur en commissarissen
jaar na jaar op het verkeerde been gezet en hebben nagelaten tijdig in
te grijpen. Met het faillissement van Landis verdampte maar liefst 440
miljoen euro die beleggers in deze onderneming investeerden.</p>

<p>(emphasis mine)</p>

</blockquote>I guess the words &#39;Bad PR for E&amp;Y these days&#39; are an understatement.<div class="feedflare">
<a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/thedefiningtension?a=syzvFmly70I:R8spOUzM0hU:yIl2AUoC8zA"><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/thedefiningtension?d=yIl2AUoC8zA" border="0"></img></a>
</div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~4/syzvFmly70I" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>


<dc:subject>Legal Framework</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Publications</dc:subject>

<dc:creator>BFA</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2010-03-16T17:22:15+01:00</dc:date>
<feedburner:origLink>http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-48-bad-pr-for-ey-these-days.html</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-47-european-commission-close-to-closing-loophole.html">
<title>[No. 47] European Commission Close to Closing Loophole</title>
<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~3/rRDVJG_9Cww/no-47-european-commission-close-to-closing-loophole.html</link>
<description>Especially as a young scholar, it's always encouraging to notice that someone actually read your work. I had this pleasure today as the European Commission published a lengthy report evaluating the European Transparency Directive, which contains issuer disclosure rules as...</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Especially as a young scholar, it&#39;s always encouraging to notice that someone actually read your work. I had this pleasure today as the European Commission published a lengthy report evaluating the European Transparency Directive, which contains issuer disclosure rules as well as major share ownership disclosure rules. With respect to the latter, the report also addresses the issues of empty voting and hidden ownership, and refers to the seminal work of Henry Hu &amp; Bernard Black in this area (of course) and also to my own paper (which is available at <a href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1327114" target="_blank">SSRN</a>).</p><p>On empty voting, the authors of the report write that all in all, they &quot;are inclined to recommend a ban on this practice.&quot; (I have not yet had the chance to read how this ban should be effectuated).</p><p>On hidden ownership, referring to problematic cases involving cash-settled derivatives, the report concludes that &quot;There seems to be a clear case to close the loophole. We thus suggest the implementation of a notification regime.&quot; </p><p>The report and annexes can be downloaded <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/securities/transparency/index_en.htm" target="_blank">here</a>. For the European Securities Markets Expert Group (ESME)&#39;s views on the same issues, see <a href="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2009/11/no-196-esme-on-disclosure-of-cash-settled-equity-derivatives-.html" target="_blank">post no. 149</a>.&#0160; </p><div class="feedflare">
<a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/thedefiningtension?a=rRDVJG_9Cww:TEHuLP004Wg:yIl2AUoC8zA"><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/thedefiningtension?d=yIl2AUoC8zA" border="0"></img></a>
</div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~4/rRDVJG_9Cww" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>


<dc:subject>Legal Framework</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Publications</dc:subject>

