The Rock of Gibraltar, of course, is famous. But that fame derives from much more than merely being a curiosity in a large body of crystal blue water.

Among other things, it is the home to several tribes of Barbary Macaques, tailless monkeys who were carried here centuries earlier by traders. The only wild monkeys in Europe, these residents of The Rock freely make their way around among the humans, stealing ice cream and cameras when they can. Tourists, be on guard.

Visit about 160 of them in the Apes Den at Queens Gate, or near the area of the Great Seige Tunnels. Part of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, it’s perched 420m (1380 ft) above the water and also houses buzzards and Barbary partridges.

Further up, which can easily be reached by cable car, there are spectacular views of the Mediterranean as well as Spain, visible in the distance. Down below there is also much to see and do, not least of which is St. Michael’s Cave.

Actually a vast system of caves, full of stalagmites and stalactites, they are reminiscent of the caves of Nerja on the Spanish mainland. Used as a hospital during WWII, it now holds many wonders for the fit, a requirement to hike within. Not least of those is a huge auditorium where concerts are performed.

Nearby are the Seige Tunnels, built by the British during the Great Siege of the late 18th century. From 1779-1783 the French and Spanish laid siege to the British citizens of Gibraltar, but failed to drive them out. The tunnels were carved during those years in order to move and place artillery throughout the Rock of Gibraltar without being fired upon by the enemy. One such, known as The Notch, is over 600 feet (183 m) long.

Also not far away, and part of The Reserve, is the Moorish Castle. Built in the 14th century during the Moorish occupation of Spain, it is yet one more example of the diversity of Andalucia.

One of the most popular attractions of Gibraltar is the Governor’s House, also known as The Convent. The latter name derives from the ground’s use as a Franciscan convent from 1531-1704. Next door is the King’s Chapel, a small structure once part of the Franciscan convent, later the garrison church.

Guarded by soldiers of the Royal Gibraltar Regiment, the changing of the guards is one of the highlights of any visit. As a British colony, Gibraltar maintains many of the traditions of the empire. Nowhere is this more evident than in the guard changing ceremony. Another is the fact that the site has been the official residence of the Governor of Gibraltar, officially a British subject, since 1728. At first glance, things seem to have changed little since then.

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Standing at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, visitors gain a spectacular view of the city in the valley below. Looking up at the Alhambra from town is an equally awesome sight. Driving through the Puerta de las Granadas, past the enormous triumphal arch built in the 15th century, one enters a world of splendor.

But walking within its walls is best of all.

Not least of the many worthy sights within is the Patio de los Leones. It is named after a series of lion statues that support a beautiful fountain in the center of the courtyard.

Enclosing the courtyard is a series of 124 breathtaking marble columns that support more traditional looking arches. But that tradition is rich with decoration and the patio alone would make a visit worthwhile.

But there are yet more magnificent sights to see in Alhambra.

The Salon de los Embajadores (Hall of the Ambassadors) was designed as a grand reception hall. It was here that the Sultan would receive visitors while seated on the lovely throne that still forms the centerpiece. Surrounding it are walls tiled with the sort of mosaics for which Moorish art is best known. These ceramic squares are inlaid with lapis and gold and make the hall shine in the noonday sun.

The Sala de las dos Hermanos (Hall of the two Sisters) is another of the many dazzling sights within the palace. Named for the two large marble slabs that form the floor, it also contains a stellar indoor fountain. Above the room is a domed ceiling composed of hundreds of carefully set cells that splash light over the entire room.

The Peindar de la Reina (the Queen’s Robing Room) is still another sight that will amaze visitors. Harems are more typically associated with Eastern potentates. Yet, this private room is among the most elegantly decorated in all of Alhambra.

In the center of the complex lies the enormous palace of Carlos V. Begun in the mid-14th century, it is widely regarded as one of the finest examples of early Spanish Renaissance architecture. Visitors can readily see why it was referred to by the poets of the day as ‘this pearl set in emeralds’.

Be sure to save enough time to explore the 205m (670 foot) terrace, too, set 740m (2430 ft) above the valley below. Enclosed by a fortified wall that encompasses 13 defensive and lookout towers, the River Darro flows lazily through a large ravine below. From here one can see the Albaicin district, which is also worth exploring.

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Not least of the attractions is The Alhambra, one of the most often visited sites in all Europe.

Built chiefly from 1338 to 1390, it served as the royal residence for many generations afterward. From the 740 meter (2400 feet) high terrace one gains a view of Granada which is matched only by the Mirador de San Nicolas at the other end of the city.

One of the most outstanding sights, a difficult choice among so many, is the Court of the Lions. A fountain supported by lions – a practically unknown element in Islamic architecture – is at the center of a large courtyard. Around the rim are dozens of medium height classic Moorish arches supported by highly decorative columns.

Not far from Alhambra are the renowned Generalife Gardens of Granada, a must-see for anyone looking for an oasis in what can be a very hot city at times. Originally begun in the 13th century, they continued to evolve long after. There is also an annual festival held here at The Patio de la Acequia, a particularly beautiful section based on an Oriental garden design.

One of the best views of the Alhambra is available from the aforementioned Mirador de San Nicolas in the Albaicin district. This high hill offers several fine cafes from which to sit and enjoy not only the palace but equally stunning views of the Peinador de la Reina, the Torres Bermejas and other outstanding features of Granada.

Here you can sip a glass of wine and enjoy the soft clicking of castanets and the low thump of bongos as you enjoy an unparalleled sunset.

Down in the valley below is the impressive Granada Cathedral. Constructed at a time when the architectural style of Spain was transitioning from Gothic to Renaissance, it is a stellar mix of the two. The Capilla Mayor is one of the highlights of any tour of the church. But there are also illuminated manuscripts, paintings by Botticelli and van der Weyden, and much more.

Stroll through the Capilla Real, the royal chapel, and sit on the very spot once occupied by Isabella of Spain before she met with Christopher Columbus. Then go visit the tomb containing the crypt of Isabella and her husband, Ferdinand.

Begun in 1523 at the height of the Queen’s reign, it wasn’t completed until the 18th century, taking just over 180 years to complete the work. The latter date is evident in the massive organs housed inside the cathedral.

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The nearby beaches of white sand backed by majestic mountains get an average of 300 days of sunshine per year. That makes this area on the Spanish coast the perfect spot to have a winery and the locals take good advantage of the opportunity. Yet, unlike many wine growing regions, the wineries are actually in the center of town. That gives an idea of how revered this fine art is in Cadiz.

The Valdespino winery, for example, dates back to 1264 when the then-recently reestablished Christian king granted 30 acres of land to one of his grateful knights.

After creating sherry for centuries, their produce was discovered (or so the legend goes) by Sir Francis Drake, who carried many barrels back to England. From there the beverage’s fame spread all over the world. More than 700 years later, the Valdespino winery is still making sherry. The story is easy to believe given the number of British winemakers still active here.

Nestled near the Costa de la Luz, south of Sevilla, a trip to the bodegas (wineries) is practically a must when visiting the province. Many of them today offer a delightful mixture of multimedia presentation and personally-guided walk. That’s the best of both worlds, since visitors can share the enthusiasm of the owners first hand while getting a wider view of what’s on offer.

The González Byass is one of the highest rated wineries of Jerez, thanks to a combination of fine product, an outstanding tour and a dome designed by the creator of the Eiffel Tower. Pedro Domecq is another local favorite, featuring outstanding sherry served under arches that resemble those of Cordoba’s famed La Mezquita.

On the way there one is highly likely to pass a group of flamenco dancers in the Gypsy quarter that will entertain in much the same way their forebears have for generations. Jerez’s peña flamenca style is particularly admired as representing the peak of this Andalucian art of dance.

It’s easy to catch a show by simply stopping into any of the local tapas bars and having a fine meal and a glass of the local vino. The town itself offers wide, uncrowded streets that are shaded by large palms and populated by friendly citizens.

Along with the bodega tours one should make time to see the famed dancing horses of the Royal Andalucian School of Equestrian Art. It’s a rousing show in one of the country’s most relaxed atmospheres in an already very laid back area of Spain. Come visit and see for yourself why Jerez rightly deserves the title ‘Sherry Capital of the World’.

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Situated on one of the many high hills near Malaga in the Andalucian region of Spain, it was constructed over a period of several hundred years. Some of the earliest sections date back to the late 8th century after the Moors first conquered Spain. Parts built on still older Roman foundations are still visible.

But the main effort culminated in the mid-11th century, at the height of Moorish rule. There are two rings of defensive walls and a number of lookout towers around the fortress. Set high on the hill overlooking the port, the Alcazaba provided a secure home down the years for the many governors of the province.

The entrance is through a large gateway now known as Puerta del Cristo (Christ’s Door). The name is a much later addition, of course, given that the citadel was built and used by the Muslim Berbers for centuries prior to the Reconquest by Christian Kings.

That long series of events, finalized by Queen Isabella at the end of the 15th century, led to several changes in the Alcazaba. The entrance was converted to a chapel and the Torre del Cristo (Tower of Christ) are two that remain highlights of a visit.

Down the pathway next to the entrance is a series of landscaped gardens and elaborate fountains that provide an oasis from the hot Spanish sun. Strolling through this section, visitors pass the Puerta de las Columnas, Arco del Cristo and Arcos de Granada. Along the way there are several high terraces that provide magnificent views of the town below and the harbor beyond.

One of the sights visible from here, and which can be toured later, is the large 2nd century AD Roman amphitheater. It was discovered only in 1951 and adds an even greater historical perspective to the site. The Archaeological Museum inside the inner perimeter of the Alcazaba has considerable detail on its discovery and history.

One aspect that invariably excites visitors are the private living quarters of the Moorish rulers, called the Cuartos de Granada (Granada Quarters). The ornate pillars in the Maldonado Tower are only one of the awe-inspiring features of an elaborate maze leading to bedrooms once occupied by Spain’s Moorish aristocracy. Further on is the Torre de la Armadura Mudejar, featuring a stellar carved wooden ceiling done in the Mudejar style.

Along this labyrinth of hallways beneath traditional Islamic-style arches one can trod the same stone steps that once supported the rulers of Spain before the Reconquest. During that effort in 1487, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand raised their standard at the Torre del Homenaje (Tribute Tower), on the eastern side of the fortress.

Just in front of the private quarters is the Patio de la Alberca (Courtyard of the Pool). Here there is a restored pavilion offering a cool place to sit and relax while enjoying the delicate scents wafting in from the Patio de los Naranjos (Courtyard of the Orange Trees).

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The central feature of all those activities are the notable processions that take place in every town in the region. The times, participants and style varies considerably from town to town. But almost all have some common themes.

Typically, traffic is closed off to allow for the floats and the hundreds or sometimes even thousands of people that precede or follow them. The festival is marked by religious figures dressed in Church finery carrying candles and directing the parade. Encircled by them is the main focus of the event: the floats.

Every float is a unique and creative construction that contains a figure of Jesus, Mary or an important saint.

A small statue of Saint Rocco, for example, may be held aloft on one platform, displaying his bare leg. He is regarded as a patron of the sick and the hopeful will often toss money onto the float, seeking relief or improvement.

Other floats will depict scenes from the Bible, early Christian stories, or any of a thousand different images that evoke memories of tales passed down through hundreds of generations. There is the Gitano del Polvorín, the Virgen de la Victoria and the Señor de Sevilla, among many more.

The processions, like the stories, are an ongoing tradition that has its origins in the early Middle Ages. As far back as 1,500 years ago the faithful annually walked with the platforms to celebrate the Annunciation, the Sermon on the Mount, the Rising from the Dead and other well-known scenes from the Bible.

For centuries – during the period Spain was ruled by Islamic Moors, Berbers, Arabs and others from North Africa – the festivals were forbidden. Not surprisingly, therefore, after the Reconquest by Christian kings and the re-establishment of Christianity in the country, the festivals started anew. They have been a regular event in Andalucia, with few interruptions, ever since.

But the natives are not the only participants. Church officials from Rome and elsewhere, along with people from around the world merely wanting to take part, celebrate the Holy Week festivals, too.

The celebrations ramp up a notch the final few days before Easter, making that an especially good time to visit in order to see or participate in Semana Santa. Musicians will play and sing as others carry banners, followed by Nazarenos dressed in tunics and masks.

Whether taking place in Cadiz or Cordoba, or any of the other dozens of cities large and small in Andalucia, the scene is similar. At the end of the procession, which often takes place from dusk to the following dawn, the float enters its individual sponsoring church and a hush comes over the crowd, signifying the culmination of Semana Santa.

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Housed in a building that alone makes a visit worthwhile, the famed dancing stallions will do more than amaze. They will transform your idea of what these magnificent creatures can do.

While still outside, take time to admire the outstanding domes and extraordinary carvings on this delightful mixture of Moorish and Spanish Renaissance, the Recreo de las Cadenas Palace. Then travel up the short series of steps and be prepared to have all your expectations overturned.

Arrive early to spend time enjoying the fine gardens and other features while you watch the horses and trainers casually warm up behind the arena.

Take a stroll through the Horse Carriage Museum, housed in 7,000 square meters of what used to be a Permartin sherry warehouse. Drink in the sights and aromas of bougainvillea and orange blossom as you walk along the specially maintained albero sand.

Within this section are a dozen carriages that were drawn by the forbears of the awe-inspiring animals that will soon perform. Each transport served a special purpose. There was the Milord, the Phaeton and many others used for different occasions. Alongside are displays of harnesses and other equipment that served both a functional and decorative purpose. Some is Andalucian in origin, others hail from as far away as Russia.

