<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Sun, 19 Apr 2026 00:27:25 +0000</lastBuildDate><category>Logică</category><category>Inginerie</category><category>România</category><category>Funny</category><category>Inginerie socială</category><category>Religie</category><category>Muzică</category><category>Programare</category><category>Sesiune Foto</category><category>Tenis de masă</category><title>Un alt fel de model</title><description>Aici logica este la mama ei acasă...</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>68</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-5456347233761751402</guid><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2011 18:14:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2011-06-21T21:14:09.711+03:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Inginerie socială</category><title>Legea Reciprocității</title><description>Legea Reciprocității are următoarea formă: dacă cineva ne dă ceva ce ni se pare valoros, simțim dorința să dăm ceva în schimb. Asta nu înseamnă că întoarcem imediat gestul sau cadoul respectiv, ci înseamnă că ne simțim OBLIGAȚI să ne revanșăm (semnificativ este faptul că în multe limbi cuvântul ”obligat” este echivalentul lui ”mulțumesc”) &lt;a href=&quot;http://mix.deweekend.ro/manipulare-legea-reciprocitatii/&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;br /&gt;
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Toți oamenii au sentimentul lăuntric că în orice fel de relație interumană, toți trebuie să fie în stare să răsplătească serviciile făcute unii altora.&lt;br /&gt;
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Când vrei să influențezi, trebuie să oferi ceva de valoare pentru interlocutor, nu pentru tine. Dacă nu poți oferi ceva de valoare, mai bine nu o faci. Iar atunci când oferi, nu trebuie să ceri nimic în schimb pentru ca această lege să funcționeze.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://mix.deweekend.ro/manipulare-legea-reciprocitatii&quot;&gt;[1] http://mix.deweekend.ro/manipulare-legea-reciprocitatii&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2011/06/legea-reciprocitatii.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-110435286167886164</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Apr 2011 15:36:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2011-04-01T18:36:57.101+03:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Religie</category><title>Primele tăbliţe ale creştinismului?</title><description>Ştirea completă aici:&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mediafax.ro/stiinta-sanatate/tablite-de-metal-din-primele-zile-ale-crestinismului-ar-putea-revolutiona-istoria-biblica-8113022&quot;&gt;http://www.mediafax.ro/stiinta-sanatate/tablite-de-metal-din-primele-zile-ale-crestinismului-ar-putea-revolutiona-istoria-biblica-8113022&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2011/04/primele-tablite-ale-crestinismului.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-4653559573078235797</guid><pubDate>Thu, 24 Mar 2011 09:41:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-12-06T17:56:58.030+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Logică</category><title>Ghid de... logică: Propoziţii categorice</title><description>&lt;b&gt;Termenii&lt;/b&gt; logici pot fi folosiţi în structuri mult mai complexe, numite &lt;b&gt;propoziţii&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;O propoziţie &lt;i&gt;categorică&lt;/i&gt; este o structură logico-lingvistică în care se enunţă ceva despre elementele unei clase de obiecte.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Structua acestor propoziţii este simplă: doi termeni logici sunt &lt;b&gt;corelaţi &lt;/b&gt;în aşa fel încât &lt;i&gt;ceva &lt;/i&gt;se spune despre &lt;i&gt;ceva. &lt;/i&gt;Unul dintre termeni este &lt;b&gt;subiectul&lt;/b&gt; logic &lt;b&gt;(S)&lt;/b&gt; al propoziţiei, iar celălalalt este &lt;b&gt;predicatul&lt;/b&gt; logic &lt;b&gt;(P)&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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Exemple de &lt;b&gt;propoziţii categorice:&lt;/b&gt; Toţi oamenii sunt muritori. Unele cărţi sunt interesante. Nici un căştigător nu a fost ales.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Clasificarea&lt;/b&gt; propoziţiilor categorice &lt;b&gt;(calitativă)&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;universal afirmative &lt;b&gt;(SaP): &lt;/b&gt;Toate cărţile sunt albastre. Subiectul logic este luat în &lt;i&gt;totalitatea&lt;/i&gt; sa, iar predicatul logic este &lt;i&gt;afirmat&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;despre subiect.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;universal negative &lt;b&gt;(SeP): &lt;/b&gt;Toţi oamenii nu sunt insecte (Niciun om nu este insectă). Subiectul logic este luat în &lt;i&gt;totalitatea&lt;/i&gt; sa, iar predicatul logic este &lt;i&gt;negat &lt;/i&gt;despre subiect.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;particular afirmative &lt;b&gt;(SiP): &lt;/b&gt;Unii concurenţi au abandonat cursa. Subiectul logic este luat &lt;i&gt;parţial&lt;/i&gt;, iar predicatul logic este &lt;i&gt;afirmat &lt;/i&gt;despre subiect.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;particular negative &lt;b&gt;(SoP): &lt;/b&gt;Unii oameni nu sunt cinstiţi. Subiectul logic este luat &lt;i&gt;parţial, &lt;/i&gt;iar predicatul logic este &lt;i&gt;negat&lt;/i&gt; despre subiect.&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;S&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;p, S&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;P, S&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;p, S&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;p: conţin primele vocale din cuvintele italiene &lt;i&gt;aff&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;i&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;rm&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt; &lt;/i&gt;şi &lt;i&gt;n&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;g&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;o&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Propoziţiile individuale &lt;/b&gt;(ex.: Elton John este un pianist celebru) sunt incluse în &lt;b&gt;propoziţiile categorice.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;Propoziţia de forma &lt;b&gt;Numai unii S sunt P&lt;/b&gt; devine &lt;b&gt;Unii S nu sunt P (SoP).&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Propoziţia de forma &lt;b&gt;Numai unii S nu sunt P&lt;/b&gt; devine &lt;b&gt;Unii S sunt P (SiP). &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Propoziţia de forma &lt;b&gt;Numai S sunt P&lt;/b&gt; devine &lt;b&gt;Toţi P sunt S (SaP).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Propoziţia de forma &lt;b&gt;Numai S nu sunt P&lt;/b&gt; devine &lt;b&gt;Nici un P nu este S (SeP).&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Raporturile&lt;/b&gt; dintre propoziţiile categorice:&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;Universal afirmativă&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ------ &lt;b&gt;contrarietate ----&lt;/b&gt;--&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;Universal negativă&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;Toţi S sunt P&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;Nici un S nu este P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; |&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; \ &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; / &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; |&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; |&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; \ &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; / &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; | &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;subalternanţă&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; contradicţie &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; subalternanţă&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; |&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; / &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; \ &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; |&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; |&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; / &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; \ &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; |&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;Particular afirmativă&lt;/u&gt;&amp;nbsp; ------ &lt;b&gt;subcontrarietate ----&lt;/b&gt;--&amp;nbsp; &lt;u&gt;Particular negativă&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;Unii S sunt P&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;i&gt;Unii S nu sunt P&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Square_of_opposition.svg/500px-Square_of_opposition.svg.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;377&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Square_of_opposition.svg/500px-Square_of_opposition.svg.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Sursa: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Square_of_opposition.svg&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Square_of_opposition.svg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Raportul de &lt;b&gt;contradicţie: &lt;/b&gt;Se stabileşte între propoziţiile &lt;b&gt;SaP - SoP&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;SeP - SiP&lt;/b&gt;. Exemplu relaţia SaP - SoP:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Dacă SaP = 1, atunci SoP = 0.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dacă SaP = 0, atunci SoP = 1.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dacă SoP = 1, atunci SaP = 0.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dacă SoP = 0, atunci SaP = 1.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Se stabileşte între două propoziţii cantitativ şi calitativ &lt;i&gt;opuse&lt;/i&gt;. Aceste propoziţii &lt;b&gt;nu pot fi nici adevărate, nici false simultan&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (SaP -&amp;gt; ~SoP) A (~SoP -&amp;gt; SaP)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; (~SaP -&amp;gt; SoP) A (SoP -&amp;gt; ~SaP)&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Legendă:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &quot;-&amp;gt;&quot; - &lt;/b&gt;implicaţie logică&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &quot;A&quot; - &quot;ŞI&quot; logic</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2011/03/ghid-de-logica-propozitii-categorice.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-6172681300989803713</guid><pubDate>Tue, 15 Feb 2011 23:07:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2011-02-16T01:07:51.872+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Tenis de masă</category><title>Timo Boll</title><description>Ce păcat... Timo Boll e doar pe locul 7 în clasamentul ITFF:&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.ittf.com/ittf_ranking/world_ranking_per_name.asp?Player_ID=101222&amp;amp;U18=0&amp;amp;U21=0&amp;amp;Siniors=1&amp;amp;&quot;&gt;http://www.ittf.com/ittf_ranking/world_ranking_per_name.asp?Player_ID=101222&amp;amp;U18=0&amp;amp;U21=0&amp;amp;Siniors=1&amp;amp;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
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Site-ul lui oficial: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.timo-boll.de/&quot;&gt;http://www.timo-boll.de/&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2011/02/timo-boll.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-5436817713800398766</guid><pubDate>Mon, 31 Jan 2011 16:54:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2011-01-31T18:54:34.623+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Religie</category><title>Rai - Iad</title><description>Un joculeţ interesant pentru &quot;credincioşi&quot; (şi necredincioşi):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://ishi.blog2.fc2.com/blog-entry-161.html&quot;&gt;http://ishi.blog2.fc2.com/blog-entry-161.html&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2011/01/rai-iad.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-2183597916059043200</guid><pubDate>Tue, 07 Dec 2010 19:06:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-12-07T21:06:38.368+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Inginerie</category><title>Alternativă la Fruity Loops</title><description>Un DAW software care promite multe, şi e open-source şi gratuit:&lt;a href=&quot;http://lmms.sourceforge.net/&quot;&gt; lmms.sourceforge.net&lt;/a&gt;.</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/12/alternativa-la-fruity-loops.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-5088443318453745444</guid><pubDate>Mon, 06 Dec 2010 02:47:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-12-06T04:47:10.536+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Religie</category><title>Argumente că Dumnezeu există</title><description>O listă de 666 de argumente foarte bune că Dumnezeu există:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.godlessgeeks.com/LINKS/GodProof.htm&quot;&gt;http://www.godlessgeeks.com/LINKS/GodProof.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Genial! Enjoy!</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/12/argumente-ca-dumnezeu-exista.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-416385636690851609</guid><pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2010 18:52:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2020-04-07T12:26:51.367+03:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Programare</category><title>Google search tips</title><description>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Articol preluat de aici:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mapelli.info/ultimate-google-search-tips-guide&quot;&gt;http://www.mapelli.info/ultimate-google-search-tips-guide&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(sursa nu mai este disponibila)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;title&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 33px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.04em; line-height: 33px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.3em; padding: 0px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 1px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Google Search Tips (Ultimate Google Guide)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;post-content clear-block&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;tweet_button95&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowtransparency=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;twitter-share-button twitter-count-vertical&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;https://platform0.twitter.com/widgets/tweet_button.html?_=1291229498605&amp;amp;count=vertical&amp;amp;lang=en&amp;amp;related&amp;amp;text=Google+Search+Tips+(Ultimate+Google+Guide)+-+www.mapelli.info&amp;amp;url=http://www.mapelli.info/ultimate-google-search-tips-guide&amp;amp;via=mapelli&quot; style=&quot;height: 62px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 55px;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; title=&quot;Twitter For Websites: Tweet Button&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;The Ultimate Google Guide can help you to improve your search results and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serp&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;SERP&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;analysis with less-known search Tips.