<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984</id><updated>2024-08-28T06:13:18.299-07:00</updated><title type='text'>::Sahabat Belajar Biologi</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>13</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-2294299009781634958</id><published>2009-08-14T05:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-08-14T06:00:41.480-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 12 :: PEREDARAN DARAH</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; 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name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt; 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  &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;; 	panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 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	font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; 	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;;} .MsoChpDefault 	{mso-style-type:export-only; 	mso-default-props:yes; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;;} @page Section1 	{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; 	margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; 	mso-header-margin:36.0pt; 	mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Takut dengan darah? Jangan! Setetes darah sangat berarti bagi nyawa kita. Dalam bab ini kalian akan ditunjukkan bagaimana darah beredar dalam tubuh kita, bagaimana kita bisa sembuh ketika kulit sudah terluka. Peran darah begitu besar, setetes darah yang sebesar kepala jarum pentul penuh dengan 6 juta sel darah dalam setiap milimeter kubik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;A. Sistem Peredaran Darah pada Hewan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Sistem Peredaran Darah pada Avertebrata&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Avertebrata merupakan hewan yang tidak bertulang belakang. Ada hewan yang belum memiliki peredaran darah, ada yang berupa peredaran darah terbuka, dan ada yang berupa peredaran darah tertutup.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Sistem peredaran darah tidak melalui peredaran darah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Hewan bersel satu (Protozoa) tidak memiliki sistem peredaran darah. Gas yang dibutuhkan dan zat makanan yang akan diserap dilakukan secara difusi, karena tubuh hanya terdiri atas satu sel sehingga seluruh aktivitas metabolismenya dilakukan oleh sel itu sendiri. Banyak hewan jenis ini yang menggunakan organel selnya untuk metabolisme, seperti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Paramaecium &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;menggunakan vakuola kontraktil untuk mengedarkan zat makanan cair, dan menggunakan vakuola makanan untuk mengedarkan zat makanan padat. Ada hewan yang menggunakan rongga sebagai saluran pencernaan sekaligus saluran peredaran yang dinamakan rongga gastrovaskuler. Contoh &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Hydra &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Planaria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Sistem peredaran darah terbuka&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Dinamakan sistem peredaran darah terbuka karena darah ataupun homolimfa dialirkan tidak melalui pembuluh, tetapi langsung dialirkan ke dalam rongga tubuh. Sistem ini dijumpai pada hampir semua jenis Mollusca dan Arthropoda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Sistem peredaran darah Mollusca&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Alat peredaran darah siput terdiri atas jantung dan pembuluh darah yang masih sederhana. Jantungnya terdiri atas atrium dan ventrikel yang terletak di dalam rongga perikardial. Jika jantung berdenyut, darah akan terpompa ke luar menuju rongga perikardial atau sinus terus menuju ke jaringan tubuh. Di dalam jaringan, darah akan membebaskan zat makanan dan menyerap zat-zat sisa. Selanjutnya darah akan menuju ke rongga perikardial terus ke jantung melalui ostium.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Sistem peredaran darah pada Arthropoda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Alat peredaran darah serangga terdiri atas jantung dan arteri. Jantung&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;disebut jantung pembuluh. Darah dan cairan tubuh serangga disebut&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;hemolimfa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Arah aliran hemolimfa adalah:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Bila jantung pembuluh berdenyut &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;����&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;hemolimfa terpompa mengalir melalui arteri &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;��&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;masuk rongga tubuh &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;��&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;masuk jaringan-jaringan tubuh tanpa melalui pembuluh-pembuluh kapiler &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;��&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dari jaringan-jaringan tubuh akan kembali masuk ke jantung pembuluh melalui ostium.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Fungsi hemolimfa untuk mengedarkan zat-zat makanan kepada sel-sel. Hemolimfa tidak mengandung hemoglobin sehingga tidak mengikat oksigen. Dengan demikian darah Arthropoda hanya mengedarkan sari makanan. Oksigen dan karbondioksida diedarkan melalui sistem trakea yang memungkinkan oksigen dari lingkungan dapat mencapai jaringan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Sistem peredaran darah tertutup&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Dinamakan sistem peredaran darah tertutup karena darah beredar di dalam pembuluh-pembuluh yang saling berhubungan. Peredaran darah tertutup sederhana, contohnya pada cacing tanah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sistem peredaran darah Annelida&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Alat peredaran darah cacing tanah berupa pembuluh darah punggung (dorsal) dan pembuluh darah perut (ventral) yang dihubungkan oleh pembuluh darah samping (lateral) serta pembuluh kapiler. Pembuluh darah samping pada segmen ke-7 sampai ke-11 terdiri atas 5 pasang lengkung aorta kelima pasang lengkung aorta inilah yang dianggap “jantung cacing”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Sistem Peredaran Darah pada Vertebrata&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sistem peredaran darah yang lebih kompleks terdapat pada vertebrata. Pusat peredaran darah vertebrata adalah jantung.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Sistem peredaran darah ikan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sistem peredaran darah ikan disebut peredaran darah tunggal, karena darah hanya satu kali melewati jantung. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Jantung ikan terdiri dari 2 ruang, yaitu satu atrium dan satu ventrikel. Dinding atrium tipis, sehingga warna darah di dalamnya tampak memerah dengan jelas, sedangkan dinding biliknya cukup tebal, sehingga tampak lebih pucat. Selain itu pada jantung ikan terdapat sinus venosus yang menerima darah dari vena kardinalis anterior dan vena kardinalis posterior.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Sistem peredaran darah amfibia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sistem peredaran darah katak disebut peredaran darah ganda karena dalam satu kali peredarannya, darah melewati jantung dua kali. Pada masa larva (berudu) sistem peredaran darahnya menyerupai ikan. Setelah metamorfosis menjadi katak, sistem peredaran darah mengalami perubahan yang sesuai untuk kehidupan di lingkungan darat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Alat peredaran darah terdiri atas jantung, pembuluh nadi, kapiler, dan pembuluh balik. Jantung katak terdiri dari 3 ruang, yaitu 2 atrium (kanan = atrium dexter dan kiri = atrium sinister). Serta menampung darah dari pembuluh besar yang akan masuk ke atrium dexter.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Sistem peredaran darah reptilia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sistem peredaran darah reptilia merupakan peredaran darah ganda, jantung reptilia terdiri atas 4 ruang, yaitu 2 atrium (kanan dan kiri) serta ventrikel (kanan dan kiri). Sekat antara ventrikel kanan dan ventrikel kiri umumnya belum sempurna. Pada buaya, sekat ventrikel hampir sempurna dan hanya terdapat suatu lubang yang disebut &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;foramen panizzae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Adanya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;foramen panizzae &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;memungkinkan pemberian oksigen ke alat-alat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;pencernaan dan untuk keseimbangan tekanan dalam jantung sewaktu menyelam dalam air. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Arah aliran darah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Dari ventrikel jantung ada dua aorta yang membelok ke kanan dan ke kiri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Dari tiap aorta tersebut bercabang-cabang arteri kecil yang menuju ke berbagai organ tubuh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Setelah sampai di kapiler darah kembali ke jantung.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d. Sistem peredaran darah burung&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sistem peredaran darah burung merupakan peredaran darah ganda. Jantung burung terbagi 4 ruang, yaitu 2 atrium (kanan dan kiri) serta 2 ventrikel (kanan dan kiri). Sekat antara ventrikel kiri dan ventrikel kanan sempurna sehingga tidak terjadi percampuran antara darah yang kaya dan miskin oksigen. Dibandingkan dengan vertebrata lainnya, darah di aorta burung mengandung lebih banyak oksigen. Busur aorta pada burung hanya ada satu, yaitu arcus aorta yang menuju ke sebelah kanan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Arah aliran darah:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Darah dari vena (membawa CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;��&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;serambi kanan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;��&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dipompa keluar melalui arteri dada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;��&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;paru-paru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Dalam paru-paru (darah melepas CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan mengambil O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;��&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;serambi kiri &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;��&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;darah dipompa keluar melalui aorta untuk diedarkan ke seluruh tubuh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Aorta bercabang-cabang menjadi pembuluh kapiler yang terdapat dalam jaringan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4) Dalam jaringan, pembuluh kapiler darah (memberi O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan mengambil CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan air) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;��&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;vena &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;��&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;serambi kanan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;��&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan seterusnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;B. Sistem Peredaran Darah Mamalia dan Manusia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Darah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Di dalam tubuh yang dinamakan darah adalah cairan berwarna merah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;yang terdapat di dalam pembuluh darah. Warna merah tersebut tidak selalu tetap, tetapi berubah-ubah karena pengaruh zat kandungannya, terutama kadar O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;. Bila kadar O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;tinggi maka warna darahnya menjadi merah muda, tetapi bila kadar CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;nya tinggi maka warna darahnya menjadi merah tua.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pada manusia atau mamalia, volume darahnya adalah 8% berat badannya. Jika seseorang dewasa yang berat badannya 60 kg, berat darahnya lebih kurang 0,08 × 60 kg liter darah. Jadi volume seluruh darah yang beratnya 50 kg adalah 4,8 liter.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Fungsi darah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Mengangkut sari makanan dan oksigen ke seluruh tubuh dan mengangkut sisa oksidasi ke alat pengeluaran.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Mengatur keseimbangan asam basa untuk menghindarkan kerusakan jaringan tubuh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Mempertahankan tubuh dari infeksi kuman.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4) Menjaga stabilitas suhu tubuh dengan memindahkan panas dari alat tubuh yang aktif ke bagian yang kurang aktif.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;5) Mengedarkan hormon dari kelenjar endokrin ke organ-organ tertentu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Sel-sel darah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Eritrosit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; (sel darah merah) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ciri-ciri:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Tidak berinti.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Mengandung Hb (hemoglobin), yaitu suatu protein yang mengandung senyawa hemin dan Fe.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Hb mempunyai daya ikat terhadap O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;. Pada laki-laki dewasa, dalam 1 mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;darahnya terkandung 5 juta eritrosit. Sedangkan pada wanita dewasa dalam 1 mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;darahnya terkandung 4 juta eritrosit. Kekurangan eritrosit, Hb, dan Fe akan mengakibatkan anemia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Leukosit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; (sel darah putih)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ciri-ciri:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Berfungsi mempertahankan tubuh dari serangan penyakit dengan cara memakan (fagositosis) penyakit tersebut. Itulah sebabnya leukosit disebut juga fagosit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Jumlah leukosit sangat sedikit dibandingkan dengan eritrosit (dalam setiap mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;darah hanya 6000 - 9000). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Bentuknya bervariasi dan mempunyai inti sel bulat ataupun cekung.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Geraknya seperti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Amoeba &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan dapat menembus dinding kapiler.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;e)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Plasma leukosit mengandung butiranbutiran (granula).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pembagian leukosit&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Berdasarkan ada atau tidaknya granula di dalam plasma, leukosit di kelompokkan menjadi:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Granulosit (leukosit bergranula)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(1) Neutrofil, plasmanya bersifat netral, inti selnya seringkali berjumlah banyak dengan bentuk bermacam-macam, bersifat fagositosis terhadap eritrosit, kuman dan jaringan mati.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(2) Eosinofil, plasmanya bersifat asam sehingga akan berwarna merah tua bila ditetesi eosin, bersifat fagosit dan jumlahnya akan meningkat jika tubuh terkena infeksi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(3) Basofil, plasmanya bersifat basa sehingga akan berwarna biru jika ditetesi larutan basa, jumlahnya bertambah banyak jika terjadi infeksi, bersifat fagosit, mengandung heparin, yaitu zat kimia anti penggumpalan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Agranulosit (leukosit tidak bergranula)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(1) Limfosit, tidak dapat bergerak, berinti satu, ukuran ada yang besar dan ada yang kecil, berfungsi untuk membentuk antibodi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(2) Monosit, dapat bergerak seperti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Amoeba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, mempunyai inti yang bulat atau bulat panjang, diproduksi pada jaringan limfa dan bersifat fagosit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Trombosit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; (keping-keping darah)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ciri-ciri:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a) Sering disebut sel darah pembeku karena fungsinya dalam proses&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;pembekuan darah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b) Berukuran lebih kecil daripada eritrosit maupun leukosit dan tidak berinti.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c) Dalam setiap mm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;terdapat 200.000 - 400.000 trombosit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d) Dibentuk pada sel megakariosit sumsum tulang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;e) Mempunyai waktu hidup sekitar 8 hari.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Plasma darah (cairan darah)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Plasma darah manusia tersusun atas 90% air dan 10% zat-zat terlarut. Zat-zat terlarut tersebut, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Protein plasma, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;terdiri atas albumin, globulin, dan fibrinogen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Albumin berfungsi untuk menjaga volume dan tekanan darah. Globulin berfungsi untuk melawan bibit penyakit (sehingga sering disebut immunoglobulin). Ketiga protein tersebut dihasilkan oleh hati dengan konsentrasi 8%.