Engineering Projects

Clean Energy from BIOmass

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Thu, 08 Oct 2009 09:21:00 +0000

Clean Energy from Biomass

Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural activities. It is derived from numerous sources, including the by-products from the timber industry, agricultural crops, raw material from the forest, major parts of household waste and livestock manure.

Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon in growing as it releases when consumed as a fuel. Its advantage is that it can be used to generate electricity with the same equipment or power plants that are now burning fossil fuels.

Biomass is an important source of energy and the most important fuel worldwide after coal, oil and natural gas. Traditional use of biomass is more than its use in modern application. In the developed world biomass is again becoming important for applications such as combined heat and power generation. In addition, biomass energy is gaining significance as a source of clean heat for domestic heating and community heating applications.
Biogas is a product of fermentation ( anaerobic process ) of organic material. Organic means substances from plants or animal origin and with a high content of carbon. The main goal of the fermentation is to produce biogas as a energy source of renewable energy. The main components are methane (CH4, round about 60 %) and carbon dioxide ( 30-40 %).

Digital ant for cyber security

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Mon, 05 Oct 2009 05:11:00 +0000

Digital ant for cyber security

Ants are normally very fast and quick in action for searching food. Based on its activities, ant colony algorithm has been developed by the technology world and put it in many real time applications.
Even when its colony is under threat, it behave in such a way, it protect its colony from any intruders. Ants use swarming intelligence to detect intruders. While it detects a threat, it joins with many other ants to overcome their opponents.
This technique is effectively incorporated by cyber scientist into their security system at Wake Forest University, North Carolina, US. They call the ants as “digital ants” which will wander through computer networks looking for any intruders or worms or virus. Each time a digital ant detects any intruder, it is programmed to leave a strong digital scent ( a real ant leave a scent called as pheromones). The stronger scent trails attract more ants, producing the swarm that marks a potential computer infection. The researcher at the University has said that 3000 different types of digital ants could be deployed for evidence of a threat. As the digital ant moves over the network, they leave digital scent as trails to guide other ants.
This is very interesting which saves our computers and networks from viruses

Piezo Electric Power Generation on Road

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Wed, 23 Sep 2009 11:44:00 +0000

Piezo Electric Power Generation on Road

In the last post, i have discussed about Solar road. The technological inventions are never going to end. The another try with the technology is that electric power generation from road by Piezoelectric effect. According to the principle, When a mechanical stress is applied over a Piezoelectric materials, it generate voltage or current.
This principle has been utilized in order to generate power in the order of Kilowatts / Km distance. In the design, the the road is integrated with Piezoelectric materials. Hence, while a vehicle moves over the road, due to its mechanical stress, electric power can be harvested. This will somewhat reduce our demand of electric power worldwide. I would like to thank the researcher who have done this wonderful contributions to the world.

An novel idea of Solar panels integrated with roads

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Mon, 14 Sep 2009 07:08:00 +0000

Solar roads

The solar technology is going to make a another milestone. Normally solar panels are used to receive solar power from sun which is used for electrifying many electrical appliances such as lighting, solar car, electrifying house appliances and so on.
The roads are running all over the world, think about that if all the roads are integrated with solar panels, then the tremendous amount of solar power can be extracted which can be used for all the electric appliances. This will in turn improve the shortage of power worldwide.
In addition to this, the power extracted can be used for making signals on the black roads. This will enhance the smooth riding on roads.

1G, 2G, 3G and 4G telecome technology

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Sun, 06 Sep 2009 08:32:00 +0000

Cell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide. How may of us know the technology behind cell phones that is used for our communication? I have also intrigued about the type of technology used in my phone. What are 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G technologies? I would like to share some of these thoughts in this article

1G, 2G, 3G & 4G ("G" stands for "Generation") are the generations of wireless telecom connectivity

1G (Time Division Multiple Access and Frequency Division Multiple Access ) was the initial wireless telecom network system. It's out-dated now . The analog “brick phones” and “bag phones” are under 1G technology. Cell phones era began with 1G.