&lt;span id=&quot;more-26&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 26px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 28px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;First Things First&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;In this Google guide I’ll show you some less-known google operators and search tips. Please note that since this advanced operators are sometimes used by spam-bot, black hat seos and other people Google does not loves, you may bump in 403-Access denied screens like the one I showed to you in my&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mapelli.info/tips/google-hates-doughnuts-and-advanced-search-strings&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Google hates Doughnuts (and Advanced Search Strings)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;article.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Don’t be scared if this happens, nothing is wrong with you / your PC / your search, is just Google that is a little nervous ;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 26px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 28px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Things to Know&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0.4em 0px 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Google is not case sensitive: searching for doughnut is the same as DoughNuT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;search operators&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;are&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;case sensitive: searching for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=doughnuts+OR+donuts&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;doughnuts OR donuts&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;uses OR as the google operator, while&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=doughnuts+or+donuts&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;doughnuts or donuts&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;does not.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Google default is to search for pages that include all of your search terms. Also the order of your search term is somehow relevant.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Google excludes common words (also called stop words) like “I” , “the” etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;some operators can be combined, while others must be used alone.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 26px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 28px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Basic Operators&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;forces words to be included in search results. Useful with stop words that otherwise will be discarded&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;prevents a search term to show in results, for example searching for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;q=doughnut+-cream&amp;amp;btnG=Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;doughnut -cream&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;can help you to avoid creamy doughnuts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;OR&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;returns documents with one of the given terms, like&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;q=doughnut+OR+donut&amp;amp;btnG=Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;doughnut OR donut&lt;/a&gt;. You can also use | instead of OR:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=doughnut+%7C+donut&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;doughnut | donut&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;” “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;using quotes forces google to search for the exact phrase (including stop words), try&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;q=%22doughnut+at+midnight%22&amp;amp;btnG=Google+Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;“doughnut at midnight”&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;q=doughnut+at+midnight&amp;amp;btnG=Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;doughnut at midnight&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(actually, using quotes is similar, but not equals, to&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;q=doughnut-at-midnight&amp;amp;btnG=Google+Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;doughnut-at-midnight&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;… it would be interesting to know what is the exact difference in SERP)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;~&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;allow to search also for synonyms of the given word. searching for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=doughnut+%7Etips&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;doughnut ~tips&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;finds also pages with the word help or guide etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;means every word. try&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;q=%22doughnuts+with+*%22&amp;amp;btnG=Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;“doughnuts with *”&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;..&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Used to search in a range of numbers,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;q=%222..20+doughnuts%22&amp;amp;btnG=Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;“2..20 doughnuts”&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will find pages containing “I eat 3 doughnuts a day” and “I’ll never eat more than 15 doughnuts in a month”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;This operators can be combined to create advanced queries, for example&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?client=opera&amp;amp;rls=it&amp;amp;q=%22eat+1..100+doughnut+OR+doughnuts+OR+donut+OR+donuts+for+*%22&amp;amp;ie=utf-8&amp;amp;oe=utf-8&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;“I eat 1..100 doughnut OR doughnuts OR donut OR donuts each *”&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 26px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 28px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Advanced google operators&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;daterange:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Returns documents modified in the given time interval. Dates should be entered in&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_date&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;julian format&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(so geeky, but a bit unusable).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Using&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;q=doughnuts+daterange%3A2454091-2454101&amp;amp;btnG=Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;doughnuts daterange:2454091-2454101&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;you can find who talked about doughnuts in the last ten days of 2006 :)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;filetype:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;returns links to documents with the given file type.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;For example searching for&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=doughnuts+filetype%3Ajava&amp;amp;btnG=Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;doughnuts filetype:java&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will find portable and object-oriented doughnuts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Currently officially supported file types are pdf, ps, wk1, wk2, wk3, wk4, wk5, wki, wks, wku, lwp, mw, xls, ppt, doc, wks, wps, wdb, wri, rtf, swf, ans, txt, but other are supported as well, like xml, cpp, java etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;site:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;restricts the results to the given domain.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amapelli.info&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;site:mapelli.info&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will find all indexed page on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mapelli.info/&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;www.mapelli.info&lt;/a&gt;, while&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Amapelli.info+doughnuts&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;site:mapelli.info doughnuts&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will find all doughnuts-related pages on&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mapelli.info/&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;www.mapelli.info&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;em style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;update:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;you can use the site operator also to find your supplemental results using this query:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=site%3Awww.mapelli.info+***+-sljktf&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;site:www.mapelli.info *** -sljktf&lt;/a&gt;. (taken from an intresting article about&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.seobook.com/archives/002047.shtml&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Google Supplemental Index Results&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;by Aaron Wall)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;cache:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;shows the cached version of given webpage. Other words in the query will be highlighted in the returned page, try&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=cache%3Awww.mapelli.info+doughnuts&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;cache:www.mapelli.info doughnuts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;link:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;lists webpages that link to the given webpage.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=link%3Ahttp%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDoughnut&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;link:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughnut&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will list webpages with links pointing to wikipedia’s voice for Doughnut&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;related:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;returns pages that google somehow thinks are related to the given page. Not always accurate.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;info:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;returns some informations about the given web page. Typically website and description.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;define:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;returns the definition of a given word. Try&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=define%3Adoughnuts&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;define:doughnuts&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(in case you are an alien and you don’t know what a Doughnut is )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;phonebook:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;search in residential phone book. sample:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?&amp;amp;q=phonebook%3Asmith%20Los%20Angeles&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;phonebook:smith Los Angeles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;stocks:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;returns stock info: try&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=stocks%3Agoog&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;stocks:goog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;weather:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;weather informations for the given city.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=weather%3Alos+angeles&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;weather:los angeles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;movie:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;returns all movies related to the search term given. Sample:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=movie%3Adoughnuts&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;movie:doughnuts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;You can also find movies by locations:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=movie+nyc&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;movie:nyc&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=movie+10015&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;movie 10015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5511244985047336302&quot; name=&quot;flights&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;flights&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;flights&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5511244985047336302&quot; name=&quot;flights&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;flights&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=5511244985047336302&quot; name=&quot;flights&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;flights&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;you can search for flights inside USA using the airport code (does not work for every airport). sample:&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=jfk+lax&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;jfk lax&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 26px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 28px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;SEO-oriented Operators&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;allintitle:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Search for documents with the given words in their title.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=allintitle%3Adoughnuts+chocolate&amp;amp;ie=utf-8&amp;amp;oe=utf-8&amp;amp;rls=org.mozilla:it:official&amp;amp;client=firefox-a&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;allintitle:doughnuts chocolate&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will find all the documents with title containing ‘doughnuts’ and ‘chocolate’. This operator cannot be combined with others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;intitle:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Search for documents with the first word after the intitle operator in their title.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?&amp;amp;q=intitle%3Adoughnuts+chocolate&amp;amp;btnG=Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;intitle:doughnuts chocolate&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will find all the documents with title containing ‘doughnuts’ and talking about chocolate. Note that the word ‘chocolate’ is not necessarily in the title.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;allintext:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Search for documents with the given words in their text.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=allintext%3Adoughnuts+chocolate&amp;amp;ie=utf-8&amp;amp;oe=utf-8&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;allintext:doughnuts chocolate&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will find all the documents with text containing ‘doughnuts’ and ‘chocolate’.This operator cannot be combined with others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;intext:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Search for documents with the first word after the intext operator in their text.