theileriosis in cattle

QUIZ

2016-01-30T09:44:00.000-08:00

QUIZ

Question 1: Theileria is a genus of parasitic protozoan that belongs to the phylum...........

THEILERIA FELIS

2016-01-27T09:37:00.002-08:00

THEILERIA FELIS

EPIDEMYOLOGY-transmitted to domestic cat by tick bite.caused by cytauxzoon felis.

SYNONYMS-Theileria felis.
LOCATION-Merozoites can be found in RBC a typical parasitemias are 1% to 4% of the red blood cells. Due to the fulminant course of disease in the cat, it is more typical to observe the large schizonts in the walls of the venous system in histopathologic sections. Schizonts may also be observed in lymph node and bone-marrow aspirates.
Pathogenesis-Abortion or fatal pyrexia, depression, icterus and fever may be present. Lymph node enlarged and reported in rabbit, sheep , goat, etc. Cause abortion and still births.
TREATMENT: INJ buparvaquone (Butalex);drug have been shown to be successful in treating theileriosis in cattle. In the regimen employed, the disease still proved fatal. Over a 24 hour period, a cat that presented with a 2-day history of lethargy and anorexia became seriously icteric and had dark brown urine.The cat was treated with a 10 day course of enrofloxacin followed by a 5 day course of tetracycline. Organisms were present in the cat after the ten-day course of enrofloxacin, but were not present in blood samples collected 6 and 15 weeks after discharge. It is not known why this cat survived; enrofloxacin is not known to be effective against protozoa.
Most success in treatment has been achieved-diminazine aceturate (BERENIL) and imidocarb. One very ill cat responded rapidly to intravenous fluids, heparin (to treat DIC) enrofloxacin and diminizine aceturate responded well. Diminizine (2mg/kg IM) was repeated weekly for 2 more treatments. Imidocarb dipropionate (5mg/kg IM, twice, 2 weeks apart) has been found to produce a 50% cure rate.

THEILERIA OVIS

2016-01-25T05:34:00.004-08:00

THEILERIA OVIS

This species cause benign theileriosis in sheep and goat in africa,asia including india.

The erthrocytic and Koch's blue bodies form are similar to T.hirci in shape and size.
Morphology- Resemble T.hirci, relatively scarce.the schizonts are present only in lymph nodes.
LIFE CYCLE-Ticks: Rhipicephalus sp., Dermacenter, Haemaphysalis sp, Ornithodorous.
PATHOGENESIS-This species is usually Non Pathogenic,The only signs are fever, swelling of lymphnode, anemia, no cross immunity between T. hirci and T.ovis.
DIAGNOSIS-it is done similar to T.hirci.

THEILERIA HIRCI

2016-01-24T10:59:00.000-08:00

THEILERIA HIRCI

Similar to T.annulata in cattle, but in sheep and goat.
50-100% most highly fatal.
Morphology: Similar to T.annulata, schizogony in lymphocytes of spleen
Vector : Rhipicephalus bursa
Infection is mild in young animals
Acute sub -acute and chronic disease seen
Emaciation, fever listlessness, atony of rumen, weakness anaemia icterus, haemoglobinuria,swollen lymph nodes,
Liver and spleen enlarged
Lung oedematous, infarction in kidney
Petechiae in abomasum
Diagnosis by blood smear examination
Treatment Similar to T.annulata

THEILERIA MUTANS

2016-01-23T09:07:00.001-08:00

Synonym: T.orientalis, T.buffeli, G. mutans, cattle-Beningn Theileriosis- non fatal form in erythrocytes, round, oval, 1-2µm, 55%- round or oval.
Schizonts not readily detected, 2-4 parasites in a single RBC can be seen as a result of multiple infection.
Ticks: R.appendiculatus, R.evertsi, H. bispinosa, H. punctata, stage to stage transmission.
Pathogenesis: Not so pathogenic,acute form impossible. when exposed to massive parasites,mortality is less than 1%. Signs, course and lesions are similar to mild .
T.annulata, anaemia, icterus, lymph node swollen, liver, lungs, swollen infarcts in kidneys, haemoglobinuria absent.
T.mutans is reported in Sub -Saharan,transmiited by Amblyomma sp. Benign tumor in T.orientalis (T.mutans in part,T.sergenti in part). Bacillus thuringiensis in other places it is to be determined, transmission by H.longi- Asia, Australia, H.punctata in Europe.

THEILERIA PARVA

2016-01-22T09:30:00.000-08:00

THEILERIA PARVA

Synonym: East Coast Fever , Bovine theileriosis, Corridor's disease.
Animals affected: Cattle, Water buffalo , Synceres cafer
Highly fatal encephalitis of cattle in E.Africa known as "Turning Sickness".