The next era, 2G has taken its place of 1G. Cell phones received their first major upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. This leap effectively took cell phones from analog to digital. 2G and 2.5G were versions of the GSM and CDMA connections. And GSM is still the most popular technology, but with no internet. Fortunately, GPRS, an additional service, is provided over GSM for the purpose of internet access. GPRS has been developed and thus, EGPRS was created . It's more secure and faster than GPRS.

Then 3G came, the new Wireless CDMA technology. It is the first wireless telecom technology that provides broadband-speed internet connection on mobile phones. It has been specially made for the demand of internet on smart phones. Further development led to the creation of 3.5G, which provides blazing fast internet connection on phones, up to the speed of 7.2 MBPS. A smart phone can be connected to a PC to share its internet connection and 3G and 3.5G are ideal for this. But, as this WCDMA technology is not available in all regions, its not as popular as GSM yet. Before making the major leap from 2G to 3G wireless networks, the lesser-known 2.5G was an interim standard that bridged the gap. Following 2.5G, 3G ushered in faster data-transmission speeds so you could use your cell phone in more data-demanding ways. This has meant streaming video (i.e. movie trailers and television), audio and much more. Cell phone companies today are spending a lot of money to brand to you the importance of their 3G network.

4G, which is also known as “beyond 3G” or “fourth-generation” cell phone technology, refers to the entirely new evolution. Developers are now going for 4G (OFDMA), which will provide internet upto the speed of 1 GBPS! It is said to be able to overcome the problems of weak network strength and should provide a much wider network, making sure that the users get high-speed connectivity anytime anywhere. No doubt, 4G will open new doors of revolutionary internet technologies, but for now, 3G and 3.5G are the best. 4G will allow for speeds of up to 100Mbps. 4G promises voice, data and high-quality multimedia in real-time form all the time and anywhere.
Whatever technology that comes or goes, I am still using only 2G technology phone which is cheaper and more comfortable for me

Invisible solar roof

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Fri, 28 Aug 2009 12:11:00 +0000

Invisible solar roof

The future world will be electrified with the help of renewable energy sources. One such in exhaustible energy source is solar energy. Now a days, solar panels have been replacing the conventional energy for electrifying any of the electrical appliances. Though it is not accepted all the people due to its high cost, many people are changing their taste to solar powered home or vehicles. In this connection, if any home is powered with solar energy, i will be distinguishably visible to all that the house is using the solar energy or power.
Because the solar panels are visible over the roof. In modern technology in the solar energy era has changed its design in such a way that the solar panels are invisibe, on the other hand i can state that it is integrated within the roof itself. This is what shown in the figure. Hence, no one can identify whether that particular house is backed with solar energy. What a great technology revolution?

Novel Engineering projects from electrofriends

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 04:07:00 +0000

Novel Engineering projects from electrofriends

Final students are in hunting of their engineering projects. Novel projects in different areas are required for them. Electrofriends is one such website where plenty of engineering projects are available.

The project list varies from microcontroller based projects to computer oriented control. Few of the projects are vehicle monitoring and safety, robotic car controlled by 8951 micro controller, solar tracking system, Intelligent train engines, Digital IC tester. Even this site includes some famous C++ programming based project. Sudoku using C++ coding is very interesting puzzle to solve.
One important thing is that we can submit our own engineering projects. Really a lot of collections of projects are available.

Automatic Energy Meter Reading through Power Line Communication

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Wed, 19 Aug 2009 04:43:00 +0000

Automatic Energy Meter Reading through Power Line Communication(PLC)

In most of the places in world wide, Energy Meter reading is done through nominated officials by visiting the residential and commercial places. In this technique, it is proposed to change the existing energy metering by employing the Power line communication technology. Power line carrier communications take place over the same lines that deliver electricity.