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?&amp;amp;q=intext%3Adoughnuts+chocolate&amp;amp;btnG=Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;intext:doughnuts chocolate&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will find all the documents with text containing ‘doughnuts’ and talking about chocolate. Note that the word ‘chocolate’ is not necessarily in the text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;allinurl:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Search for documents with the given words in their url.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=allinurl%3Adoughnuts+chocolate&amp;amp;ie=utf-8&amp;amp;oe=utf-8&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;allinurl:doughnuts chocolate&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will find all the documents with url containing ‘doughnuts’ and ‘chocolate’. This operator cannot be combined with others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;inurl:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Search for documents with the first word after the inurl operator in their url.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?&amp;amp;q=inurl%3Adoughnuts+chocolate&amp;amp;btnG=Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;inurl:doughnuts chocolate&lt;/a&gt;will find all the documents with url containing ‘doughnuts’ and talking about chocolate. Note that the word ‘chocolate’ is not necessarily in the text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;allinanchor:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Search for documents with the given words in an anchor.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=allinanchor%3Adoughnuts+chocolate&amp;amp;ie=utf-8&amp;amp;oe=utf-8&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;allinurl:doughnuts chocolate&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;will find all the documents with anchor text containing ‘doughnuts’ and ‘chocolate’. This operator cannot be combined with others.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;inanchor:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Search for documents with the first word after the operator in an anchor.&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?&amp;amp;q=inanchor%3Adoughnuts+chocolate&amp;amp;btnG=Search&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;inanchor:doughnuts chocolate&lt;/a&gt;will find all the documents with anchor containing ‘doughnuts’ and talking about chocolate. Note that the word ‘chocolate’ is not necessarily in an anchor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 26px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 28px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Google Calculator Guide&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;+ – * / % ^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;you can use Google as a calculator, using standard symbols, for example&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3+2 returns 5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;4-1 returns 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;6*8 returns 48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;15/5 returns 3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3^2 returns 9 (3 raised to power 2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;5%2 returns 1 (the remainder after division)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;sqrt,&lt;em style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;th root of &lt;em style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=sqrt%2849%29&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;sqrt(49)&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;returns 7, if you need non-square roots you can use for example&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=3th+root+of+27&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3th root of 27&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;sin, cos, arctan, tan…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;google calculator supports various trigonometic functions, expecting a radians value, that can be expressed also using the pi constant:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=sin%28pi%29&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;sin(pi/2)&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=tan+%282%2F3*pi%29&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;tan (2/3*pi)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;ln&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;returns natural (base e) logarithm:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=ln%28e%5E5%29&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;ln(e^5)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;returns base 10 logarithm:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=log%28100%29&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;log(100)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;returns n factorial:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=3%21&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Numbers can be entered also in hexadecimal, octal and binary base, using 0x, 0o and 0b prefixes, for example&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=5+%2B0xf%2B0b1001&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;5 +0xf+0b1001&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 26px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 28px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Conversions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Google supports a lot of conversion tools, here is a small guide:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;in degrees / in radians&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;you can convert radians to degrees:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=pi%2F2+in+degrees&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;pi/2 in degrees&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or convert degrees into radians:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=90+degrees+in+radians&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;90 degrees in radians&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;in hex / in binary / in octal / in decimal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;you can convert to each of the given bases:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=16+in+hex&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;16 in hex&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=16+in+octal&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;16 in octal&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=16+in+binary&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;16 in binary&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=0x1f+in+decimal&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;0×11 in decimal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;you can also use&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=2007+in+roman+numerals&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;2007 in roman numerals&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;(in case you’re building a temple and you need to know how to write the year on it)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;distance conversions&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;you can use&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=100miles+in+km&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;100miles in km&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=1m+in+mm&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;1m in mm&lt;/a&gt;, but also&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=200000+km+in+light-second&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;200000 km in light-second&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;speed, time, temperature&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;just some samples:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=100mph+in+kph&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;100mph in kph&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=1+month+in++seconds&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;1 month in seconds&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=280+kelvin+in+celsius&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;280 kelvin in celsius&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=50+fahrenheit+in+celsius&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;50 fahrenheit in celsius&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;currency&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=3+%E2%82%AC+in+%24&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3 € in $&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=3+euros+in+dollars&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;3 euros in dollars&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h3 style=&quot;font-size: 21px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;cooking&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;I love this…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=3+teaspoons+in+oz&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;3 teaspoons in oz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/search?q=1+cup+%2B+1+tablespoon+in+teaspoon&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;1 cup + 1 tablespoon in teaspoon&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;There are a lot of others possible conversions, just try! :)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 26px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 28px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Blogsearch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Have a look at my&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mapelli.info/tips/google-blogsearch-tips-and-a-little-wordpress-hack&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;google blogsearch tips&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-size: 26px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.03em; line-height: 28px; margin: 0.7em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;Resources&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;line-height: 19px; margin: 0.4em 0px 1em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/librariancenter/librarian_tools.html&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;google search tips posters&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/help/cheatsheet.html&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;google cheatsheet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/help/features.html&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;google search reference&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2.5em; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.google.com/help/calculator.html&quot; style=&quot;color: #0071bb; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: inherit;&quot;&gt;google calculator reference&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/12/google-search-tips.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-3586276243931467658</guid><pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2010 18:42:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-12-01T20:47:18.887+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Programare</category><title>Cum să dai un search pe mai multe search engines simultan?</title><description>Simplu.... Foloseşti&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://addictomatic.com/&quot;&gt;http://addictomatic.com/&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;sau&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.theinfo.com/&quot;&gt;http://www.theinfo.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Enjoy!</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/12/cum-sa-dai-un-search-pe-mai-multe.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-28585664917489412</guid><pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2010 18:25:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-12-01T20:25:01.297+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Programare</category><title>LaTeX în Blogger (blogspot)</title><description>Pentru a posta ecuaţii matematice în Blogger (blogspot), cea mai uşoară metodă este să folosiţi CodeCogs. Paşii sunt următorii:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Accesaţi&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.codecogs.com/components/equationeditor/equationeditor.php&quot;&gt;editorul LaTeX online de la CodeCogs&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Scrieţi ecuaţia LaTeX;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Copiaţi codul HTML generat de la sfârşitul paginii;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Faceţi paste în postarea nouă (&quot;Editaţi Html&quot;).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/12/latex-in-blogger-blogspot.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-1252043170662650333</guid><pubDate>Tue, 23 Nov 2010 21:19:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-11-23T23:50:50.890+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Logică</category><title>Logica pragmatică</title><description>Logica pragmatică studiază formele logice şi operaţiile de raţionare în raport cu utilitatea (forme &lt;b&gt;corecte&lt;/b&gt; şi &lt;b&gt;incorecte&lt;/b&gt;). În dispute, uneori se utilizează anumite forme incorecte pentru a convinge interlocutorii. Scopul nu este neapărat &lt;strike&gt;adevărul&lt;/strike&gt;, ci &lt;b&gt;convingerea&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Presupunem că &lt;b&gt;X &lt;/b&gt;şi &lt;b&gt;Y &lt;/b&gt;se află în dispută.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;1.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Schema &lt;b&gt;I&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; X afirmă &quot;A&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Y ripostează: &quot;~A (adică &quot;nu A&quot;), deoarece&amp;nbsp; B, C, D (argumente pentru &quot;~A&quot;)&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; X: &quot;din B, C, D nu decurge ~A, deci din moment ce n-ai dovedit ~A este adevărat A&quot;. Chiar&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; dacă Y ripostează că obiecţia lui X nu este logică (şi ea nu este în totalitate) eşecul lui Y în&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; dovedirea lui &quot;~A&quot; este luat (din motive psihologice) ca un temei pentru acceptarea lui &quot;A&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;2.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Schema &lt;b&gt;II&lt;/b&gt;: &lt;/i&gt;(raţionament mai bun pentru Y)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &lt;/i&gt;X afirmă &quot;A&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Y: &quot;cum dovedeşti că A?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Acum X este pus în situaţie dezavantajoasă:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; X: &quot;A deoarece B, C, D&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Y: &quot;Din B, C, D nu decurge A, deci ai făcut o afirmaţie gratuită&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; De observat este că în &lt;i&gt;Schema &lt;b&gt;I&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Y nu-l poate învinui pe X de &quot;afirmaţie gratuită&quot; deoarece şi el se&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; află în aceeaşi situaţie (neargumentând pe A), dimpotrivă X îl poate învinui de afirmaţie gratuită ca&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; urmare a eşecului de a dovedi.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; În &lt;i&gt;Schema &lt;b&gt;II&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; însă, Y îl poate învinui pe X de afirmaţie gratuită ca urmare a eşecului de a dovedi.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sofismul implicat în aceste scheme este acesta &quot;dacă nu poţi demonstra, nu înseamnă că nu-i&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; adevărat ce spui, ci este adevărată propoziţia opusă&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;invocarea cazului extrem&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;3.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Schema &lt;b&gt;III&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/i&gt; Deoarece n-a făcut totul înseamnă că n-a făcut nimic deosebit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;b&gt;4.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Schema &lt;b&gt;IV&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/i&gt; A făcut minimum, deci a făcut ceva deosebit. Popular discuţia decurge astfel:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; X: &quot;Y a făcut o lucrare slabă&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Y ripostează: &quot;Ei lasă că nici X n-a făcut gaură în cer&quot; (&lt;b&gt;III&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; X: &quot;Y a făcut o lucrare slabă&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Z ripostează: &quot;Totuşi a făcut şi cutare şi cutare, alţii n-au făcut nici atâta&quot; (se înşiră motive minore)&lt;br /&gt;