Next, move on to the washing area to see some of the horses being cleaned for a later performance. Multimedia displays all around explain the role of the ritual, very similar to how it has been done for thousands of years.

Ahead are the stables where the carriage horses have their beds. Visitors are allowed to stroke their necks and interact with these gentle creatures. Next along the way is the area where the horses are harnessed and prepared to pull the carriages.

Coming full circle, guests arrive back at the forecourt and exit through another sherry warehouse called Bodega 1810, after the date it was first erected. The aroma of the former winery is still very much present.

Nearby is the Museum of Equestrian Arts, very much a part of the show. Housing living Przewalski horses (descendants from a breed over 12,000 years old), a harness workshop and more, the museum is a must-see part of the total experience.

Here one can see scale models of the Cadenas Palace that houses the facilities. There are numerous interactive displays explaining the evolution of the Andalucian horse and world championship equestrian events. Others discuss the history of the school, dressage and provide explanations of the horses’ ability to ‘dance’.

One of the highlights of the objects on display is an actual harness dating from the 7th century BC, discovered in the lower section of the Guadalquivir River. There are also Iberian and Punican coins thousands of years old stamped with images of horses.

Then it’s on to the live dancing stallion show where visitors will see behavior that is scarcely believable to anyone who has never seen it live. Here horses and trainers show how in tune they are by executing moves as if they were in telepathic communication. So precise are the movements, they might easily be called an actual ballet.

Visit the Réal Escuela and see for yourself.

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One of the clearest examples is the Malaga Cathedral. The official name is: the Cathedral of the Incarnation.

Built between 1528 and 1782 on a site that (like so many in the country) was formerly occupied by a mosque, the Malaga Cathedral isn’t merely a church. It is an architectural wonder of the region. Known as La Manquita (the ‘one armed woman’) because the southernmost of its two towers is unfinished, it is a masterpiece of Renaissance-Baroque style.

That hyphenated phrase is rare, because most churches in the area have a more uniform design. But because of the unique transition enjoyed by Spain during the late 16th to late 18th centuries, the cathedral is a slightly different mix. The highly ornate facade is hard to place in one category or the other. The swirling columns and decorative Rosetta above the entrance are only two examples showing why.

The interior provides many more.

The 17th century choir stalls are made of mahogany and cedar, not unusual materials for the time and location. But their design is a unique blend of late Renaissance/early Baroque that is found in few other cathedrals.

Other examples abound. The cathedral holds 40 carved wooden statues of the saints behind each stall that are a rare accomplishment. Lining the area, these alone could offer an afternoon’s delight to an enthusiast of the art.

There are numerous marble sculptures, as well, including ones of the Annunciation and the patron saint of Malaga, sometimes known as the Virgin of Victory. Locals of the period thought her influence was critical in the Reconquest of Spain that drove the Moors from rule. Nearby are the white marble mausoleums of Bishop Lario and the Dominican Bishop Fray Manrique.

Secular figures form part of the ‘collection’, as well. There are a number of statues known as the Pantheon of the Counts of Buenavista, sculptures honoring many of the patrons of the church down the years of the 15th through 17th centuries.

There are a number of fine paintings as well by masters of the Spanish Baroque, such as Alonso Cano and Claudio Coello. They are hung throughout the thirteen chapels, each of which is unique and dedicated to a different saint or holy event.

During the hot summers of Andalucia the sun’s rays are at least partly appreciated for the effect they produce through the stained glass windows. They’re of a more recent vintage, having begun in the 19th century and finished in the 1960s. Illuminating the interior with a profusion of color, the result produces a kind of visual hush over the crowd.

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Begun at the end of the 8th century while Spain was under Moorish rule, it continued to evolve long after the Reconquest in 1236 AD. The result is a fascinating mixture of medieval mosque, Gothic church and early 16th century cathedral.

The Islamic influence is clear throughout the Mezquita (Spanish for ‘mosque’). The most obvious are the hundreds of pillars made of granite, onyx and marble. Refashioned from parts of a Roman temple and other buildings that occupied the site centuries earlier, they support traditional-looking red and white striped high arches that draw the eyes up to the magnificent ceiling. Though traditional in style, the effect is tremendous, especially since there are two rows, the upper level supported by the lower.

Another prominent Moorish feature is the late-10th century mihrab, a domed shrine that is covered with Byzantine mosaics. This section of the Mezquita alone would make the structure famed throughout the art world. The honeycomb design is covered with blue tiles that clearly mark the Moorish influence. Covered with their easily-recognized floral and geometric designs, it is considered one of the finest examples of Islamic art in the world.

After the Reconquest by King Ferdinand, changes were in store for this amazing site. During the 13th century Alfonso X began construction of the Villaviciosa Chapel. Another was added by Enrique II in the 14th century, a stellar example of the Mudejar style. The nave was later built under the watchful eye of Carlos V, Holy Roman Emperor of the mid-16th century.

It was also during this period that the early-Baroque cathedral inside was begun. Many mosques were simply torn down or converted over the centuries before the final conquest of the Moors in 1492. In the case of the Mezquita, the structure was modified instead, mostly in the interior. The cathedral, complete with choir stalls, is one of the most prominent examples of that.

Another is the Torre del Alminar, a minaret once used to call the Muslims to prayer, later surrounded with a Baroque belfry, one of the few changes to the outside of the building. Visitors can climb to the top and obtain one of the best views of Cordoba through its arched openings.

Unlike many European-style cathedrals, the mosque was designed as a more open structure. As a result, the interior is not the only outstanding area that will delight visitors. The exterior offers the Patio de los Naranjos (Courtyard of the Orange Trees). In spring, with the orange trees in bloom, delicate scents add to the enjoyment of the beautiful sights. From here, visitors then could make out many of the nineteen separate naves inside.

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The Mezquita of Cordoba is one that would easily make the list. Built in 785 AD by the local ruler of the time, it remains one of the city’s most outstanding tourist attractions. Original mosaics still cover the walls and floors. Its red and white arches beckon visitors to enter and see them. The large horseshoe shapes were constructed from onyx, marble and granite and would be considered works of art anywhere.

Once inside, even older parts are visible, including the remains of the Visigothic church on which Moors built the mosque. ‘New’ features are just as prominent, including the 13th century nave built after the Moorish rulers were driven out during the long Reconquest period. Walking among the dozens of columns it’s easy to imagine living in those days.

Next door is the Alcazar de los Reyes Cristianos, a fortress built by and for the conquerers. Today, that war is an item in history books that won’t intrude on the peaceful atmosphere created by the numerous gardens and fountains in the interior. Watermills on the nearby Guadalquivir River supply the water that irrigates the plants.

Begun in 1328 AD, it was the site at which Queen Isabella received Christopher Columbus before he set sail. It also served as one seat of the Holy Inquisition, begun by her in 1492. Walking past the gardens one finds many ancient Arab-style baths covered with Roman mosaics. This is typical of the cosmopolitan city that is Cordoba.

Behind the mosque is La Juderia, the ancient Jewish quarter. This warren of narrow passageways holds many of Cordoba’s finest restaurants, some of which date back to the Middle Ages. There are also souvenir shops, bars and sidewalk cafes.

Along one of the streets is a synagogue built in the 14th century. Among other delightful sights, it holds a monument to the famed philosopher Maimonides, who lived in the city during the 12th century.

An excellent view of these sights, and many others, can be gained from atop the Torre de la Calahorra. Built in 1369 to serve as a defensive tower, it now supplies one of Cordoba’s most spectacular tourist thrills.

Located next to the ancient Roman Bridge, the tower was used as a prison in the 18th century and later, in the 19th, as a school for women. Today it houses the Living Museum of Al-Andalus, which contains many interesting bits of information about this Andalucian city.

One of the sights visible from the tower is the Palacio Museo de Viana, one of the few royal palaces accessible to visitors here. Just past the entrance is the carriage house where one can see many examples of this fine mode of transport used by its former residents.

Visitors can enjoy any of twelve different courtyards, each with a distinctive air. Some of that air is scented with jasmine, bougainvillea and wisteria. The sights are equally lovely, thanks to the orange and lemon trees, along with an ancient Holm oak.

Be sure to leave time to visit the Museo de Bellas Artes in Plaza del Potro. It offers many works by Spanish masters, including Goya, Murillo and Zurbaran. The museum houses paintings and sculpture from the 14th through the 20th centuries. Outside is an outstanding sculpture of a stallion in a fountain created in 1557.

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Stop at the Casa del Rey Moro. Built in the 1700s, a set of Moorish steps leads from the garden down to a delightful gorge. Look back up and enjoy a view that was once enjoyed by the King of Ronda himself.

See a still-functioning convent and church, the Church of Saint Isabel of the Angels, housed in buildings begun during the Moorish occupation of Spain. Established in the 16th century as an order of St Francis of Assisi, the convent has seen substantial restoration since the Spanish Civil War.

Step back even further in time and stroll around Espiritu Santo, the church of the Holy Spirit, begun in 1485. Constructed on the ruins of a mosque, one can still see touches of the earlier building here and there.

One of the oldest extant religious structures in Ronda is the Minarete de San Sebastian, one of the remains of a 14th century mosque. Renamed after King Alfonso drove the Moors from Spain, it is a marvel of period architecture. The stereotypical arch is dotted with turquoise ceramic tiles from the original construction.

Another church built on the ruins of a mosque is the Santa Maria La Mayor. It sports an outstanding Mirhab arch on which one can still clearly see many of the Moorish decorations from the period. Though begun in the late 15th century, it wasn’t completed until the end of the 17th. As a result, there is a mix of architectural styles that will fascinate those who look closely.

Be sure not to miss seeing the Moorish Baths, built in the 13th century and still very much the way they looked then. Constructed near the Arroyo de las Culebras (Stream of the Snakes), a waterwheel (now long gone) carried water through an aqueduct to feed them, similar to the Roman method.

But if viewing architecture is not enough to fill up your visit to Ronda, not to worry. Modern bullfighting has its home here in Spain’s oldest arena, the Ronda Bullring. Or, have a fine meal in the restaurant at the Hotel La Fonda and enjoy the view of the Alavero de los Banos. Take a stroll through the Mondragon Palace (Ronda Museum) and enjoy the gardens.

Not far outside the city is a great hike in Pinsapar, filled with refreshing trees and views of the mountains. Or, walk over to the edge of the Gargante Verde (Green Gorge), or down to the Moorish Mines.

When you visit Ronda, be prepared for some vigorous walking. There are hundreds of steps to some sights, and hills all around.

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Casa de Pilatos

Located in the ancient Jewish quarter, the Barrio de Santa Cruz, the Casa de Pilatos is one of Sevilla’s most often visited sites. This 16th century mansion contains royal carriages, Greek and Roman statues and paintings by Goya. The home is filled with antique furniture and decorated with vases that would be notable even in the finest museums.

Equally stunning are the views of Sevilla from the patios. Standing amid architecture that is an interesting mixture of Moorish, Gothic and Renaissance influences, Casa de Pilatos reflects the blend that is Sevilla itself. Stroll around the gardens briefly with the scent of oranges and you’ll never want to leave.

Alcazar

An even more often visited royal residence is Sevilla’s famed alcazar, a series of palaces that combine elements of the Mudejar, Gothic, Baroque and many more. Filled with stunning tapestries and equally awe-inspiring carved wooden ceilings, inlaid and featuring gold leaf, it is a highlight of any trip to the Andalucian city. Be sure not to miss the Ceiling Room of Carlos V or Felipe II, done in the Mudejar style.

The exterior is equally impressive, offering peaceful gardens that provide an oasis in this hectic Spanish city. The New Garden section houses a fascinating mixture of English and Moorish styles. The Pool of Mercury is a capstone to any tour that must include the Doña María de Padilla baths.

Sevilla Cathedral

Like many great cities, Sevilla doesn’t lack for buildings that have been public since their beginning. The Catedral de Sevilla is one of the more notable ones on view.

Constructed in the 16th century, it is by no means as old as churches in Europe go. But the style is surpassed by none. With an entrance similar to that of Notre Dame in Paris, it remains a favorite of visitors.

Inside there are over a thousand Biblical scenes around the walls, carved at a time when few churchgoers could read and hence had to learn the stories by seeing images. The High Altar is a masterpiece, gargantuan at 27 meters (88 feet) high and 18 meters (59 feet) wide. Yet the Gothic vault that hovers above is still higher at 37 meters (121 feet).

Not least of the attractions of the cathedral is the tomb of Christopher Columbus. Supported by four figures representing the four former Spanish kingdoms (Castile, Leon, Aragon and Navarre), it is a highlight of the visit.

Museo Provincial de Bellas Artes

Last, but far from least, one should never leave Sevilla without visiting one of the finest fine arts museums in Europe: the Museo Provincial de Bellas Artes de Sevilla.

First opened to the public in 1841, it is housed in a former convent built in the early 17th century, the Convento de la Merced. There are works by the Spanish masters Francisco de Zurbaran and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, along with hundreds of other lesser known, but equally skilled artists.

The galleries are arranged around three courtyards that alone make the visit worthwhile. Surrounded by art from the 14th through the 18th centuries, visitors in this setting can easily imagine themselves transported back to those eras.

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It’s no accident that nearly three million visitors enjoy the park every year. There are Grizzly bears and herds of buffalo to view. There are trout streams off the Yellowstone River the like of which can be found in few other places. Then, there are the famous geysers, over 300 in all.

The most famous of all – Old Faithful – fully deserves its name. Erupting in a two-story stream of hot water every half hour to two hours, you couldn’t set your watch by it. But you never have to wait too long to see one of nature’s wonders, either. It lasts anywhere from a minute to five minutes, so you won’t miss it if you glance away.