<dc:creator>MCS</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2010-03-16T10:26:36+01:00</dc:date>
<feedburner:origLink>http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-47-european-commission-close-to-closing-loophole.html</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-46-corporations-slaves-and-limited-liability.html">
<title>[No. 46] Corporations, Slaves and Limited Liability</title>
<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~3/Ji5-svITKP4/no-46-corporations-slaves-and-limited-liability.html</link>
<description>Larry Ribstein connects them here, with a wink to Early Elements of the Corporate Form: Depersonalization of Business in Early Rome. Here's the abstract. A crucial step in economic development is the depersonalization of business, which enables an enterprise to...</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Larry Ribstein connects them <a href="http://busmovie.typepad.com/ideoblog/2010/03/corporations-as-slaves-the-very-early-history-of-limited-liability.html" target="_blank">here</a>, with a wink to <a href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1526993" target="_blank">Early Elements of the Corporate Form: Depersonalization of Business in Early Rome</a>.</p>
<p>Here&#39;s the abstract.</p>
<blockquote dir="ltr">
<p>A crucial step in economic development is the depersonalization of business, which enables an enterprise to operate as a separate entity from its owners and managers. Until the emergence of a de iure depersonalization of business in the 19th century, business activities were eminently personal, with managing partners bearing unlimited liability. Roman law even restricted agency. Yet, the Roman legal system did develop a form of de facto depersonalized business entity, which, although in a radically different way, exhibited all the distinctive features of modern corporations (continuity, direct agency, limited liability, and entity shielding). Business was depersonalized by making the fulcrum of the company a nonperson: the slave. Paradoxically, limited liability was achieved by extending the liability of the master to include assets managed by the slave (the peculium), in contrast with an earlier principle that the slave owner was not responsible for transactions by his slave. On the question why de iure depersonalization emerged only over a thousand years after the Roman experience, we discuss three hypotheses: (i) a cultural hypothesis, (ii) a technological hypothesis and (iii) a biased-evolution-of-remedies hypothesis. </p>
<p>Keywords: depersonalization, limited liability, entity shielding, Roman law, slave </p>
<p>JEL Classifications: D23, G3, K12, K22, N00</p></blockquote><div class="feedflare">
<a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/thedefiningtension?a=Ji5-svITKP4:urwnCcYO09Y:yIl2AUoC8zA"><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/thedefiningtension?d=yIl2AUoC8zA" border="0"></img></a>
</div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~4/Ji5-svITKP4" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>


<dc:subject>Legal Framework</dc:subject>

<dc:creator>BFA</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2010-03-12T14:08:37+01:00</dc:date>
<feedburner:origLink>http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-46-corporations-slaves-and-limited-liability.html</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-45-examiners-report-re-lehman-brothers-bankruptcy.html">
<title>[No. 45] Examiner's Report re Lehman Brother's Bankruptcy</title>
<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~3/UIJn92jSecE/no-45-examiners-report-re-lehman-brothers-bankruptcy.html</link>
<description>It makes for good reading, all 9 volumes. Noteworthy is that, although serious mistakes were made at the top management levels, the examiner has not found clear indications that Lehman's directors breached their duties, although claims for negligence don't seem...</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It makes for good reading, <a href="http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/11/lehman-directors-did-not-breach-duties-examiner-finds/#reports" target="_blank">all 9 volumes</a>.</p>
<p>Noteworthy is that, although serious mistakes were made at the top management levels, the examiner has not found clear indications that Lehman&#39;s directors breached their&#0160;duties, although claims for negligence don&#39;t seem theoretical. </p>
<p>Accountant E&amp;Y is also noted in the volumes, and not in a very positive way.</p><div class="feedflare">
<a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/thedefiningtension?a=UIJn92jSecE:edcKKX5pd-s:yIl2AUoC8zA"><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~ff/thedefiningtension?d=yIl2AUoC8zA" border="0"></img></a>
</div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~4/UIJn92jSecE" height="1" width="1"/>]]></content:encoded>


<dc:subject>Legal Framework</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Publications</dc:subject>

<dc:creator>BFA</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2010-03-12T12:47:56+01:00</dc:date>
<feedburner:origLink>http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-45-examiners-report-re-lehman-brothers-bankruptcy.html</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-44-director-indemnification.html">
<title>[No. 44] Director Indemnification</title>
<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~3/KDY6v41LPII/no-44-director-indemnification.html</link>
<description>Many persons who are asked to join a corporation as director, wonder what such an appointment means in terms of personal liability in case the management of the company turns out poorly and some people - like shareholders - might...</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Many persons who are asked to join a corporation as director, wonder what such an appointment means in terms of personal liability in case the management of the company turns out poorly and some people - like shareholders - might get upset. Sometimes this question comes up along the way, when trouble arises at the horizon. This is all quite understandable.</p>