(&lt;b&gt;IV&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Acestea sunt sofisme de &quot;ignorare a subiectului în discuţie&quot;. Discuţia se duce în legătură cu faptul&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; dacă &quot;lucrarea este sau nu slabă&quot;, iar argumentarea se face în legătură cu altceva (&quot;n-a făcut&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; maximum&quot; sau &quot;a făcut minimum&quot;). &lt;i&gt;Schema&lt;b&gt; III&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/i&gt;este destinată să-l susţină pe Y prin negarea faptului&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; că X n-a realizat ceva mai înalt, iar &lt;i&gt;Schema &lt;b&gt;IV&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/i&gt;e destinată să-l susţină prin faptul că există ceva&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; şi mai rău.</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/11/logica-pragmatica.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-2263346030482234503</guid><pubDate>Thu, 18 Nov 2010 21:50:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-11-23T22:40:48.373+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Programare</category><title>Netbeans 6.9.1 &amp; J/Link &amp; Mathematica 7.0</title><description>După vreo 2 ore de căutare şi testare, am reuşit în sfârşit să mă conectez la kernelul Mathematica 7.0 prin J/Link. Nu am găsit niciun site de unde să downloadez biblioteca jlink.jar, dar am observat într-un final că se afla în &lt;b&gt;%Mathematica7Folder\7.0\SystemFiles\Links\JLink\JLink.jar &lt;/b&gt;(unde &lt;b&gt;%Mathematica7Folder&lt;/b&gt; este directorul unde este instalat Mathematica. De exemplu, la mine este &lt;b&gt;G:\Wolfram Research\Mathematica\&lt;/b&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
În Netbeans, am creat un proiect nou JavaSE, la care am adăugat la &quot;libraries&quot; &lt;b&gt;%Mathematica7Folder\7.0\SystemFiles\Links\JLink\JLink.ja&lt;/b&gt;r, iar la această bibliotecă am editat &quot;sources&quot; ca &lt;b&gt;%Mathematica7Folder\7.0\SystemFiles\Links\JLink\Source\Java &lt;/b&gt;şi &quot;javadoc&quot; &lt;b&gt;%Mathematica7Folder\7.0\SystemFiles\Links\JLink&lt;/b&gt;\&lt;b&gt;Documentation\JavaDoc&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Partea efectivă de conectare la kernel:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
KernelLink ml = null;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; try {&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ml = MathLinkFactory.createKernelLink(&quot;-linkmode launch -linkname &#39;&lt;b&gt;%Mathematica7Folder\\&lt;/b&gt;7.0\\mathkernel.exe&quot;);&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; //una dintre metodele de legare la kernel&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; } catch (MathLinkException e) {&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; System.out.println(&quot;Fatal error opening link: &quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; + e.getMessage());&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; return;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; }&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; try {&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ml.connect();&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; //conectarea la kernel. &lt;b&gt;!Este diferenţă între createKernelLink şi connect!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; } catch (MathLinkException ex) {&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; System.out.println(&quot;No connection!&quot; + ex.getMessage());&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; }&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; try {&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; ml.discardAnswer();&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; //drop pachetul de răspund la conexiune&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; } catch (MathLinkException ex) {&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; System.out.println(&quot;Error! Please restart!&quot; + ex.getMessage());&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; }&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
//dacă totul merge ok, acum ar trebui să fiţi conectaţi la kernel&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pentru mai multe informaţii: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.wolfram.com/learningcenter/tutorialcollection/JLinkUserGuide/JLinkUserGuide.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.wolfram.com/learningcenter/tutorialcollection/JLinkUserGuide/JLinkUserGuide.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/11/netbeans-691-jlink.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-8832079511357737484</guid><pubDate>Thu, 11 Nov 2010 19:09:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2011-03-31T01:35:43.647+03:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Logică</category><title>Listă de erori logice 2</title><description>În sfârşit am găsit într-un singur loc o listă ordonată şi explicată de erori logice.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sursa: &lt;a href=&quot;http://aberatii.3x.ro/logica.html&quot;&gt;http://aberatii.3x.ro/logica.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;b&gt;T&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;b&gt;raducerea de &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:virgilchiriac@gmail.com&quot;&gt;Virgil Chiriac&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
Materialul original: &lt;small&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infidels.org/news/atheism/copyright.html&quot;&gt;Copyright&lt;/a&gt; © &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.pobox.com/%7Emeta/&quot;&gt;mathew&lt;/a&gt; 1995-2004. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.infidels.org/news/atheism/copyright.html&quot;&gt;All rights reserved.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Accentul&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Accentul este o eroare prin schimbarea sensului. In acest caz, sensul afirmatiei este schimbat modificand partile care sunt scoae in evidenta folosind accentul. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Nu trebuie sa vorbim &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;rau&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; de prieteni&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
fata de&lt;br /&gt;
&quot; Nu trebuie sa vorbim rau de &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;prieteni&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Atentie la acesta eroare in lumea internetului, unde este usor sa intelegi gresit un text datorita accentului pus gresit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ad hoc&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Asa cum s-a mentionat mai sus, exista o diferenta intre un argument si o explicatie. Daca suntem interesati sa stabilim ca A, avand ca dovada B, afirmatia &quot;A din cauza ca B&quot; este un argument. Daca incercam sa stabilim adevarul despre B, atunci &quot;A din cauza ca B&quot; nu mai este un argument, ci o explicatie.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eroarea Ad hoc apare cand se dau explicatii dupa desfasurarea unei fapte, ceea ce nu se aplica in alte situaltii. Deseori, acesta explicatie ad hoc va imbraca forma unui argument. De exemplu, daca presupunem ca Dumnezeu trateaza toti oamenii in mod egal, atunci urmatoarea este o explicatie ad hoc:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Am fost vindecat de cancer.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Atunci, laudat fie numele Domnului. El este vindecatorul tau.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Asadar, va vindeca El pe altii care sufera de cancer?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Pai...Dumnezeu lucreaza pe cai misterioase.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Afirmarea consecventei (&quot; Affirmation of the consequent”)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta eroare este un argument de forma &quot;A presupune ca B, B este adevarat, deci A este adevarat&quot;. Pentru a intelege de ce acesta este o eroare, examineaza tabelul adevarului de mai sus. Iata un exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Daca universul a fost creat de o fiinta supranaturala, am fi vazut ordine si organizare peste tot. Si vedem ordine, nu simple intamplari --deci este clar ca universul a avut un creator&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta este inversul Negarii antecedentului.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;(&quot;Amphiboly&quot;)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Amphiboly are loc atunci cand premizele folosite intr-un argument sunt ambigue din cauza neglijentei sau greselilor gramaticale. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Premiza: &quot;Credinta in Dumnezeu umple un foarte necesar gol.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dovanda anecdotica (&quot;Anecdotal evidence&quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Una din cele mai simple erori este te bazezi pe dovezi anecdotice. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Dovezile ca Dumnezeu exista si face miracole si azi sunt abundente. Chiar saptamana trecuta am citit despre o fetita care era pe moarte suferind de cancer. Toata familia sa a mers la biserica si s-a rugat, si fetita a fost vindecata.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cu siguranta este valabila folosirea experientei personale pentru a ilustra un punct de vedere, dar aceste anecdote nu demonstreaza nimic nimanui. Prietenul tau ar putea sa spuna ca l-a intalnit pe Elvis la magazin, dar cei care nu au avut accesi experienta vor avea nevoie mai mult decat dovada anecdotica a prietenului tau pentru a fi convinsi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dovada anecdotica pare a fi foarte convingatoare, in special din partea unei audiente care vrea sa creada. Acesta este o parte din explicatiile pentru miturile urbane, povesti care sunt verificabil false dar despre care se stie ca circula de ani de zile ca anecdote.&lt;br /&gt;
Argumentum ad antiquitatem&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta este o eroare prin care se afirma ca ceva este corect sau bun pentru simplul motiv ca este vechi, sau pentru ca &quot;asa au fost lucrurile dintodeauna&quot;. Opusul este Argumentum ad Novitatem.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;De mii de ani crestinii au crezut in Isus Cristos. Crestinismul trebuie sa fie adevarat din moment ce au rezistat atat timp in fata persecutiilor.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Argumentum ad baculum / Apelarea la forta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apelarea la forta este cand cineva recurge la forta (sau la amenintarea folosirii fortei) pentru a incerca sa-i presa pe altii sa accepte o concluzie. Acesta eroare este deseori folosita de politicieni, si poate fi rezumata in expresia &quot;puterea face dreptatea.&quot; Amenintarea, nu trebuie sa vina neaparat din partea celui care discuta. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;...Astfel, avem dovezi ample al adevarului din Biblie. Toti cei care refuza sa accepte acest adevar vor arde in iad&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;...In orice caz, iti cunosc numarul de telefon si stiu unde locuiesti. Am mentionat ca am permis port-arma?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Argumentum ad crumenam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eroarea ca banii sunt un criteriu al corectitudinii si dreptatii; ca cei cu mai multi bani au sanse mai mari de a avea dreptate. Opusul este Argumentum ad Lazarum.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Exemplu: &quot;Programele Microsoft sunt fara indoiala superioare, altfel de ce s-ar fi imbogatit asa de tare Bill Gates?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Argumentum ad hominem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Argumentum ad hominem inseamna literarmente &quot;atac la persoana&quot;; este de doua feluri:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prima forma este cea abuziva. Daca refuzi sa accepti o afirmatie, si iti justifici refuzul prin critica adusa persoane care a facut afirmatia respectiva, atunci te faci vinovat de argumentum ad hominem abuziv. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Spui ca ateii pot fi morali --cu toate astea tu ti-ai abandonat sotia si copii.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta este o eroare pentru ca adevarul unei declaratii nu depinde de calitatiile persoanei care o face. Un alt argumentum ad hominem ceva mai putin musamalizat este respingerea unei propozitii bazata pe faptul ca a fost declarata de o persoana usor de criticat. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Deci biserica ar trebui desfintata? Hitler si Stalin ar fi fost de acord cu tine.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A doua forma numita argumentum ad hominem circumstantial, apare cand sa incerci sa convingi pe cineva sa accepte afirmatia ta, raportandu-te la circumstantele particulare ale acelei persoane. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Deci este perfect acceptabil sa omori animale pentru hrana. Sper ca nu vei fi impotriva, tinand cont ca esti foarte fericit sa porti incaltaminte din piele.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eroarea, poate aparea cand este folosita ca o scuza pentru a respinge o concluzie particulara. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Bineinteles ca a sustine ca discriminarea pozitiva este un lucru rau. Tu esti alb.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