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Garam (mineral) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;plasma dan gas terdiri atas O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Konsentrasi garam kurang dari 1%. Garam ini diserap dari usus dan berfungsi untuk menjaga tekanan osmotik dan pH darah. Adapun gas diserap dari jaringan paru-paru. O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;berfungsi untuk pernapasan sel dan CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;merupakan sisa metabolisme.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Zat-zat makanan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;terdiri atas lemak, glukosa, dan asam amino sebagai makanan sel. Zat makanan ini diserap dari usus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4) Sampah nitrogen &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;hasil metabolisme terdiri atas urea dan asam urat. Sampah-sampah ini diekskresikan oleh ginjal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;5) Zat-zat lain &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;seperti hormon, vitamin, dan enzim yang berfungsi untuk membantu metabolisme. Zat-zat ini dihasilkan oleh berbagai macam sel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d. Golongan darah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Dr. Landsteiner dan Donath menemukan antigen (aglutinogen) di dalam sel darah merah dan juga menemukan antibodi (aglutinin) yang terdapat di dalam plasma darah. Berdasar macam antigen yang ditemukan tersebut, beliau membagi golongan darah menjadi 4 golongan, yaitu seperti pada Tabel 5.1 berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border: medium none ; margin-left: 12.5pt; border-collapse: collapse;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Golongan darah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Aglutinogen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Aglutinin&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;A&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;A&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;B&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;B&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;B&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;A&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;AB&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;A dan B&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tidak punya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;132&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tidak punya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;123&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;A dan B&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Dalam transfusi darah, perlu diperhatikan jenis aglutinogen dari darah donor dalam eritrositnya, sedangkan pada resipien perlu diperhatikan macam aglutinin di dalam plasma darahnya. Hukum Landsteiner menyatakan bahwa &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;bila aglutinogen bertemu dengan zat antinya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;(aglutinin), maka akan terjadi aglutinasi atau penggumpalan darah&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Alat-Alat Peredaran Darah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Alat peredaran darah terdiri atas jantung dan pembuluh darah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Jantung&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Jantung merupakan pompa berotot. Fungsinya sebagai alat pemompa darah. Jantung terdiri dari otot jantung (miokardium) yang bagian luarnya dilapisi oleh selaput jantung (perikardium) yang terdiri dari 2 lapisan. Di antara kedua lapisan tersebut terdapat cairan getah bening yang berfungsi untuk menahan gesekan. Bagian dalam jantung dilapisi oleh endokardium. Otot jantung mendapatkan zat-zat makanan dan oksigen dari darah melalui arteri koroner. Peristiwa penyumbatan dari arteri koroner disebut koronariasis. Jantung terdiri atas 4 ruangan, yaitu 2 atrium (serambi) dan 2 ventrikel (bilik).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Atrium&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Atrium merupakan ruangan jantung tempat masuknya darah dari pembuluh balik (vena), antara atrium kanan dan atrium kiri terdapat katup valvula bikuspidalis pada fetus, antara atrium kanan dan kiri terdapat lubang yang disebut foramen ovale menjelang kelahiran, foramen ovale akan menutup.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Ventrikel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ventrikel mempunyai otot lebih tebal daripada atrium, dan ventrikel kiri lebih tebal daripada ventrikel kanan. Ini disebabkan ventrikel berfungsi memompakan darah keluar jantung, antara ventrikel kanan dan kiri terdapat katup valvula trikuspidalis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Pembuluh darah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Darah mengalir keluar dari jantung melalui pembuluh. Darah mengalir masuk ke jantung pun melalui pembuluh. Oleh sebab itu, pada dasarnya terdapat 2 kelompok pembuluh darah, yaitu pembuluh yang aliran darahnya meninggalkan jantung dan yang menuju jantung.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Macam-macam pembuluh darah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Macam-macam pembuluh darah, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;b&gt;Arteri&lt;/b&gt; (pembuluh nadi)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Yaitu pembuluh darah yang membawa darah dari jantung. Pembuluh ini dapat dibedakan menjadi aorta, arteri, dan arteriole. Aorta adalah pembuluh darah yang langsung berhubungan dengan jantung. Aorta bercabang menjadi arteri. Sedangkan arteriole merupakan pembuluh nadi yang berhubungan dengan kapiler.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;b&gt;Vena&lt;/b&gt; (pembuluh balik)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Yaitu pembuluh darah yang membawa darah ke jantung. Pembuluh ini dapat dibedakan menjadi venule, vena, dan vena cava. Venule merupakan pembuluh balik yang berhubungan dengan kapiler. Vena menerima darah dari venule. Vena cava merupakan pembuluh balik besar yang langsung berhubungan dengan jantung.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;b&gt;Pembuluh kapiler&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Merupakan pembuluh halus yang menghubungkan arteriole dengan venule. Kapiler merupakan pembuluh halus yang dindingnya hanya setebal selapis sel. Pada pembuluh inilah terjadi pertukaran oksigen dari darah dengan karbon dioksida jaringan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Dinding pembuluh darah mempunyai 3 lapisan, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Lapisan terluar, merupakan lapisan tipis dan kuat terdiri atas jaringan kuat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Lapisan tengah, terdiri atas jaringan otot polos. Karena otot polos ini bersifat tidak sadar maka aliran darah dan tekanan darah pada pembuluh darah tidak dapat dirasakan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Lapisan dalam, merupakan lapisan yang membatasi ruangan pembuluh darah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Macam-Macam Peredaran Darah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Macam-macam peredaran darah, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Peredaran darah besar atau sistem sirkulatoria magna. Yaitu peredaran darah dari jantung (bilik kiri) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;�� &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;seluruh tubuh (kecuali paru-paru)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;���� &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;jantung (serambi kanan).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Peredaran darah kecil atau sistem sirkulatoria parva. Yaitu peredaran darah dari jantung (bilik kanan) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;�� &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;paru-paru &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;�� &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;jantung (serambi kanan).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Sistem vena porta. Yaitu vena dari suatu alat tubuh sebelum menuju ke jantung mampir dulu ke suatu alat. Pada manusia dan mamalia adalah sistem vena porta hepatica, yaitu darah dari usus sebelum ke jantung mampir dulu ke hati.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;4. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Getah Bening atau Limfa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Getah bening atau limfa berasal dari plasma darah yang keluar dari kapiler dan dialirkan oleh pembuluh limfa. Pembuluh limfa yang berasal dari kepala, leher, dada, jantung, paru-paru dan lengan kanan akan bersatu menjadi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;pembuluh limfa kanan (ductus limfaticus dexter).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Adapun pembuluh limfa yang berasal dari bagian lainnya akan bersatu menjadi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;pembuluh limfa dada (ductus thorasicus) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan bermuara di vena bawah selangka.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pembuluh limfa dada juga merupakan tempat bermuaranya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;pembuluh lemak atau pembuluh kil. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Lemak inilah yang menyebabkan cairan limfa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;berwarna kuning keputih-putihan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Di sepanjang pembuluh limfa terdapat kelenjar-kelenjar limfa atau nodus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Kelenjar ini berfungsi untuk menyaring kuman.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Beberapa kelenjar getah limfa yang besar adalah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Kelenjar limfa lipat siku, lipat paha, ketiak, lutut, dan leher.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Kelenjar selaput lendir usus. Pembuluh limfa yang berasal dari selaput lendir usus disebut pembuluh kil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Kelenjar folikel bawah lidah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d. Kelenjar pada tonsil amandel dan adenoid.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;C. Kelainan atau Penyakit pada Sistem Peredaran Darah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Kelainan dan penyakit pada darah dan sistem peredaran darah dapat disebabkan oleh faktor keturunan dan non keturunan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Faktor Keturunan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Penyakit keturunan disebabkan oleh genetik. Di antaranya adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Hemofilia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Penyakit keturunan berupa darah yang keluar dari pembuluh darah tidak dapat membeku.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Thalassemia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Penyakit yang ditandai dengan bentuk sel darah merah yang tidak&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;beraturan. Akibatnya daya ikat terhadap oksigen dan karbon dioksida kurang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Sick Cell Anemia (SCA)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Penyakit berupa kelainan sel darah merah yang berbentuk seperti bulan sabit, akibatnya daya ikat terhadap oksigen dan karbon dioksida berkurang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Faktor Non Keturunan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Kelainan darah ini disebabkan oleh faktor fisiologis. Di antaranya adalah:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Anemia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Penyakit kurang darah, disebabkan kandungan Hb rendah, berkurangnya sel darah merah, atau menurunnya volume darah dari ukuran normal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Anemia pernisiosa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Penyakit di mana tubuh tidak mampu menyerap vitamin B - 12.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Aneurisma&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Penyakit pelebaran pembuluh arteri karena lemahnya dinding otot.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d. Eritroblastosis fetalis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Rusaknya eritrosit bayi di dalam kandungan karena perbedaan rhesus dengan ibu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;e. Elefantiasis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Penyumbatan aliran pembuluh limfa akibat infeksi cacing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Filaria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;f. Hipertensi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tekanan darah tinggi, yaitu nilai ambang tekanan sistole sekitar 140 - 200 mmHg atau lebih, dan nilai ambang tekanan diastole sekitar 90 - 110 mmHg atau lebih.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;g. Hipotensi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tekanan darah rendah, bila tekanan sistole di bawah 100 mmHg.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;h. Leukemia (kanker darah)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Penyakit yang disebabkan bertambahnya leukosit yang tidak terkendali akibat kanker jaringan penghasil sel-sel darah putih.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/2294299009781634958/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/08/bab-12-peredaran-darah_14.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/2294299009781634958'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/2294299009781634958'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/08/bab-12-peredaran-darah_14.html' title='BAB 12 :: PEREDARAN DARAH'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-716134102427088120</id><published>2009-08-11T03:24:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-08-11T03:31:58.075-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 11 :: SITEM GERAK MANUSIA</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv=&quot;ContentType&quot; 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unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt; 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Semua itu sebenarnya mencontoh konstruksi rangka dari tubuh kita. Dalam tubuh ada 206 tulang, lalu bagaimana konstruksinya?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;Section1&quot;&gt;  &lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt; &lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;ProgId&quot; content=&quot;Word.Document&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Generator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Originator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;File-List&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;themeData&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   &lt;w:view&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:trackmoves/&gt;   &lt;w:trackformatting/&gt;   &lt;w:punctuationkerning/&gt;   &lt;w:validateagainstschemas/&gt;   &lt;w:saveifxmlinvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:ignoremixedcontent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:donotpromoteqf/&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeother&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeasian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemecomplexscript&gt;AR-SA&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:breakwrappedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:snaptogridincell/&gt;    &lt;w:wraptextwithpunct/&gt;    &lt;w:useasianbreakrules/&gt;    &lt;w:dontgrowautofit/&gt;    &lt;w:splitpgbreakandparamark/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/&gt;    &lt;w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertalignintxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:word11kerningpairs/&gt;    &lt;w:cachedcolbalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:browserlevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;   &lt;m:mathpr&gt;    &lt;m:mathfont val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbin val=&quot;before&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbinsub val=&quot;--&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef/&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:latentstyles deflockedstate=&quot;false&quot; defunhidewhenused=&quot;true&quot; defsemihidden=&quot;true&quot; defqformat=&quot;false&quot; defpriority=&quot;99&quot; latentstylecount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;; 	panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:Calibri; 	panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:swiss; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;; 	panose-1:2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 	mso-font-charset:178; 	mso-generic-font-family:auto; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:8193 0 0 0 64 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:PalatinoLinotype; 	panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 	mso-font-alt:Arial; 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 &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Gerakan tubuh dimungkinkan karena adanya kerjasama antara tulang dan otot. Tulang tidak dapat berfungsi sebagai alat gerak bila tidak digerakkan oleh otot. Otot dapat menggerakkan tulang karena dapat berkontraksi. Otot disebut alat gerak aktif sedangkan tulang disebut alat gerak pasif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD-Nm0INaYluBOfqRecTSVklVtJwfgTRWcwmgynDXYbYwyULcRPqMrBecbVtQ7cwtX3b-gfn1lMS9KrPaPqUgItdbencp6TUzZa2FKQ26-A99WW3LmHRk-tdygjD1C-uZvf6reWoeUAUYP/s1600-h/tu.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 243px; height: 340px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD-Nm0INaYluBOfqRecTSVklVtJwfgTRWcwmgynDXYbYwyULcRPqMrBecbVtQ7cwtX3b-gfn1lMS9KrPaPqUgItdbencp6TUzZa2FKQ26-A99WW3LmHRk-tdygjD1C-uZvf6reWoeUAUYP/s320/tu.JPG&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5368650626650228066&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tulang-tulang di dalam tubuh manusia membentuk rangka. Fungsi rangka:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Memberi bentuk pada tubuh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Sebagai alat gerak pasif.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Melindungi alat-alat tubuh dalam yang lemah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4. Sebagai tempat melekatnya otototot rangka.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;5. Menunjang tegaknya tubuh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;6. Tempat pembentukan sel-sel darah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;7. Sebagai tempat penimbunan mineral.