<p>Often comfort is found in a director liability insurance (a D&amp;O policy, or raincoat policy, in jargon). Although when push comes to shove the insurer may try to duck compensation obligations under the policy, and other hick-ups may come up (like disagreement between directors, if one wants to settle litigation and the other wants to continue litigation, paid from the policy that is often capped), insurance policies typically take much of the initial discomfort away. Another options is an indemnification agreement between the director and the company, that basically obliges the latter to pay for reasonable litigation costs made by the former and even damages to be paid by the former, in cases where the director acted in the course of his management duties and is held liable by a third party. Think of a company creditor, for example. There are limits to what an indemnification agreement can do (it may not help in case of intentional infliction of damage, for example), and it doesn&#39;t help the director much when the company is insolvent, but often this tools works well also.</p>Insurance and indemnification is all <em>ex ante</em> stuff. There are also <em>ex post </em>solutions to curb potential liability. Informed discharge of the board of directors by the general meeting of shareholders is one; discharge means the company can&#39;t go after the directors in terms of liability proceedings anymore, as far as their conduct is covered by the discharge. An important limitation of discharge is that it only affects the company, not any third party. Another ex post solution is the option for a director to argue that, although one of them made a serious mistake resulting in board liability (in principle that is), he/she should not be held liable as he/she made no serious mistake - taking into account the division of tasks between the directors - and also tried to stop the damaging effect of the improper conduct. Such a disculpation defence is possible, but not easily allowed by courts. This is all still a bit murky under Dutch law. Disculpation also only plays a role in the director/company relationship, as in the director/third party relationship no such thing as collective board liability exists (this is all done on a director-by-director basis).<br /><p> Why am I writing all this? Because this morning <a href="http://www.fd.nl/artikel/14391012/claim-dreigt-oud-bestuurders-directieleden-fortis" target="_blank">Het Financieele Dagblad</a> wrote that Fortis is trying to get rid of the indemnifications it gave to its former board members, who are being attacked in liability proceedings by disgruntled third parties (mostly shareholders who lost quite some money in the 2007-2008 period).</p><blockquote><p><strong>Oud-bestuurders en directieleden van Fortis dreigen
persoonlijk op te moeten draaien voor schadeclaims van boze beleggers.
Het beursfonds ruziet met voormalige toplieden over de eventuele
aansprakelijkheid. </strong></p><p>Fortis wil geen toelichting geven op het geschil, dat kort wordt
aangestipt in het persbericht over de jaarcijfers. Volgens bronnen wil
het bedrijf de eerdere vrijwaringen inperken van alle hoofdrolspelers
uit de periode voor het bijna-faillissement van Fortis. Het gaat onder
anderen om oud-topmannen Jean-Paul Votron, Filip Dierckx en Herman
Verwilst, alsmede om financieel directeur Gilbert Mittler en om
voorzitter Maurice Lippens.</p>