And how could you not look away with so many other fascinating things to see?

Along a fifty mile section of road you can visit the famed Mammoth Hot Springs, equally deserving of its name. The Terraces are among nature’s greatest gifts to park visitors. You can also enjoy the Biscuit Basin, Firehole Lake Drive and a dozen other outstanding sights. Stop at the Madison Museum in Madison Junction and learn all about the area.

In the winter it’s possible to actually ski among the geysers. You can take a ride in the snow coach to the Old Faithful Snow Lodge and then off you go. The geysers spout off below you, as indifferent to you as are the nearby buffalo.

In the summer you can switch to horseback riding. As you clomp along you’ll see some of the most spectacular scenery on the planet. The elk may not be impressed by the view, but you will be. Nothing will block your view of the Absarokas to the east or the Wind River Range to your south, either.

Wander over to Lookout Point or Inspiration Point and take a look at the river below. Above it, gliding near the orange canyon walls you can see ospreys on the wing looking for food. At a different angle you can easily make out the white caps of the Yellowstone River, dropping over 300 feet into the canyon.

You can visit Yellowstone Lake, but don’t expect to visit all of it. It has over 100 miles of shoreline. The area is flush with dozens of native species, including some that seem to be permanent fixtures, like the fishermen here. Permits required. But you might also spot one of the 600 grizzlies, a bison, or the occasional wolf.

Nearly all the over 2.2 million acres lies in Wyoming with small parts in both Montana and Idaho. The park is larger than Rhode Island and Delaware combined. But those are just more dry facts. When you visit, your reaction will be anything but academic.

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One of the main reasons has to be granted to Trail Ridge Road. Crossing the park from east to west, this 50-mile drive drops into the Kawuneeche Valley, where visitors can see the Colorado River. Along the way, you’ll climb up to over 12,000 feet through some of America’s highest peaks.

But those statistics don’t begin to describe the breathtaking scenery you’ll see along the way. As you make your way through the famed ‘Roof of the Rockies’ you’ll see glacier-carved mountains at every turn. Stop at Forest Canyon Overlook and you’ll see alpine forests that are among the most magnificent anywhere. Take a few minutes to visit the Alpine Visitor Center at Fall River and the friendly staff will tell you all about the area.

Rocky Mountain offers some of the best hiking anywhere along its over 350 miles of trails. Bear Lake is one of the most popular starting points. Sitting at the base of Hallett’s Peak at the Continental Divide, it’s a magnificent sight all by itself.

Hiking here can be a little more demanding than other areas, though. Park elevations range from 7,500 at minimum to over 14,000 feet. At those heights, the air is thinner and the UV stronger. Be prepared. You’ll need plenty of water, since the thin, cooler air evaporates moisture from your lungs faster. Headaches are a common symptom for those who don’t hydrate properly.

Whether driving or walking there’s plenty of wildlife to see, too. Rocky Mountain NP is home to over 3,000 elk, 800 Bighorn sheep and over 280 different bird species. Visit the Bighorn at Sheep Lake anytime from May through mid-August. See moose wander through the willows along the Colorado River in Kawuneeche. Keep a close eye out and you may spot some river otters, too.

At dawn or dusk you can see some of the many bats that hover over the lakes looking for insects. Marmots are easy to spot on the tundra along Old Fall River road. Stellar Jays dot the skies along Trail Ridge road, sharing space with the Prairie Falcon and the odd Golden Eagle. White-tailed Ptarmigans are another fascinating bird species that call the park home.

The park offers several museums and historical sites. The Moraine Park Museum is one of the best. It’s filled with items from the area that give a great overview of the natural flora and fauna. The Never Summer Ranch is another favorite, offering a look at what a resort from the past was like.

Unlike some of the national parks, Rocky Mountain is open year round. That makes it possible to explore it Winter, Summer, Spring or Fall just like the other 3 million annual visitors. A non-summer visit will be less crowded and offers views you can’t see during those hot months.

In Fall, Elk move to lower elevations to Horseshoe Park, Beaver Meadows and other locations. The leaves change from green to gold. During Winter, there’s skiing galore on the North Inlet trails or at Bowen-Baker. Coyotes come out to hunt. In Spring, Peregrine Falcons nest on Lumpy Ridge, not far from the Red-Tailed Hawks. Or, see thousands of sage-colored buttercups or blue pasqueflowers.

Visit Rocky Mountain National Park at any time of the year and you’ll share the opinion of millions who rightly call it one of America’s premier natural wonders.

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True, there are dozens of National Parks, many of them heavily forested and offering mountains and streams. There are thousands of other forests around the U.S. with lakes, rivers and mountains galore. But Yosemite is unique.

For those who love backpacking, or just seeing some of the finest natural scenery on the planet, Tuolumne Meadows is one good example of Yosemite’s unique features. At 8,600 feet (2,620 m) it offers pure air, bright sunshine and a chance to get away from the crowds that sometimes make this park a challenge.

For a hiking challenge that is equally uncrowded, the adventurous will want to investigate Cloud’s Rest. The trail is well named, since the 14-mile journey offers a view that makes you feel you actually could touch the clouds hovering above.

Beginning at Tenaya Lake and ending at the edge of a huge granite outcropping, this one would be worth getting in shape to tackle. Looking down below, surrounded on three sides by sky, you’ll feel much as the eagles soaring not far off must. Views of Half-Dome and El Capitan are some of the best sights from here, but they’re far from the only stellar ones, either.

Though just that alone would make a trip here worthwhile, that is only the barest hint of what Yosemite National Park has to offer.

Mariposa Grove, for example, would compete well for attention with any of the park’s splendid areas. Here, visitors can find hundreds of giant sequoias that would awe even the most concrete-loving urbanites. Many of these trees are so distinctive they’ve earned their own names.

The Grizzly Giant is one of the best in an area where ‘amazing’ is the word that falls naturally from the lips of many visitors. At 30 feet in diameter and as tall as a 20-story building, its size is one reason. But the deal is clinched when viewers learn that this redwood is over 2,700 years old.

Other sequoia forests in Yosemite offer similar sights. Near Crane Flat lie the Merced Grove and the Tuolumne Grove. Mariposa is in the Wawona region, along the southern border of the park. They tend to be less crowded and so offer a quieter stroll, but one no less impressive.

The word ‘impressive’ also leaps to mind to anyone seeing some of the park’s majestic waterfalls. Yosemite Falls is perhaps the best known, but there are many others just as stunning, or nearly so. Bridal Veil, for example, is an easy 20-minute hike uphill from the center of the Yosemite Valley. At the top the views of Cathedral Rock and El Capitan are breathtaking.

Of course, nothing is quite so breathtaking as El Capitan itself. One of the most popular rock climbing adventures in the world, the 3,000-foot sheer face is not for the fainthearted. But you don’t have to climb it to love it. At a mile wide, you can just gaze and be transported.

But, then, much the same thing could be said about anything in Yosemite National Park.

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Every year half a million visitors experience something like what those intrepid early explorers reported back to President Jefferson. The pure blue lake ringed by 2000-foot high mountains looks like a painting. But visitors will find the romance becoming real when they view it from one of the many lookouts along Rim Drive.

At over 1,940 feet, it’s the deepest lake in the United States. Just knowing that adds to the heart-pounding experience. Learn from signs along the way that it was formed over 7,700 years ago when nearby Mount Mazama erupted. Intellectual appreciation combines with sheer sensory excitement to make for an unforgettable visit here.

Around the 33-mile drive there are over 20 spots that offer unparalleled scenic views. Kerr Notch provides an unmatched view of Phantom Rock. From Sun Notch it’s easy to take in the sight of Wizard Island.

From a dozen different spots it’s possible to take a hike that can’t be duplicated anywhere else. Trailheads lead to Mount Scott on the east side of the lake. Crater Peak on the south side is easily accessible from Rim Drive. On the north side, Cleetwood Cove Trail leads to the lake itself. Walk quietly and you’ll often come across deer feeding.

From Cleetwood Cove it’s also possible to visit the volcano on Wizard Island. Climb the 800-foot trail and you can see inside the 90-foot opening to the cinder cone. For those who might like to do a little fishing, there’s a trail that leads to Fumarole Bay. Initially hand-stocked, it offers descendant rainbow trout and kokanee salmon galore. No license required and no limit on catches.

For those who want the ultimate in hiking pleasure, check out the nearly 9,000-foot high Mount Scott. Long, steep and full of winding turns, it offers the biggest hiking challenge. For those who persist, the rewards are views of Mount Jefferson and Mount Shasta all the way over in California, not to mention some of the best views of the lake far below.

For those who would prefer to visit in winter there are equally exciting things to see and do at Crater Lake. With an average of over 500 inches per year, you’ll need snowshoes for many hikes. But a guided tour will show you some of the most amazing sights anywhere.

For the truly hardy, there’s an option that includes up to 33-miles of cross-country skiing around the lake. A shorter trip from Crater Lake Lodge offers a five mile round-trip that provides outstanding views of Overlook Trail.

Be an explorer yourself and imagine what life was like when that famous pair first walked through the area. Looking at Crater Lake and the surrounding mountains, virtually unchanged since, that’s actually very easy.

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The elevation of the park varies from just under 900 feet to over 6,600, making it perfect for those looking for variety. Mount Le Conte at nearly 6,600 feet, and the tallest mountain east of the Mississippi, is one of the most popular. In all, 16 mountains here reach heights over 6,000 feet.

The lower elevations make for easy hiking, while the truly hardy can scale the highest peak, Clingman’s Dome, by taking Alum Cave Trail. Once there, visitors can enjoy an unobstructed view over thousands of acres of forest land. The concrete ramp at the end provides easy access to the 50-foot high observation tower. With over 9 million visitors to the park per year, it can get crowded though, so exercise patience.

Still, with over 850 miles of trails and unpaved roads it isn’t hard to find a route that is serene and lightly traveled. Of that, seventy miles are along the famed Appalachian Trail. One leads to Chimney Tops, where hikers can enjoy being on top of these twin peaks for a breathtaking view of the land below. Another leads to Laurel Falls, where you’ll be greeted by an 80-foot waterfall that would compete well with those in Yosemite.

There are lots of other activities available in Great Smoky National Park, as well. Fly fishing is one of the most popular. Rainbow Trout, Brook and others populate much of the over 700 miles of streams. Horseback riding is another favorite. The park offers four separate rental stables. Cycling is a frequent activity near Cades Cove.

Thanks to over 55 inches of rain per year in the valleys and over 85 inches on the peaks, no matter where you travel you’ll find lush vegetation. Nature’s green bounty means that the local wildlife have ample supply. That makes for great birdwatching and easy spotting of a wide variety of animals.

Official statistics tabulate more than 200 species of bird and several dozen species of mammals, including a Black Bear population that is estimated at around 1,500. Head to Cataloochee to see some of the White-Tailed deer, raccoons or woodchucks.

You can see them on foot or travel along the Roaring Fork Motor Nature Trail. This 5-mile long road lets you take a leisurely drive in the comfort and safety of your car. Along the way you’ll find old-growth forest that is home to everything from elk to owls.

Also on the trail there are lots of old grist mills, well-preserved historic log cabins and other structures. Nature’s ‘buildings’ are also much in evidence, such as several stellar low waterfalls surrounded by lush greenery. The hushed atmosphere makes for a perfect way to experience the park.

Visit the Great Smoky Mountains National Park at any time of the year. It’s as likely to be 65°F/18°C in the winter as to be 20°F/-6.6°C, so great trips are possible in any season.

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Just a few of the named rooms give an excellent flavor of the sights here.

The Bat Cave is appropriately named, since it is the home of hundreds of these flying mammals. The Bifrost Room is named for a Scandinavian myth (the Bifrost bridge into Valhalla). The colors here echo those of the rainbow spectrum of the mythical crossing. The Hall of the Giants covers nearly 360,000 square feet, the largest open chamber in the system. Also known as The Big Room, it covers over eight acres.

Within these rooms, and dozens more, tourists can see some of nature’s most creative ‘sculptures’.

The giant stalagmite, The Witch’s Finger, is a corkscrew structure more than five times the height of a person. The Rock of Ages is even more astounding. It makes stationary rock appear to be in motion. Numerous outcroppings of flowstone, a type of travertine, resemble a demon’s lair as it glows from within.

Within the complex it’s possible to take self-guided or staff guided tours of varying difficulty. Some tours are easy walks around large open spaces. Others provide the opportunity to scale 10-foot walls. Still others have you crawling through small openings to emerge into a large chamber. All levels are available for spelunkers of any interest or ability.

On one tour you can see part of Lechuguilla Cave, America’s deepest at over 1,600 feet underground. It covers over 112 miles winding through the Guadalupe Mountains.

Travel to the Big Room by taking an elevator that descends 900 feet. Look up and be awestruck by the 25-story high open space. Then wander around the 1,800 foot by 250 foot area that is filled with amazing rock formations. Take in the Temple of the Sun and see dozens of eerily lit underground pools.

Through the Natural Entrance, a half-mile walk leads to a plateau and from there down 750 feet into the Bat Cave. Here, 300,000 Mexican Free-Tail bats make their home from April through September. They head south to Mexico during the winter.

Outside the caves there are also many fascinating things to see and do. Along Rattlesnake Springs you’re more likely to see dozens of birds and harmless reptiles than any of the dangerous critters that give the place its name. Here, there are lots of picnic tables with cooking grills.

A ride along the nearly 10-mile long scenic drive through Walnut Canyon is a favorite of many. It travels along Guadalupe Ridge where the views are simply breathtaking. Be sure to bring your camera!

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For example, there is the fact that there are over 50 glaciers here. And the fact that it houses more than 200 lakes and streams. And 730 miles of hiking trails. And about 300 grizzly bears.