This technique involves injecting a high frequency AC carrier into the power line and modulating this carrier with data originating from the remote meter or central station. Power Line Communications transmits data over an existing high voltage power line instead of requiring dedicated cabling. PLC can thus provide an inexpensive solution for transmitting data in a pre wired location.
The solution for residential Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) consists of a host computer, a gateway interface and a low-cost Power Line Carrier (PLC) residential meter. LCD display showing the meter readings, date of bill payment and billing details. The system also incorporates a power cut feature, which can be activated when the consumer doesn’t pay the bill within the due date. The system performances become superior to conventional methods. Now this scheme becomes implementing able with advent fast computing devices.

Long fight with Computer Viruses

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 08:41:00 +0000

Long fight with Computer Viruses

I have been a long fight with viruses in my computer system. So, i could not continue my blogging on technical topics. All of sudden my system was functioning so slow. I could not find how to rectify from this problem. I was using a trial version anti virus software installed in my system. I was also struggling with other trial version anti virus software. It could able to detect the viruses, however it could not remove the viruses.
Finally i decided to buy licensed version of anti virus software. I bought a new Internet Security 2009 anti virus software. Before that i formatted my computer system C drive. Then After installing the OS, i installed my new antivirus software. After updating the antivirus software, i had a complete computer scan. It is so terrible to see the result of scanning, my files has had thousands of viruses. Now my system is completely free from viruses.
Finally, i inferred that only a licensed antivirus could remove all viruses from the system, so we can safely run our computer system

PCB Design basics

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Wed, 22 Jul 2009 06:36:00 +0000

PCB Design basics

Electronics circuits are designed using Printed Circuit Boards. Sometimes we do not know the procedures to do a PCB design. PCBs form the core of electronic equipment domestic and industrial. Some of the areas where PCBs are intensively used are computers, process control, telecommunications and instrumentation. I would like to share the various steps in PCB design here.

1. MANUFACTURING
The manufacturing process consists of two methods; print and etch, and print, plate and etch. The single sided PCBs are usually made using the print and etch method. The double sided plate through – hole (PTH) boards are made by the print plate and etch method.
The production of multi layer boards uses both the methods. The inner layers are printed and etch while the outer layers are produced by print, plate and etch after pressing the inner layers. The software used in our project to obtain the schematic layout is MICROSIM.
2. PANELISATION
Here the schematic transformed in to the working positive/negative films. The circuit is repeated conveniently to accommodate economically as many circuits as possible in a panel, which can be operated in every sequence of subsequent steps in the PCB process. This is called penalization. For the PTH boards, the next operation is drilling.
3. DRILLING AND PLATING
PCB drilling is a state of the art operation. Very small holes are drilled with high speed CNC drilling machines, giving a wall finish with less or no smear or epoxy, required for void free through hole plating. The heart of the PCB manufacturing process. The holes drilled in the board are treated both mechanically and chemically before depositing the copper by the electro less copper platting process.

4. ETCHING
Once a multiplayer board is drilled and electro less copper deposited, the image available in the form of a film is transferred on to the out side by photo printing using a dry film printing process. The boards are then electrolytic plated on to the circuit pattern with copper and tin. The tin-plated deposit serves an etch resist when copper in the unwanted area is removed by the conveyor’s spray etching machines with chemical etch ants. The etching machines are attached to automatic dosing equipment, which analyses and controls etch ants concentrations.

5. SOLDERMASK
Since a PCB design may call for very close spacing between conductors, a solder mask has to be applied on the both sides of the circuitry to avoid the bridging of conductors. The solder mask ink is applied by screening. The ink is dried, exposed to UV, developed in a mild alkaline solution and finally cured by both UV and thermal energy.
After applying the solder mask, the circuit pads are soldered using the hot air leveling process. The bare bodies fluxed and dipped in to a molten solder bath. While removing the board from the solder bath, hot air is blown on both sides of the board through air knives in the machines, leaving the board soldered and leveled. This is one of the common finishes given to the boards. Thus the double sided plated through whole printed circuit board is manufactured and is now ready for the components to be soldered.