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Tengkorak&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tengkorak terbentuk dari tempurung otak &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(kranium) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan bagian wajah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Kranium&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Fungsi untuk melindungi otak. Terdiri dari tulang-tulang:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Tulang dahi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os frontal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang ubun-ubun &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os parietal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang kepala belakang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os occipetal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;. 2) Tulang baji &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os sphenoidal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang tapis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os ethmoidal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang pelipis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os temporal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Bagian wajah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Bagian wajah disusun oleh tulang-tulang : 2 tulang rahang atas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os maxillare)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang rahang bawah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os mandibulare)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang pipi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os zigomaticum)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang langit-langit &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os pallatum)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang hidung &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os nasale)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2 tulang air mata &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os lacrimale)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang mata bajak &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os vomer)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 1 tulang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;lidah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os hyoideus)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Tulang Badan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tulang badan terdiri atas tulang belakang, tulang dada, tulang rusuk, tulang bahu, tulang panggul.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Tulang belakang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Fungsi: menyangga tengkorak, tempat perlekatan tulang-tulang rusuk. Ruas-ruas tulang belakang terdiri atas 33 buah ruas tulang yang terbagi menjadi beberapa bagian, yakni 7 ruas-ruas tulang leher &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(servical)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 12 tulang punggung &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(thoracales)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 5 ruas tulang pinggang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(lumbales)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 5 ruas tulang kelangkang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os sakrum)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, pada 7 ruas tulang leher, ruas teratas atau pertama adalah tulang atlas, yang menghubungkan tulang belakang dengan tulang tengkorak. Tulang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;punggung terdiri atas 12 ruas, pada sisi kiri dan kanannya melekat tulang-tulang rusuk.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Tulang dada&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tulang dada beserta tulang rusuk dan tulang punggung membentuk dinding kuat yang melindungi alat tubuh penting yang terdapat dalam rongga dada, seperti jantung dan paru-paru. Tulang dada terdiri atas bagian hulu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(manubrium sterni)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, bagian badan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(corvus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;sterni) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan taju pedang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(processus xyphiodeus)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Tulang rusuk&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tulang rusuk terdiri atas 12 pasang. Ujung belakangnya melekat pada ruas-ruas tulang belakang. Tulang rusuk dapat dibedakan menjadi 3 macam: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Tulang rusuk sejati (7 pasang). Ujung belakangnya melekat pada ruasruas tulang panggung, ujung depan melekat pada tulang dada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Tulang rusuk palsu (3 pasang). Ujung belakang melekat pada tulang rusuk di atasnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Tulang rusuk melayang (2 pasang). Ujung belakang melekat pada ruas-ruas tulang belakang, sedangkan ujung depannya tidak melekat pada tulang manapun.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d. Gelang bahu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tulang gelang bahu terdiri dari: 2 tulang belikat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(scapula) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan 2 tulang selangka &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(clavicula)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;e. Gelang panggul&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tulang gelang panggul terdiri dari 2 tulang usus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os ilium)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang duduk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os ichium)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang kemaluan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os pubis)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Tulang Anggota Gerak&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tulang anggota gerak terdiri dari 2 kelompok, yaitu tulang anggota atas (lengan), dan tulang anggota bawah (tungkai).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Lengan terdiri atas: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2 tulang lengan atas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(humerus)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang pengumpil &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(ulna)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 batang hasta &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(radius)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 16 tulang pergelangan tangan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os carpal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 10 tulang telapak tangan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(os metacarpal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 28 ruas tulang jari tangan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(phalanges)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, ibu jari 12 ruas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tungkai terdiri atas: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2 tulang paha &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(femur)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang tempurung lutut &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(patella)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang kering &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(tibia)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 2 tulang betis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(fibula)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 14 tulang pergelangan kaki &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(tarsal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 10 tulang telapak kaki &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(metatarsal)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, 28 ruas tulang jari kaki &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(phalanges)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tulang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Bentuk Tulang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Tulang pipa (tulang panjang). Contoh: tulang paha, tulang betis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Tulang pendek. Contoh: tulang telapak tangan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Tulang pipih. Contoh: tulang belikat, tulang rusuk&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Macam-Macam Tulang:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Berdasarkan jenisnya, tulang dibedakan menjadi: tulang rawan (kartilago) dan tulang keras.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Berdasarkan struktur tulangnya, tulang dapat dibedakan menjadi: tulang kompak dan tulang spons.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Berdasarkan bentuknya, tulang dibedakan menjadi: tulang pipa, tulang pipih, tulang pendek.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Tulang Keras atau Tulang Sejati &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(Osteon)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tulang merupakan jaringan pengikat yang tersusun oleh sel tulang (osteoblas) yang menghasilkan matriks yang mengandung endapan zat kapur, sehingga matriksnya menjadi lebih keras dibanding dengan tulang rawan. Berdasarkan matriksnya, tulang keras dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu tulang kompak dan tulang spons.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Tulang kompak: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Matriks tersusun rapat dan padat, mengandung senyawa kapur dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;fosfat. Pada tulang ini sel-sel tulang tersusun membentuk suatu sistem yang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;disebut sistem Havers. Di bagian tengah tulang terdapat saluran yang berisi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;pembuluh darah, pembuluh limfe, dan saraf, dan di sekeliling saluran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;terdapat lapisan sel tulang yang tersusun konsentris&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Tulang spons: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Matriks berongga tersusun atas anyaman trabeculae (semacam pecahan genting) yang pipih dan mengandung serabut kolagen. Ronggarongga yang ada pada tulang spons diisi oleh jaringan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Tulang Rawan (Kartilago)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sel tulang rawan disebut kondrosit, yang dibentuk oleh kondroblas. Kartilago dapat dibedakan menjadi 3, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Kartilago hialin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;: matriks transparan, serabut kolagen, bersifat lentur. Contoh: pada permukaan persendian, laring, trakea, bronki, rangka janin, ujung tulang rusuk.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Kartilago elastis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;: matriks kekuningan, serabut elastis kuning bersifat elastis. Contoh: pada daun telinga membran niktitans, saluran eustachius, epiglotis dan faring.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Kartilago fibrosa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;: matriks keruh dan gelap, serabut kolagen putih bersifat kokoh dan kuat. Contoh: pada tempat pertautan tendon atau ligamentum pada tulang dekat permukaan persendian, tulang di antara tulang kemaluan, dan di antara tulang belakang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Proses Penulangan (Osifikasi)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Rangka pada manusia mulai terbentuk lengkap pada akhir bulan kedua, atau awal bulan ketiga dari kehamilan. Semua rangka tersebut masih dalam bentuk kartilago. Rangka ini berasal dari jaringan ikat embrional atau mesenkim. Setelah kartilago terbentuk, rongga yang ada di tengahnya akan segera berisi sel-sel pembentuk tulang atau osteoblast. Sel-sel ini juga menempati jaringan pengikat di sekeliling rongga. Sel-sel tulang terbentuk secara konsentris, artinya pembentukannya bermula dari arah dalam terus keluar mengelilingi pusat. Setiap satuan sel-sel tulang akan melingkari suatu pembuluh darah dan serabut saraf, membentuk satu sistem yang disebut sistem Havers. Di antara sel-sel tulang terdapat zat sela atau matriks yang tersusun atas senyawa protein. Pembuluh darah dari sistem Havers ini bercabang-cabang menuju ke matriks, mengangkut zat fosfor, dan pengerasan tulang ini dinamakan osifikasi atau penulangan. Bila matriks tulang berongga, maka akan membentuk tulang spons. Bila matriksnya padat dan rapat, maka akan terbentuk tulang kompak atau tulang keras.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Bagian-Bagian Tulang Pipa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Epifise: bagian ujung tulang yang terdiri atas tulang rawan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Diafise: bagian tengah yang memanjang dan di pusatnya terdapat rongga berisi sumsum tulang. Rongga ini terbentuk karena aktivitas osteoblas atau perombak sel-sel tulang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Cakraepifise: bagian sempit di antara epifise dan diafise. Bagian ini terdiri atas tulang rawan yang kaya osteoblas. Pada orang dewasa yang tidak tumbuh meninggi lagi, bagian ini sudah menulang semua.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Hubungan Antartulang (Artikulasi)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Hubungan antara dua tulang dapat dibedakan atas 3 bentuk, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Diartrosis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Hubungan 2 tulang yang memungkinkan terjadinya banyak gerak, dinamakan diartrosis. Berdasarkan tipe gerakannya, persendian diartrosis dapat dibedakan menjadi beberapa macam, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Sendi peluru, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;persendian yang memungkinkan gerak paling bebas dibanding sendi yang lain, bergerak ke segala arah, ujung tulang yang satu berbentuk bongkol, ujung tulang yang lain berbentuk cekungan. Contoh: 1) Sendi antara tulang lengan atas dengan tulang belikat. 2) Tulang paha dengan tulang pinggul.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Sendi luncur, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;persendian yang memungkinkan gerakan menggeliat, membungkuk, dan menengadah. Contoh: hubungan antara ruas-ruas tulang belakang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Sendi pelana, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;persendian yang gerakannya dua arah seperti orang naik kuda di atas pelana. Contoh: gerak pada ibu jari, antara metacarpal dan carpal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d. Sendi engsel, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;persendian yang gerakannya satu arah seperti engsel pintu. Contoh: siku, lutut, mata kaki, ruas-ruas jari.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;e. Sendi putar, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;persendian yang menimbulkan gerakan memutar (rotasi)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;tulang yang satu mengitari tulang yang lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Contoh:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Hubungan antara tulang hasta dan pengumpil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Antara tulang atlas dan tulang pemutar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Pada pergelangan tangan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4) Pergelangan kaki.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;f. Sendi geser atau sendi kejut, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;persendian yang gerakannya menggeser. Contoh: hubungan antartulang pergelangan tangan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Amfiartrosis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Hubungan tulang yang masih memungkinkan adanya sedikit gerakan kedua ujung tulang yang dihubungkan oleh tulang rawan dinamakan amfiartrosis. Contoh: hubungan antara ruas-ruas tulang belakang, dan hubungan antara tulang belakang dengan tulang iga.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Sinartrosis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Suatu sistem persendian pada tulang yang tidak dapat digerakkan, seperti terjadi pada persambungan tulang-tulang tengkorak dinamakan sinartrosis. Berdasarkan komponen penghubungnya, sinartrosis dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Sinartrosis sintibrosis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;bila komponen penghubungnya berupa serabut-serabut jaringan ikat. Contoh: hubungan antartulang tengkorak.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Sinartrosis sinkondrosis, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;bila komponen penghubungnya berupa tulang rawan. Contoh: hubungan antarruas-ruas tulang belakang. Latihan berikut akan menumbuhkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;rasa ingin tahu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan mengembangkan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;kecakapan personal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;akademik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;kalian.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;B. Otot&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Otot merupakan alat gerak aktif. Otot dapat bergerak karena adanya sel otot. Otot bekerja dengan cara berkontraksi dan relaksasi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Macam-macam Otot&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Otot polos, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;bentuk seperti perahu, terletak pada organ dalam, nucleus satu di tengah, gerakannya lambat, tidak cepat, mudah lelah, tidak sadar tanpa perintah otak.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Otot lurik, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;bentuk silindris dengan garis gelap terang, melekat pada rangka, nukleus banyak di tepi, bekerja secara sadar atas perintah otak, cepat mudah lelah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Otot jantung, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;bentuk silindris, mempunyai percabangan yang disebut sinsitium, terletak pada jantung, nukleus satu di tengah, bekerja tidak sadar tanpa perintah otak, tidak cepat mudah lela&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;h.