What all those facts won’t convey, though, is the sheer breathtaking beauty of every part of Glacier.

They won’t describe how the mountains around Lake MacDonald, glowing pink in the setting sun, will make you want to stand still until dark. They won’t tell you how the huge field of tall Beargrass stalks with their white flowers will make you want to run through the meadow like a child.

Stop at one of the visitors centers in Apgar, Logan Pass or St. Mary and you’ll find out about many more locations that offer equally stunning sights.

One of the best ways to see many of them is to drive along the famed 50-mile Going-To-The-Sun Road. Built in 1932, it skirts around Lake MacDonald then crosses the Continental Divide at Logan Pass, nearly 6,700 feet above sea level. From there it descends down to Saint Mary Lake, another awe-inspiring body of water.

If you want to stretch your legs, you’ll have plenty of options. Backpacking in Glacier isn’t just for athletes. The area near Belly River offers scenery galore, and many campsites to take a rest. For those looking for a more extensive trip, you can backpack in from Canada, across Brown Pass, ending at Bowman Lake.

The Hole in the Wall campground offers 20 waterfalls and thousands of dew-bedecked wildflowers. Look up and you’ll see where the water comes from: a waterfall that pours out of a natural hole in the rock face, giving the area its name. Then wander over to take a closer look at some of the violet Butterwort flowers.

If you prefer a different mode of transportation, schedule a whitewater rafting trip. You can go in a group of eight on a larger boat, or brave the water yourself in a kayak. Even amateurs find it an easy trip with few rocks to contend with. But it will give plenty of adventures as you rush down the Flathead River.

For even easier movement, there are Red Bus tours. Two generations have enjoyed seeing the park from these open-topped vehicles. Bring lots of sunscreen, though. The sunshine in Glacier during the summer is full and bright.

If you drive yourself, you can stop at the Trail of the Cedars boardwalk. Because of the high moisture content, the area has been free of fire for over 500 years. The results are some of the largest cedar and hemlocks anywhere around. Be patient and you’re sure to spot a flying squirrel. Come near nightfall and you can hear the owls hooting.

Sure, there are lots of facts one could state about Glacier National Park. A thick book couldn’t hold them all. But you have to see it to discover one fact on your own. The fact that it’s simply wonderful.

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There are over 200 miles of hiking trails within the park, so no matter what your fitness or skill level you’ll find one that’s just right for you. Whichever you choose, the scenery will be awe-inspiring. Backpacking through the Teton Crest, for example, hikers can cover nearly 40 miles along the park’s southern border, ending at Paintbrush Canyon. Be prepared to camp overnight for a couple of days when making this one.

Be prepared, too, for some sights that will take your breath away. The wildflower-covered Alaska Basin is just one example. As you make your way through the Grand Teton Peaks, you’ll ultimately reach Cascade Canyon. Head over to Lake Solitude before you get so entranced you decide to make it your permanent home.

If you prefer something other than foot-powered transportation, take a rafting trip down the Snake River. With little whitewater, it’s an easy voyage. But paddlers will still get a nice workout as they try to navigate the many twists and turns and avoid logjams. The river even makes it as far as Yellowstone National Park, so you get two park visits for your effort.

For the easiest trip possible, head for the stretch between Jackson Lake Dam and Cattleman’s Bridge. The calm water lets you get the most of the incredibly scenic views.

For those who want to visit the area in winter, head for Jackson Hole. The cross-country skiing here is unmatched. Flagg Canyon on the north side is one of the favorites of locals and visitors from around the world alike.

During summer, you can walk along the Phelps Lake Overlook Trail. Climbing southward through forests filled with lodgepole pine, you come out in an area overlooking Phelps Lake, just as the name promises. Framed by Douglas fir, it’s like something out of a Hollywood movie.

Head over to Colter Bay and take advantage of the chance to see the native wildlife. Everything from snowshoe hares and martens to marmots and deer live here. You can easily catch sight of a muskrat or beaver and, if you’re patient, a river otter. Moose and elk wander by on a regular basis, too.

If driving is your preferred method of getting around, take the scenic drive along Teton Park Road. Easing through Signal Mountain Road to the top will provide one of the best views of the park, 800 feet above the valley floor.

If you prefer to stay in one spot, you couldn’t do any better than fishing for cutthroat trout in the upper Snake River watershed. Rainbow trout are plentiful, too, along with brook trout and whitefish. Late August or early September is the best time to wade in.

Established in 1929, Grand Teton National Park covers nearly 500 square miles. Come see why every square foot is a delight.

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There’s a lesson in those facts, though, one that goes beyond geology. Calling even part of the Grand Canyon a national park is a little misleading. It’s not a park so much as a natural wonder that inspires awe in all who see it. From its golden cliffs to the magnificent California Condors that hover over the rim, it offers sights like no other in the world.

The park itself covers over 1,900 square miles (4927 km²). The overwhelming majority of the 4 million tourists that visit every year see only parts along the South Rim. That section stretches several miles along highway AZ 64 and provides excellent views of a portion of the canyon and the Colorado River below.

There are dozens of hiking trails for anyone who wants to get out of the train of cars and walk around. Among the more accessible are the Bright Angel and the South Kaibab. From them, visitors can get a better feel for the fascinating details.

Over 200 miles away by car is the north rim, which is much less heavily traveled. The solitude near what has been called the Eighth Wonder of the World is unbroken. The immense gash in the Earth below invites long, leisurely hikes.

There is one other section that visitors can explore and it too is much less crowded than the south rim. Inside the Havasupai Indian Reservation there are paved roads through Havasu Canyon. But a day’s hike is necessary to get to the Grand Canyon from this point.

One way to get down to the river is to take the Lava Falls Trail near Tuweep. Along the way, sharp-eyed hikers will discover some of the dozens of species of wildlife that make this desert landscape home. Besides the condors there are Stellar Jays, Canyon Wrens and a dozen species of hummingbird. Coyote are common and there are lots of chipmunks.

Beware the occasional Western Spotted Skunk, though, or the more common Striped Skunk. Take even more care to watch out for the Grand Canyon Rattlesnake. Shy, they nonetheless will strike if stepped on and they blend so well they’re easy to miss.

On the trek you’ll pass over two billion years of geological history. It’s impossible to miss the change as you walk past layers of rock exposed from eons of natural carving. For those who prefer guidance, there are lots of guided tours covering many different areas of the park.

Whitewater rafting trips are a favorite of many. Trips range anywhere from 3 days to 3 weeks along sections from 100 miles to 300 miles of the Colorado River.

But from any vantage point – whether by bus or car, hiking or paddling along the river – visitors to Grand Canyon National Park will experience the same majesty that has awed tourists for generations.

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Here, explorers can find the results of over 70 million years of the planet’s volcanism, including two live samples. They are part of the famed Ring of Fire – a series of volcanoes, many of them underwater, that lie along the edge of several continents. The world’s largest, Mauna Loa, stands 13,677 feet high. The other, Kilauea, is considered one of the world’s most active volcanoes.

Hiking is a favorite activity of park visitors. There are thousands of trails here that wind through trees and along ridges of lava deposits. It’s easy to take a leisurely walk across the black sand beaches of Kalapana. Along one, hikers can enjoy the 350-year old Thurston Lava Tube. The 4-mile hike along Kilauea Iki trail descends 400 feet through rainforest into a steaming crater.

There are several scenic drives, as well. The 11-mile Crater Rim Drive circles the Kilauea caldera. A ‘caldera’ is the large, circular depression formed when the volcano’s interior collapses after an eruption.

As recently as March, 2008 the Halema’uma’u crater erupted, spewing ash and gas over 70 acres. The Chain of Craters Road offers a 40-mile round-trip drive that descends 3,700 ft/1130 m from the coast and reaches a dead end at an active lava flow.

A mile from Halema’uma’u is Keanakako’i Crater. This active volcano last erupted in late 1982 and the evidence is still easily visible. Across the road it’s easy to look over the edge and see the smoking fumaroles. It’s also an excellent place to get a view of the nearly 14,000-foot Mauna Loa or Mauna Kea mountains. At the top you can make out astronomical observatories that are among the world’s largest.

Only a mile further along the road is Devastation Trail. Park and take a half-hour stroll through a cinder outfall, produced by the 1959 eruption of Kilauea Iki. As with some other areas in the park, breathing can be uncomfortable. Sulfur dioxide and ash are a common product of volcanic activity. Sensitive individuals should avoid downwind areas.

Not quite a mile from Steaming Bluffs visitors can find the Kilauea Overlook for a great view of the caldera below. In 1959 this area was a lava lake with fountains spewing almost 2,000 feet up. The opening is 3,000 feet across and a mile long.

The park also houses the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, the Jagger Museum and many other facilities offering unique displays describing the park’s features. Inside the Jagger, there are several seismographs that monitor volcano-related earthquake activity.

Visit the park and enjoy some of nature’s most astounding dynamism on display. But because it’s an active volcano area, check http://www.nps.gov/havo/closed_areas.htm first to see which areas are closed before your trip.

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Through the center flows the Virgin River, continuing its slow process of carving still deeper chasms into the already 2000-foot deep Markagunt Plateau. Flowing 16 miles through sandstone arches and well-treed gorges, it ultimately empties into Lake Mead 200 miles to the southeast.

Visitors to the 229 square mile park are the beneficiaries of its work.

Some of the best hiking in the world is within the park. Sandstone cliffs 2,000 feet high top trails that lead down through narrow canyons topped with high arches. The Great Arch of Zion, carved in a high, vertical cliff-face is one of the more spectacular. The Kolob Arch Trail leads to the Kolob Arch, spanning 310 feet (94 m), one of the largest in the world.

Along the way, hikers can follow Timber Creek and look up to see the massive red canyons above. Gradually, the trail descends 1,000 feet to La Verkin Creek. The route provides an excellent opportunity to explore Hop Valley or Beartrap Canyon.

Cyclists can get in on the adventure, too. Pa’rus Trail offers a paved route free of cars that’s full of outstanding scenery. Here, visitors can get a great view of the Moenave or Kayenta rock formations. They can stop for a drink and check out some of the fascinating plant life that struggles for existence in this rocky land.

Horseback riding is another transportation option in Zion. Overnight excursions take you from the canyons to the peaks, where you can see firsthand views of the bright moon over the shadow-strewn cliffs. For novice riders, an easy trot travels to Checkboard Mesa, one of the park’s most interesting sights.

Either way, tourists will have no trouble spotting some of the distinctive wildlife that calls the park home. The Ringtail, the Chuckwalla Lizard and beavers are easy to find. Less common but occasionally hovering overhead are ravens, Peregrine Falcons and the odd Golden Eagle here and there. The sharp-eyed may even spot a roadrunner dashing across the trail near Weeping Rock.

Several national monuments are on view in Zion and each has fully earned the designation. Grand Staircase Escalante, Cedar Breaks and others are here. Also in the park are notable sights like the Temple of Sinawava and the Great White Throne, natural features whose appearances have inspired their names.

Because the river and its tributaries act as run-off canals for melting snows and spring rains, flash flooding is a common risk. Anyone wanting to explore the park should check for warnings at http://www.nps.gov/zion/index.htm before entering.

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Freshwater sloughs provide a home to alligators, a common sight in the park. Along the water’s edge are many species that provide them a meal, and many others as well. Great Blue Herons, American Egrets, White Pelicans and many other sub-tropical bird species are easy to spot around and above the water.

Numerous walking trails wind through the mangroves. Anhinga Trail provides an opportunity to see one of the freshwater sloughs up close. This half-mile long self-guided tour winds through sawgrass where it’s easy to find alligators, turtles and other species.

Crocodiles make their home in the park, along with alligators. The Everglades is the only area on the planet where both species – often mistaken for one another – co-habit in relative peace. Terns fly above Florida Bay, home to coral and mollusks along with sharks, stingrays and even barracudas.

Not all of the park is marsh or swamp land, though. Pine Forest is the highest area of the park and sports slash pine, palmetto and others. High, though, still only means a few feet above sea level and the floor of the forests are part rocky limestone.

Near Mahogany Hammock is a short nature trail, only a third of a mile, that offers a view inside one of the most beautiful portions of the park. The trees here grow within sawgrass marshes, offering fascinating areas of dappled shade. The Gumbo Limbo Trail offers a great way to get a close-up look at the Royal Palms, Strangler Figs and other hardwood hammocks in the park.

Camping is a common activity in The Everglades, which offers over 200 campsites. Even small motorboats are allowed, provided they keep wakes and other disturbances to a minimum. Many Manatee live within the waters and park officials are eager to protect them from harm.

Anyone coming during summer, though, should be sure to bring lots of mosquito repellent. This is the time of year when the swarms are thickest and the insects most active.

Unlike some national parks, winter may actually be the best time to visit. In summer, temperatures can hover over the 90°F (32°C) mark with 90% humidity. In winter, the temperature drops to a high of about 77°F (25°C) and the air dries out considerably. Fortunately, so do many of the rivers and marshes, bringing the animals out to more visible areas.

Swimming isn’t recommended anywhere in the park, owing not only to the large number of alligators, but also the many water moccasins, barracuda and other dangerous aquatic species. Even sharp coral can cause a nasty gash. The park is best enjoyed from the ground.

The Flamingo area is one of the best places to start, offering visitor facilities, a restaurant, a museum and a staffed ranger station. The Main Visitor Center is at the east entrance near Homestead, 38 miles away, giving an idea of just how large an area the park covers.

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Eons of wind and water have created deep canyons and high buttes where dinosaurs once roamed freely. Parts look like the dead surface of the moon. Others are so filled with life and color you’ll wonder how the two can exist together.