Software tool for PIC microcontroller

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Wed, 22 Jul 2009 06:29:00 +0000

Software tools for PIC microcontroller
Most of the engineering projects are done using PIC microcontrollers. I would like to share the software tools used in PIC microcontroller.
MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a free, integrated gcc-based toolset for the development of embedded applications employing Microchip's PIC and dsPIC microcontrollers. The MPLAB IDE runs as a 32-bit application on Microsoft Windows, and includes several free software components for application development, hardware simulation and debugging. MPLAB also serves as a single, unified graphical user interface for additional Microchip and third party software and hardware development tools.

Both Assembly and C programming languages can be used with MPLAB. Others may be supported through the use of third party programs.
Support for MPLAB, along with sample code, tutorials, and drivers can be found on Microchip's website. MPLAB does not support Linux, UNIX, or Macintosh based operating systems.

Amazing flying wonders

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Tue, 14 Jul 2009 08:58:00 +0000

Amazing flying wonders

I have in search of flying wonders. In this series i am wondering to see the technological development in design of little flying robots, flying disc, toys and helicopters and so on. In this tech flying wonders,
Flying toy:
a remote controlled rotary wind flying toy is a little one which is not coming under the helicopter, but it uses two propellers facing in the opposite directions to spin the main blades which generate the lift .

It can be used only for indoor purpose. By using a infrared controller, the flying toy can climb or descend with direction buttons to move forward or backward, left and right. This is possible by adjusting the speed of the propellers. In the autopilot mode, it uses two infrared sensors to hover away from ceilings and walls. We get whole enjoyment even the flight time is 5 minutes with 20 minutes recharge time. This cheap little wonder is a gift to the flying enthusiast. If you find anymore such small wonders, feel free to share in the comment sections

Improving Power factor of an Induction motor drive using Labview

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Mon, 13 Jul 2009 11:39:00 +0000

Improving Power factor of an Induction motor drive using Labview

Virtual instrumentation deals with acquiring, analysing and presenting data. It offers more flexibility than traditional instruments and proves to be ideal for signal processing and simulation. It is popularly used due to its graphical nature, versatility and easy programmability. The program can be changed at any point of time according to the needs of the user.
A project which deals with the power factor determination and correction of a lagging power factor load such as Induction motor drive is discussed here. A three phase Induction motor is used as the load which normally draws lagging current. The current and voltage waveforms are obtained through current and potential transformers from the line side respectively. The sinusoidal waveform is given to zero crossing detector to produce square waveform which is then given to X-Or gate. This produces a signal which is nothing but the difference of the phase angle between current and voltage waveforms. The signal is then fed to the PC using DAQ (Data Acquisition) card. After acquiring the signal, the power factor is calculated using Lab view software and depending on whether leading or lagging, a pulse is generated. This pulse is used through DAQ card to correct the capacitance value on the line in order to improve the power factor

Speed Control of Switched Relectance Motor with DSP controller

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Fri, 10 Jul 2009 10:58:00 +0000

Speed Control of Switched Relectance Motor with DSP controller

In construction, the switched reluctance motor (SRM) is the simplest of all electrical machines and most rugged one. The highly non linear relationship of the SRM are due to its single excited (exciting the stator only) double- salient and highly nonlinear machine characteristics. SRM drives can be controlled only by synchronising the energisation of the motor phases with the rotor position. Hence, the control of SRM is a tough one to deal with.

The increase in need for variable speed drives in industry and consumer application has seen renewed interest in the SRM. SRM is widely used in high performance servo applications such as aerospace, industrial and robotics.

SRM cannot be run directly from the supply. It can be run only when the motor is integrated with power converter, controller and rotor position sensor. So its essential to design high performance digital controller for SRM to get the optimum performance in the presence of the parameters variations and load disturbances.

The best solutions to control a switched reluctance motor is the usage of TMS320C24x. This new DSP family enables cost-effective design of intelligent controllers for switched reluctance motors. A novel speed control
algorithm is used to allow the Switched Reluctance motor drive to reach high efficiency, smooth operation, very good dynamic behavior, very high speed and low accoustical noise. All these solutions use only TMS320C24x resources, thus providing a single chip cost efficient control structure.