O forma particulara a argumentum ad hominem, este atunci cand pretinzi ca cineva rationalizeaza o concluzie din motive egoiste, si se mai numeste &quot;otravirea fantanii&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nu este mereu invalid sa faci referre la circumstantele unui individ care sustine ceva. Daca cineva este cunoscut drept mincinos si ca nu-si respecta angajamentele, credibilitatea sa ca martor va fi redusa. Dar in nici un caz nu va demonstra ca marturia sa este falsa in acest caz. Deasemenea nici nu va altera soliditatea unui argument logic pe care il face persoana respectiva.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Argumentum ad ignorantiam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Argumentum ad ignorantiam inseamna &quot;argument prin ignorare&quot;. Eroarea apare atunci cand se sustine ca ceva trebuie sa fie adevarat, simplu pentru ca nu a fost demonstrat a fi fals. Sau, echivalent, cand se sustine ca ceva trebuie sa fie fals simplu pentru ca nu a fost demonstrat a fi corect.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(atentie, acesta nu este la fel cu a presupune ca ceva fals pana la proba contrarie. In fata legii, de exemplu, in general esti nevinovat pana la dovedirea contrariului)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Iata cateva exemple:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Bineinteles ca Biblia este adevarata. Nimeni nu poate demonstra contrariul.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Bineinteles ca telepatia si alte fenomene transcedentale nu exista. Nimeni nu a furnizat vreo dovada ca ele sunt reale.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In investigatia stiintifica, daca se cunoste sigur ca un eveniment are o anumita cauza, absenta cauzei poate fi folosita pentru a deduce ca respectivul eveniment nu a avut loc. Totusi, nu demonstreaza cu certitudine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Un potop precum cel descris in biblie ar cere ca un volum imens de apa sa fie prezent pe pamant. Pamantul nu pare a avea o zecime din apa aceasta, chiar daca tinem cont si de apa sub forma de gheata de la poli. Deci, un astfel de potop nu a avut loc.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Este totusi posibil ca un fenomen necunoscut sa fi dus la disparitia apei. Stiinta atunci ar cere o teorie plauzibila si care sa poate fi testata pentru a explica cum a disparut.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Desigur, istoria stiintei este presarata de predictii logic valide dar gresite. In 1893, Royal Academy of Science au fost convinsi de Sir Robert Ball ca orice comunicare cu planeta Marte este fizic imposibila, pentru ca ar fi nevoie de un steag avand dimensiunile Irlandei, si care ar fi imposibil de fluturat. [Fortean Times Nr 82.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Vezi deasemenea mutarea greutatii dovezilor (&quot;Shifting the Burden of Proof&quot;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Argumentum ad lazarum&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
eroarea presupunerii ca cineva care este sarac este virtuos sau mai bun decat cineva care este mai bogat. Acesta eroare este opusul a Argumentum ad Crumenam. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Calugarii au mai multe sanse sa posede intelegerea scopului vieti, din moment ce au renuntat la distragerile de ordin material.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Argumentum ad logicam&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta este &quot;eroarea eroriii&quot; ce sustine ca o propozitie este falsa pentru ca nu a fost prezentata drept concluzie a unui argument fals. Tine minte insa ca argumentele false pot ajunge la o concluzie adevarata.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Sa luam fractia 16/64. Acum simplificand si sus si jos cu 6 obtinem ca 16/64=1/4.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Stai unpic! Nu poti simplifica cu 6!&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;A da? Imi zici ca 16/64 nu este egal cu 1/4 ?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Argumentum ad misericordiam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta este aplerarea la mila, cunoscut si ca Pledoaria Speciala. Eroarea apare cand cineva apeleaza la mila pentru a face o concluzie sa fie acceptata. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Nu mi-am omorat parintii cu un topor. Va rog sa nu ma gasiti vinovat, si asa sufar destul fiind orfan.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Argumentum ad nauseam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Credinta incorecta ca o declaratie este probabil adevarata, sau este mai probabil sa fie acceptata drept adevarata, daca se aude din ce in ce mai des. Deci argumentum ad nauseam cere repetarea continua in timpul unei declaratii; spunand acelasi lucru din nou si din nou pana te saturi sa auzi acesta.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Argumentum ad novitatem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Opusul Argumentum ad Antiquitatem; este eroarea in a declara ca ceva este mai bun pentru simplul motiv ca este nou, sau mai nou decat altceva.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;BeOS este un sistem de operare mult mai bun decat OpenStep, din moment ce este mai nou.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Argumentum ad numerum&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta eroare este apropiata de argumentum ad populum. Consta in a declara ca o propozitie este corecta in functie de numarul de oameni care o cred sau o sustin (un nr mai mare de oameni creste sansele ca propozitia sa fie corecta). De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Marea majoritatea a locuitorilor acestui stat cred ca pedeapsa capitala are un efect preventiv vizibil. A sugera ca nu are in fata acestei dovezi este ridicol.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Tot ce pot sa spun este ca mii de oameni cred in puterea piramidelor, deci trebuie sa fie ceva.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Argumentum ad populum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta este cunoscut ca Apelare la Audienta sau apelare la oameni. Eroarea apare daca incerci sa castigi acceptabilitate pentru declaratia ta apleland la un grup mare de oameni. Acest tip de eroare este deseori caracaterizata de limbajul emotiv. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Pornografia trebuie interzisa. Este violenta impotriva femeilor.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Mii de ani oamenii au crezut in Isus si in Biblie. Acesta creditnta a avut un mare impact asupra vietii lor. Ce alte dovezi mai vrei ca Isus a fost Fiul lui Dumnezeu ? O sa spui tu acestor oameni ca sunt prosti si ca s-au inselat?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Argumentum ad verecundiam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apelul la autoritate foloseste admiratia fata de o persoana faimoasa pentru a castiga sustinerea unei declaratii. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Isac Newton a fost un geniu si el credea in Dumnezeu.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Linia acestui argument nu este intotdeauna una inchipuita, atunci cand se foloseste intr-un argument introductiv; de exemplu, ar putea fi relevanta referirea la o autoritate considerabila, intr-un domeniu particular. De exemplu, putem distinge clar intre:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Hawking a conchis ca gaurile negre emit radiatii&quot;. si &quot;Penrose a conchis ca este imposibil sa construiesti un computer inteligent.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hawking este fizician, astfel incat ne asteptam ca opiniile sale despre gaurile negre sa fie bine informate. Penrose este matematician, astfel incat este discutabil daca este calificat sa vorbeasca despre inteligenta masinilor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Audiatur et altera pars&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
De multe ori oamenii discuta aprins de la presupuneri (prezumtii) pe care nu se mai obosesc sa le specifice. Principiul Audiatur et Altera Pars spune ca toate premizele unui argument ar trebui specificate. Nu este strict o eroare daca nu specifici toate premizele, dar afirmatia ta va fi vazuta cu suspiciune.&lt;br /&gt;
Bifurcarea&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cunoscuta si ca eroarea &quot;alb sau negru&quot; sau &quot;falsa dicotomie&quot;, bifurcarea apare cand cineva incerca sa prezinte o situatie avand numai doua alternative, cand de fapt, alte alternative exista sau pot exista. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Fie omul a fost creat, dupa cum ne spune Biblia, fie a evoluat din elemente chimice neinsufletie prin-o intamplare aleatorie, dupa cum ne spun oamenii de stiinta. Ultima versiune este incredibil de improbabila, asa ca...&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Circulus in demonstrando&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta eroare apare daca presupui concluzia la care vrei sa ajungi. De multe ori, propozitia este reformulata astfel incat eroarea pare a fi un argument valid. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Homosexualii nu trebuie lasati sa obtina posturi in guvern. Deci, orice oficial guvernamental descoperit a fi homosexual isi va pierde postul. Pentru acest motiv, homosexualii vor face orice pentru a-si pastra secretul, si vor putea fi santajati. De aceea homosexualii nu pot detine posturi guvernamentale.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Observam ca acest argument este in intregime unul circular. Premizele sunt acelasi lucru ca si concluziile. Un argument precum cel de mai sus a fost citat ca motiv pentru Serviciile Secrete Britanice de a interzice angajati homosexuali.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Argumentele circulare sunt surprinzator de comune din pacate. O data ce ai ajuns deja la o concluzie pariculara, este usor sa o faci, in mod accidental, o simpla afirmatie, incercand sa explici cuiva rationamentul tau.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Intrebarea Complexa / Eroarea Interogarii / Eroarea presupunerii&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta este forma interogativa a Cersirii Intrebarii. Un exemplu clasic este intrebarea cu incarcatura:&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Ai incetat sa-ti mai bati nevasta?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Intrebarea presupune un raspuns precis la o alta intrebare care nici macar nu a fost pusa. Acest truc este folosit frecvent de avocati in examinarea incrucisata, punand intrebari de genul:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Unde asunzi banii pe care i-ai furat?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Similar, politicienii pun astfel de intrebari incarcate precum:&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Cat timp va fi lasata sa continue acest amestec a UE in treburile noastre interne?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
sau&lt;br /&gt;
&quot; Planuieste primul ministru inca doi ani de privatizare distrugatoare?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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O alta forma a acestei erori este sa ceri o explicatie a ceva ce nu este adevarat sau care inca nu s-a stabilit.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Eroarea compozitiei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
eroarea compozitiei consta in a conchide ca o proprietate comuna ale unor chestiuni individuale, este intalnita si la o colectie a acelor chestiuni; sau ca o proprietate a unei parti al unui obiect, trebuie sa fie o prorietate a intregului obiect. Exemple:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Bicicleta este constituita in intregime din componente cu masa redusa, inseamna deci ca are masa foarte mica&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;O masina foloseste mai putin carburant si polueaza mai putin decat un autobuz. Deci masinile sunt mai putin distrugatoare pentru mediu decat autobuzele.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Eroarea prin accident convers / Generalizare in graba (&quot;Converse accident / Hasty generalization&quot;)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Este inversul Erorii Accidentului. Apare atunci cand se formeaza o regula generala examinand numai cateva cazuri specifice care nu sunt reprezentative pentru toate cazurile posibile. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Jim Backer a fost un crestin nesincer. Deci toti crestinii sunt nesinceri.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Transformarea conditionalului (&quot;Converting a conditional&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta este un argument de forma &quot;Daca A atunci B, astfel daca B atunci A&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Daca standardele educationale sunt coborate, calitatea dezbaterilor de pe internet va scadea. Astfel, daca observam ca va scadea calitatea dezbaterilor de pe internet in urmatorii ani, vom sti ca standardele noastre educationale inca scad.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta eroare este similara cu Afirmatia Consecventei, dar rearanjata ca o afirmatie conditionala.&lt;br /&gt;
Cum hoc ergo propter hoc&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta eroare este similara cu post hoc ergo propter hoc. Ea consta in a presupunera ca daca doua evenimente au loc impreuna, ele sunt legate cauzal. Este o eroarea pentru ca ignora alti factori care ar pute fi cauza (cauzele) evenimentului (evenimentelor).&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Cultura cartilor a scazut continuu de la aparitia televiziunii. Evident televiziunea impiedica invatatul.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Acesta eroare este un caz particular al mai generalei non causa pro causa.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Negarea antecedentului (&quot;Denial of the antecedent&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta eroare este un argument de forma &quot;A presupune ca B, A este fals, deci B este fals.&quot; Tabelul adevarului arata clar de ce acesta este o eroare.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Obsevam ca acesta eroare este diferita de non causa pro causa. Ea are forma &quot;A presupune ca B, A este fals, deci B este fals&quot; unde A nu presupune de fapt B. Aici problema nu este daca presupunerea (implicarea) este invalida; mai degraba este ca, desi A este fals nu putem deduce nimic despre B.&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Daca Dumnezeu din Biblie mi s-ar arata mie personal, asta va arata ca sigur crestinismul este corect. Dar Dumnezeu nu mi s-a aratat mie, deci Biblia este o nascocire.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Acesta este contrarul erorii Afirmatiei Consecventei.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Eroarea accidentului (&quot;fallacy of accident&quot;) / Parcurgerea generala (&quot;sweeping generalization&quot;) / Dicto simpliciter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eroarea apare atunci cand o regula generala este aplicata unei situatii particulare, dar aspecte ale situatiei particulare fac acesta regula neaplicabila. Este eroarea facuta cand treci de la general la specific. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Crestinii in general nu-i plac pe atei. Tu esti crestin, deci nu-ti plac ateii&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