Morphology

Piroplasm form 80%- rod shaped. 1.5x0.5-1µm, round, oval comma occur.
T. lawrenci- 65%- round or oval.

Life cycle

Schizogony life cycle occur in reticulo endothelial system--( different from T.annulata) found in spleen, lymph node. Schizonts smaller, circular and irregular.
Rhipicephalus. appendiculatus, R.evertsi, Hyalomma excavatum, H. dromadarii, H. truncatum- Transtadial transmission.
PP- 4-12 days, others as previously described .

Pathogenesis

Highly pathogenic- 90% die, mortality low in endemic area, calves- 5-50% die.
Incubation period- 8-24 days.
Disease runs 4-12 days.
Acute
Fever (107 F). Continue up to or after 7-11 days, other symptoms appear- cessation of rumination, , lachrymation, swelling of lymph node, iris, jowl,ears, tachycardia, general weakness, decrease in milk yield. diarrhoea with blood, marked emaciation, cough, icterus, breathing rapid with dyspnoea at death, oligocythemic anaemia, no haematuria.
Sub -acute
Similar to acute, less severe pronounced-recover but after several days.
Mild
Mild fever, lasting several days, lymph node swelling.

Leisions: Similar to T.annulata
Immunity: Recovered animals are solidly immune. Parasites clear up completely. No premunity.
Diagnosis: Similar to T.annulata
Treatment: No drug is effective . Same drugs indicated for T.annulata can be used.
Control: Repeated dipping every 3 days. No cross-immunity.

THEILERIA ANNULATA

2016-01-19T12:17:00.000-08:00

THEILERIA ANNULATA

Synonym-Piroplasma annulata,T.dispar,T.sergenty.

Host-Cattle,Buffalo.

Disease-Tropical bovine theileriosis,Tropical piroplasmosis,Egyptian fever,Medicost fever,Maditerrenean fever.

Mortality-10-80%

Morphology

Forms in bovine RBC is called Merozoites.They are predominently round or oval but rod shape are also present.
Different forms-round,comma,oval,parashoot,Anaplasma like.


mix infection of theileria and babesia in buffalo


theileria in cattle

THEILERIOSIS

2016-01-13T08:53:00.000-08:00

THEILERIOSIS

Theileriosis is a protozoan disease of cattle and buffalo and caused by Theileria annulata in india and Theileria parva in eastern countries like Africa.In india disease is known as Bovine tropical theileriosis and transmitted by host Ixodid ticks of genous Hyalomma.In East African disease is known as East cost fever and is transmitted by tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus.

Symptoms

Enlargement of superficial lymph nodes.

High rise in body temperature about 104-105 °F.

Increase in heart and respiration rates.

laboured breathing.

serous nasal discharge.

coughing,restlessness,rough coat,anorexia.

Petechial haemorrhage on conjunctiva.

depression,latar stage anaemia,high colour urine.

bilirubinurea and jaundice.

Diagnosis

By sign and symptoms.
Blood smear examination under microscope after proper staining of blood smear.
lymph node biopsy.

Morphological characteristics

The Erythrocytic piroplasm stage occur as round,oval,ring,rod and comma forms.
The parasite in the RBC staines blue cytoplasm with red or purple nucleus at one end
The Schizogonic stage occur in lymphocyte,lymphoblasts and other reticuloendothelial cells of lymph nodes and spleen and are known as "KOCH'S BLUE BODIES".

Treatment

Buparvaquone choice of drug use @7.5mg/kg body wt.single dose.
Oxytetracycline@10mg/kg body wt.
Antipyretic like Paracetamol@10mg/kg body wt.
Haematinics like iron preparations repeat alternate day.
Antihistaminics like Pheniramine meleate@7-8mg/kg body wt.
Ruminotorics like bolus rumentas etc.
liver tonics like liq liv52 etc
Vaccine RAKSHAVAC T@3ml S/C.at 3 year of age.

PREVENTION

Tick control by repeated dipping.

Quarantine measures.
Immunization
- Virulent field strain passaged in vitro
- Schizont culture- Calf innoculated from cell culture withstood homologous strain.
- Now in India RAKSHAVAC -T
- Young calves vaccinated with attenuated schizonts, 2 months later, tick stabilates given.
Infection and treatment method
- By infecting calves with infected ticks or tick stabilates (GUTTs) and administering Chlortetracyclines at 16 mg/kg B.Wt for 8 days prevents severe reaction, but allows resistance to homologous strain.
- Acaricide and tick control.

TICK INFESTATION