World's Cleanest Electric Bike

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Thu, 09 Jul 2009 04:51:00 +0000

World's Cleanest Electric Bike

Electric vehicles do not normally emits carbon. The Zero Motorcycles from Calif., have unveiled a Zero X electric bike with zero emissions. This bike is the lightest, quietest and least polluting off-road bike. The features of this bike

* with 64Kg - which is half of the weight of a gas powered motorcyles
* with 20HP electric motor - speed is 0-48 Km/Hr.
* with lithium -ion battery pack runs 60 Km on a 2 Hr. battery charge
* It can be rided on mountain and can handle higher jumps.
Howerver the bike cost is too high say $7450

Brain wave controller for disabilities

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Wed, 08 Jul 2009 04:51:00 +0000

Brain wave controller for disabilities

This revolutionised technology is used to control a wheel chair driven by a disabled person by using his mind control. The thoughts steer the vehicle wherever he wish to go. Brain nerve cells create electric signals in the order of Micro level. These signals can be picked by using EEG ((Electro-encephalogram) detector.

This detector is fitted to the wheelchair with a display unit. By thinking about the direction of the movement, the electrodes of the EEG unit detect the brain signals and then respond by turning left or right and moving in the desired direction. Toyota, and the Japanese research foundation have created such a wonderful device for the welfare of lives of paraplegics.
Once these devices hit the market, there will be a lot of relief to the disabled. Thanks to the researcher who have done this wonderful job.

Distributed intellegence in day to day electrical and electronics appliances

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Tue, 07 Jul 2009 03:29:00 +0000

Distributed intellegence in day to day electrical and electronics appliances

Distributed intellegence which is normally hidden inside the products that we use in day to day appliances is revolutinising this world and has been doing wonders. This embedded information processing revolution has created a new path in controling electrical and electronics appliances. For example, in a washing machine the amount water required for washing is adjusted accroding to the dirty and load size. For this purpose, a Microcontroller is used to do this job. A single appliance may be equiped with a number of microcontrollers to accurately control the appliances.

This distributed intellegence can be categorized as
1. In consumer segment which includes home appliances and entertainment equipment
2. In Automative field where a moder car is embedded with more than 50 micro controllers
3. Office automation, which includes PCs, Keyboard, copier machines, printers and so on
4. Telecommuncation field includes cellular phones, pagers and so on
5. The major usage of this intellegence is industry and so on

This intellegence is a second revolution next to microprocessor based, what would be the next technology? is there any such intellegence, give your valuable suggestions.

Features of PIC 16C7x Microcontroller

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Fri, 03 Jul 2009 04:19:00 +0000

Features of PIC 16C7x Microcontroller
Pic Microcontrollers are commonly used in Engineering Projects. It can be used as a portable controller in any applications. I would like to share its immense features compared with conventional microcontrollers.
1. High-performance RISC CPU
2. Only 35 single word instructions and All are single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle
3. Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input, DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
4. Up to 8K x 14 words of Program Memory,up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
5. Interrupt capability
6. Eight level deep hardware stack
7. Direct, indirect, and relative addressing modes
8. Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
9. Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC
10. oscillator for reliable operation
11. Programmable code-protection
12. Power saving SLEEP mode
13. Selectable oscillator options
14. Low-power, high-speed CMOS EPROM technology
15. Fully static design
16. Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 6.0V
17. High Sink/Source Current 25/25 mA
18. Commercial, Industrial and Extended temperature ranges
19. Low-power consumption:

Peripheral Features:
• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler,can be incremented during sleep via external crystal/clock
• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
• Capture, Compare, PWM module(s)
• Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns, Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns, PWM max. resolution is 10-bit
• 8-bit multichannel analog-to-digital converter
• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI
• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI)
• Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide, with external RD, WR and CS controls
• Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

Internet-based SCADA systems

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Wed, 01 Jul 2009 09:36:00 +0000

Internet-based SCADA systems

The Internet has now been dedicating a new and highly-efficient medium for sharing information all over the world. The development of web technologies allows information to be displayed numerically and graphically on any conventional Internet browser. Via Internet browsers (or web-browsers), end users can access, monitor the real-time data and even control the field devices and equipments.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are now becoming more and more popular in industrial processes and the demands in functionality and high performance have been increasing rapidly. Furthermore, the fast development of microprocessor manufacturing and Internet technology makes it more efficient and cost-saving to design such systems with the embedded network protocol modules.