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Fungsi Otot&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Melaksanakan kerja, misalnya: berjalan, memegang, mengangkat (otot lurik).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Mengalirkan darah, mengedarkan sari makanan dan oksigen (otot polos).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Menggerakkan jantung (otot jantung).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Karakteristik Otot&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Kontraksibilitas, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;yaitu kemampuan otot untuk memendek (berkontraksi).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Ekstensibilitas, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;yaitu kemampuan otot untuk memanjang (berelaksasi).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Elastisitas, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;yaitu kemampuan otot untuk dapat kembali pada ukuran semula setelah memendek atau memanjang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4. Jenis Gerak Otot&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Antagonis (berlawanan)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Contoh: biseps dan triseps pada otot lengan atas. Arah gerak otot antagonis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Ekstensor - fleksor : meluruskan - membengkokkan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Abduktor - adduktor : menjauhkan - mendekatkan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Depressor - elevator : ke bawah - ke atas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Supinator - pronator : menengadah - menelungkup&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Sinergis (bersamaan)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Contoh: otot pronator teres dan pronator kuadratus pada lengan bawah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;5. Macam-Macam Gerakan Otot&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Fleksi: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;gerakan membengkokkan, misalnya membengkokkan pada siku, lutut, jari.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Ekstensi: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;gerak meluruskan, misalnya meluruskan siku, lutut, dan ruas jari.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Abduksi: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;gerak menjauhkan misalnya gerak tungkai menjauhkan dari sumbu tubuh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d. Adduksi: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;gerak mendekatkan dengan sumbu tubuh, misalnya gerak mendekatkan tungkai dengan sumbu tubuh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;e. Pronasi: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;gerak memutar lengan sehingga telapak tangan menelungkup.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;f. Supinasi: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;gerak memutar lengan sehingga tangan menengadah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;g. Depresi: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;gerak menekan ke bawah atau menurunkan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;h. Elevasi: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;gerak mengangkat ke atas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;6. Kelelahan Otot&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Kelelahan otot dapat diakibatkan karena:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Habisnya bahan atau zat sebagai sumber energi untuk kontraksi otot&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;seperti glikogen dan sejenisnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Akumulasi hasil metabolisme karena kontraksi otot, seperti asam laktat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;C. Kelainan dan Gangguan pada Gerak&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Gangguan pada Rangka&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Gangguan pada rangka dapat disebabkan oleh gangguan pada tulang, persendian, kekurangan gizi, ataupun oleh penyakit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Gangguan tulang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Fraktura, yaitu tulang retak atau patah. Macamnya:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Fraktura sederhana: jika tulang yang retak tidak sampai melukai organ lain di sekitarnya, misalnya organ otot.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Fraktura kompleks atau fraktura majemuk: jika tulang yang patah menyebabkan otot dan kulit terluka, bahkan ujung yang patah bisa mencuat keluar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Fraktura greenstick: jika retak atau patah tulang tidak sampai memisahkan tulang menjadi dua bagian.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Fraktura comminuted atau remuk: jika tulang retak menjadi beberapa bagian tetapi masih tetap tertahan di dalam otot.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Persendian&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Dislokasi: gangguan pergeseran sendi dari kedudukan semula karena tulang ligamennya tertarik atau sobek.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Terkilir atau keseleo: tertariknya ligamen sendi yang disebabkan oleh gerakan yang tiba-tiba atau tidak bisa dilakukan, menimbulkan rasa sakit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Ankilosis: persendian tidak dapat digerakkan lagi karena tulangnya menyatu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Artritis atau infeksi sendi: gangguan sendi yang ditandai terjadinya peradangan sendi yang disertai timbulnya rasa sakit dan kadang-kadang tulang sendi mengalami perubahan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Macam Artritis:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a) Artritis eksudatif: radang getah dalam sendi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b) Artritis sika: kekurangan cairan sinovial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c) Gout artritis: gangguan gerak karena kegagalan metabolisme asam urat. Asam urat yang berlebihan akan diangkut oleh darah dan disimpan di dalam sendi kecil, seperti sendi ruas jari-jari. Tanda sendi yang mengalami kelebihan asam urat adalah membesarkan sendi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d) Rheumatik: penyakit kronis pada sendi sehingga sendi membengkak.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;e) Osteoartritis: kemunduran sendi karena kartilago menipis dan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;degenerasi sehingga merangsang pembentukan tulang pada sendi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Gangguan pada ruas-ruas tulang belakang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Skoliosis: tulang belakang bengkok ke samping.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Kifosis: tulang belakang bengkok ke belakang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Lordosis: tulang belakang bengkok ke depan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Hal tersebut akibat kebiasaan sikap tubuh yang salah. Di samping ketiga jenis gangguan tersebut ada satu lagi gangguan yang disebut subluksasi, yaitu gangguan ruas tulang leher yang disebabkan oleh kecelakaan ataupun gerakan tiba-tiba yang melebihi batas, akibatnya posisi kepala mengalami perubahan ke arah lain atau ke arah kanan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d. Defisiensi dan gangguan fisiologi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Rakitis: tulang kaki membengkok seperti huruf X atau O. Disebabkan karena kekurangan vitamin D.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Mikrosefalus: ukuran kepala lebih kecil dibanding ukuran normal. Disebabkan kekurangan zat kapur saat pembentukan tulang-tulang tengkorak masa bayi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Osteoporosis: tulang-tulang kurang keras sehingga tulang manusia menjadi rapuh dan mudah patah disebabkan kekurangan hormone estrogen pada masa menopause.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4) Kelainan lainnya antara lain karena penyakit TBC tulang, tumor yang mempengaruhi tekanan fisik dan fisiologik tulang serta peradangan pada jaringan pengikat dan tendon.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Gangguan pada Otot&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Atrofi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Yaitu keadaan di mana otot mengecil sehingga menghilangkan kemampuannya untuk berkontraksi. Atrofi dapat terjadi karena penyakit poliomielitis dan keadaan tertentu misalnya sakit, sehingga seseorang harus istirahat di tempat tidur dalam jangka waktu lama. Poliomielitis adalah penyakit karena virus yang merusakkan saraf yang mengkoordinasi otot ke anggota gerak bawah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Hipertrofi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Yaitu keadaan otot menjadi lebih besar dan kuat karena sering dilatih secara berlebih.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Kejang otot&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Yaitu gangguan otot yang terjadi karena melakukan aktivitas terus menerus yang pada suatu ketika tak mampu lagi melakukan kontraksi alias kejang, karena telah kehabisan energi atau sering dikenal dengan kram.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d. Kaku leher atau stiff &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Yaitu keadaan leher terasa kaku dan sakit jika digerakkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;e. Tetanus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Yaitu kejang otot yang disebabkan oleh toksin yang dihasilkan oleh baksil tetanus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;f. Miastema gravis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Yaitu keadaan di mana otot berangsur-angsur menjadi lemah dan menyebabkan kelumpuhan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/716134102427088120/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/08/bab-11-sitem-gerak-manusia.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/716134102427088120'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/716134102427088120'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/08/bab-11-sitem-gerak-manusia.html' title='BAB 11 :: SITEM GERAK MANUSIA'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD-Nm0INaYluBOfqRecTSVklVtJwfgTRWcwmgynDXYbYwyULcRPqMrBecbVtQ7cwtX3b-gfn1lMS9KrPaPqUgItdbencp6TUzZa2FKQ26-A99WW3LmHRk-tdygjD1C-uZvf6reWoeUAUYP/s72-c/tu.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-4546386506223895146</id><published>2009-08-06T01:26:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-08-06T01:35:05.389-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 10 :: HEWAN</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;ProgId&quot; content=&quot;Word.Document&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Generator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Originator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;File-List&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;themeData&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   &lt;w:view&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:trackmoves/&gt;   &lt;w:trackformatting/&gt;   &lt;w:punctuationkerning/&gt;   &lt;w:validateagainstschemas/&gt;   &lt;w:saveifxmlinvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt; 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	mso-style-type:export-only; 	margin-top:0cm; 	margin-right:0cm; 	margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	margin-left:36.0pt; 	mso-add-space:auto; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; 	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;;} .MsoChpDefault 	{mso-style-type:export-only; 	mso-default-props:yes; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;;} @page Section1 	{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; 	margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; 	mso-header-margin:36.0pt; 	mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;A. Jaringan Hewan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Kumpulan sel yang mempunyai bentuk dan fungsi sama akan membentuk jaringan. Semua seluk-beluk jaringan dikaji khusus dalam cabang biologi yang disebut histologi. Jaringan pembentuk organ manusia dan hewan terdiri atas jaringan embrional, jaringan epitel, jaringan otot, jaringan saraf, jaringan penyokong.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Jaringan Embrional&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Jaringan embrional merupakan jaringan muda yang sel-selnya selalu mengadakan pembelahan. Merupakan hasil pembelahan sel zigot.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Proses terbentuknya:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pada awal terbentuknya embrio, sel-sel penyusunnya mempunyai bentuk sama, namun dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, sel-sel tersebut akan membelah dan akan mengalami perubahan menjadi bermacammacam bentuk maupun fungsinya yang dikenal dengan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;spesialisasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Hasil dari proses spesialisasi tersebut antara lain dihasilkan lapisan jaringan embrional. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Berdasarkan jumlah lapisan embrionya, hewan dibagi menjadi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;a. Hewan diploblastik, yaitu hewan yang embrionya terdiri atas 2 lapis. Contoh: Coelenterata, tidak mempunyai mesoderm.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;b. Hewan triploblastik, yaitu hewan yang embrionya terdiri atas 3 lapis. Contoh: cacing tanah, siput, Arthropoda, dan Chordata. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Lapisannya, yaitu: ektoderm (lapisan luar), mesoderm (lapisan tengah),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan entoderm (lapisan dalam).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Jaringan Epitel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Seperti jaringan epidermis pada tumbuhan, jaringan epitel merupakan jaringan yang melapisi atau menutup permukaan tubuh, organ tubuh, rongga tubuh, atau permukaan saluran tubuh hewan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Macam-macam jaringan epitel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Berdasarkan fungsi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Epitel pelindung, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;untuk melindungi jaringan yang terdapat di bawahnya. Contoh: epidermis (kulit).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Epitel kelenjar, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;untuk sekresi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a) Kelenjar eksokrin: hasil sekresinya dialirkan melalui saluran, misalnya kelenjar keringat, kelenjar ludah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b) Kelenjar endokrin: hasil sekresinya tidak dialirkan melalui saluran, tetapi langsung ke darah, misalnya: kelenjar tiroid, kelenjar adrenal, dan kelenjar hormon yang lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Epitel penyerap, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;untuk penyerapan. Contoh: epitel usus halus dan epitel nefron ginjal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Epitel indra, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;untuk menerima rangsangan dari luar. Contoh: epitel di sekitar alat-alat indra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Berdasarkan bentuk dan susunan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Epitel pipih selapis, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;terdiri atas satu lapis sel berbentuk pipih. Contoh: epitel peritonium, epitel pembuluh darah, dan pembuluh limfa yang disebut juga endotel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Epitel pipih berlapis banyak, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;terdiri atas banyak sel dan lapisan bagian luarnya dibentuk oleh sel-sel berbentuk pipih. Contoh: epitel kulit telapak kaki, epitel rongga mulut, dan rongga hidung.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Epitel kubus selapis, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;terdiri atas satu lapis sel berbentuk kubus. Contoh: epitel nefron ginjal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Epitel silindris selapis, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;terdiri atas satu lapis sel berbentuk silindris. Contoh: epitel pada usus (intestinum) dan lambung (ventrikulus).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Jaringan Otot&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Jaringan otot berfungsi sebagai alat gerak aktif. Jaringan otot tersusun atas sel-sel otot yang tugasnya menggerakan berbagai bagian tubuh. Kemampuan menggerakkan berbagai organ tubuh ini disebabkan kemampuan jaringan otot untuk berkontraksi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Kemampuan kontraksi ini sangat dimungkinkan karena sel-sel otot&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;mengandung protein kontraksi yang memanjang dan mengandung serabutserabut halus disebut miofibril. Miofibril terdiri atas protein miosin dan aktin. Pada Vertebrata dikenal 3 macam jaringan otot, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Otot polos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Mempunyai miofibril yang homogen, merupakan otot tidak sadar, terdapat pada dinding saluran pencernaan dan dinding pembuluh darah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Otot lurik&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Mempunyai miofibril yang heterogen, merupakan otot sadar berinti lebih dari satu yang terletak di bagian pinggir, terdapat pada rangka.