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Acesta eroare este in general comisa de oamenii care incearca sa decida aspecte morale si legale aplicand mecanic cateva reguli generale.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Eroarea divizarii&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eroarea divizarii este opusul erorii compozitiei. Ea presupune ca o proprietate a unui obiect trebuie sa se aplice partilor componente; sau ca o proprietate a unei colectii de obiecte este regasita la fiecare din obiectele componente.&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Studiezi la o scoala scumpa. Inseamna ca esti bogat.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Furnicile pot distruge un copac. Atunci aceasta furnica poate distruge un copac.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Vorbire echivoca (&quot;equivocation&quot;) / Eroarea a patru termeni&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta apare atunci cand un cuvant cheie este folosit avand doua sau mai multe semnificatii in cadrul aceluiasi argument. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Ce poti sa-ti permiti mai mult decat software gratuit? Dar pentru a ne asigura ca ramane gratuit, ca utilizatorii pot face ce vor cu el, trebuie sa-i aplicam o licenta pentru a ne asigura ca va putea fi redistribuit gratuit mereu.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
O metoda prin care se poate evita acesta eroare este ca inainte sa incepi argumentul sa-ti alegi terminologia cu grija, si sa eviti termeni precum &quot;gratuit&quot; care are semnificatii multiple.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Asemanarea exitinsa (&quot;extended analogy&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eroarea asemanarii extinse apare frecvent cand cineva sugereaza ca se dezbate o regula generala. Ea consta in presupunerea ca mentionarea a doua situatii diferite, intr-un argument despre o regula generala, constituie o afirmare ca acele situaltii sunt analoage intre ele.&lt;br /&gt;
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Iata un exemplu real dintr-o dezbatere online despre legislatia anti-criptografica.&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Cred ca este intotdeauna gresit sa te opui legii incalcand-o.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;O astfel de pozitie este odioasa: ea implica ca tu nu l-ai fi sustinut pe Martin Luther King.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Spui ca legislatia cu privire la criptografie este la fel de importanta precum lupta pentru libertatea afro-americanilor ? Cum indraznesti !&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Ignoratio elenchi / Concluzie irelevanta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eroarea cocncluziei irelevante consta in a afirma ca un argument sustine o concluzie particulara cand de fapt nu are nimic logic legat de concluzia respectiva.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
De exemplu, un crestin ar putea sa spuna ca el va argumenta ca invataturile crestinismului sunt fara indoiala adevarate. Daca incepe apoi sa argumenteaze pe larg ca prin crestinism multi oameni au fost ajutati, indiferent cum argumenteaza el nu va arata ca invataturile crestine sunt adevarate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Din pacate, aceste tipuri de argumente irelevante au de multe ori succes, pentru ca ele fac oamenii sa vada respectiva concluzie intr-o lumina favorabila.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Eroarea legii naturale / Apelul la natura&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Apelul la natura o eroare comuna in dezbaterile politice. Versiunea unuia consta in a schita o analogie intre o concluzie particulara, si un alt aspect al lumii naturale -- si apoi sustinerea ca respectiva concluzie este inevitabila, pentru ca in lumea naturala este aceasi situatie.&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Lumea naturala este caracterizata de competitie; animalele se lupta intre ele pentru a a fi stapanii unor resurse naturale. Capitalismul, lupta competitiva pentru a stapani capital, este simplu o parte inevitabila a naturii umane. Acestea sunt legile naturii.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
O alta forma de apel la natura este sustinearea ca, din cauza faptului ca oamenii sunt produsele lumii naturale, trebuie sa imitam comportamentul vazut in lumea naturala, si orice alt comportament este &#39;nenatural&#39;.&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Bineinteles ca homosexualitatea este gresita. Cand ai vazut doua animale de acelasi sex care se imperecheaza?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Robert Anton Wilson se ocupa cu acesta eroare pe larg in cartea sa &quot;Natural Law&quot;. Un exemplu recent de &quot;Apel la natura&quot; dus la extrema este The Unabomber Manifesto.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&quot;Nici un scotian adevarat...&quot; (&quot;No true Scotsman...&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sa presupunem ca eu declar ca nici un scotian nu pune zahar in porrdrige (o bautura de ovaz). Tu te opui spunand ca prietenului tau tau Agnus ii place cu zahar. Apoi eu spun &quot;Ah, da, dar nici un scotian adevarat nu pune zahar in porrdrige.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta este un fel de ad hoc schimbat folosit pentru a ancora o declaratie, si combinat cu incercarea de a schimbarea a sensului afirmatiei. Se poate numi o combinatie de erori...&lt;br /&gt;
Non causa pro causa&lt;br /&gt;
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Apare cand ceva este identificat ca fiind cauza unui eveniment, dar nu a fost aratat a fi cauza acelui eveniment. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Am luat o aspirina si m-am rugat Domnului, si durerea mea de cap a disparut. Deci Dumnezeu m-a vindecat de durecea mea de cap&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
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Acesta este cunoscuta ca eroarea cauzei false. Doua forme particulare ale non causa pro causa sunt cum hoc ergo propter hoc si post hoc ergo propter hoc.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Non sequitur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Este un argument care isi are premizele fara o legatura logica cu acel argument. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Din moment ce egiptenii au facut atatea sapaturi pentru a construi piramidele, erau versati in paleontologie&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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(Non sequitur sunt ingrediente importante in multe anecdote. Cu toate astea reprezinta erori.)&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Petitio principii / Cersirea unei intrebari&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apare cand premizele sunt cel putin la fel de indoielnice precum concluzia la care au dus. Tipic, premizele unui argument presupun implicit rezultatul pe care argumentul incearca sa-l demostreze, intr-o forma unpic deghizata. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Biblia este cuvantul Domnului. Cuvantul Domnului nu poate fi pus la indoila, si in Biblie se spune ca Biblia este adevarata. Deci Biblia trebuie sa fie adevarata.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Cersirea intrebarii este asemanatoare cu circulus in demonstrando, unde concluzia este acceasi cu premizele.&lt;br /&gt;
Plurium interrogationum / Multe intrebari&lt;br /&gt;
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Acesta eroare apare atunci cand cineva cere un raspuns simplu (simplist) la o intrebare complexa.&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Sunt taxele mari un impediment pentru afaceri? Da sau nu?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Post hoc ergo propter hoc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Apare atunci cand se presupune ca ceva este cauza unui eveniment numai pentru faptul ca a avut loc inaintea respectivului eveniment. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Uniunea Sovietica s-a prabusit dupa instaurarea ateismului. Inseamna ca trebuie sa evitam ateismul pentru aceleasi motive.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Un alt tip este eroarea cauzei false.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Abaterea de la subiect (&quot;Red herring&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Acesta eroare este comisa cand cineva introduce material irelevant pentru discutia respectiva, astfel incat atentia tututor este distrasa de la aspectele respective, spre o concluzie diferita.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Poti sa spui ca pedeapsa cu moartea este metoda preventiva ineficienta impotriva crimei --dar cum ramane cu victimile crimei? Cum crezi tu ca membrii familiei victimei simt cand vad ca cel care le-a omorat fiul va fi tinut in inchisoare pe cheltuiala lor? Este corect ca ei sa plateasca ca ucigasul fiului lor sa fie hranit si sa aiba acoperis? &quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Convertirea (&quot;reification&quot;) / Hipnotizarea (&quot;hypostatization&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Apare cand un concept abstract este tratat ca fiind un lucru concret.&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Am observat ca il descrii ca fiind &#39;rau&#39;. Unde se intalneste acest &#39;rau&#39; in creierul tau ? Nu poti sa mi-l arati, deci eu sustin ca nu exista, si nici un om nu este &#39;rau&#39; .&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mutarea raspunderii dovezilor (&quot;shifting the burden of proof&quot;)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Raspunderea dovezilor cade intotdeauna pe umerii celui care declara ceva. Mutarea raspunderii dovezilor, un caz particular al Argumentum ad Ignorantiam este eroarea de a pune responsabilitatea gasirii dovezilor in spatele persoanei care contesta declaratia. Sursa acestei erori este presupunerea ca ceva este adevarat pana la dovedirea contrariului.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pentru mai multe discutii despre acesta idee vezi documentul Introduction to atheism&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;OK, daca crezi ca extraterestii mici si verzi nu controleaza guvernul, poti s-o demonstrezi?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Panta alunecoasa (&quot;the slippery slope argument&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acesta sustine ca daca un singur eveniment se va intampla vreodata, se vor desfasura si alte evenimente daunatoare, Desi nu exista dovezi ca evenimentele daunatoare sunt cauzate de primul eveniment. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Daca legalizam marijuana, atunci mai multi oameni voi incepe sa ia heroina si cocaina, si apoi va trebui sa le legalizam si pe acestea. In scurt timp vom avea o natiune de drogati ce traiesc din ajutorul social. Deci nu putem legaliza marihuana.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Omul Slab (&quot;straw man&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Eroarea apare cand pozitia cuiva este interpretata gresit astfel incat sa poata fi atacata mai usor, apoi se demoleaza respectiva interpretare gresita si in final se conchide ca pozitia originala a fost demolata. Este o eroare pentru ca de fapt nu reuseste sa fie legata de argumentele concrete care s-au facut.&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;A fi ateu, ar trebui sa crezi fara nici un dubiu ca nu exista Dumnezeu. Si pentru a te convinge, ar trebui sa examinezi intreg universul si toate locatiile unde Dumnezeu ar putea fi. Din moment ce n-ai facut-o, pozitia ta este imposibil de aparat.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Argumentul omului slab prezentat mai sus apare pe internet odata pe saptamana. Daca nu vezi care este care este problema cu el, citeste mai multe in documentul &quot;Introduction to Atheism&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Tu quoque&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Acesta este renumita eroare &quot;si tu&quot;. Apare cand susti ca o actiune este acceptabila pentru ca oponentul tau a indeplinit-o. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Abuzezi la intamplare.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Asa? Ai fost si abuziv deasemeanea.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Este un atac la persoana, un caz particular al Argumentum ad Hominem.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Eroarea nedistribuirii mijlocului (&quot;Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle&quot;) / Erori &quot;A se bazeaza pe B&quot; / Erori &quot;...este un fel de ...&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Acestea apar atunci cand incerci sa argumentezi ca lucrurile sunt intr-un fel similare, dar nu specifici in ce fel sunt similare. Exemple:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Nu este istoria bazata pe credinta? Daca este asa, nu este Biblia deasemenea o forma de istorie? &quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Islamul se bazeaza pe credinta, Crestinismul se bazeaza pe credinta, deci nu este Islamul o forma a Crestinismului?&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Pisicile sunt niste animale bazate pe chimia carbonului, cainii sunt animale bazate pe chimia carbonului, deci nu sunt cainii un fel de pisici?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/11/lista-de-erori-logice-2.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-2511427869960887095</guid><pubDate>Thu, 04 Nov 2010 16:38:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-11-04T18:38:49.635+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Logică</category><title>Ghid de... logică: Argumente deductive şi Argumente nedeductive</title><description>În &lt;b&gt;argumentele deductive&lt;/b&gt;, concluzia decurge cu &lt;b&gt;necesitate&lt;/b&gt; din premise. Ele pot fi recunoscute după cuvintele cheie: desigur, absolut, de necontestat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