<p>
Het nieuws kwam naar buiten op de dag dat toezichthouder AFM boetes
uitdeelde aan Fortis wegens het verspreiden van te positieve berichten
in het eerste halfjaar van 2008. Dat was marktmanipulatie, oordeelt de
AFM.
</p>
<p>
<strong>Boetes voor AFM-begrippen hoog</strong>
</p>
<p>De boetes zijn voor AFM-begrippen hoog (totaal euro 576.000), maar
voor Fortis zijn de indirecte gevolgen mogelijk nog omvangrijker.
</p>
<p>Advocaten van boze beleggers kondigden meteen aan dat ze het
boetebesluit gebruiken in hun claims richting Fortis. &#39;Dit is voor ons
reden voor een feestje&#39;, zegt advocaat Hendrik Jan Bos, die zeven rijke
particuliere beleggers bijstaat. Hij richt zijn claim in eerste
instantie op de topmannen van destijds en pas daarna op het beursfonds.
Dat is voor zijn cliënten, allen oud-ondernemer, een &#39;principezaak&#39;.
&#39;Het gaat hun erom dat deze bestuurders voor veel geld zijn ingehuurd
en toen het mis ging met een premie zijn vertrokken. Zij moeten weten
dat ze niet zomaar wegkomen&#39;, zegt Bos. Hij mag binnenkort enkele
oud-toplieden van Fortis, onder wie Votron, als getuigen horen.
</p>
<p>
<strong>Ontmanteling Fortis</strong>
</p>
<p>De zaak van Bos is een van de vele processen die zijn aangespannen
of aangekondigd rond de ontmanteling van Fortis. De schade voor
beleggers is groot: de beurswaarde ging van euro 40 mrd begin 2008 naar
euro 7 mrd nu.
</p>
<p>Het huidige Fortis, dat binnenkort verder gaat onder de naam Ageas,
wil daarom dat de verantwoordelijken van destijds niet zomaar wegkomen.
Een reeks van bestuurders en directieleden heeft in de loop van 2008
het bedrijf verlaten. Daarbij kregen ze vrijwaring voor de financiële
gevolgen van rechtszaken. Fortis vecht die vrijwaring nu aan. Niet in
alle gevallen zouden bestuurders de rekening door moeten kunnen sturen
naar hun oude werkgever. Vooral als er opzet in het spel was en de
aansprakelijkheidsverzekering van het bestuur, die een maximum heeft
van euro 250 mln, niet uitkeert, moeten de oud-bestuurders ook zelf in
de buidel tasten. Sommige betrokkenen verzetten zich daartegen, zeggen
bronnen.
</p>
<p>
<strong>Vertrekpremie oud-topmannen</strong>
</p>
<p>De meeste oud-topmannen kregen een vertrekpremie mee, ondanks het
feit dat Fortis door de overheden van Nederland en België moest worden
gered. Fortis keerde in 2008 voor bijna euro 10 mln aan
vertrekregelingen uit.</p></blockquote><div class="topArticleBanner" id="selInContentBanner"><p>Although I&#39;m not familiar with the details of the case, it seems to me it will be quite an uphill battle for Fortis to actually get rid of - or at least limit - these indemnifications, and the obligations for Fortis following from them. The whole idea is that, when the weather turns from sun into rain for directors, they can rely on these arrangements that are designed to limit their personal liability in certain cases. Of course there are situations imaginable where reliance on the indemnification would be in conflict with principles of reasonablenes and fairness or public policy, but this requires extraordinary circumstances. It would be a bit funny if the company could simply retreat when things turn ugly. I&#39;m quite curious to see how this turns out.<strong>
</strong></p></div><blockquote><div class="topArticleBanner" id="selInContentBanner"><p>
</p></div></blockquote>

<p>
</p><div class="feedflare">
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<dc:subject>Legal Framework</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Publications</dc:subject>

<dc:creator>BFA</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2010-03-11T10:20:39+01:00</dc:date>
<feedburner:origLink>http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-44-director-indemnification.html</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-43-on-shareholders-and-ownership.html">
<title>[No. 43] On Shareholders and Ownership</title>
<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~3/ONa6zb7A-jk/no-43-on-shareholders-and-ownership.html</link>
<description>In the Dutch corporate law realm, the argument that shareholders basically "own" the corporation is made sporadically, but not often. Perhaps this has to do with the legal realities: that as per section 2:5 DCC, and from a property law...</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In the Dutch corporate law realm, the argument that shareholders&#0160;basically &quot;own&quot; the corporation is made sporadically, but not often. Perhaps this has to do with the legal realities:</p>
<ul>
<li id="">that as per section 2:5 DCC, and from a property law point of view, legal entities are considered to be equal to natural persons (unless the statute provides otherwise):&#0160;legal entities have rights and obligations, just like people made out of flesh and blood have; 
<li>that a corporation is&#0160;generally conceptualized&#0160;as an institution,&#0160;as&#0160;a thing&#0160;separate and apart from the shareholder base and not founded on some - implied -&#0160;contractual relationship between shareholders (the latter view was abandoned during the early 1900s); and 
<li>that we don&#39;t apply the shareholder wealth maximization norm, but instead approach matters from the stakeholder perspective (see, e.g., <a href="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2009/05/no-40-what-should-the-policy-focus-point-of-corporate-directors-be.html" target="_blank">here</a>). </li>
</li></li></ul>
<p>In view of all this, it doesn&#39;t make much sense to make the argument. </p>
<p>Things are different, or so it seems, in the United States. Go and read this discussion between <a href="http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/business_law/2010/03/do-limits-on-ownership-rights-eliminate-ownership.html" target="_blank">Josh Fershee</a> (who makes the argument) and <a href="http://www.professorbainbridge.com/professorbainbridgecom/2010/03/more-on-owning-the-corporation.html" target="_blank">Steve Bainbridge</a> (who thinks otherwise).</p><div class="feedflare">
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<dc:subject>Legal Framework</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Publications</dc:subject>