The Badlands holds some of the world’s most extensive fossil deposits. Scientists have uncovered the remains of saber-toothed cats and their prey, a tiny ancestor of the deer. The bones of three-toed horses are scattered over many of the sites, along with ancient turtles and other reptiles.

Still being actively excavated, the Pig Wallow Site offers the nearby Conata Picnic Area. Among other fascinating finds here, paleontologists found the bones of a hornless rhinoceros called Subhyracodon. Have lunch at one of the tables and you might get lucky enough to talk to one of the workers.

For a greener environment, head over to one of the 64,000 acres of grass-covered wilderness. Here graze Bighorn Sheep, American Buffalo, Swift Fox and the Black-footed Ferret, among many other creatures. It’s easy to spot deer and antelope bounding over the roadways and hanging around the picnic areas.

Hiking is a favorite activity along many of the trails within the 240,000 acres of Badlands National Park. There are easy trails and those that will challenge the most experienced hikers as well. The vistas from the jagged spires looking out over the prairie are well worth the effort. Check in at the Ben Reifel Visitor Center for backpacking information, especially if you plan an overnight trip.

You can explore a fascinating area called the Stronghold District. Half lies within the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Used during WWII as a gunnery range, this section of the park also houses the Minuteman Missile National Historic site.

Visitors can get a close-up look at the equipment and structures that housed one of America’s major defense installations. Manned for 30 years during the Cold War era, it now is a museum site. You can see the gadget-filled underground launch control center and a defunct silo that held a (now-disabled) nuclear missile. Tours are two-hours long.

One feature of Badlands that can be found in no other national park are the houses built by homesteaders here. Built out of sod blocks and heated with some of the plentiful buffalo chips, some are still standing. The Great Dust Bowl period of the 1930s finally proved too much even for these hardy pioneers. But some evidence of their courageous struggles remain.

The colors of the golden sand and azure sky make the Badlands a beautiful place to visit. The many things to see and do make it fascinating. Come see why.

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The Badlands in South Dakota houses fossils from the Oligocene period, 20-35 million years ago. The Petrified Forest has it beat by about 200 million more years. The Late Triassic period, during which the dinosaurs developed, far pre-dates the Jurassic Period when they roamed widely. There are many active excavation sites in which their remains are still being found.

Though less common because of their softer structure, many plants fossilize, too. The results are easy to find here, though. Some of the ancient tree-like growths that once dominated the area are still around. Some of the logs measure nearly 200 feet long. Clam fossils found among them provide evidence of prehistoric waterways that wound through the land.

The Painted Desert section offers scenery that seems to have been intentionally colored by some abstract artist. Shifting sand dunes dotted by ancient geology provide the canvas. Decoration is enhanced by tumbling scrub brush and stationary cactus. The whole scene resembles an old western, stylized to suit the drama.

One of the highlights of any visit to the Petrified Forest National Park would have to be the 27-mile scenic drive. It provides over 20 stopping points that give ample opportunity to a million visitors per year to have a good look.

On the way, tourists can find ruined pueblos, along with the art left by some of their inhabitants. Petroglyphs, an ancient form of painting or carving on rocks, are not hard to spot here. The panoramic views along one of the many mesas only adds to the thrill of exploring the area.

For those who prefer to see the land on foot, the park provides an endless array of hiking opportunities. In this desert landscape there’s no need for trails and no chance of getting lost. You can see for miles in every direction.

Along the way, you’ll be treated to sights like Pilot Rock and Devil’s Playground. Follow the 1.2 miles Painted Desert Rim Trail for a special treat as you wind through brightly colored vegetation, an unusual sight in this spare landscape of subtle grays and dull oranges. The rich volcanic ash in the soil provides an excellent medium for these well-adapted plants and they’re as amazing as anything you’ll find in a forest.

Stop at the Painted Desert Inn Museum at Kachina Point and find out all about the park. Visit the excavations of the Puerco Indian Ruins, worked by natives in the 1400s. Newspaper Rock is an especially fascinating sight with its dozens of petroglyphs. Or wander over the Blue Mesa Trail and see why it has truly earned its name. There are over 93,000 acres to explore and every one holds a new adventure.

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In between the two extremes there is Glacier Park in Montana. Filled with dense forests, icy lakes and breathtaking mountains, it offers every kind of outdoor adventure. It’s joined in that opportunity by other western regions, like the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. With peaks as high as 14,000 feet, hiking takes on a whole new dimension here.

In the opposite direction, tourists looking for adventure can visit Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico. Dozens of miles of underground trails in huge caverns offer endless excitement. Bat caves that house thousands of the flying mammals alternate with views of glowing stalagmites 10-stories high.

The Grand Canyon in Arizona provides one more of nature’s spectacular ‘sculptures’, this one a nearly 300 mile long gash in the Earth 4-18 miles wide and over a mile deep. The bands of colored stone that form the cliff walls provide a stunning backdrop to the birds of prey that hover nearby.

Sometimes, nature likes to provide moving works of art.

The Hawaii Volcanoes National Park houses several examples, including Mauna Kea. Filled with active volcanoes and continuing lava flows, the park is an ash-laden wonderland. Steaming vents spew forth sulfur dioxide over the scenery.

Other steaming vents gush forth in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. Hiking trails and horseback riding paths let visitors get a close-up look at these most amazing of nature’s fountains. The Grand Teton National Park not far away provides still another fascinating look at the variety produced by natural processes. Carved over eons, the park provides some of the country’s best whitewater rafting trips down the Snake River.

For a more placid look at the landscape of the west, head to Zion National Park in Utah. Here, visitors can find narrow canyons topped by stone arches, some of which span over 300 feet.

Animal-watching is a big part of many of the parks. That’s nowhere more true than The Everglades in Florida. Situated at the southern edge of the state, it houses alligators, stingrays and dozens of species of bird like the Great Blue Heron.

Crater Lake in Oregon also gives lots of chances to see nature’s abundance. The massive lake is surrounded by high mountains, covered with dense forests. That landscape provides a home to soaring hawks and bears. There are lots of trout, too, for those who want to combine sport with sightseeing.

Everyone will have his or her favorite of the parks, and a favorite area within one. But for millions, the crown goes to Yosemite National Park.

With the largest granite outcropping on the planet (El Capitan), it reaches out to both rock climbers and those who are simply awed by the mammoth sight. Huge waterfalls splash down the mountains through dense forests with miles of trails. Those paths provide hikers and backpackers with more land than they could ever hope to cross in a lifetime. Horseback rides provide one of the best ways to see some of them.

Whichever type of terrain or outdoor activity you seek, in whatever part of the country you want to go, there’s a U.S. National Park that will far exceed your highest expectations.

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Located in the Tularosa Basin it offers one of the most unusual environments for lovers of U.S. national parks. Technically, White Sands is a National Monument, a ‘step below’ the National Park designation. But the difference is only bureaucratic. The area itself is the equal of many, such as Joshua Tree, that already have that honor.

One of the most notable aspects of the region is that it has served as a missile testing ground for decades. In fact, it continues to be used for that purpose. Visitors should check for any announcements at http://www.nps.gov/whsa/index.htm for any restrictions on use of certain areas.

That’s rare, though, and the road called Dunes Drive is one of the most heavily trafficked routes. Through this winding desert road visitors will find a natural wonderland of sights.

At the White Sands Visitors Center near the start tourists can visit the museum and learn all about the monument. Along with lectures on astronomy, a popular activity thanks to the clear night skies, there is information on local plant and animal life.

The area west of Alamogordo includes the famed Trinity site, the location of the test for the first atomic bomb, exploded in July, 1945.

Covering 100 miles by 40 miles, one can see forever in every direction. At the center is a simple stone monument noting the event that changed the world forever. Just east is Holloman Air Force Base and only a few miles north of the area is one of the sites used to land the space shuttle. With good planning, visitors can watch a landing.

In Alamogordo itself tourists can enjoy the International Space Hall of Fame and the IMAX Space Theater.

But if desert landscape is more your style, you can easily enjoy a lot of it. The white dunes of White Sands National Monument cover over 275 square miles, 60 miles south of Alamogordo. Because of the winds, which vary from gentle to vigorous, any footprints are often quickly erased. It’s easy to walk across the dunes and imagine you are the first person ever to have been here.

At sunset, the red glow turns the dunes into an enormous natural work of art. Look closely and you’ll see that canvas cut with tiny tracks from some of the many lizards who make the area their home. At night, set up the telescope and you’ll enjoy some of the clearest star-filled skies anywhere in the southwest.

Camping is allowed, but there are no facilities. Enjoy the Big Dune Trail and the Interdune Boardwalk, which have signs posted with information. For camping facilities, drive five miles further east on US 82 to Lincoln National Forest. There is also a Holiday Inn Express Hotel in Alamogordo that offers plenty of rooms.

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For generations, artists and engineers from Italy, France, Germany and elsewhere were imported to work on projects. Using local labor they built bridges, palaces, churches and the city streets themselves. Many of their efforts are still in existence.

Among the earliest structures were several bridges, some of which survive in modified form from the time of the St. Petersburg’s founding. Everything from the six-foot wide Bank Bridge with its lovely iron griffins to the aptly-named Blue Bridge over 300 feet wide are counted among the city’s 500 spans.

Many of those bridges were built to span the numerous canals that thread through this ‘City of 101 Islands’, as it is sometimes called. Along them and the Neva River, the Gulf of Finland and further out visitors can take a great boat ride. Choices range from a speed boat ride out to Peterhof and its famed fountains, to a two-week cruise to Finland, Moscow and other locales.

Within the city there are several outstanding cathedrals that are the equal of many in Europe. St. Isaac’s is a large, domed, gold-encrusted church held up by some of the largest red granite columns in the world. Under construction for over 40 years, there are mosaics surrounding the green malachite and blue lapis lazuli columns that are artistic wonders. Large enough to hold 14,000, it is well worth a visit.

The Alexander Nevsky Monastery is another religious-themed site that will reward those of any viewpoint who choose to see it. Founded in 1710, it underwent modifications through most of the 18th century. Today it houses five of the original 16 churches and the grounds have several noteworthy cemeteries.

But the secular pleasures are also well-represented in St. Petersburg. There are hundreds of great shops and fine restaurants along Nevsky Prospekt, the city’s main shopping avenue. Easily a worthy competitor of Chicago’s Michigan Avenue or New York’s Fifth Avenue, it provides the Bolshoi Gostiny Dvor department store along with a huge array of other choices.

Be sure to stop into Yeliseev’s grocery store and get a view of what food shopping could be like. Built in 1902 it offers gilded ceilings, ornate chandeliers and stained glass windows that are more often found in a palace than a food store.

While you’re thinking of food, visit one of St. Petersburg’s many outdoor markets, or stop into a cafe such as the Mocco Club for a sandwich. For upscale dining, check out the Olympia and do a little gambling at the casino after your four-star meal.

But don’t miss out on St. Petersburg’s art treasures, among the finest in the world. The Hermitage is housed in the Winter Palace and several other buildings and provides one of the largest collections of fine art anywhere. Michelangelo, Raphael and every other notable artist of the past 500 years is represented among the three million objects there.

But even the free sights in St. Petersburg are an artistic experience. Apart from the many elegant and utilitarian bridges there are the Tauride Gardens, the Letny Sad (Summer Garden) and many other outstanding parks. Visiting the monuments around Palace Square – such as Alexander Column, the Bronze Horseman or Triumphal Arch – and elsewhere in the city could occupy anyone for weeks.

Come find out why St. Petersburg deserves membership in the exclusive club of the world’s great cities. See why its many sights put it easily in the same class as Paris, London or New York.

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Completed in 1762, it was the home of Russia’s monarchs for 150 years, starting with Catherine the Great. Her love for art created a vast collection that formed the largest part of the works for decades. The initial collection grew out of 255 paintings the Empress purchased from Berlin, and has grown to over 2.7 million objects.

The interior of this Baroque masterpiece has been extensively remodeled since its construction. After an 1837 fire devastated much of the building, entire wings were redone. Over the years four more buildings were added, with the entire set taking up a substantial strip along the Neva River. The result is a palace festooned with gold-leaf and one of the largest (ex-)residences in existence.

The museum itself is a work of art. Just viewing the many architectural details and the surrounding grounds of these structures could take days. With over a thousand rooms done in the Rococo style, there is far more to see than can be appreciated in even a few days. Encompassing six buildings with 117 grand staircases, it would take weeks just to walk the interior.

But the main attractions for most visitors are inside, among the magnificent art collection.

There are fifty rooms dedicated to the French masters alone. There are over 350 rooms housing Catherine’s collection, along with works obtained by her successors.

The works on display are some of the finest from a long line of Europe’s masters. There are numerous works by da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael. There are Titians and Rembrandts and a great many Rubens. Later Impressionists are very well represented in works by Monet and Pizzaro, van Gogh and Renoir. Manet, Degas and Matisse hang not far from Gauguin.

But beyond the classic European-style masterworks there are thousands of artifacts from Ancient Egypt through early 20th century Europe and Asia. There are Greek and Roman antiquities that rival the best anywhere.

For a preview of the museum and its contents, visitors can view the fine website associated with the Winter Palace and The Hermitage. By going to www.hermitagemuseum.org, one can view images of dozens of the masterpieces forming part of the collections.

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Though damaged during WWII, the Aurora has been fully restored and is now one of St. Petersburg’s premier tourist attractions. Raised from her watery grave after being sunk in September of 1941, visitors can roam her decks and get a tour of 20th century history unlike any other in the city.