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Otot jantung&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Mempunyai miofibril yang heterogen, tetapi tergolong dalam otot tak sadar, serabut-serabut ototnya dapat bercabang-cabang, intinya satu terletak di tengah-tengah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Secara ringkas ketiga otot di atas dapat dibandingkan seperti Tabel di bawah ini:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;border: medium none ; margin-left: 12.5pt; border-collapse: collapse;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pembeda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Otot Polos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Otot Lurik&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.55pt;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Otot Jantung&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Tempat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Dinding jerohan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Melekat pada rangka&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Dinding jantung&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Jumlah nukleus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Satu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Banyak&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Satu&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Letak nukleus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Tengah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Tepi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Tengah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Kecepatan kontraksi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Paling lambat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Paling cepat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Sedang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Kemampuan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;berkontraksi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Tahan lama&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Mudah capek&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Paling lama (seumur hidup)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.2pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Tipe kontrol&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Tidak menurut kehendak&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Menurut kehendak&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 98.55pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Tidak menurut kehendak&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4. Jaringan Saraf&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Jaringan saraf tersusun atas sel-sel saraf atau neuron. Jaringan saraf berfungsi untuk mengatur dan mengkoordinasi segala aktivitas tubuh. Sel saraf terdiri atas badan sel yang memiliki banyak cabang. Cabang-cabang inilah yang menghubungkan sel saraf yang satu dengan sel saraf lainnya sehingga terbentuk jaringan saraf.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ada tiga macam sel saraf, yaitu sel saraf motorik, sel saraf sensorik, dan sel saraf penghubung. Jaringan saraf terdapat di otak, sumsum tulang belakang, dan di urat saraf. Sel saraf mempunyai kemampuan iritabilitas dan konduktivitas. Iritabilitas, yaitu kemampuan sel saraf untuk merespon terhadap perubahan lingkungan. Konduktivitas merupakan kemampuan jaringan saraf membawa impuls-impuls saraf atau pesan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGXx3zhPYexftnW6sIUa5hy0Vfq-klBT_sFJqrU5URvic-dedKZrLiwYctxX0q2KXRJypU5Ra18-sNhKsoy-9IM3OOZmFhFsH5GoO1HxoHY2eGLLq3E4Kns-BdlyPcIQjgP4R5W-SkQLEs/s1600-h/untitled.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 154px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGXx3zhPYexftnW6sIUa5hy0Vfq-klBT_sFJqrU5URvic-dedKZrLiwYctxX0q2KXRJypU5Ra18-sNhKsoy-9IM3OOZmFhFsH5GoO1HxoHY2eGLLq3E4Kns-BdlyPcIQjgP4R5W-SkQLEs/s320/untitled.JPG&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5366765338330980114&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Neuron terdiri atas:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a.Dendrit, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;yaitu juluran sitoplasma yang relatif pendek dari badan sel yang berfungsi membawa rangsangan ke badan sel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Badan sel, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;yaitu bagian sel saraf yang mengandung inti (nukleus) dengan nukleolus di tengahnya. Sitoplasmanya bergranula, berasal dari retikulum endoplasma yang disebut Badan Nissl. Badan sel saraf terletak di pusat saraf dan di ganglion. Ganglion adalah kumpulan badan sel saraf. Ganglion terletak di tempat-tempat tertentu, seperti di kiri dan kanan sumsum tulang belakang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Neurit (akson), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;yaitu juluran sitoplasma yang panjang dari badan sel yang berfungsi membawa rangsangan dari badan sel ke neuron lain. Neurit memiliki selubung yang terdiri dari selubung myelin dan selubung neurilema&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Selubung myelin&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;merupakan selubung yang langsung membungkus neurit. Berfungsi sebagai isolator dan juga berperan sebagai nutritive terhadap neurit. Selubung myelin tidak membungkus neurit secara kontinu tetapi membuat interval antara 80 - 600 mikron, membentuk nodus ranvier. Di daerah interval ini neurit tidak memiliki selubung myelin, tapi langsung dibungkus oleh selubung Schwann.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Selubung neurilema&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(selubung Schwann) terdiri dari sel-sel Schwann yang menghasilkan myelin. Berfungsi dalam regenerasi neurit dan dendrit yang rusak. Antara neuron satu dengan neuron yang lain saling berhubungan. Tempat hubungan itu disebut sinapsis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;5. Jaringan Penyokong&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sering disebut jaringan ikat, jaringan penguat atau jaringan penunjang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Fungsi jaringan penyokong adalah:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Mengikat atau menghubungkan antara satu jaringan dengan jaringan lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Menyokong fungsi organ-organ tertentu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Memberi kekuatan bantuan dan perlindungan kepada bagian-bagian lemah pada tubuh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ada bermacam-macam jaringan ikat antara lain:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Jaringan ikat kendur atau longgar, memiliki banyak macam elemen selular, serabut kolagen, retikulum dan elastis. Terdapat pada bagian sub mukosa saluran pencernaan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Jaringan ikat padat, disusun oleh serabut kolagen dan fibroblast.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Jaringan lemak (adiposum) disusun oleh sel-sel lemak, fibroblast khusus menyimpan lemak dalam jumlah besar di dalam vakuola sitoplasmanya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Jaringan tulang rawan, adalah kerangka penyangga terhadap embrio dari semua vertebrata. Sel-selnya disebut kondrosit, mengandung sejumlah besar karbohidrat dan protein yang disebut kondratin, yang muda disebut kondroblast&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;e.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Jaringan tulang, terdiri atas matriks yang padat terbuat dari protein, terutama kolagen dan garam kalsium dalam bentuk Ca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;3 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(PO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan CaCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;. Kira-kira 64% tulang terdiri atas garam ini. Sel-sel tulang yang sudah tua disebut osteosit, sedangkan yang muda disebut osteoblast.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;f.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Jaringan darah, matriksnya berupa cairan yang disebut plasma darah. Sebagian besar terdiri dari air yang melarutkan zat-zat organik, garam-garam anorganik (CaCl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, KCl, NaCl, NaCl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;)..&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;g.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Jaringan limfa dan getah bening, sebenarnya getah bening merupakan bagian dari darah yang keluar dari pembuluh darah. Komponen utamanya berupa air, yang di dalamnya terlarut glukosa, lemak, dan garam. Komponen selulernya berupa limfosit dan granulosit, di mana keduanya merupakan bagian dari sel darah putih.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;B. Organ Hewan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Organ terbentuk dari beberapa jaringan yang saling bekerja sama melaksanakan fungsi tertentu. Berdasarkan letaknya, organ dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Organ luar : tangan, kaki, hidung, mulut, telinga, mata.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Organ dalam : hati, ginjal, usus, jantung, paru-paru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Adanya berbagai jaringan yang berkumpul membentuk suatu organ tertentu, memungkinkan suatu organ mempunyai kemampuan melaksanakan fungsi hidup yang beranekaragam. Makin tinggi derajat suatu hewan, makin banyak organ tubuh yang dimilikinya. Hal ini bertujuan untuk efisiensi kerja, karena dengan banyaknya organ tubuh maka pembagian kerja akan semakin efektif. Dalam pembahasan organ ini akan kita lihat salah satu contohnya adalah usus halus (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;small intestine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Organ ini terdiri atas empat lapisan yang terbentuk oleh kurang lebih enam atau tujuh jaringan yang berbeda. Bagian yang paling dalam berupa lapisan mukosa. Lapisan ini disusun oleh epitelium kolumnar sederhana. Fungsinya untuk pencernaan makanan dan absorbsi sari-sari makanan. Lapisan yang sebelah luarnya berupa lapisan sub mukosa yang terdiri atas jaringan penunjang, yaitu pembuluh darah, pembuluh limpa dan serabut-serabut saraf. Fungsinya untuk mentransfer nutrien dari mukosa ke aliran darah dan limpa untuk selanjutnya didistribusikan ke bagian tubuh yang lainnya. Lapisan ketiga adalah lapisan muscularis yang disusun oleh jaringan otot yaitu otot polos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Lapisan ini berperan di dalam gerakan-gerakan pencernaan makanan. Lapisan yang paling luar adalah serosa. Terdiri dari jaringan fibroblastic yang berada pada sub lapisan dalam dan sub lapisan luar terdiri atas epitelium squamosa. Lapisan ini sebagai pembatas corong pencernaan dan sekaligus sebagai penghubung terhadap membran yang berhubungkan dengan intestine. Seluruh komponen jaringan usus halus tadi secara bersamaan membentuk satu fungsi, yaitu prosesing makanan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Jadi dengan demikian usus halus itu merupakan suatu organ. Suatu organ yang bekerja sama dengan organ-organ yang lainnya dengan membentuk suatu fungsi yang lebih kompleks disebut dengan sistem organ sebagai contoh adalah organ-organ yang bekerja sama dengan usus halus dalam prosesing makanan adalah mulut, lambung, hati, pankreas, kelenjar ludah, usus besar, dan lain-lainnya membentuk suatu sistem yang disebut sistem pencernaan. Dalam tubuh Vertebrata terdapat 10 sistem organ yaitu: system integumen, sistem sirkulasi, sistem pernapasan, sistem ekskresi, system pencernaan, sistem skeleton, sistem otot, sistem reproduksi, sistem endokrin, sistem saraf.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/4546386506223895146/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/08/bab-10-hewan.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/4546386506223895146'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/4546386506223895146'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/08/bab-10-hewan.html' title='BAB 10 :: HEWAN'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGXx3zhPYexftnW6sIUa5hy0Vfq-klBT_sFJqrU5URvic-dedKZrLiwYctxX0q2KXRJypU5Ra18-sNhKsoy-9IM3OOZmFhFsH5GoO1HxoHY2eGLLq3E4Kns-BdlyPcIQjgP4R5W-SkQLEs/s72-c/untitled.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-7910240107939672534</id><published>2009-08-02T03:35:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-08-03T19:56:24.414-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 9 :: TUMBUHAN</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; 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priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt; 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priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;; 	panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:Calibri; 	panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:swiss; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;; 	panose-1:2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 	mso-font-charset:178; 	mso-generic-font-family:auto; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:8193 0 0 0 64 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Humanst521BT\,Bold&quot;; 	panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 	mso-font-alt:Arial; 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	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-priority:59; 	mso-style-unhide:no; 	border:solid black 1.0pt; 	mso-border-themecolor:text1; 	mso-border-alt:solid black .5pt; 	mso-border-themecolor:text1; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid black; 	mso-border-insideh-themecolor:text1; 	mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid black; 	mso-border-insidev-themecolor:text1; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; 	mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;A. Jaringan Tumbuhan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pada organisme bersel banyak, sel-sel berkelompok untuk membentuk jaringan, yang berfungsi menjalankan tugas-tugas khusus tertentu. Gabus yang menyusun kulit kayu dan akar tumbuh-tumbuhan yang banyak batang kayunya adalah sebuah jaringan. Ia melindungi lapisan dalam terhadap cedera dan ia menghalangi penguapan yang berlebihan. Jaringan tumbuhan dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu: jaringan meristem dan jaringan permanen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Jaringan Meristem&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pada tumbuhan terdapat jaringan yang selalu membelah, jaringan tersebut disebut sebagai jaringan meristem. Berdasarkan cara terbentuknya, jaringan meristem dibedakan menjadi 3, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Promeristem, sudah ada waktu tumbuhan dalam masa embrional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Meristem primer, masih bersifat membelah diri, terdapat pada tumbuhan dewasa di ujung batang, ujung akar, kuncup.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;. Meristem sekunder, berasal dari meristem primer. Menurut letaknya meristem dibedakan menjadi:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Meristem apikal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Meristem lateral, yaitu kambium vaskuler dan felogen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Meristem interkalar, yaitu pada ruas tumbuhan monokotil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Jaringan Permanen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sel-sel meristem, baik primer maupun sekunder akan berdiferensiasi menjadi jaringan permanen. Jaringan permanen tidak tumbuh dan memperbanyak diri lagi. Menurut fungsinya jaringan permanen dibagi menjadi:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Jaringan epidermis (jaringan pelindung) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Jaringan terluar yang menutupi seluruh permukaan tubuh tumbuhan,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;seperti akar, batang, daun, bunga, buah, dan biji dinamakan jaringan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;epidermis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ciri-ciri epidermis:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Bentuk sel seperti balok, biasanya terdiri dari satu lapisan terletak pada lapisan paling luar, tidak berklorofil kecuali pada sel penjaga &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(guard cell)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; stomata. Fungsi epidermis yaitu untuk melindungi jaringan lainnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Jaringan parenkim (jaringan dasar)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Jaringan parenkim merupakan jaringan yang terbentuk dari meristem dasar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ciri-ciri parenkim:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Susunan sel tidak rapat, tidak selalu berkloroplas, terdiri dari sel-sel hidup, banyak vakuola, ukuran sel besar, dinding sel tipis, banyak rongga-rongga antarsel. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Menurut fungsinya, jaringan parenkim dibedakan menjadi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Parenkim fotosintesis, yaitu parenkim palisade (jaringan tiang) dan parenkim bunga karang (jaringan spons).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Parenkim penyimpan bahan makanan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Parenkim penyimpan air.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4) Parenkim penyimpan udara.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;5) Parenkim transportasi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Menurut bentuknya, jaringan parenkim dibedakan menjadi:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Parenkim palisade, bentuk memanjang, tegak.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Parenkim bunga karang, bentuk seperti bunga karang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Parenkim bintang, bentuk seperti bintang dengan ujung saling&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;berhubungan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4) Parenkim lipatan, dinding sel melipat ke dalam.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Jaringan penyokong (jaringan penunjang)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Untuk penunjang tanaman agar dapat berdiri dengan kokoh dan kuat,di dalam tumbuhan terdapat jaringan yang disebut jaringan penyokong. Jaringan penyokong terdiri dari:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Jaringan kolenkim&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Merupakan jaringan yang dindingnya mengalami penebalan dari selulosa dan pektin terutama di bagian sudut-sudutnya. Banyak terdapat pada tumbuhan yang masih muda, yang belum berkayu, merupakan sel hidup.