În &lt;b&gt;argumentele nedeductive&lt;/b&gt;, concluzia decurge în mod &lt;b&gt;probabil&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;din premise. (Ex.: Sunt urme de pantofi de mărimea 42 pe podea. Alex poartă mărimea 42 la pantofi. Prin urmare, probabil că Alex a trecut prin cameră.) Ele pot fi recunoscute după cuvintele: improbabil, plauzibil, probabil, destul de probabil.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Argumentele matematice sunt &lt;b&gt;deductive. &lt;/b&gt;Excepţie fac argumentele statistice.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Argumentele din definiţie sunt &lt;b&gt;deductive. &lt;/b&gt;(Ex.: Animalul din faţa noastră este mic, are părul sur, este din familia calului şi mai mic decât acesta, şi este folosit ca animal de tracţiune şi povară. Prin urmare, este un măgar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Argumentele deductive &lt;/b&gt;se împart în două categorii:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;valide&lt;/b&gt;: dacă premisele sunt adevărate, atunci şi concluzia este adevărată.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;nevalide&lt;/b&gt;: este posibil ca premisele să fie adevărate, dar concluzia să fie falsă.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;Despre un argument care este &lt;b&gt;valid&lt;/b&gt; şi are &lt;b&gt;premisele adevărate&lt;/b&gt; se spune că este un&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;argument concludent&lt;/b&gt;. Dacă &lt;b&gt;cel puţin una&lt;/b&gt; din aceste două condiţii &lt;b&gt;nu&lt;/b&gt; este îndeplinită,&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;argumentul&lt;/b&gt; respectiv este &lt;b&gt;neconcludent&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Argumentele nedeductive&lt;/b&gt; pot fi:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;tari;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;slabe.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;Un &lt;b&gt;argument tare&lt;/b&gt; este un argument nedeductiv în care, dacă &lt;b&gt;premisele sunt&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;adevărate&lt;/b&gt;, atunci &lt;b&gt;concluzia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;este cu&lt;b&gt; mare probabilitate adevărată&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Un &lt;b&gt;argument slab&lt;/b&gt; este un argument nedeductiv în care, dacă &lt;b&gt;premisele sunt adevărate&lt;/b&gt;,&amp;nbsp;atunci &lt;b&gt;concluzia&lt;/b&gt; este cu o &lt;b&gt;mică probabilitate adevărată&lt;/b&gt;, sau chiar &lt;b&gt;probabil falsă&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Argumentele nedeductive&lt;/b&gt; admit &lt;b&gt;grade de validitate&lt;/b&gt;, pe cînd cele&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;deductive&lt;/b&gt; nu pot decît să fie &lt;b&gt;valide sau nevalide&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Despre un &lt;b&gt;argument nedeductiv&lt;/b&gt; care este &lt;b&gt;tare&lt;/b&gt; şi are &lt;b&gt;premisele adevărate&lt;/b&gt; se spune că&amp;nbsp;este un &lt;b&gt;argument confirmator&lt;/b&gt;. Dacă &lt;b&gt;cel puţin una&lt;/b&gt; din aceste două condiţii &lt;b&gt;nu este îndeplinită&lt;/b&gt;,&amp;nbsp;atunci &lt;b&gt;argumentul&lt;/b&gt; respectiv este &lt;b&gt;neconfirmator&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Argumentele deductive valide şi cele nedeductive tari se numesc &lt;b&gt;argumente logice&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;corecte&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Argumentele deductive nevalide şi cele nedeductive slabe se numesc &lt;b&gt;argumente&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;logice incorecte&lt;/b&gt;.</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/11/ghid-de-logica-argumente-deductive-si.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>5</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-9108824872426015262</guid><pubDate>Sun, 17 Oct 2010 20:18:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-11-11T01:02:52.769+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Muzică</category><title>Loudness war</title><description>Aţi observat vreodată la melodiile &quot;moderne&quot; diferenţele de volum dintre sunete? Ca de exemplu, dintre toba de bass şi snare, sau dintre bass şi percuţie? &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ei bine, diferitele tehnici care pot îmbunătăţi nivelul de&amp;nbsp;tărie sonoră&amp;nbsp;a melodiei sunt obţinute prin masterizare şi egalizare (egalizarea se referă la modificarea statică a volumului unor anumite frecvenţe, pe când masterizarea la modificarea dinamică şi automată).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Există chiar şi un aşa numit &quot;război al loudness-ului&quot;, ce reprezintă aparent o competiţie pentru masterizarea digitală şi pentru înregistrarea melodiilor cu un nivel real cât mai ridicat al volumului. Mai multe detalii găsiţi pe: &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudness_war&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudness_war&lt;/a&gt;.</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/10/loudness-war.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-6706722233498386786</guid><pubDate>Wed, 13 Oct 2010 18:01:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-04-16T18:32:44.540+03:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Logică</category><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">România</category><title>Regulile polemicii civilizate</title><description>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Regulile unei dezbateri&lt;/h3&gt;
Un aspect pe care nu se pune accent in scoala este cum trebuie sa se desfasoare o dezbatere civilizata. Romanii, ca orice popor din Europa de Est, sunt experti in a argumenta pro şi contra, dar parca de prea putine ori o fac si in marginile impuse de bunul simt.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
REGULILE POLEMICII CIVILIZATE&amp;nbsp;stabilite de Universitatea din Oxford în 1890&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
În orice polemică ştiinţifică, socială sau politică, discuţia trebuie să se rezume la schimbul de idei şi numai la acele idei care au contingenţă cu problema respectivă.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
Părţile aflate în polemică folosesc drept argument fie teorii ştiinţifice, fie fapte concrete din realitate care sunt relevante în ceea ce priveşte problema discutată.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
Părţile nu au dreptul să aducă în discuţie caracterul, temperamentul sau trecutul adversarului, deoarece acestea nici nu infirmă, nici nu confirmă validitatea ideilor pe care le susţine.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
Părtile nu au dreptul să pună în discuţie motivele care determină atitudinea ideatică a adversarului, deoarece se abate discuţia de la problema în sine.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
Etichetarea adversarului prin menţionarea şcolii de gândire, clasei sociale, organizaţiei profesionale sau partidului politic din care acesta face parte constituie o încălcare a regulilor polemicii şi dezvăluie slăbiciunea lipsei de argumente.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
Într-o polemică civilizată contează numai argumentele invocate de adversar ca persoană şi nu ca membru al unei şcoli sau organizaţii. Nu ai dreptate pentru că eşti gânditor materialist, patron sau laburist, ci numai dacă argumentele tale sunt convingătoare sau nu.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;
Ce trebuie sa intelegem de aici?&lt;/h3&gt;
O polemica are limite. Limitele ar trebui, intotdeauna, sa fie la trecerea de la subiectul discutiei la persoanele implicate in discutie. Chiar daca un atac la persoana poate convinge audienta mai bine, el este in sine un mijloc incorect de a ne sustine punctul de vedere, si in alt context, cu alta audienta, ar putea sa nu mai aiba aceeasi forta de convingere.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[1]&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.generatiaeuropeana.ro/home/article/ro/conduita/CARE_SUNT_REGULILE_DEZBATERII.html&quot;&gt;http://www.generatiaeuropeana.ro/home/article/ro/conduita/CARE_SUNT_REGULILE_DEZBATERII.html&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/10/regulile-polemicii-civilizate.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-3169107235431901528</guid><pubDate>Mon, 23 Aug 2010 19:29:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-11-11T18:51:14.449+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Inginerie</category><title>Şase lucruri pe care să nu le faci la calculator, în timp ce lucrezi</title><description>Şase lucruri pe care aproape toată lumea le face totuşi:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://castigatimp.com/articole/6-lucruri-care-iti-mananca-eficienta-la-calculator/&quot;&gt;http://castigatimp.com/articole/6-lucruri-care-iti-mananca-eficienta-la-calculator/&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/08/sase-lucruri-pe-care-sa-nu-le-faci-la.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-5190694215017916528</guid><pubDate>Thu, 19 Aug 2010 21:18:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-04-16T18:35:17.090+03:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Inginerie</category><title>Utilitare pentru depanarea laptop-ului</title><description>O modalitate foarte eficienta de a tine la indemana utilitare importante la depanarea calculatorului este arderea lui Hiren&#39;s BootCD pe un disc. Discul este boot-abil si permite accesul la utilitare printr-o interfata grafica simpla si la obiect.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;De-asemenea, exista si varianta de stick boot-abil, care probabil este mult mai eficienta in zilele noastre:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://laptopulmeu.net/2010/hirens-bootcd-windows-repair-stick-usb/&quot;&gt;http://laptopulmeu.net/2010/hirens-bootcd-windows-repair-stick-usb/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Enjoy!</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/08/utilitare-pentru-depanarea-laptopului.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-6372717636340903590</guid><pubDate>Mon, 16 Aug 2010 18:41:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-11-10T23:38:46.982+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Funny</category><title>Maşina de spălat...</title><description>Nenea de mai jos a aplicat un test extrem de dur unei maşini de spălat, într-un scop pe care un inginer l-ar numi &quot;un test de fiabilitate&quot;. De observat este că maşina nu s-a oprit imediat când a început să o ia razna (cum ar fi făcut oare într-un spaţiu închis? hmmm...)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;embed allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; allowscriptaccess=&quot;always&quot; height=&quot;366&quot; src=&quot;http://www.220.ro/emb/tYyEiaUZB9&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; width=&quot;450&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;small&gt;Vezi mai multe din &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.220.ro/faze-tari/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Faze tari&lt;/a&gt; pe &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.220.ro/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;220.ro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/08/masina-de-spalat.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-3142292812495841498</guid><pubDate>Mon, 16 Aug 2010 18:40:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-11-11T20:30:32.762+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Funny</category><title>George Carlin</title><description>George Carlin a fost, este şi va fi (alături de Bill Hicks, Eddie Izzard şi Jimmy Carr) unul dintre cei mai îndrăgiţi comedianţi de stand-up. Întâlnirea mea cu el a fost accidentală (am citit pe blogul lui Teo de la Cafe Deko despre moartea acestuia: &lt;a href=&quot;http://bloguluteo.wordpress.com/2008/06/23/rip-george-carlin/&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://bloguluteo.wordpress.com/2008/06/23/rip-george-carlin/&quot;&gt;http://bloguluteo.wordpress.com/2008/06/23/rip-george-carlin/&lt;/a&gt;). Vă invit să vizionaţi câteva minute din momentele absolut geniale ale lui:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;embed allowfullscreen=&quot;true&quot; allowscriptaccess=&quot;always&quot; height=&quot;366&quot; src=&quot;http://www.220.ro/emb/VgYHrk4nKM&quot; type=&quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&quot; width=&quot;450&quot;&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;small&gt;Vezi mai multe din &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.220.ro/funny/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Funny&lt;/a&gt; pe &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.220.ro/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;220.ro&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/small&gt;</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/08/george-carlin.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-1493156762588617819</guid><pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2010 13:33:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-08-15T16:33:46.657+03:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Muzică</category><title>Groovy!</title><description>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0e4l5Cf-rI&amp;amp;p=7FEFAAA3B28C7C0B&amp;amp;playnext=1&quot;&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0e4l5Cf-rI&amp;amp;p=7FEFAAA3B28C7C0B&amp;amp;playnext=1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Enjoy!</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/08/groovy.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-2826832724309156679</guid><pubDate>Sun, 01 Aug 2010 15:40:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-08-01T18:40:44.492+03:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">România</category><title>Cod rutier biciclişti</title><description>&lt;b&gt;Cod rutier pentru biciclisti &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Conditiile tehnice minime pe care trebuie sa le indeplineasca bicicletele, mopedele, vehiculele cu tractiune animala si cele trase sau impinse cu mana &lt;br /&gt;
Art. 14. - In circulatia pe drumurile publice bicicleta trebuie sa fie: &lt;br /&gt;
a) prevazuta cu dispozitiv de franare eficace; &lt;br /&gt;
b) prevazuta cu un sistem adecvat, functional, de directie; &lt;br /&gt;
c) dotata cu sistem de avertizare sonora; se interzic echiparea si folosirea sistemelor de avertizare sonora specifice autovehiculelor; &lt;br /&gt;
d) echipata in fata cu lumina de culoare alba sau galbena, iar in spate cu lumina de culoare rosie si cu cel putin un dispozitiv fluorescent-reflectorizant, vizibil, de aceeasi culoare; &lt;br /&gt;
e) echipata cu elemente sau dispozitive care, in miscare, formeaza un cerc continuu, fluorescent- reflectorizante de culoare portocalie fixate pe spitele rotilor. &lt;br /&gt;
Art. 15. - Remorca atasata unei biciclete trebuie sa fie echipata, in partea din spate, cu un dispozitiv fluorescent- reflectorizant de culoare rosie, iar daca lumina din spate a bicicletei este obturata de remorca, aceasta trebuie sa fie echipata si cu o lumina de culoare rosie. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Utilizarea partii carosabile &lt;br /&gt;
Art. 100. - Vehiculele trebuie conduse numai pe drumurile, partile carosabile, benzile sau pistele stabilite pentru categoria din care fac parte. In cazul in care pe drumurile publice nu sunt amenajate benzi sau piste speciale pentru mopede, biciclete si celelalte vehicule fara motor, acestea pot fi conduse si pe acostament in sensul de mers, daca circulatia se poate face fara pericol. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Art. 142. - Se interzice oprirea voluntara a vehiculelor: &lt;br /&gt;
k) pe pistele obligatorii pentru pietoni si/sau biciclisti ori pe benzile rezervate unor anumite categorii de vehicule, semnalizate ca atare; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Reguli pentru alti participanti la trafic &lt;br /&gt;
1. Circulatia bicicletelor si a mopedelor &lt;br /&gt;
Art. 160. + (1) Bicicletele si mopedele, atunci cand circula pe drumul public, trebuie conduse numai pe un singur rand. &lt;br /&gt;
(2) Persoanele care nu poseda permis de conducere pot conduce mopede pe drumurile publice numai daca fac dovada ca au absolvit un curs de legislatie rutiera in cadrul unei unitati autorizate de pregatire a conducatorilor de autovehicule. &lt;br /&gt;
(3) Daca pe directia de deplasare exista o pista pentru biciclete, semnalizata ca atare, conducatorii vehiculelor prevazute la alin. (1) sunt obligati sa circule numai pe aceasta pista. Se interzice circulatia altor participanti la trafic pe pista pentru biciclete. &lt;br /&gt;
(4) Se recomanda ca, in circulatia pe drumurile publice, biciclistul sa poarte casca de protectie omologata. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Art. 161. - (1) Se interzice conducatorilor de biciclete sau de mopede: &lt;br /&gt;
a) sa circule pe sectoarele de drum semnalizate cu indicatorul avand semnificatia &quot;Accesul interzis bicicletelor&quot; ; &lt;br /&gt;
b) sa invete sa conduca biciclete sau mopede pe drumurile intens circulate; &lt;br /&gt;
c) sa circule pe trotuare, cu exceptia cazului cand pe acestea sunt amenajate piste speciale destinate lor; &lt;br /&gt;
d) sa circule fara a tine cel putin o mana pe ghidon si ambele picioare pe pedale; &lt;br /&gt;
e) sa circule in paralel, cu exceptia situatiilor cand participa la competitii sportive organizate; &lt;br /&gt;
f) sa circule in timp ce se afla sub influenta alcoolului, a produselor ori substantelor stupefiante sau a medicamentelor cu efecte similare acestora; &lt;br /&gt;