Anchored at the Petrogradskaya Embankment on the Petrograd side of St. Petersburg along the Neva River, it has been visited by more than 28 million people in the past 50 years. The city was named Petrograd early in the Soviet era, then later Leningrad. It reverted to its historical name after the dissolution of the Soviet system.

Through the years the ship saw many changes. During the restoration process the funnels were replaced, as was most of the hull below the waterline. But the appearance is much as it was that fateful date in October, 1917 when its crew launched the first naval attack of the Communist Revolution.

The view of the city itself from the forecastle of the Aurora is also much like it was 90 years earlier. It isn’t difficult to imagine the smoke and chaos that engulfed this city of culture along Russia’s northern shore.

During the 900-day Siege of Leningrad of WWII (known to the Soviets as the Great Patriotic War), the guns were removed. They served for almost three years on the front line in defense of St. Petersburg against the invading Germans. They were subsequently refitted, then later fully restored in 1957.

Having served actively for over 50 years in the Russian Navy, the Aurora has found even more lasting fame as St. Petersburg’s only floating museum. Inside there are numerous plaques and other items depicting its long and colorful history.

The ship is nearby the historic wooden cabin of Peter the Great, erected as his first, temporary home when founding the city in 1703. It is now surrounded by a brick enclosure to preserve it and makes for a great side trip while in the area.

The Petrogradskaya Embankment is easily reached by St. Petersburg’s metro. Exit at Gorkovskaya or Ploschad Lenina.

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To get to that platform, visitors enter the cathedral through a portico supported by solid red granite columns that weigh 80 tons. The interior is equally massive and impressive. Festooned with mosaics, there are eight green malachite and two blue lapis lazuli columns. But the stone is only a magnificent background for an even greater display.

Large enough to house 14,000 visitors, it is the third largest domed cathedral on the planet. Commissioned by Alexander I to celebrate his victory over Napoleon, after years of struggle, he hired a French architect for its design.

Devoting his entire career to its construction, Auguste Ricard de Montferrand had over 25,000 planks laid by 11,000 serfs to start the foundation. Over 220 pounds of gold were melted to cover its dome. Though suffering damage from shelling during the German invasion in WWII as visitors can still see to this day, the cathedral is intact.

The result is a space covered with frescoes that would be the envy of any art museum.

Exterior sights are equally impressive, not least of which is the Isaakievskaya Ploshchad (St. Isaac’s Square) completed in 1859. It houses a large statue of Tsar Nicholas I with the images of his wife and children on the base. Depicting Nicholas mounted on a horse atop a high pedestal, it was designed by the cathedral’s architect, who died shortly afterward.

Nearby is an impressive pair of marble statues of the mythological twins Castor and Pollux. The sculptures decorate the Konnogvardeisky Manege, which once served as the barracks of the Imperial Horse Guards and now houses art exhibits.

But be sure to save some strength to mount the over 500 steps to reach the 300-foot/100m high observation platform. Viewing St. Petersburg at dusk is one of the great pleasures of travel. Here is a city that was founded to display cultural riches. Where better to do so than from one of the foremost examples of the ‘Paris of Northern Europe’.

St. Isaac’s Cathedral is easy to reach via the Metro (St. Petersburg’s subway system). Exit at Nevsky Prospekt station. The church is located at Isaakievskaya Plochad on the western end of Nevsky Prospekt.

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Centered in an enormous park, it was completed in 1725 after ten years of labor by thousands of architects and artisans from all over Europe. Then, it received continuing modifications throughout the rest of the century. Much of them were designed by the creator of many of St. Petersburg’s finest landmarks, Francesco Rastrelli. He was responsible for the Winter Palace, Smolny Cathedral and many more.

Not surprisingly, many parts of the palace and grounds were damaged during WWII. But after 60 years of such thorough restoration it’s becoming difficult to spot where. The result is a mixture of the original Baroque, 18th and 19th century modifications and careful re-creation of all the original elements.

There are numerous pavilions and smaller structures, including Peter the Great’s favorite, Monplaisir (French for ‘My Pleasure’). Situated near the shore, it’s the perfect spot to catch a cool breeze on one of St. Petersburg’s warm summer days. Another is the two-story Marly Palace, completed in 1723. The English-style Cottage Palace, completed in 1829, is also a favorite of locals and tourists alike.

The grounds once hosted many Imperial gatherings and, looking around, it’s easy to see why. One of the best areas is the 16m/52ft high bluff near the shoreline. From that vantage point, visitors can see much of the grounds and take in an awe-inspiring wide view of Peterhof. From there, it’s a fine walk across the Lower Gardens (Nizhny Sad) that make up a large portion of the total.

Also from there one can see what is perhaps the primary reason that Peterhof continues to attract large crowds: the fountains.

These famed 120 water-themed sculptures festoon the grounds. Rightly known as the Capital of Fountains, Peterhof hosts an array that marvels the finest in Rome. The result is both an artistic and an engineering feat. Adorned with sculptures of Neptune, Chinese dragons and many other mythical figures, the entire system is plumbed together.

The series contains no pumps, yet produces sprays from an ingenious system designed by the engineer Tuvolkov in the 18th century. The water and pressure arises from elevation differences among natural springs.

In the Lower Park, between the shore and the Grand Palace is one of the world’s largest such system and the source of the site’s popular designation as the ‘Russian Versailles’.

The Upper Garden, between St. Petersburg Highway and the Grand Palace, contains five that are particularly noteworthy. Perhaps the most often visited are the Adam and Eve fountains that are placed on either side of the Sea Channel. They sit at the center of eight separate paths.

But, the Great Cascade (Bolshoi Kaskad) is one of the most beloved. Modeled after a fountain constructed by Louis XIV at Château de Marly, and located below the Grand Palace, it features a golden statue of Samson wrestling with the fabled lion. The sculpture is symbolic of Russia’s victory over Sweden, whose coat of arms bears a lion. From its mouth shoots a 20m/65ft spray that is the highest at Peterhof.

For over 300 years, Peterhof has astounded visitors both royal and commoner. Come see why. For an adventurous trip, try the boat ride to reach this destination about 30 minutes from downtown St. Petersburg.

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But from that beginning in 1704, after only a year long construction, a mighty city grew. Visitors can see its birthplace by crossing a footbridge and entering through St. John’s Gate. Then, after buying a ticket, you’ll proceed on through St. Peter’s Gate, completed in 1718.

Through this second entrance is the Artilleriisky Arsenal, which held the fort’s armor and weapons. To the left is the Engineer’s House, completed in 1749. Here you’ll find exhibits detailing the history of St. Petersburg prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Further on is the famed Peter and Paul Cathedral. Constructed between 1712 and 1733, it stood as the tallest structure in the city for more than two hundred years. Even then it was only surpassed by a TV tower.

The building itself is a mix of Russian Orthodox and many attributes that break that mold. The architecture doesn’t follow the usual formula for churches and is interesting on this account. The dome, the portico and other elements all differ from the norm.

Beginning with the founder of St. Petersburg, Peter the Great, it served as the burial place for the Tsars. The Russian’ monarch’s tomb is marked by a bust inside.

Exiting the cathedral visitors reach the Grand Ducal Crypt, completed in 1908, only 10 years before the execution of Russia’s final royal family. Here, you can get a complete review of the history of the fortress.

Outside the exit is the Commandant’s House, completed in 1746, that once housed the administrative offices and the courtroom. Here, many Russian met his final judgement, including many noblemen. In 1826, a group of rebels called the Decembrists were tried (and later executed) for their attempted coup d’etat.

Visit the Trubetskoi Bastion and see many of the cells, still holding prisoner’s clothing. Read the plaque describing the incarceration of one of its most famous inmates: Alexei, Peter the Great’s own son. The appelation ‘Great’ isn’t necessarily used to mean ‘good’ when applied to monarchs. Step next door and visit Alexeivsky Bastion, which once housed Dostoyevsky.

Opposite the entrance to the cathedral, on the other side of the yard, is the earliest official Mint of St. Petersburg, built in 1716, then rebuilt in 1806. Still functioning, it mints coins, medals and other official items. If you’re around at Noon you can hear the Signal Cannon get fired.

Take in the view at the Neva Gate, near the river of the same name. But make sure you don’t get your feet wet. The famous river can rise more than 10 feet from its average level during times of flooding. Then take a tour of its sandy shores and have a bite to eat while you watch the sunbathers.

The Peter & Paul Fortress is easy to reach via the Metro (St. Petersburg’s subway system). Exit at Gorkovskaya Station.

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As early as 1905, it was a site of upheaval. On Bloody Sunday palace guards opened fire on demonstrators. Only 12 years later, in October 1917, it was the staging area for the storming of the Winter Palace at the beginning of the Bolshevik Revolution. Though typically much less violent today, it continues to serve as the host for political demonstrations in Russia’s second largest city.

But it isn’t just a location for protesters. It contains some of the city’s most interesting architecture and monuments. Whether covered with winter snow, or reflecting St. Petersburg’s warm summer sunshine, it provides one of the city’s most outstanding views.

On the northern side is the famed (and infamous) Winter Palace completed in 1762. Commissioned during the reign of Tsarina Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, Catherine was the first to occupy the palace. Long a home to Russia’s subsequent rulers, it served as the headquarters of the Kerensky government after Nicholas II was deposed.

On the opposite side, the Imperial Army General Staff building, gleaming in yellow and white, can be seen. Completed in 1829, part of the building forms a Triumphal Arch, a fine example of St. Petersburg’s great monuments. Above the arch is a 33ft/10m-high sculpture of a chariot drawn by six horses. Through the archway visitors can reach Nevsky Prospekt, the major shopping district.

To the east is the former Royal Guards building, to the west the Admiralty housing an outstanding garden. From this vantage point, visitors can see the huge dome of St. Isaac’s Cathedral and the gilded spire of the Admiralty building, completed in 1823. It served as headquarters of the Russian Navy until 1917 and now houses a naval college.

In the center of this enormous open plaza is the 155ft/47m-high Alexander Column, a monument to the Tsar’s triumph over Napoleon in 1814. Erected in 1834, the granite column is topped by an angel holding a cross. Standing near it early in the day and looking around the large space, it’s easy to imagine oneself in the early 19th century. The view has changed very little, judging from paintings and photos.

Carriage rides are a popular option for those who want a view of the square as royalty might have seen it two centuries ago. For a modest 200 rubles, riders get a brief ride around the square. A 20-minute tour costs around 2,000 rubles. The latter is pricey at nearly $80. But the tour can accommodate up to six, so split six-ways it isn’t outrageous.

Inside the Winter Palace is the Hermitage and other collections that comprise one of the world’s premier art museums. The building itself could serve as a day-long excursion, filled as it is with crystalline chandeliers, gilded ceilings and marble columns.

Be sure to make ample time to see one of St. Petersburg’s most important sites, the Palace Square.

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One of the oldest roads in a relatively new city (Moscow is 800 years old, St. Petersburg ‘only’ 300), it is a thoroughfare full of outstanding sights. First laid out in 1710, only a few years after the city’s founding in 1703, it stretches 5km (3 mi) along a section near the Neva River. Once subject to periodic flooding, visitors can now conveniently walk alongside the many canals that transect the road.

Along its length lie dozens of shops, restaurants and some of Russia’s most outstanding architectural sights and museums. Here, between The Admiralty and the Moscow Railway Station, visitors can find many of St. Petersburg’s finest things to see and do.

There is the huge neo-classical Kazan Cathedral, monuments to Catherine the Great, the Russian National Library and dozens more sights. Relatively unchanged for a hundred years, it offers an historic look at one of the world’s great cities.

There is the spectacular Art Nouveau building at No. 56 completed in 1906, not far from a large bronze monument to Catherine the Great. At No. 28 is the Kazan Cathedral, with its distinctive semi-circle of 96 massive columns. Further on at No. 18 is the Literaturnaya Cafe, said to have been frequented by the Russian writer Pushkin. At No. 17, across the Moika River, is the Baroque Stroganov Palace completed in 1760.

No. 15 is the site of one of the former Tsarina Elizabeth’s palaces (as of 1919, the House of Arts). At No. 14 is one of the three buildings erected here since the Bolshevik Revolution. It’s notable as well for the sign that dates from the Siege of Leningrad warning locals of air raids. St. Petersburg was called Leningrad for many years until the dissolution of the Soviet system when it reverted to its historical name.

Visitors to Nevsky Prospekt should be sure not to miss the shopping complex of Gostiny Dvor. Taking up the entire block, you can find a hundred things to buy. Take care, many shops don’t take credit cards! Even the grocery stores here are works of art. The Yeliseev building has enormous crystal chandeliers, gilded ceilings and stained glass windows.

The Doema Tower built in 1804 is worth a look, and not far away is a fascinating Armenian Church completed in 1780. Just down the street is the former Singer Mansion, once home of the sewing machine magnate. It now houses a large book store and has some interesting architectural touches, such as a cone-shaped tower topped by a large glass globe.

Be sure to catch the Anchikov Bridge, with its magnificent four statues of men on horses near the Baroque Anitsjkov Palace, completed in 1750.

Double your pleasure on Nevsky Prospekt by seeing many of the sights during the day, then take a drive down the road at night. Ablaze with lights, it’s a European spectacle in this most un-Russian of cities.

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Bronze Horseman

The Bronze Horseman, one of many tributes to the city’s founder, Peter the Great, stands in Senatskaia Ploschad. It sits near the Admiralty facing the Neva River, not far from St. Isaac’s Cathedral.

Sponsored by Catherine the Great as a tribute to Tsar Peter, it shows the founder of St. Petersburg atop a horse, in Roman style. With a pedestal made from a single block of red granite molded in the shape of a cliff, it is one of the cities must-see outdoor attractions.