<dc:creator>BFA</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2010-03-10T10:31:47+01:00</dc:date>
<feedburner:origLink>http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-43-on-shareholders-and-ownership.html</feedburner:origLink></item>
<item rdf:about="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-42-re-oc%C3%A9-inquiry-proceeding.html">
<title>[No. 42] Re Océ Inquiry Proceeding</title>
<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~3/BArhrUHh_Kc/no-42-re-oc%C3%A9-inquiry-proceeding.html</link>
<description>This week the Enterprise Chamber was asked by minority shareholders Hermes and USS (appr. 5%) to see whether one or more preliminary measures (s. 2:349a(2) DCC) should be taken, including the appointment of special supervisory directors, whose task would be...</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://thedefiningtension.typepad.com/.a/6a0105356df705970c01310f676813970c-pi" style="FLOAT: right"><img alt="Amsterdam Court of Appeal" border="0" class="asset asset-image at-xid-6a0105356df705970c01310f676813970c " src="http://thedefiningtension.typepad.com/.a/6a0105356df705970c01310f676813970c-800wi" style="BORDER-RIGHT: black 1px solid; BORDER-TOP: black 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 5px 5px; BORDER-LEFT: black 1px solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1px solid" title="Amsterdam Court of Appeal" /></a> This week the Enterprise Chamber was asked by minority shareholders Hermes and USS&#0160;(appr. 5%)&#0160;to see whether one or more preliminary measures (s. 2:349a(2) DCC) should be taken, including the appointment of special supervisory directors, whose task would be to&#0160;watch over&#0160;the minority shareholders&#39; interests.&#0160;This&#0160;in view of the takeover of Océ by the Japanese company Canon and the&#0160;changes in corporate governance contemplated by Océ in that respect, including the six person supervisory board being composed of four Canon representatives. Hermes and USS&#0160;think the € 8,60 per share bid is too low and for that reason do (did) not plan to offer their shares under the bid, but at the same time fear that once the takeover is completed they will be trapped in a corner as minority shareholders (by Canon that is). </p>
<p>In a decision following only a few hours after the hearing, where the situation was discussed by the parties, the court <span style="text-decoration: underline;">denied</span> the requests. As - in its preliminary view&#0160;- there are no well founded reasons to doubt the correctness of the policy and course of events at Océ, there is no ground to take one or more preliminary measures. Apparently one of the pillars of the decision is that, as the supervisory board <em>post</em>-takeover will still consist of two original Océ supervisory board members (including the chairman)&#0160;who seem to be independent from Canon, there is no reason to assume that the supervisory board - which is under the duty to act in the best interests of <em>the company</em>, not Canon - will not be able to function properly. In an entirely&#0160;different case, the court reached a different outcome (<a href="http://zoeken.rechtspraak.nl/resultpage.aspx?snelzoeken=true&amp;searchtype=ljn&amp;ljn=BA4887" target="_blank">upheld</a> by the Supreme Court).</p>