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Jaringan sklerenkim&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Merupakan jaringan yang sel-selnya mengalami penebalan dari lignin (zat kayu), sel-selnya sudah mati. Menurut bentuknya, sklerenkim dibedakan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a) Skelereid (sel batu): selnya mati, bentuk bulat, dan berdinding keras sehingga tahan tekanan. Contoh : sel-sel tempurung kenari dan tempurung kelapa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b) Serabut-serabut sklerenkim (serat): selnya dengan bentuk panjang,umumnya terdapat pada permukaan batang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d. Jaringan pengangkut&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Untuk mengangkut hasil fotosintesis dari daun ke seluruh bagian tumbuhan serta mengangkut air dan garam-garam mineral dari akar ke daun, tumbuhan menggunakan jaringan pengangkut. Jaringan pengangkut terdiri dari:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Xilem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; (pembuluh kayu) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Xilem disusun oleh trakeid, trakea, pembuluh xilem (pembuluh kayu),&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;parenkim kayu, dan sklerenkim kayu (serabut kayu). Xilem berfungsi untuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;mengangkut air dan garam mineral dan dari dalam tanah menuju ke daun.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Floem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; (pembuluh tapis)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Floem disusun oleh sel ayakan atau tapis, pembuluh tapis, sel pengiring, sel parenkim kulit kayu, dan serabut kulit kayu (sel sklerenkim). Floem berfungsi untuk mengangkut zat-zat hasil fotosintesis ke seluruh bagian tubuh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Xilem dan floem bersatu membentuk suatu ikatan pembuluh angkut. Macam-macam ikatan pembuluh angkut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Ikatan pembuluh kolateral, xilem dan floem yang letaknya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;bersebelahan di dalam suatu jari-jari (xilem di sebelah dalam dan floem di sebelah luar).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a) Kolateral terbuka, antara xilem dan floem terdapat kambium. Misalnya pada batang tumbuhan dikotil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b) Kolateral tertutup, antara xilem dan floem tidak terdapat kambium. Misalnya pada batang tumbuhan monokotil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Ikatan pembuluh bikolateral, xilem diapit floem, terletak pada radius yang sama.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Ikatan pembuluh radial, xilem dan floem letaknya bersebelahan, tetapi tidak berada di dalam jari-jari yang sama, misalnya pada akar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4) Ikatan pembuluh konsentris, xilem dan floem berbentuk cincin silindris.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;B. Organ Tumbuhan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Organ pada tumbuhan terdiri dari akar, batang, daun, bunga dan buah termasuk biji.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Akar&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Fungsi akar&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Menyerap air dan hara tanah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Memperkokoh berdirinya batang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Menyimpan cadangan makanan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4) Alat perkembangbiakan vegetatif.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;5) Tempat melekatkan tubuh tumbuhan pada tanah atau substrat tempatnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Sistem perakaran&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sistem perakaran pada tanaman ada 3, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Sistem perakaran tunggang, terdiri atas sebuah akar besar dengan beberapa cabang dan ranting akar. Akar berasal dari perkembangan akar primer biji yang berkecambah. Perakaran tunggang terdapat pada tumbuhan dikotil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Sistem perakaran serabut, terdiri atas sejumlah akar kecil, ramping yang ke semuanya memiliki ukuran sama. Sistem perakaran serabut&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;terbentuk pada waktu akar primer membentuk cabang sebanyakbanyaknya, cabang tidak menjadi besar, dan akar primer selanjutnya mengecil, tipe perakaran serabut terdapat pada akar tanaman monokotil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Sistem perakaran adventif, merupakan akar yang tumbuh dari setiap bagian tubuh tanaman dan bukan akar primer. Misalnya akar yang keluar dari umbi batang, akar yang keluar dari batang (cangkokan).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Struktur akar&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Struktur akar dari luar ke dalam adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Epidermis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Terdiri atas selapis sel dan tersusun rapat tanpa rongga antarsel. Sel epidermis berdinding tipis. Sel-sel epidermis yang dekat ujung akar mempunyai beberapa bulu akar untuk memperluas bidang penyerapan. Epidermis berfungsi sebagai pelindung dan penerus air ke bagian dalam akar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Korteks&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Terdiri atas beberapa lapis sel berdinding tipis dan tidak banyak ruang antarsel yang berguna untuk pertukaran zat, juga sebagai tempat cadangan makanan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;) Endodermis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Terdiri atas selapis sel, kebanyakan sel-selnya berdinding tebal dengan berlapiskan zat gabus. Endodermis mengatur masuk keluarnya bahan ke dan dari akar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Stele (silinder pusat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Terdiri dari perisikel, xilem, dan floem. Stele terletak di sebelah dalam endodermis. Pada akar monokotil antara xilem dan floem tidak terdapat kambium, sedangkan pada akar dikotil antara xilem dan floem terdapat kambium, letak xilem dan floem berselang-seling menurut arah jari-jari. Lapisan paling tepi dari silinder pusat disebut &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;perisikel &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;atau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;perikambium&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tabel 2.1 Ciri khas akar pada berbagai golongan tumbuhan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border: medium none ; margin-left: 12.5pt; border-collapse: collapse;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 208.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Golongan tumbuhan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 209.25pt;color:black black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ciri khas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 208.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Bryophyta (lumut)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 209.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Akar berupa rizoid&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 208.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pterydophyta (paku)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 209.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Akarnya serabut, xilem dan floem bertipe&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;konsentris (xilem terdapat di tengah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dikelilingi oleh floem)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 208.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Gymnospermae (berbji terbuka)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 209.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Akarnya tunggang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 208.9pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Angiospermae (berbiji&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;tertutup)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;• Monokotil (berkeping satu)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;• Dikotil (berkeping dua)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td  style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 209.25pt;color:-moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;279&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Akarnya serabut, mempunyai endodermis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan perisikel, tetapi tidak berkambium&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Akarnya tunggang mempunyai endodermis, perisikel, dan kambium&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Batang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Fungsi batang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Fungsi batang, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Alat transportasi zat makanan dari akar ke daun, dan hasil asimilasi dari daun ke seluruh bagian tumbuhan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Alat perkembangbiakan vegetatif&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Menyimpan cadangan makanan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4) Tempat tumbuhnya daun, cabang dan bunga&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Struktur batang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Struktur batang dari luar ke dalam sebagai berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Epidermis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Terdiri atas selapis sel yang tersusun rapat dan tidak mempunyai ruang antarsel. Epidermis yang terdapat di atas permukaan sering dilapisi kutikula. Jika pada batang terjadi pertumbuhan sekunder, epidermis akan pecah dan terbentuk lapisan gabus yang sering kali juga pecah sehingga membentuk lentisel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Korteks&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sel-selnya tidak tersusun rapat sehingga banyak ruang antarsel yang penting untuk pertukaran gas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Endodermis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tersusun atas selapis sel yang mempunyai bentuk khas. Pada Angiospermae sel-sel endodermis mengandung banyak tepung yang sering disebut sebagai sarung tepung.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Stele (silinder pusat)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Di dalam stele terdapat jaringan partikel empulur, dan pembuluh angkut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Daun&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Fungsi daun&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Fungsi daun, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Tempat berlangsungnya fotosintesis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Tempat menyimpan bahan makanan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Pada tumbuhan tertentu sebagai alat perkembangan vegetatif&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4) Alat evaporasi (penguapan)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;5) Respirasi (melalui stomata)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;6) Menyerap energi cahaya matahari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Struktur daun&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Struktur anatomi daun adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Epidermis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Epidermis daun tertutup oleh lapisan kutikula yang berfungsi untuk mencegah terjadinya penguapan yang terlalu besar. Pada epidermis terdapat stomata atau mulut daun yang berfungsi untuk melaksanakan fungsi pertukaran gas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Mesofil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Mesofil terdiri atas jaringan palisade yang mempunyai banyak kloroplas dan jaringan bunga karang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Ikatan pembuluh&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ikatan pembuluh daun membentuk tulang daun. Tulang daun terdiri atas xilem dan floem. Ikatan pembuluh akan berakhir di ujung daun berupa celah kecil yang disebut hidatoda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4. Bunga&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Fungsi bunga&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Fungsi bunga, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sebagai alat pembentuk sel kelamin.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Pembagian bunga&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Bunga dapat dibagi menjadi:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Bunga lengkap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;adalah bunga yang memiliki perhiasan bunga dan alat pembiak.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a) Perhiasan bunga, terdiri dari :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Periantum yang terdiri dari: calyx (kelopak bunga), corolla (mahkota bunga). Perigonium yaitu bunga yang memiliki calyx dan corolla dengan warna yang sama.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b) Alat pembiak, terdiri dari:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(1) Pistilum (putik) alat pembiak betina, karena membentuk ovum.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(2) Stamen (benang sari) alat pembiak jantan, karena menghasilkan sperma.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Bunga tidak lengkap &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;adalah bunga yang tidak mempunyai perhiasan bunga atau alat pembiak, dapat dibedakan menjadi:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a) Bunga telanjang yaitu bunga yang tidak memiliki perhiasan bunga.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b) Bunga mandul yaitu bunga yang tidak mempunyai alat pembiak.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Berdasarkan kelengkapan alat pembiak, bunga dibagi menjadi:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Bunga biseksualis: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;bunga hermafrodit/bunga sempurna: bunga yang mempunyai benang sari dan putik.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Bunga uniseksualis: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;bunga yang mempunyai benang sari saja atau mempunyai putik saja. Dibagi menjadi:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a) Berumah satu (monoesius) bunga jantan dan bunga betina terdapat pada satu tumbuhan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b) Berumah dua (dioesius) bunga jantan dan bunga betina tidak terdapat dalam satu tumbuhan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3) Bunga jantan: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;bunga yang hanya mempunyai benang sari saja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4) Bunga betina: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;bunga yang hanya mempunyai putik saja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;5. Buah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Melekatnya serbuk sari di atas kepala putik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;�� &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;penyerbukan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;�� &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;pembuahan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;�� &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;bakal buah dan biji berkembang menjadi buah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Biji yang mengandung embrio/lembaga berfungsi sebagai alat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;perkembangbiakan bagi tumbuhan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Macam-macam buah adalah:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Buah tunggal: buah yang dibentuk oleh hanya satu bakal buah, contoh: buah mangga dan pepaya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Buah agregat: buah yang dibentuk oleh banyak bakal buah dari satu bunga, contoh: buah murbai.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Buah majemuk (buah berganda): buah yang dibentuk oleh banyak bakal buah dari banyak bunga, contoh: buah nanas, nangka dan keluwih.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;C. Teknologi Kultur Jaringan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Sifat Totipotensi pada Tumbuhan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sel tumbuhan mempunyai kemampuan untuk tumbuh menjadi tanaman yang sempurna bila diletakkan dalam lingkungan yang sesuai. Kemampuan semacam itu dinamakan totipotensi. Totipotensi dikembangkan sebagai dasar dalam pengembangan tumbuhan secara invitro atau kultur jaringan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Kultur berarti budidaya dan jaringan adalah sekelompok sel yang mempunyai bentuk dan fungsi yang sama karena itu kultur jaringan berarti membudidayakan suatu jaringan tanaman menjadi tanaman baru yang mempunyai sifat seperti induknya. Sedangkan budidaya tanaman yang dilaksanakan dalam suatu wadah (kontainer) atau botol-botol dengan media khusus dan alat-alat serba steril dinamakan invitro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Tanaman-tanaman yang direkayasa reproduksi melalui kultur jaringan umumnya tanaman yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi seperti anggrek, tembakau, karet, cokelat dan kopi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Beberapa Teknik Kultur Jaringan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Meristem culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, budidaya jaringan dengan menggunakan eksplan dari jaringan muda atau meristem.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pollen culture/anther culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, menggunakan eksplan dari pollen atau benang sari.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Protoplas culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, menggunakan eksplan dari protoplas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Chloroplas culture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, menggunakan kloroplas untuk keperluan fusi protoplas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;e.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Somatic cross &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(bilangan protoplas/fusi protoplas), menyilangkan dua macam protoplas, kemudian dibudidayakan hingga menjadi tanaman kecil yang mempunyai sifat baru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Manfaat Teknik Kultur Jaringan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Beberapa manfaat teknik kultur jaringan adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Untuk menghasilkan tanaman baru dalam jumlah besar dalam waktu singkat dengan sifat dan kualitas sama dengan induknya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Mendapatkan tanaman yang bebas dari virus dan penyakit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Menciptakan varietas baru, yaitu dengan cara menggabungkan plasma dari sel-sel yang berbeda dalam satu spesies lalu menumbuhkannya melalui kultur jaringan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Melestarikan jenis tanaman yang hampir punah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;e.