Overall block diagram

A best solution on implementing Internet-based SCADA systems is with the presence of embedded TCP/IP Protocol stacks. The solution provides the following features:
• Automatically collect the latest system’s data and real-time data are displayed on web-browser interfaces.
• Users can manage and issue command controls on system’s devices from any internet-connected place.
• Security issue is carefully considered with: server protection by router; user authentication & IP approval on server application software and MD5 algorithm for data encoding. This helps reduce the threat of the public nature of the Internet.
• New sites/devices can be added/deleted/tracked.
• System operation can be tracked for each user by the event log tool.
These type of decentralised control can be more efficient and fast compared with conventional methods.

Emerging technologies in Advertising compaigns

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Thu, 25 Jun 2009 03:35:00 +0000

Emerging technologies in Advertising compaigns

The emerging technologies has opened a new window in advertising compaigns by recognising the human face whether male or female. This technology can identify the gender among a group of people which is utilised for the purpose of advertising compaign based on gender ( male or female based) . A digital video stream can detect from the frontal images of faces of a number of persons in real time. This technology can also be utilized online where the laptops or PCs are fit with web cameras. The advertising compains will be changed dynamically based on the gender who are onlin.
My suggestion is that this technology could be utilised for security purposes like facical recognitions autentication systems

MICROCONTROLLER PIC 16F877, Features, PIN diagram, PIN description

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Tue, 23 Jun 2009 11:54:00 +0000

MICROCONTROLLER PIC 16F877, Features, PIN diagram, PIN description

Most of the enngineering projects are done with the help of Micro controller. In this series, i would like to share the MICROCONTROLLER PIC 16F877, Features, PIN diagram and PIN description so on.

Features:
 High-performance RISC CPU
 All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are 2 cycle
 Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
 Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory,
 Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory
 Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73/74/76/77
 Interrupt capability -up to 14 internal/external
 Eight level deep hardware stack
 Direct, indirect, and relative addressing modes
 Power-on Reset (POR)
 Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
 Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC Oscillator for reliable operation
 Programmable code-protection
 Power saving SLEEP mode
 Selectable oscillator options
 Low-power, high-speed CMOS EPROM/EEPROM technology
 Fully static design
 In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins
 Only single 5V source needed for programming capability
 In-Circuit Debugging via two pins
 Processor read/write access to program memory
 Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 5.5V
 High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA
 Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges

PIN Diagram:

PIN description

5V, 12V Regulated Power supply

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Tue, 23 Jun 2009 04:06:00 +0000

5V, 12V Regulated Power supply

Regulated power supplies are commonly used in engineering projects. Power supply is food of any circuit. I would like to share 5V, 12V regulated power supply circuits which can be used for Embedded or Micro controller projects.

+5V SUPPLY UNIT

The circuit diagram of +5V is shown in the figure. +5V supply is obtained from the +5V supply unit for microcontroller and digital ICs. Initially 230 V AC supply is reduced to (0-9V) with the help of a step down transformer having a capacity of 500mA. Since the input voltage to the regulator IC should be more than its output voltage, transformer secondary voltage is 9V. This low voltage is rectified with the help of bridge rectifier. The ripples are minimized with the help of capacitor filter to get a smooth DC supply. The rating of the chosen capacitor filter is 1000µF.
The regulated DC voltage is obtained by using a regulator IC 7805. In the case of IC 7805, the unregulated DC voltage is applied to Pin 1, and the output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 2 is grounded. Another capacitor filter of rating 10µF is connected at the output of regulator IC to eliminate the voltage oscillations at the output due to the large voltage oscillations at the input of the regulator.