Alexander Column

The Alexander Column is another monument to one of Russia’s rulers, in this case the Tsar who opposed Napoleon in the early 19th century. Almost 156 feet/47.5 m tall, it is topped with an angel holding a cross. Interestingly, like many aspects of St. Petersburg, the style of the cross is not Russian Orthodox, but Protestant. Designed by the architect of St. Isaac’s Cathedral it is one of the city’s finest outdoor sights.

Catherine the Great

Unveiled in 1873, this outstanding work depicts the woman who almost single-handedly led Russia into the modern European world. She is surrounded by several figures who helped carry out her plans. There are images of General Suvorov, Prince Potemkin and Ekaterina Dashkova, the first woman to chair the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Located just off Nevsky Prospekt, not far from Anichkov Palace, it shows the great woman in a contemplative pose, holding her scepter and an olive wreath. The pedestal is intricately carved and adds to the effect of this fine monument.

Dostoyevsky Statue

But not all monuments in St. Petersburg are dedicated to its rulers. Among this city of culture is a great statue of the famed writer Dostoyevsky, erected only in 1997. The sculpture is located in Vladimirskaya Ploshchad, across from Vladimir Cathedral in the neighborhood where the great author began and ended his career.

Though a recent work, it is (unlike many modern sculptures) recognizable and a tribute to a giant of literature. Seated, observing his surroundings, the statue shows him relaxed, but concentrated as befits the subject.

Siege of Leningrad

Last, but far from least on our list, is the superb monument to those who withstood the 900-day Siege of Leningrad during WWII. St. Petersburg was renamed Leningrad after the Bolshevik Revolution, then reverted to its historical name after the dissolution of the Soviet system.

At the center is an obelisk that serves as the focal point of a ring lit with gas torches. Unlike many outdoor monuments, this one has an interior as well. In an underground memorial hall there is an exhibition that provides a wealth of sights and information about that historic period of St. Petersburg’s past.

There are numerous sculptures, a documentary and English-speaking guides that add to the experience.

One could easily spend a week or more just walking and viewing St. Petersburg’s impressive list of monuments. The Narva Triumphal Arch, the Moscow Triumphal Gates and even the humble statue of the ‘Tsar Carpenter’ and many more are all worth a visit in this city dedicated to culture.

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In 1873 it was taken over by Ernest Rost who helped build up the collection and restore the declining site to its original glory. He introduced circus performances, orchestral performances and luxurious restaurants. For over 20 years under his leadership it housed giraffes, orangutans, African elephants and dozens of other then-seldom seen species.

After his departure in 1897 the Zoo once again went into a fallow period, finally closing in 1909. After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the zoo was nationalized along with everything else in the country. The Soviets made modest efforts to keep up the collection, even seeing that the elephant was fed when the city’s residents were not.

Subject to extensive damage during WWII, especially the 900-day long Siege of Leningrad, the Zoo was closed to the public until 1944. Still, the collection grew slowly and held a rhino, a hippo, chimpanzees and others.

It drifted along until the dissolution of the Soviet system, when things began to come back to life. Though the residents voted in 1991 to retain the name (St. Petersburg was called Leningrad during the Soviet years), it was not the same old zoo afterward.

The collection now boasts over 2,000 animals comprising over 400 species. Second in size in Russia only to the famed Moscow Zoo, it is alive with anteaters and other exotic types not commonly found in other zoos. The terrarium houses dozens of interesting snake and lizard species.

It offers regular tours, lectures from zoological experts and has one of the country’s most significant animal research departments. Students compete by means of an exam to become part of the zoo’s Young Zoologist Society.

Visitors will find the zoo well worth a visit at any time of the year. In the spring, they’ll get a chance to see many of the cold weather species such as mink, ermine and deer shed their fur. Occasionally, one can even catch a mating in progress.

Many cold-weather bird species molt at that time of the year, also. When the weather warms up, Leningrad Zoo’s aviary residents come alive with thousands of distinctive tunes that fill the air.

But a visit during the winter can be equally rewarding. The sables, ermines, martens, polar foxes and other winter-oriented animals are at their most active during this season. It’s rare to visit a zoo and see such furry creatures ambling around as they might in their natural habitat.

The Zoo can be reached via the city’s metro (subway) system. Exit at Gorkovskaya station.

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The Letny Sad is one of St. Petersburg’s oldest and finest gardens. Designed to provide Peter the Great with a leisurely stroll, visitors can easily imagine themselves in his shoes. Built along classical lines, the grounds are laid out according to a strict geometric plan. Yet, there’s nothing rigid or tense about the atmosphere.

Founded in 1704, it grew over the ensuing decades to encompass rare flowers, fountains, sculpture and lush greenery. Both locals and tourists alike can enjoy the outstanding brew from the Coffee House or Tea House, built in 1826 and 1827. While there, one can take in the view of marble statues or simply enjoy a day of the short St. Petersburg summer.

Nearby is the famed Summer Palace, a two-story stone palace built by one of the many Italian architects invited by Tsar Peter to create this city of culture. Just take the Metro to Gostiny Dvor station, then walk along Sadovaya Ulitsa to St. Michael’s Castle.

Tauride Garden

Established on the estate of the famed Potemkin, the Tauride garden was created from 1783-1789, with modest changes since then. The gardens were founded on land granted to the General by Catherine the Great as a reward for conquering the Crimean Peninsula.

Landscaped with numerous ponds and canals, the gardens were first opened to the public in 1866. Since then, locals and visitors alike have enjoyed ice skating, artist exhibitions and reveled in the sheer beauty of the area. Though damaged in WWII, the gardens were fully restored and looks much as it did throughout its history.

To reach Tauride Garden, take the Metro to Chernyshevskaya station and walk along Furshtatskaya Ulitsa to the end of the street.

Michael Garden

Named for the nearby Michael Palace, also called the Russian Museum, this formal French garden is one of St. Petersburg’s finest attractions.

On the north-east corner of the grounds is a pavilion designed in the Empire Style. Alongside is the Tree of Freedom, a wooden sculpture carved from an old oak tree that is well worth a visit.

In the center, the landscaping is modeled after several English gardens and classical music concerts are often held there in the summer.

Reaching the Michael Garden is simple via the metro. Exit at the Gostiny Dvor station and walk along the Griboyedov Canal, alongside the Church of Our Savior of the Spilled Blood.

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Whichever choice a visitor makes can hardly be bad, since there are so many fine sights to see on any of them. The River Neva itself winds along a large section of the city and provides multiple opportunities. There are even smaller boat tours that float along the many canals that thread through Russia’s second largest city.

You can take a ferry ride and make a leisurely tour of the water, then take an excursion to the Hermitage or any of St. Petersburg other outstanding attractions. For a faster ride, try one of the hydrofoils that speed up the river to the Peterhof to visit the famed fountains. Take a boat ride up the river and visit Tsarskoye Selo (Royal Village) in one of the cities famed suburbs, Pushkin. The site is the former palace of the daughter of Peter the Great (Tsarina Elizabeth), Catherine the Great and others.

Most river cruises begin at the embankment alongside the Winter Palace, so you can take a tour of the water, then of this spectacular site. Canal tours are available starting from Griboyedov Canal just north of Nevsky Prospekt. Prices are typically in the range of a few dollars and last an hour or two.

Larger cruises travel from St. Petersburg to Helsinki and elsewhere.

Most cruises, whether short or long, are available only during the non-winter months (roughly from May through October). But there are some that offer those who love cold weather a view of the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea and other waterways between Russia and its neighbors.

One tour lasting several days makes a stopover at the island of Valaam, famed for being the site of the Valaam Monastery. Another stops at Kizhi Island and Uglich on its way to Moscow via the Neva River and the Volgo-Balt Channel. It passes through Ladoga Lake and Onegskoe Lake and other renowned water destinations. Still others head to Estonia and other exciting locations in this ancient land.

All the large cruise companies offer tours, including Silversea, Royal Caribbean, Holland America, Princess Cruises and Radisson Seven Seas. Smaller excursions, such as the ferry and canal rides are usually handled by local companies, such as Vodokhod and Russian Cruises. They all offer English-speaking staff and many extras.

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The first bridge ever built there was erected in 1703, the year of St. Petersburg’s founding. It connected the Peter and Paul Fortress to the rest of the city.

One of the oldest is the Anichkov, the first to cross the Fontanka River, though the design has been modified over the centuries. First built of wood in 1721, it took its present form in the 1840s. Adorned with four renowned horse sculptures and sporting ornate iron railings, it’s well worth a long look.

Another of that vintage is the Lomonosov Bridge, though its present design is from 1912. Part of a seven bridge project to cross the Fontanka River, it holds four, short towers whose columns are topped by small cupolas. That it doesn’t soar like the Brooklyn Bridge is an advantage in this case. One can get a close up look at the excellent design.

One of the more recent is the Palace Bridge that spans the Neva River from Vasilevsky Island to University Embankment near the Winter Palace. Completed in 1916, it has a relatively simple design. But it is of the drawbridge type and there are excellent views of the Peter and Paul Fortress and other sights from the location. Go early to watch the spans rise for the morning river traffic.

The Trinity Bridge, completed in 1903, is one of the main traffic arteries between two sections of St. Petersburg. But its style is easily the equal of its utility. With a series of graceful arches topped with carved obelisks, it is one of the city’s most beautiful spans. The short spires are topped with lamps and sport ornate scepter and anchor carvings on the base that make it well worth a visit.

One of the smallest is the Bank Bridge, only 1.85m/6ft wide. Pedestrians will appreciate the decorative iron railings, but the most outstanding parts are the four short tower elements. They feature life-sized iron griffins (winged lions) with golden wings.

Some similar elements grace the Egyptian Bridge, designed 150 years ago by the same engineer, P. Sokolov. Though the original collapsed in 1905, it was reconstructed in 1955 and holds the original-style sphinxs on granite pedestals, along with other artistic elements. The human head atop the lion’s body touts a golden headband that is alone worth the trip.

One of the most distinctive in many ways is the Blue Bridge, spanning the Moika River. The widest in St. Petersburg at nearly 100m (~320 feet), it was first built in 1818 at 41m/134ft wide, then the single span was widened in 1843. The name reflects its bright color and forms part of the area surrounding St. Isaac’s Square.

It would take days to explore even a fraction of St. Petersburg’s bridges, but a day spent seeing at least a few of the more outstanding designs makes for a great outing.

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The monastery, known also as the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, was founded in 1710, just a couple of years after the establishment of St. Petersburg itself. Several of the structures date from the decades following, up to 1790. ‘Lavra’ is a designation reserved for monasteries of the highest order, of which there are only a few in all of Russia. Today, the grounds house five of the 16 churches extant in 1915, and several notable cemeteries.

Prince Alexander ruled in the mid-13th century, long before the city existed, and is famed for driving back the Germans and Swedes from Russian territory. The original structure was sponsored by Peter the Great as were many of St. Petersburg notable sights, and named for the leader whose battle in 1240 secured his rule from the Swedes. ‘Nevsky’ is not a surname, but derives from the nearby River Neva winding alongside the city.

Entering through the Gate Church, visitors can clearly see the two cemeteries alongside the main building that form part of the attraction. Here are buried many of Russia’s notables, such as Dostoyevsky, Rimsky-Korsakov and Tchaikovsky in the Necropolis of the Masters of Arts.

On the grounds are also several structures, including the Church of the Annunciation, which houses a small museum of architecture. There are models of several of St. Petersburg’s outstanding buildings, along with superb pieces of sculpture.

The main church is the Trinity Cathedral (Troitsky Sobor), which remained open during most of the 70 odd years of Soviet oppression. Though, several others were closed from 1931-1936 at the height of the Soviet crackdown. Completed near the end of the 18th century, it’s another of St. Petersburg’s outstanding examples of Baroque architecture.

It has a large central dome (one of many in the city), and is definitely worth a look owing to the excellent gilding and numerous frescoes.

Near the St. Nicholas Cemetery on the grounds there’s a small yellow and white church that is also worth a visit. Inside are several photos and other objects forming a small memorial to Russia’s final royal family, executed by the Soviets during the Communist revolution.

Ironically, not far away is the Communist Burial Ground. Here are buried many Bolsheviks who participated in the overthrow of the monarchy, as well as those who were part of the Siege of Leningrad in WWII. St. Petersburg was called Petrograd early in the 20th century, then Leningrad, then reverted to its traditional name after the fall of the Soviet system.

The Alexander Nevsky Lavra is located at the eastern end of Nevksy Prospekt, along the River Neva. Take the Metro to Ploshchad Aleksandra Nevskogo.

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The tower stands nearly 100 meters (98.6m or 323 feet) high. Freestanding in St. Mark’s square it literally towers above many of the surrounding structures. Yet, unlike them, its facade is a simple and still elegant brick design. The base is 12 meters (39 feet) on a side and the attic houses five bells. Capped by a spire in the shape of a pyramid it is topped with a golden weathervane in the form of the Archangel Gabriel.

However, interestingly, the entire structure is a re-built replica. The original collapsed in 1902 after standing for nearly 500 years. It was recreated in 1912 to resemble the original exactly.

The initial construction took place still further back, beginning in the 9th century. But earthquake damage in the early 1500s gave the leaders of the Republic an incentive to rebuild. It was during this effort that the tower took on its present appearance, attracting such famous visitors as Galileo and (much later) Goethe.

For centuries it served not only to house the bells for the cathedral, but as a military watchtower and lighthouse. From its peak one could look out far beyond to warn of impending danger. The bells could then be rung not to call the faithful to church, but defenders to battle.