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Mempertahankan keaslian sifat-sifat tanaman.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/7910240107939672534/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/08/bab-9-tumbuhan_02.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/7910240107939672534'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/7910240107939672534'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/08/bab-9-tumbuhan_02.html' title='BAB 9 :: TUMBUHAN'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-3774493915606810765</id><published>2009-07-28T21:47:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-28T21:59:25.843-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 8 :: SITOLOGI (SEL)</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Setelah mempelajari &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;bab&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt; ini, kalian dapat menjelaskan seluk beluk sel; makhluk hidup menjalankan proses-proses hidupnya dengan sel melalui peran organela-organela yang terdapat di dalamnya serta proses proses lain yang terkait dengan sel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Section1&quot;&gt;  &lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;A. Sel sebagai Unit Terkecil Kehidupan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Sel merupakan unit terkecil makhluk hidup, berarti di dalam sel terdapat bagian-bagian yang berperan dalam melakukan aktivitas hidup sel. Coba pahamilah kalimat tersebut! &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;Unit berarti bagian terkecil dari sesuatu yang dapat berdiri sendiri.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;Seperti halnya keluarga merupakan unit sosial yang paling kecil dalam kelompok hidup di masyarakat.&lt;/span&gt; Keluarga-keluarga &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;akan&lt;/span&gt; membentuk desa. &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;Begitu pula sel. Jutaan sel yang berukuran kecil menyusun tubuh makhluk hidup.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Pengetahuan tentang sel telah dimulai sejak abad ke-17 di mana pada waktu itu Robert Hooke (1635-1703) dari Inggris seorang pedagang kaca berhasil membuat sebuah alat yang dapat digunakan untuk mengamati benda-benda yang sangat kecil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt; Alat itu kemudian dikenal dengan &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;nama&lt;/span&gt; mikroskop.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Dengan mikroskop itu Robert Hooke dapat melihat bagian-bagian dari irisan kulit kayu yang mati dan sangat kecil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt; &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;Hasil pengamatan itu berupa petak-petak segi empat yang di tengahnya kosong.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;Benda tersebut disebut sel yang berarti petak atau ruang kecil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Pada tahun 1838 - 1939, dua orang ahli fisiologi Jerman, Theodor Schwann dan Matthias Jakob Schleiden, masing-masing bekerja secara Sendiri-sendiri, mengajukan suatu teori sel yang baru dan revolusioner. &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;Mereka menganggap bahwa makhluk hidup, dari yang paling sederhana sampai yang paling kompleks, hampir sepenuhnya tersusun dari sel dan bahwa sel-sel ini memainkan peranan penting dalam semua kegiatan hidup.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Kemudian, diketahui tidak hanya tubuh hewan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang lebih tinggi yang terdiri dari banyak sel, tetapi juga bahwa tiap-tiap makhluk hidup berasal dari perkembangan satu sel tunggal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ukuran dan Bentuk Sel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Sel mempunyai ukuran dan bentuk yang bervariasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt; &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;Umumnya ukuran sel adalah mikroskopis.&lt;/span&gt; Sebagai contoh pada ovum manusia mempunyai diameter 100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:13;&quot;  &gt;µ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;, erytrosit 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:13;&quot;  &gt; µ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;, bakteri 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:13;&quot;  &gt; µ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;, dan virus 0,1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:13;&quot;  &gt; µ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:13;&quot;  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;dan sel-sel lain berkisar 0,4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:13;&quot;  &gt; µ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt; sampai 10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:13;&quot;  &gt; µ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;Telur ayam atau telur burung adalah sebuah sel di mana yang disebut sel adalah vitellusnya.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;Jika diperhatikan ini adalah ukuran sel yang sangat besar, itulah sebabnya, ukuran rata-rata dari sel sangat sukar ditentukan.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;Sesuai dengan fungsinya maka bentuk sel itu menunjukkan variasi yang bermacam-macam.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;Pada umumnya bentuk sel pada tumbuhan adalah segi empat memanjang atau segi enam, misalnya sel-sel epidermis, sel-sel parenkim.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;Di samping itu pada bagian kayu sel-selnya berbentuk serabut (sklerenkim) dan bulat (kolenkim).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Bentuk sel pada hewan dan manusia juga bermacam-macam, terutama sel-sel jaringan kulit tepi, kita kenal antara lain:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1. Selapis sel bulat pipih disebut sel squamosa simplek.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2. Sel bulat pipih berlapis disebut squamosa komplek.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;3. Sel berbentuk kubus disebut kuboid.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;4. Sel berbentuk segi empat disebut kolumner&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;B. Perbedaan Struktur Sel Tumbuhan dan Hewan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;GramE&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Perbedaan struktur sel tumbuhan dan hewan dapat dilihat dalam Tabel 1.1 berikut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;table class=&quot;MsoTableGrid&quot; style=&quot;border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt;  &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Organel   yang Berbeda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Hewan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: solid solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Tumbuhan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Dinding   sel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;Tidak ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt; membran&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;plasma tipis dan lentur&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;serta tidak mengalami&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;penebalan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;color:black;&quot;   &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;, dinding sel kuat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;dan mengalami penebalan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;terdiri dari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;selulosa (serat kayu)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;color:black;&quot;   &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 18.4pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in; height: 18.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Membran   plasma&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt; height: 18.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt; height: 18.4pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Sitoplasma&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Mitokondria&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Lisosom&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Tidak   ada &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ribosom&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;color:black;&quot;   &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Badan   Golgi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;color:black;&quot;   &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 38.65pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in; height: 38.65pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Sentrosom&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt; height: 38.65pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt; height: 38.65pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;Tidak ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt; (kecuali&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;pada tumbuhan tingkat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;rendah)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;color:black;&quot;   &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Plastida&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Tidak   ada&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Mikrotubulus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Tidak   ada&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 23.35pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in; height: 23.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Vakuola&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt; height: 23.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Tidak ada, kecuali pada Protozoa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt; height: 23.35pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;   (besar)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;height: 13.9pt;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in; height: 13.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Retikulum   Endoplasma (RE)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt; height: 13.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt; height: 13.9pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.5in;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;240&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Nukleus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;color:black;&quot;   &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;color:black;&quot;   &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;   &lt;td style=&quot;border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;148&quot;&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Ada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;color:black;&quot;   &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;/td&gt;  &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJm142GWUigtGJJqk3u3puZdcNtQFyXCXBOE8lwO4p1LqL1hTMiF-1cWEpC6KHKZOEU3W8qdwxZmA8Pgxg70tx_E_Jqzg9LopiPs4MBpOZA2x2ITQbhitMShyAQmaInlTYS4hmMY1ULrdA/s1600-h/sel.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 207px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJm142GWUigtGJJqk3u3puZdcNtQFyXCXBOE8lwO4p1LqL1hTMiF-1cWEpC6KHKZOEU3W8qdwxZmA8Pgxg70tx_E_Jqzg9LopiPs4MBpOZA2x2ITQbhitMShyAQmaInlTYS4hmMY1ULrdA/s320/sel.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5363740092291670674&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;C. Membran Plasma dan Organel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Secara struktural maupun fungsional sel terdiri atas: membran plasma, sitoplasma, nukleus, dan organel-organel lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1. Membran Plasma&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Membran plasma &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;merupakan suatu selaput yang membungkus suatu &lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;massa&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; protoplasma. Sedangkan protoplasma yang mengelilingi nucleus disebut sitoplasma. Komponen penyusun dasar protoplasma adalah air (H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;O) yang jumlahnya berkisar antara 70 - 90 % dari berat individu, terdapatnya dalam bentuk bebas atau terikat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:Calibri;font-size:10;color:black;&quot;   &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Unsur-unsur C, H, O dan N merupakan bagian yang terbesar di dalam protoplasma. Ketiga unsur C, H dan O merupakan unsur pembentuk senyawa kimia yang bermacam-macam dengan ukuran molekul yang besar. Di dalam protoplasma unsur-unsur ada yang berupa unsur anorganik.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Dalam protoplasma unsur anorganik dalam bentuk sebagai berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1. Dalam bentuk garam, misalnya: natrium klorida (NaCl), kalium nitrat (KNO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;), kalsium sulfat (CaSO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2. Dalam bentuk asam, misalnya: asam klorida (HCl), asam nitrat (HNO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;), asam karbonat (H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;3. Dalam bentuk basa, misalnya: natrium hidroksida (NaOH), kalium hidroksida (KOH).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Senyawa organik di dalam protoplasma tersusun oleh unsur C, H, dan O. Senyawa organik terdiri dari: karbohidrat, lemak dan protein yang merupakan sumber energi di dalam protoplasma.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2. ORGANELA-ORGANELA SEL&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;a. Retikulum Endoplasma (RE)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1) Merupakan organel yang terletak di dalam sitoplasma.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2) Fungsinya selain sebagai tempat perlekatan ribosom, juga berfungsi memperkaya senyawa protein hasil sintesis ribosom yang melekat di permukaan membrannya serta transpor zat dalam sel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;b. Ribosom&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1) Selain menempel pada RE, ribosom juga terletak di dalam sitoplasma.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2) Ribosom adalah &lt;st1:city st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:place st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;massa&lt;/st1:place&gt;&lt;/st1:city&gt; berbutir-butir yang berhubungan dengan RE.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;3) Ribosom mengandung ARN.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;4) Fungsi ribosom sebagai tempat sintesis protein.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;c. Mitokondria&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1) Mitokondria adalah struktur-struktur kecil yang tersusun dari protein dan lipida yang membentuk suatu gel yang stabil dan keras.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2) Mitokondria berbentuk lonjong dengan dua lapis membran, di mana membran dalam membentuk lipatan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;3) Fungsinya sebagai penghasil energi karena terlibat dalam proses respirasi sel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;d. Badan Golgi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1) Badan golgi terdiri dari suatu jaringan tak teratur dari benda-benda seperti batang, bulat, atau berbutir-butir pada sel-sel hewan, yang sering terpusat di sekitar nukleus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2) Badan golgi banyak terdapat pada sel-sel kelenjar dan saraf, tetapi hanya sedikit pada sel-sel otot.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;3) Fungsi badan golgi untuk ekskresi sel, pembentukan dinding sel, dan pembentukan lisosom.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;e. Nukleus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1) Merupakan suatu struktur relatif besar yang berbentuk bulat, bulat telur, atau tak teratur dan dikelilingi oleh sitoplasma sel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2) Memiliki bagian-bagian penting, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;a) Membran inti (karioteka), sebagai pembungkus sekaligus pelindung inti.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;b) Nukleoplasma, merupakan cairan inti berbentuk sel, kaya substansi kimia seperti ion-ion, protein, enzim, nukleotida, dan benang-benang kromatin.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;c) Yang bertindak sebagai organisator inti dan banyak mengandung salinan gen-gen yang memberikan kode RNA ribosom.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;f. Lisosom&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Lisosom adalah benda seperti vakuola yang mensekresikan enzimenzim untuk mencernakan bahan makanan demikian juga pada kematian sebuah sel, lisosom melepaskan zat-zat yang menghancurkan “Bangkai” sel ini.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1) Lisosom berbentuk bulat dan berisi enzim hidrolitik atau lisozim.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2) Fungsi sebagai organ pencerna intraseluler.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;g. Sentrosom&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1) Sentrosom adalah suatu daerah yang agak padat di dalam protoplasma, terletak di dekat inti sel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2) Di bagian tengah sentrosom terdapat dua buah benda kecil seperti titik, berbentuk tongkat, atau benda-benda seperti huruf V yang disebut sentriol.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;3) Fungsi memegang peranan penting dalam pembelahan sel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;h. Plastida&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1) Plastida merupakan benda-benda dengan bermacam-macam bentuk yang ditemukan di dalam sel-sel tumbuh-tumbuhan tersusun dari lipida dan protein.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2) Plastida mensintesis lemak, protein dan pati.