+12V SUPPLY UNIT

The ±12 V supply required by the OP amps is provided by the 12V supply circuit arrangement. The circuit diagram of ±12V power supply unit is shown in figure. Initially 230 V AC supply is reduced to (15V-0-15V) with the help of a step down transformer having a capacity of 1A and the center tap of the transformer is grounded. This low voltage is rectified with the help off bridge rectifier. Since the input voltage to the regulator IC should be more than its output voltage, transformer secondary voltage is 15V-0-15V.The ripples are minimized with the help of capacitor filter to get a smooth DC supply. The rating of the chosen capacitor filter is 1000µF.
The regulated DC output voltage is obtained by using regulator ICs. For regulated +12V DC supply, IC 7812 is used and for regulated -12V DC supply, IC 7912 is used. In the case of IC 7812 the unregulated DC voltage is applied to Pin 1, and the output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 2 is grounded. In the case of 7912 ,the unregulated DC voltage is applied to Pin 2, the output is taken at Pin 3 and Pin 1 is grounded. The pair of capacitors of 10µF is connected at the output as shown in figure to eliminate the voltage oscillations at the output due to the large voltage oscillations at the input of the regulator.

Learn and Earn more by patenting your products

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Mon, 22 Jun 2009 11:54:00 +0000

Learn and Earn more by patenting your products

You are very good in design of any engineering or technology related projects. You have invented new products based on your technological updates. The next step is to market the product. Before doing it, if your patent that particular novel idea, or product, or design, then the value that particular product increases which can be marketed at higher values. This is the secret behing patenting a product. IPR stands for Intellectual property Rights is one such area to know more about property rights and achieving patents. IPR related courses are conducted by Universities to bring awarness about patenting and IPR. These type of courses bring good amount of insight about patents, Trademarks, and copyright so on.

World Celebrating World Environment Day 2009

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Fri, 05 Jun 2009 15:43:00 +0000

World Celebrating World Environment Day 2009

In this year, in particular, today is a special day and everyone should proudly celebrate the day. This year’s theme is
“Your planet needs you - UNite to combat Climate Change”

Why should we celebrate today? First off all, We should know about Global warming and how to eradicate from this threat?

Global warming or Climate change is mainly due to the human made mistakes on earth. We have to fight and must give utmost important to eradicate this change. Due to Global warming, its impact on global temperature, effect on agriculture, glacial erosion is increasing day by day.

Why is Global warming?
Global warming is mainly contributed by Carbon emissions by Individuals, Organizations, a business or a government (so called as Carbon foot print).

The reduction of carbon footprint is individual’s response at all level.

What can we do today, even a small thing can do big change tomorrow, yes, and planting a single tree by each one of us can make a big change to save our earth.

Wishing all a Happy, Healthy breathing Greener. this World Environment Day 2009

GPS based Train tracking system with Location announcer

noreply@blogger.com (Yokara) — Thu, 04 Jun 2009 15:32:00 +0000

GPS based Train tracking system with Location announcer

Nowadays Railways play a great role in transporting people and goods from one place to another. An innumerable number of trains are running across the nation. It would be a great boon if we are able to get the exact position of a train at any instant. This can be best realized with the recent technology era. The technology is associated with satellite communication tech like GPS , GSM, and GPRS.
The primary objective is to track trains based on the Global System Module (GSM) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies. GPS is used to get the position of the train in terms of Latitude and Longitude from the satellite. GSM is used to transmit the data obtained using GPS to the server using General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). It would be helpful for a passenger to catch a train if he knows its exact location. This enables a person to trace a train while sitting in any part of the world using internet. By using the softwares like Google Earth the location of the train can be pin pointed accurately. The tracking is done continuously by the GPS modem and the values are updated regularly in the server by refreshing it periodically to receive the latest values.
In addition to this, the announcement of the next station that is going to be reached also be possible. People in AC coaches inside the train are not aware of the station coming next and also how long it will take to reach it. For this, a suitable Micro Controller can be programmed to calculate the distance between the current position of the train and the nearby station. The announcement is made to the passengers before the train reaches every station. When the train reaches the predetermined distance, the Controller enables the corresponding voice in the Voice Processor. This ensures that the passengers get enough time to get ready and also they won’t miss the right station.