The bells serve different purposes by design. The largest was used to signal the start and end of a work day. Another rang out the hour. A third was used to call the Senators of Venice to the Doge’s Palace.

The facade is more than just a plain, boring brick, however. Its gold leaf covering at the top scatters the warm summer rays of the Venetian sun around the Piazza. The faces of the belfry display walking lions along with a bas relief of a woman symbolizing Venice herself, called la Giustizia or Justice.

Inside an elevator transports visitors to the top to enjoy the magnificent view of the public square. From there one can also walk around the attic and investigate the details in the interior, including some of the amazing marble of the belfry.

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Murano

One of the most popular is nearby Murano. Most tourists come to visit the glassmakers and buy some souvenirs. There are plenty of opportunities. The art has been practiced here for centuries. Since the late 13th century, glass artisans here have been offering their wares to rich and poor alike. Prices can range from a few dollars for a trinket to thousands for a true work of art.

The Museo Vetraio (Glass Museum) on the island continues to attract visitors by the thousands every year. A 30-minute tour provides a complete introduction to this fascinating and beautiful craft. Tourists can see an outstanding church on the island: Basilica di Santi Maria e Donato. There’s also a fascinating small lighthouse worth a look.

Lido

For those looking to enjoy the beach during one of Venice’s warm summers, the Lido is a great option. The Venice Film festival takes place here in September and many celebrities attend. There’s also golf for those who can’t stay away from the clubs even on a holiday.

A brief boat ride takes one out to Sant Erasmo. Pellestrina is another option for those looking for a quieter spot to stretch out and catch some rays.

Torcello

This nature preserve continues to attract animal lovers by the score. The human population numbers fewer than 100, but there are thousands of wild birds and sea life species. There’s also a beautiful church, the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta. Built in the 7th century it is one of the city’s oldest. The Mosaic of the Madonna continues to be one of the main attractions.

Burano

With 7,000 inhabitants, Burano is one of the larger islands of the area and there’s much to see.

Famed for its lace-making industry, this island near Venice is well worth a visit. Traditionally a small fishing village, it houses the Museo del Merletto displaying many samples of the wares that made the town famous.

Others are attracted to the island by its numerous colorful houses. Alongside a pink one there will be ones that are green and yellow. Next to those, some that are lavender and blue. And so it goes in Burano.

Many tour operators offer multiple island packages. One can easily visit three in an afternoon without being exhausted. The character of each is distinct and no visit to Venice is complete without seeing them.

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Engaging the neoclassical architect Giorgio Massari, the builder set to work in 1745 to design the sumptuous building. Completed in 1775, it bore little resemblance to the Byzantine structures elsewhere, or even the Renaissance buildings so prominent in the area.

Located opposite the Ca’ Rezzonico, the facade is imposing and rises up several stories in a large block. Stylistic elements are everywhere on display. Large windows regularly line the entire upper exterior, with none below. The arches display some of the finest carving of any of the structures near St. Mark’s Square.

But the most impressive part is the interior, which now houses numerous works of art. Purchased by the Fiat group in 1983, the museum was enhanced over an already high level. It’s now owned by a French businessman, François Pinault (the owner of Christie’s auction house), who put his private collection on display.

That collection numbers over 2,000 works gathered over a period of 30 years. Owing to the renovations carried out a couple of years ago, the interior space now boasts the best of both worlds. It has the neoclassical look of 18th century Venice combined with the most modern painting display features.

There is ample track lighting and white walls to illuminate the works. There are also areas fed by natural light, those that face the Grand Canal. Many of the works on display are from the past 50 years, including Koons’ sculpture of a balloon dog and his Hanging Heart.

Climbing the grand staircase decorated with hot pink teardrops made of nylon resin, one reaches the second floor, which offers American and European art from 1960-1990. Included are works by Rothko, Flavin, Hirst and Warhol.

There’s also a 600-seat outdoor theater where performances of Vivaldi can be heard that make it easy to imagine listening to their debut.

The palace is easy to find. Simply take a vaporetto, one of Venice’s water taxis, to the San Samuele or Sant Angelo stop.

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One option is to take a short stroll and see the Fondaco dei Turchi, Venice’s Natural History Museum. Built in the 13th century, this magnificent structure provides one of the great views from a gondola. It also has many interesting items within to explore. Though parts are still under construction, there is a section with dinosaurs and a small aquarium. It also houses the Correr Museum.

A ride along the Grand Canal can easily be the highlight of a trip to Venice, and there are several ways to go about it.

Gondola rides are ever popular, despite their somewhat high price. Groups up to six can board and split the price. Sights along the leisurely trip include the Basilica di San Marco, the Campanile, the Doge’s Palace and much more. Making arrangements through your hotel is one way to avoid haggling.

But there are other vehicles that cross or navigate the Grand Canal as well. The vaporetto, or water taxis, are small boats that travel along all of the city’s canals, including the Grand Canal. Like bus lines in other major cities, they are numbered and have distinct starting and stopping points. Pick up a free map when you reach Venice and you’ll quickly locate a route you’d like to travel.

Passenger boats, called traghetti, generally only go from one side to the other, but they can still be a fun (albeit, short) ride. There are only a few bridges that cross the Grand Canal along its 2 mile/3 km length. These old gondolas move visitors from one side to the other without requiring a long walk to one of the bridges. Since the canal ranges from 30-70m (100-230 feet) wide, your trip can vary in length.

If you travel along the waterways at night, you’ll have a chance to peer into some of the palaces that have large, well-lit arches. You’re close enough to get a very good view of the highly decorated interiors. Many find this a good way to decide which they’d like to explore further during the day.

Another very fun option is to take one of the water taxis to any of the nearby islands. Visitors can see famed glass works, churches and more on Murano and Burano, Lido and Torcello. Beaches similar to the Hamptons in the northeast U.S. offer visitors everything from warm sun to cool drinks.

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First constructed in the late 18th century, the theater burned to the ground in January of 1996. Official investigations led to uncertain conclusions, but arson was strongly suspected. What no official was in doubt about was the need to rebuild it. So it was – and as close to the original in appearance as humanly possible.

The architect and construction company obviously did their homework. For, apart from things looking a lot newer than a 200-year old opera house should look, it is virtually indistinguishable from the original.

The project to rebuild the famed venue gained international support. Americans paid for the ceiling, while British donors bought the stellar chandeliers. After five thousand trips down the Grand Canal, the work was complete.

Over the years the theater has played host to such famed musical names as Rossini, Donizetti and Verdi. Rich and poor, highborn and low alike flocked to hear them and the music they created. Italians from all walks of life love their opera.

Today, one can enjoy here the leading artists of the day sing and play many of the works of those masters. La Traviata is performed here in a way that can be heard nowhere else. Be forewarned, though, that (like the original) some seats don’t even have a view of the stage. The acoustics continue to be truly fine.

For those whose interest is chiefly in the building, rather than those who star in it, there is still much to offer. Daytime tours provide a view of some of the most fascinating aspects of this historic structure.

Walking along these hallowed halls tourists will enjoy seeing the elaborate plaster decorations. The gilding was all carefully recreated to give the walls and ceiling the look they had for nearly two centuries.

Knowledgeable tour guides fill visitors in on the history of the building and its most notable performers. For 45 minutes it becomes very easy to imagine oneself a member of the class that would have been taken on private tours generations earlier.

Audio guides are available in Italian, German, French, Spanish and English. The guided tours are also available in those languages, but a group of at least ten is required. With so many tourists in Venice, it’s a simple matter to gather even strangers to participate. Some tours include a cocktail at the end, served in the Apollinee Halls.

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But first, the building.

Next door to the San Rocco Church, the Scuola Grande is a highlight of the Venetian Renaissance. The best view of the facade is gained from two vantage points. Take in the whole from far away in order to enjoy the columns and the overall look. Then move in closer.

The close up view allows seeing the elaborate carvings near the base of those columns and the fine gilding that covers the pedestals. From this vantage point one can see the delicate stone work that forms the tops of the columns set in the windows. The floral pattern betrays the Byzantine influences that were still a part of Venetian architecture during the Renaissance.

The building sees double-duty as both art museum and concert hall. Listening to Monteverdi in this setting it is easy to imagine oneself a native of the period.

But the main attraction remains the interior decoration and works created under the guidance of Jacopo Tintoretto. Such works as the Allegories, Life and Passion of Christ and many others made him one of the most sought after religious painters of the day.

Visitors from all over the world come here to see The Annunciation and The Epiphany. They spend long periods enraptured by the beauty and depth of The Flight to Egypt. Tintoretto was famed for his mastery of perspective gleaned from Michelangelo, his use of color learned by studying Titian and the psychological depth of his characterizations which can’t be taught.

The two large main rooms of San Rocco are covered – walls, ceilings and stairways – with evidence of this artist’s skill and insight. The ceiling is low, making it easier to see the art. Rising up the highly decorated staircase brings one within easy reach of equally impressive objects, such as the massive paintings hanging from the rafters.

The works gathered here were created over a period of more than 20 years. The results, which began from a contest held in 1564, show how much he achieved in that time.

His winning entry of Saint Rocco in Glory hangs in the center of the ceiling. His Last Supper shows his unconventionality, as it focuses on the gift of the Eucharist, rather than a simple conversation between the apostles. From early works to paintings made in maturity, Tintoretto continued to astound his contemporaries. His work creates that same reaction today.

Visit the Scuola Grande Di San Rocco and see for yourself why.

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As a main European center of trade for centuries, Venice enjoyed influences from all over the continent and the Middle East. This mixture affected architecture along with much else in this cosmopolitan city.

Constructed in the mid-15th century, Ca’ d’Oro rises alongside the Grand Canal, the main waterway of the town. After 1430 it served as the home of the Contarini family. One of the quasi-noble families of the region, it gave Venice eight of its Doges between 1043 and 1676.

The pink and white facade, once gold leafed and giving the building its name, is a classic in the Venetian Gothic style. It sports the pointed arches of the Byzantine and elaborately carved posts with capitals that bear little resemblance to the Greek. The near-floral designs were the work of Giovanni Bon, a noted architect of the period.

The entrance is on the ground floor in a colonnaded loggia that is accessible directly from the canal level. Above this is a magnificent enclosed balcony, which is just outside the art gallery on the upper floor. Once inside, the view becomes even more impressive.

The inner courtyard gives a sense of peace in an otherwise bustling city – in those rare moments when it isn’t crowded with awe-struck visitors. The vera di pozzo or wellhead provides an interesting sight while resting one’s feet. Further on the reasons for those amazed expressions aren’t far to seek.

There are 16th century Flemish tapestries in one room. In another, one can find a collection of bronzes spanning the 12th – 16th centuries. Furniture from nearly every period and place fill every room.

The gallery holds paintings that would compete on equal terms with those in the Gallerie dell’Accademia not far away. There is Mantegna’s San Sebastiano and Venus at the Mirror by Titian. There are paintings by Tintoretto, Giorgione and Carpaccio. The Dutch even made it to Venice in the form of works by Van Dyck and Jan Steen.

Outside, the balcony provides a breathtaking view of the Grand Canal. While there, don’t just look down. Look out and up to get a close-up view of the intricately carved quatrefoil windows. The polychrome marble incrustations are alone worth the climb to this second floor.

From this loggia one gains easy access to a small room containing outstanding ceramics. There are cups and plates, and a small collection of kitchenware that would impress even the wealthiest in 15th century Venice.

Visit Ca’ d’Oro and discover why, even shorn of its gold exterior, the Golden House is a treasure.

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The rooms reflect the rich diversity that is Venice herself, one of Europe’s main trading centers for centuries.

There are the Byzantium works, imported from the Middle East some by conquest, others by purchase. Polyptychs by Veneziano from the 14th century are one example. The 15th century Gothic art of Fiore and Vivarini represent two more.

Another room amply shows the rich color that can be seen in the homes and other objects of Venice. The works of the Father of the Venetian Renaissance, Jacopo Bellini, provide outstanding samples. His Madonna and Child shows the advances in perspective drawing and use of color characteristic of the period. Later artists, such as Carpaccio with his Ten Thousand Martyrs, built on this foundation.

Works by the master’s son, Giovanni, in the mid-16th century show how far the art developed even over such a short time. His Madonna and Baby or Madonna and Dead Son may have similar subject matter to others. But the rich coloring of Venice reached new heights here. That same theme is carried on in works by Giorgione, such as his Tempest. The subtle hues of the nursing mother contrast with the bold soldier and the oncoming storm they watch.

Carpaccio’s Miracle of the True Cross at Rialto displays superb early Renaissance style. It also provides a view of the famed bridge which was then the only crossing for the Grand Canal.

Other Venetian masters of the period are well represented, too.

Tintoretto’s four scenes from the Life of San Marco show why he is revered in Venice to this day. His The Creation of the Animals is also essential viewing. The Feast in the House of Levi shows Veronese at the peak of his art. Gentile Bellini’s Procession of the Relic of the Cross provides an excellent insight, through the eyes of the artist, into life in Venice at the end of the 15th century.

But, by far, some of the finest works in the Accademia in Venice are those of Giorgone’s student, Titian. His Pieta for the tomb in Chiesa dei Frari, the Presentation of the Virgin and others all show the hand of the master at work. His self-portrait as an old man rivals the best of Rembrandt.

Later artists provided works that are among the best in the Gallerie.

Tiepolo’s 18th century frescos are known to museum-goers around the world. Sections from one from the Chiesa degli Scalzi hangs here. Several Canaletto’s are in the museum as well. This master of the outdoor Venetian scene was so accurate that his paintings are taken as the equal of photographs.

A visit to one of the largest collections of Venetian masters anywhere will reward visitors many times over.

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