<p>The court also looked at other factors, but why and how exactly has not been made public yet. <a href="http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Actualiteiten/Uitspraak+Ondernemingskamer+inzake+Oce+NV.htm" target="_blank">Here</a> is the information provided&#0160;by the court so far.</p>
<blockquote dir="ltr">
<p class="t_type t_size15 t_purple t_bold h_36 l_padding_both_30">Uitspraak Ondernemingskamer inzake Océ NV </p>
<div class="t_type t_size12 t_black h_14 t_normal l_padding_both_30">
<p>Amsterdam, 4 maart 2010 - De Ondernemingskamer van het Gerechtshof te Amsterdam heeft gisteren, 3 maart 2010, de zaak behandeld die twee aandeelhouders van Océ NV (Océ), Hermes en USS (Britse pensioenfondsen) hebben aangespannen in het kader van de overname van Océ door het Japanse Canon. Deze aandeelhouders houden nu tezamen ruim 5% van de aandelen in Océ. Zij vinden het bod dat Canon heeft uitgebracht van € 8,60 per aandeel te laag. Hermes en USS wilden hun aandelen dan ook voorlopig niet onder het bod aanmelden, maar vrezen ná de overname als minderheidsaandeelhouders ‘bekneld’ te raken. </p>
<p>Het ging gisteren om het verzoek tot het treffen van onmiddellijke voorzieningen. Hermes en USS vroegen de Ondernemingskamer onder meer om speciale commissarissen bij Océ te benoemen die zouden moeten waken over de belangen van de minderheidsaandeelhouders. </p>
<p>De Ondernemingskamer heeft een paar uur na de behandeling (het was strikt genomen geen schorsing) gisterenavond mondeling uitspraak gedaan. Zij oordeelde - voorlopig - dat niet kan worden gezegd dat de gekozen samenstelling van de raad van commissarissen (RvC) van Océ, ná de overname door Canon, bij voorbaat als strijdig met een goede corporate governance moet worden geacht of dat deze meebrengt dat de belangen van de minderheidsaandeelhouders tekort zal worden gedaan. De omstandigheid dat vier van de zes leden van de RvC aan Canon zijn gelieerd doet niet af aan hun verplichting te handelen naar het vennootschappelijk belang, terwijl daarnaast twee leden, onder wie de voorzitter, uit de ‘oude’ RvC van Océ aanblijven van wie niet het vermoeden is gerechtvaardigd dat zij niet voldoende onafhankelijk zullen zijn. Voorts oordeelde de Ondernemingskamer - voorlopig - dat ook de informatievoorziening, de aanbeveling van het bod door de RvC en het bestuur van Océ, alsmede de gang van zaken omtrent het (gebruik van het) stemrecht van de financieringspreferente aandelen van Océ geen omstandigheden opleveren die gegronde redenen meebrengen om te twijfelen aan een juist beleid van Océ. Om al deze redenen is het verzoek tot het treffen van onmiddellijke voorzieningen afgewezen.</p>
<p>De schriftelijke uitspraak zal te zijner tijd worden gepubliceerd op www.rechtspraak.nl.</p></div></blockquote>
<p>A written opinion&#0160;will published at some time.</p><div class="feedflare">
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<dc:subject>Legal Framework</dc:subject>