g) sa se tina de un vehicul aflat in mers ori sa fie remorcat de un alt vehicul sau impins ori tras de o persoana aflata intr-un vehicul; &lt;br /&gt;
h) sa transporte o alta persoana, cu exceptia copilului pana la 7 ani, numai daca vehiculul are montat in fata un suport special, precum si a situatiei cand vehiculul este construit si/sau echipat special pentru transportul altor persoane; &lt;br /&gt;
i) sa circule pe partea carosabila in aceeasi directie de mers, daca exista o cale laterala, o poteca sau un acostament practicabil, ce poate fi folosit; &lt;br /&gt;
j) sa transporte sau sa traga orice fel de obiecte care, prin volumul ori greutatea lor, stanjenesc sau pericliteaza conducerea vehiculului ori circulatia celorlalti participanti la trafic; &lt;br /&gt;
k) sa circule pe aleile din parcuri sau din gradini publice, cu exceptia cazurilor cand nu stanjenesc circulatia pietonilor; &lt;br /&gt;
l) sa circule pe timp de noapte sau cand vizibilitatea este redusa, fara sa indeplineasca conditiile prevazute la art. 14 si 16; &lt;br /&gt;
m) sa circule atunci cand partea carosabila este acoperita cu polei, gheata sau zapada; &lt;br /&gt;
n) sa circule cu defectiuni tehnice la sistemele de franare sau cu un vehicul care nu este prevazut cu avertizor sonor; &lt;br /&gt;
o) sa traverseze drumurile publice, pe trecerile destinate pietonilor, in timp ce se deplaseaza pe bicicleta sau pe moped; &lt;br /&gt;
p) sa circule pe alte benzi decat cea de langa bordura sau acostament, cu exceptia cazurilor in care, inainte de intersectie, trebuie sa se incadreze regulamentar pentru efectuarea virajului la stanga; &lt;br /&gt;
r) sa circule fara a purta imbracaminte cu elemente fluorescent-reflectorizante, de la lasarea serii pana in zorii zilei sau atunci cand vizibilitatea este redusa; &lt;br /&gt;
s) sa conduca vehiculul fara a mentine contactul rotilor cu solul. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(2) Pe timpul circulatiei pe drumurile publice, conducatorii de biciclete sunt obligati sa aiba asupra lor actul de identitate, iar conducatorii de mopede sunt obligati sa aiba, in plus, certificatul de absolvire a cursurilor de legislatie rutiera si certificatul de inregistrare a vehiculului.</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/08/cod-rutier-biciclisti.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-6868868229455432680</guid><pubDate>Tue, 27 Jul 2010 22:18:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-04-16T18:37:57.363+03:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Inginerie</category><title>Spread my Files</title><description>Un site interesant, care urca simultan fisierul dorit pe o multime de servere de file sharing:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
RapidShare MegaUpload EasyShare DepositFiles ZShare FileFactory TurboBit SendSpace MegaShare Badongo NetLoad Loadto Uploadedto Zippyshare HotFileFile Frontifileit UploadBox Extabit Fileserve Freakshare Sharingmatrix 2Shared Tenupload&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ofera posibilitatea unui backup pentru fişierul urcat. Ca exemplu, daca rapidshare sterge fisierul dupa 30 de zile, dar ofera viteza mai mare de transfer decat easyshare, iar easyshare sterge fişierul de-abia dupa 60 de zile, poti folosi rapidshare in primele 30 de zile, iar in urmatoarele 30 easyshare.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.spreadmyfiles.com/&quot;&gt;http://www.spreadmyfiles.com/&lt;/a&gt;</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/07/spread-my-files.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-8348398339582794856</guid><pubDate>Tue, 27 Jul 2010 15:23:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-07-09T00:53:06.529+03:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Inginerie</category><title>Recondiţionare Pegas</title><description>Listă componente:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;lanţ 89 zale;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;2 * anvelope 20x1.75;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;2 * camere 20x1.75;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;şa (femeie);&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;şufă frână faţă + protecţie;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;2 * saboţi frână;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;pompă cap auto;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;claxon;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
Total: 128 RON + 30 RON (vopsit într-o vopsitorie auto).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Împreună cu tatăl meu am demontat şi apoi remontat toate piesele (cadrul a trebuit dus la curăţat şi vopsit.. din păcate, &quot;meseriaşul&quot; doar a vopsit). Partea de ungere a componentelor a făcut-o mama mea (dat cu vaselină rulmenţii din butucul de la pedale, şters cu alcool izopropilic zonele de contact metalic).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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(toate piesele au fost cumpărate din bazar... din păcate, camera pe spate se dezumflă după câteva ore. Trebuie înlocuită :D)</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/07/restaurare-pegas.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4133/4834666486_4bbce316e4_t.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5511244985047336302.post-1429119021777426418</guid><pubDate>Mon, 26 Jul 2010 20:29:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-11-11T21:07:11.287+02:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Logică</category><title>Listă de erori logice 1</title><description>Sursa:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_erorilor_logice&quot;&gt;http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_erorilor_logice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Erori logice formale&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Erorile logice formale sunt acele raţionamentele care sunt invalide datorită unor erori în formalismul lor logic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Apelul la legislaţie: un argument care implică faptul că legislaţia este un imperativ moral.&lt;br /&gt;
* Apelul la probabilitate: pentru că ceva poate să se întâmple, este inevitabil ca acel ceva se va întâmpla. Aceasta este premisa pe care se bazează Legea lui Murphy.&lt;br /&gt;
* Argument din eroare logică (ad logicam): dacă într-un argument se extrage în mod eronat o concluzie, atunci concluzia trebuie să fie falsă.&lt;br /&gt;
* Afirmaţia goală: premisa unui argument este asumată ca fiind adevărată doar pentru că spune că este adevărată.&lt;br /&gt;
* Conjuncţia ilogică&lt;br /&gt;
* Corelative ilogice&lt;br /&gt;
o Negarea corelativei: încearcarea introducerii unui alternative când de fapt nu există vreuna.&lt;br /&gt;
o Suprimarea corelativei&lt;br /&gt;
* Necesitatea ilogică&lt;br /&gt;
* Falsa dilemă: se afirmă că doar două alternative există, când de fapt sunt mai multe de două.&lt;br /&gt;
* Problema este-trebuie: greşita inferenţă în care ceva este într-un mod sau altul şi deci trebuie să fie în acel mod.&lt;br /&gt;
* Naturalism ilogic&lt;br /&gt;
* Dovada negativă: pentru că premisa nu se poate arăta ca fiind adevărată, rezultă că trebuie să fie falsă.&lt;br /&gt;
* Non sequitur: concluzia nu rezultă din premise.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Erori logice propoziţionale&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Apelul la disjuncţie: se concluzionează că o disjunţie logică e falsă doarece cealaltă disjunţie logică e adevărată.&lt;br /&gt;
* Afirmarea consecventului: antecedentul într-un indicativ condiţional se declară ca fiind adevărat deoarece consecventul este adevărat.&lt;br /&gt;
* Negarea antecedentului: consecventul într-un indicativ condiţional e declarat ca fiind fals deoarece antecedentul e fals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Erori logice de cuantificare&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Reprezentarea existenţială: un argument are două premise universale şi o concluzie particulară, dar din premise nu se poate stabili valoarea de adevăr a concluziei.&lt;br /&gt;
* Conversia ilicită: dacă o propoziţie e adevărată se concluzionează că şi inversa este adevărată.&lt;br /&gt;
* Dovadă prin exemplu: una sau mai multe exemple sunt date ca suport pentru o afirmaţie generală.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Erori logice silogistice&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Erorile logice silogistice sunt erori logice ce se comit în silogisme.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Concluzia afirmativă din premisa negativă:&lt;br /&gt;
* Premisele exclusive: ambele premise sunt negative.&lt;br /&gt;
* Eroarea logică a celor patru termeni: un silogism categorial are patru termeni.&lt;br /&gt;
* Termenul major ilicit&lt;br /&gt;
* Termenul minor ilicit&lt;br /&gt;
* Temernul de mijloc ilicit&lt;br /&gt;
* Silogismul categorial&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Erori logice informale&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Erorile logice informale sunt argumente invalide datorită altor raţiuni decât cele legate de formalismul logic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Apelul la repetiţie (argumentum ad nauseam): repetarea unui argument invalid în speranţa că în final va fi acceptat.&lt;br /&gt;
* Argumentul circular, (circulus in probando, petitio principii, cercul vicios): unde concluzia unui argument este implicit sau explicit asumată în unul din premise.&lt;br /&gt;
* Argumentul ignoranţei (argumentum ad ignorantiam, argumentul din lipsa de imaginatie): se afirmă că premisa este adevărată doar pentru că nu a fost demonstrată falsă sau că pemisa este falsă doar pentru că nu a fost demonstrată adevărată.&lt;br /&gt;
* Cauza şi consecinţa circulară: o consecinţă a unui fenomen este considerată ca fiind cauza fenomenului.&lt;br /&gt;
* Cauza singulară: se consideră că doar o singură cauză simplă este responsabilă pentru o situaţie, când de fapt sunt mai multe cauze.&lt;br /&gt;
* Comparaţia incompletă: compoaraţia nu ia in considerare alte aspecte importante pentru similitudinea obiectelor sau fenomenelor.&lt;br /&gt;
* Comparaţia inconsistentă: se compară caracteristici necomparabile ale unor obiecte sau fenomene.&lt;br /&gt;
* Distribuţia ilogică: se consideră că nu exită diferenţe între un termen în sens distributiv (referitor la toţi membri clasei) şi colectiv (referitor la clasă ca întreg).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
o Compoziţia ilogică: asumpţia că întregul are o proprietate doar pentru faptul că diferite componente au acea proprietate.&lt;br /&gt;
o Diviziunea ilogică: asumpţia că diferite părţi ale întregului au o proprietate doar pentru că întregul are acea proprietate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Dovada prin prolixitate (argumentum verbosium) (proof by intimidation): supunerea altora la un argument prea complex şi prolix pentru a putea fi tratat în detaliu la modul rezonabil.&lt;br /&gt;
* Echivocarea: folosirea incorectă a cuvintelor care au mai multe înţelesuri.&lt;br /&gt;
* Ecologia ilogică&lt;br /&gt;
* Eroarea jucătorului: incorecta opinie cum că probabilitatea unui eveniment aleator poate fi influenţată de (sau dedusă din) alte evenimente independente.&lt;br /&gt;
* Falsa atribuire: apelul la surse irelevante, necalificate, nedefinite, părtinitoare sau chiar fabricate pentru a suţine un argument.&lt;br /&gt;
o Citatul scos din context: un pasaj este estras din context cu intenţia de a distorsiona înţelesul intenţionat.&lt;br /&gt;
* Falsul compromis: în cazul unor alternative opuse se consideră că o cale de mijloc e mai bună.&lt;br /&gt;
* Istoricul ilogic&lt;br /&gt;
* Întrebarea complexa (presupozitia ilogica, întrebarea încărcată, plurium interrogationum)&lt;br /&gt;
* Mutarea ştachetei: respingere a unor contra-argumente prin ridicarea arbitrară a criteriilor de acceptare a unor evidenţe.&lt;br /&gt;
* Niciun scoţian adevărat: refutarea generalizării prin particularizare defectuoasă.&lt;br /&gt;
* Pledoaria specială: evidenţierea unei excepţii de la o regulă fără a se justifica excepţia.&lt;br /&gt;
* Reificarea: o abstracţie este tratată ca şi cum ar reprezenta ceva concret.&lt;br /&gt;
* Transferul sarcinii dovezii: se plasează îndatorirea de a dovedi ceva de partea oponentului.&lt;br /&gt;
* Eroarea soluţiei perfecte: argument prin care se insistă că există o soluţie perfectă şi/sau soluţia propusă ar trebui respinsă deoarece părţi ale problemei vor continua să existe după ce a fost implementată.&lt;br /&gt;
* Stil în loc de substanţă: se critică modul în care a fost expus un argument nu validitatea sa.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Cauze îndoielnice&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Corelarea implică legătură cauzală (Cum hoc ergo propter hoc)&lt;br /&gt;
* Succesiunea implică legătură cauzală (Post hoc ergo propter hoc): se afirmă că deoarece un eveniment s-a produs după un altul, rezultă că primul a fost cauza celui de-al doilea.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Erori de relevanţă&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Ipoteza Ad hoc&lt;br /&gt;
* Ad hominem: atacul la persoana mai degraba decât la argument.&lt;br /&gt;
* Apelul la autoritate: o aserţiune e considerată adevărată datorită poziţiei sau autorităţii persoanei care face aserţiunea.&lt;br /&gt;
* Apelul la emoţie: se manipuleze emoţiile celor din audienţă, în loc să se folosească raţionamente valide.&lt;br /&gt;
o Apelul la ridicol: este un specific apel la emoţie în care se ridiculizează opinia oponentului.&lt;br /&gt;
o Apelul la frică: un specific apel la emoţie în care se induce frica faţă de partea opusă.&lt;br /&gt;
o Apelul la măgulire: un specific apel la emoţie în care se face uz de măgulire pentru a câştiga suport.&lt;br /&gt;
o Apelul la milă (ad misericordiam): un specific apel la emoţie în care se face uz de milă în argumentaţie.&lt;br /&gt;
o Apelul la ranchiună: un specific apel la emoţie în care se face uz de ranchiună şi resentimente pentru câştigarea suportului.&lt;br /&gt;
* Apelul la forţă (ad baculum): se argumentează prin folosirea ameninţării, constrângerii şi a forţei faţă de oponent.&lt;br /&gt;
* Apelul la majoritate (apelul la popularitate, ad populum): o afirmaţie este susţinută ca fiind adevărată deoarece multă lume crede că este adevărată.&lt;br /&gt;
* Apelul la noutate: se consideră că ceva este superior sau mai bun doar pentru că este mai nou sau modern.&lt;br /&gt;
* Apelul la tradiţie (ad antiquitatem): se consideră că ceva este corect doarece are o lungă tradiţie la bază.&lt;br /&gt;
* Argumentul irelevant (Ignoratio elenchi sau Heringul roşu): se prezintă un argument care susţine validitatea unei afirmaţii diferite de cea care se presupunea să fie susţinută.&lt;br /&gt;
* Falsa analogie: compararea a două lucruri care par similare dar au proprietăţi diferite.&lt;br /&gt;
* Gândirea deziderativă: formarea unor credinţe în concordanţă cu ceea ce este plăcut a se imagina în loc să se apeleze la evidenţe sau raţiune.&lt;br /&gt;
* Om de paie: argumentare prin denaturarea opiniei oponentului.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Generalizări defectuoase&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Eşantionul părtinitor: formarea eronată a unui eşantion statistic al unei populaţii.&lt;br /&gt;
* Jumătăţi de adevăr&lt;br /&gt;
* Generalizarea pripită: generalizare inductivă bazată pe evidenţe insuficiente.</description><link>http://johnye2e.blogspot.com/2010/07/lista-de-erori-logice.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (johnye2e)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item></channel></rss>