<dc:creator>BFA</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2010-03-05T13:26:41+01:00</dc:date>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-41-long-live-the-poison-pill.html">
<title>[No. 41] Long Live the Poison Pill</title>
<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~3/QiWMsScTaLQ/no-41-long-live-the-poison-pill.html</link>
<description>Steve Davidoff has a great post on the Delaware Chancery Court's long awaited opinion in the Selectica case. According to Steve, The real significance of this decision is that Delaware courts will deferentially review N.O.L. [net-operating-loss] poison pill adoptions. But...</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Steve Davidoff has a great post on the Delaware Chancery Court&#39;s long awaited <a href="http://www.wlrk.com/docs/SelecticaVsVersata.pdf" target="_blank">opinion</a> in the Selectica case. According to Steve,</p><blockquote><p>The real significance of this decision is that Delaware courts will
deferentially review N.O.L. [net-operating-loss] poison pill adoptions. But this will not be
the “careful” review that the Moran decision promised back in 1985, but
the more deferential posture that has evolved over the years under
Unocal. </p></blockquote><p>The full post can be read <a href="http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/02/delaware-broadens-standards-for-poison-pills/" target="_blank">here</a>. Not surprisingly, Wachtell has already published a <a href="http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/corpgov/2010/03/03/just-say-nol-delaware-upholds-4-99-rights-plan-to-protect-nols/#more-7742" target="_blank">memo</a> celebrating the case: &quot;The decision confirms that rights plans remain an important bulwark,
notwithstanding continued attacks from academic and other quarters.&quot;</p><div class="feedflare">
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<dc:creator>MCS</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2010-03-04T09:40:57+01:00</dc:date>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/cesr-proposes-transparency-of-short-selling-in-europe.html">
<title>[No. 40] CESR Proposes Transparency of Short Selling in Europe</title>
<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~3/qClGejZ4Crc/cesr-proposes-transparency-of-short-selling-in-europe.html</link>
<description>The Committee of European Securities Regulators (CESR) has just issued a report containing detailed proposals for short selling disclosure requirements. From the abstract: This report contains CESR‟s proposal to the European Institutions for a pan-European short selling disclosure regime. It...</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Committee of European Securities Regulators (CESR) has just issued a report containing detailed proposals for short selling disclosure requirements. From the abstract:</p><blockquote><p>This report contains CESR‟s proposal to the European Institutions for a pan-European short selling disclosure regime. It is based on a two-tier model for disclosure of significant individual net short positions in all shares that are admitted to trading on an EEA regulated market and/or an EEA MTF. However, the regime would not apply to shares admitted to trading on an EEA regulated market or an EEA MTF if their primary market is located outside the EEA. At the lower threshold of 0.2%, positions would be disclosed to the relevant regulator, at the higher threshold of 0.5% positions would be disclosed, in addition to the regulator, also to the market as a whole. All changes of position would be reported at increments of 0.1%, first to the regulator (from 0.3% until 0.4%) and then to the regulator and the market.</p></blockquote><p>The proposals are driven by concerns that short selling &quot;can be used in an abusive fashion to drive down the price of financial instruments to a distorted level, can contribute to disorderly markets and, especially in extreme market conditions, can otherwise have an adverse impact on financial stability.&quot; </p><p>What strikes me is that while the report does acknowledge that disclosure does not only generate benefits but also a range of costs, the report cites no evidence whatsoever that sheds more light on the magnitude of these costs and benefits, which would appear to be a prerequisite for a thorough cost/benefit analysis. Accordingly, we are left with the mere observation that &quot;CESR considers that improving the transparency of short selling would have distinct benefits which would outweigh the associated costs.&quot;</p><p>The report is available <a href="http://www.cesr.eu/popup2.php?id=6487" target="_blank">here</a>.</p><p></p><div class="feedflare">
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<dc:creator>MCS</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2010-03-04T09:09:15+01:00</dc:date>
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<item rdf:about="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2010/03/no-39-the-quality-of-shareholders-requirement-revisited.html">
<title>[No. 39] The 'Quality of Shareholders' Requirement Revisited</title>
<link>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/thedefiningtension/~3/u-vDoge3-OY/no-39-the-quality-of-shareholders-requirement-revisited.html</link>
<description>For details check today's ruling by the Arnhem Court of Appeal (in litigation highlighted in post No. 80/09), that should make interesting reading for you (Dutch) corporate law practitioners out there. For some first media coverage go here.</description>
<content:encoded><![CDATA[For details check <a href="http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Actualiteiten/Hof+Arnhem+aandeel+van+Essent+in+kerncentrale+Borssele+niet+naar+RWE.htm" target="_blank">today&#39;s ruling by the Arnhem Court of Appeal</a> (in litigation highlighted in <a href="http://www.thedefiningtension.com/2009/07/no-80-a-good-day.html" target="_blank">post No. 80/09</a>), that should make interesting reading for you (Dutch) corporate law practitioners out there. For some first media coverage go <a href="http://www.volkskrant.nl/economie/article1354716.ece/Hof_RWE_krijgt_geen_belang_in_Borssele" target="_blank">here</a>.<div class="feedflare">
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<dc:subject>Legal Framework</dc:subject>

<dc:creator>BFA</dc:creator>
<dc:date>2010-03-02T13:35:02+01:00</dc:date>
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