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;3) Macam-macam plastida:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt; Kloroplas, plastida yang mengandung klorofil, pigmen karotenoid, dan pigmen fotosintesis lainnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt; Kromoplas, plastida yang memberikan aneka ragam warna non fotosintesis, misalnya pigmen merah, kuning, dan sebagainya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt; Leukoplas, plastida tak berwarna atau berwarna putih. Umumnya terdapat pada organ tumbuhan yang tidak kena sinar matahari, khususnya pada organ penyimpanan cadangan makanan, seperti pada akar, biji dan daun muda. Berdasarkan fungsinya leukoplas dapat dibedakan menjadi:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;(1) Amiloplas, yaitu leukoplas yang berfungsi membentuk dan menyimpan amilum.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;(2) Elaioplas, yaitu leukoplas yang berfungsi untuk membentuk dan menyimpan lemak.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;i. Mikrotubulus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1) Mikrotubulus adalah pipa-pipa yang panjang dan halus yang telah ditemukan pada berbagai jenis sel, baik tumbuh-tumbuhan maupun hewan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2) Mikrotubulus terdiri dari protein.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;3) Fungsi, untuk mempertahankan bentuk sel hewan dan mengarahkan gerakan komponen-komponen sel, selain itu juga membantu dalam pembelahan sel mitosis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;j. Vakuola&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1) Vakuola lebih sering ditemukan dalam sel tumbuh-tumbuhan daripada dalam sel hewan, masing-masing dipisahkan dari sitoplasma oleh sebuah selaput, yang agak mirip dengan membran plasma.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2) Vakuola berisi air yaitu getah sel yang mengandung makanan, sekresi sel, dan zat-zat buangan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;k. Dinding sel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1) Dinding sel merupakan struktur tebal yang terletak di bagian terluas dari sel. Hanya dijumpai pada sel tumbuhan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2) Fungsi sebagai pelindung berbagai komponen di dalam sel sekaligus sebagai pemberi bentuk sel.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;D. Mekanisme Transpor pada Membran&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Gerakan zat melalui membran dibedakan menjadi dua macam, yaitu gerakan pasif yang tidak menggunakan energi dan gerakan aktif yang memerlukan energi, yang termasuk gerakan pasif adalah difusi dan osmosis, sedang yang termasuk gerakan aktif adalah transpor aktif, endositosis, dan eksositosis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;1. Difusi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Di dalam sel terjadi peristiwa perpindahan molekul zat dari tempat yang berkonsentrasi tinggi ke tempat yang berkonsentrasi lebih rendah untuk mencapai kesamaan konsentrasi. Peristiwa tersebut dinamakan difusi. Di tingkat sel, difusi bermacam bahan, termasuk air terjadi terus menerus dan di mana mana.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;2. Osmosis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Selain difusi di dalam sel juga terjadi osmosis, yaitu perpindahan melekul air melalui selaput semipermiabel dari larutan yang hipotonis (kepekatan rendah) ke larutan hipertonis (kepekatan tinggi).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;3. Transpor Aktif&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Perpindahan zat melalui membrane selektif permiabel dari tempat yang konsentrasi zatnya rendah ke tempat yang konsentrasi zatnya tinggi menggunakan energi (ATP) dan enzim pengangkut (protein carier) dinamakan transpor aktif. Transpor aktif melawan gradien konsentrasi suatu zat. Contohnya pompa Na&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;, K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;. Senyawa yang berupa karbohidrat agar dapat diserap harus dipecah atau disederhanakan dahulu menjadi monosakarida, seperti fruktosa, glukosa dan galaktosa. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut masih bersifat pasif sehingga sukar diserap oleh sel. Untuk itu harus diaktifkan lebih dahulu dengan menggunakan energi yang tersimpan di dalam sel berupa energi kimia yang disebut ATP (Adenosin Tri Phospat).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Untuk membebaskan energi ATP diperlukan enzim tertentu sehingga terbatas energinya berupa 1 mol phospat sehingga sisanya berupa ADP (Adenosin Diphospat). Peristiwa inilah yang disebut transpor aktif.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 174, 240);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;4. Endositosis dan Eksositosis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Endositosis dan eksositosis dapat terjadi pada organisme bersel satu seperti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Amoeba &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;Paramaecium &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(35, 31, 32);font-family:Calibri;&quot; &gt;dan sel-sel tertentu dari tubuh Vertebrata misalnya sel darah putih. Karena bersel satu itulah zat-zat padat atau tetes-tetes cairan dimasukkan dan dikeluarkan melalui membran sel. Proses memasukkan zat-zat padat atau tetes-tetes cairan melalui membran sel disebut dengan endositosis sedangkan proses mengeluarkan zat-zat padat atau tetes-tetes cairan melalui membran sel disebut eksositosis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/3774493915606810765/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-8-sitologi-sel.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/3774493915606810765'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/3774493915606810765'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-8-sitologi-sel.html' title='BAB 8 :: SITOLOGI (SEL)'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJm142GWUigtGJJqk3u3puZdcNtQFyXCXBOE8lwO4p1LqL1hTMiF-1cWEpC6KHKZOEU3W8qdwxZmA8Pgxg70tx_E_Jqzg9LopiPs4MBpOZA2x2ITQbhitMShyAQmaInlTYS4hmMY1ULrdA/s72-c/sel.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-3481190438083903386</id><published>2009-07-26T21:05:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-26T21:20:00.977-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 7 :: PENCEMARAN ALAM</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; 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name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;; 	panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:Calibri; 	panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:swiss; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;; 	panose-1:2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 	mso-font-charset:178; 	mso-generic-font-family:auto; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:8193 0 0 0 64 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:Humanst521BT; 	panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 	mso-font-alt:Arial; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:swiss; 	mso-font-format:other; 	mso-font-pitch:auto; 	mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal 	{mso-style-unhide:no; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; 	margin-top:0cm; 	margin-right:0cm; 	margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	margin-left:0cm; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; 	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;;} .MsoChpDefault 	{mso-style-type:export-only; 	mso-default-props:yes; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; 	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;;} .MsoPapDefault 	{mso-style-type:export-only; 	margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	line-height:115%;} @page Section1 	{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; 	margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; 	mso-header-margin:36.0pt; 	mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin-top:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-right:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0cm; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Apakah yang akan terjadi apabila ekosistem tidak seimbang? Faktor-faktor apakah yang menyebabkan keseimbangan lingkungan terganggu? Setelah mempelajari bab ini, kalian dapat menjaga lingkungan dan mencegah pencemaran lingkungan serta dapat membuat produk daur ulang limbah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:9;&quot;  &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;ProgId&quot; content=&quot;Word.Document&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Generator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Originator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;File-List&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;themeData&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   &lt;w:view&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:trackmoves/&gt;   &lt;w:trackformatting/&gt;   &lt;w:punctuationkerning/&gt;   &lt;w:validateagainstschemas/&gt;   &lt;w:saveifxmlinvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:ignoremixedcontent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:donotpromoteqf/&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeother&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeasian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemecomplexscript&gt;AR-SA&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:breakwrappedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:snaptogridincell/&gt;    &lt;w:wraptextwithpunct/&gt;    &lt;w:useasianbreakrules/&gt;    &lt;w:dontgrowautofit/&gt;    &lt;w:splitpgbreakandparamark/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/&gt;    &lt;w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertalignintxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:word11kerningpairs/&gt;    &lt;w:cachedcolbalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:browserlevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;   &lt;m:mathpr&gt;    &lt;m:mathfont val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbin val=&quot;before&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbinsub val=&quot;--&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef/&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:latentstyles deflockedstate=&quot;false&quot; defunhidewhenused=&quot;true&quot; defsemihidden=&quot;true&quot; defqformat=&quot;false&quot; defpriority=&quot;99&quot; latentstylecount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Normal&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt; 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priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;; 	panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:Calibri; 	panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:swiss; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;; 	panose-1:2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 	mso-font-charset:178; 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	margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	line-height:115%;} @page Section1 	{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; 	margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; 	mso-header-margin:36.0pt; 	mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin-top:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-right:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0cm; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;A. Macam-macam Pencemaran dan Penyebabnya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ada beberapa macam pencemaran, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Macam-macam Pencemaran Menurut Tempatnya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a. Pencemaran tanah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Gejala pencemaran tanah dapat diketahui dari tanah yang tidak dapat digunakan untuk keperluan fisik manusia. Tanah yang tidak dapat digunakan, misalnya tidak dapat ditanami tumbuhan, tandus dan kurang mengandung air tanah. Faktor-faktor yang mengakibatkan terjadinya pencemaran tanah antara lain pembuangan bahan sintetis yang tidak dapat diuraikan oleh mikroorganisme, seperti plastik, kaleng, kaca, sehingga menyebabkan oksigen tidak bisa meresap ke tanah. Faktor lain, yaitu penggunaan pestisida dan detergen yang merembes ke dalam tanah dapat berpengaruh terhadap air tanah, flora, dan fauna tanah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Cara pencegahan dan penanggulangan pencemaran tanah, antara lain sebagai berikut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Sebelum dibuang ke tanah senyawa sintetis seperti plastic sebaiknya diuraikan lebih dahulu, misalnya dengan dibakar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Untuk bahan-bahan yang dapat didaur ulang, hendaknya dilakukan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;proses daur ulang, seperti kaca, plastik, kaleng, dan sebagainya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Membuang sampah pada tempatnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Penggunaan pestisida dengan dosis yang telah ditentukan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;5)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Penggunaan pupuk anorganik secara tidak berlebihan pada tanaman.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;6)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Remidiasi tanah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(kegiatan pembersihan permukaan tanah)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b. Pencemaran air&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pencemaran air dapat diketahui dari perubahan warna, bau, serta adanya kematian dari biota air, baik sebagian atau seluruhnya. Bahan polutan yang dapat menyebabkan polusi air antara lain limbah pabrik, detergen, pestisida, minyak, dan bahan organik yang berupa sisa-sisa organisme yang mengalami pembusukan. Untuk mengetahui tingkat pencemaran air dapat dilihat melalui besarnya kandungan O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;yang terlarut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ada 2 cara yang digunakan untuk menentukan kadar oksigen dalam air, yaitu secara kimia dengan COD &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(Chemical Oxygen Demand) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan BOD &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(Biochemical Oxygen Demand)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;. Makin besar harga BOD makin tinggi pula tingkat pencemarannya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Cara pencegahan dan penanggulangan pencemaran air dapat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dilakukan sebagai berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Cara pemakaian pestisida sesuai aturan yang ada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Sisa air buangan pabrik dinetralkan lebih dahulu sebelum dibuang ke sungai.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Pembuangan air limbah pabrik tidak boleh melalui daerah pemukiman penduduk. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menghindari keracunan yang mungkin terjadi karena penggunaan air sungai oleh penduduk.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Setiap rumah hendaknya membuat septi tank yang baik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c. Pencemaran udara&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pencemaran udara dapat bersumber dari manusia atau dapat berasal dari alam. Pencemaran oleh alam, misalnya letusan gunung berapi yang mengeluarkan debu, gas CO, SO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;, dan H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;S. Partikel-partikel zat padat yang mencemari udara di antaranya berupa debu, jelaga, dan partikel logam. Partikel logam yang paling banyak menyebabkan pencemaran adalah Pb yang berasal dari pembakaran bensin yang mengandung TEL &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(tetraethyl timbel)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;. Adanya pencemaran udara ditunjukkan oleh adanya gangguan pada makhluk hidup yang berupa kesukaran bernapas, batuk, sakit tenggorokan, mata pedih, serta daun-daun yang menguning pada tanaman.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Zat-zat lain yang umumnya mencemari lingkungan, antara lain:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1) Oksida karbon (CO dan CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;) dapat mengganggu pernapasan, tekanan darah, saraf, dan mengikat Hb sehingga sel kekurangan O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2) Oksida sulfur (SO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;2 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan SO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;) dapat merusak selaput lendir hidung dan tenggorokan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Cara pencegahan dan penanggulangan terhadap pencemaran udara, antara lain sebagai berikut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Perlu dibatasi penggunaan bahan bakar yang menghasilkan CO.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Menerapkan program penghijauan di kota-kota untuk mengurangi tingkat pencemaran.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Memilih lokasi pabrik dan industri yang jauh dari keramaian dan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;pada tanah yang kurang produktif.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Gas-gas buangan pabrik perlu dibersihkan dahulu sebelum dikeluarkan ke udara bebas. Pembersihan dapat menggunakan alat tertentu, misalnya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;cottrell &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;yang berfungsi untuk menyerap debu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;d. Pencemaran suara&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Polusi suara disebabkan oleh suara bising kendaraan bermotor, kapal terbang, deru mesin pabrik, radio, atau tape recorder yang berbunyi keras sehingga mengganggu pendengaran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Macam-macam Pencemaran Menurut Bahan Pencemarnya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;a.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Pencemaran kimiawi adalah pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh bahan yang berupa zat radioaktif, logam (Hg, Pb, As, Cd, Cr dan Hi), pupuk anorganik, pestisida, detergen, dan minyak.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;b.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Pencemaran biologi adalah pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh bahan yang berupa mikroorganisme, misalnya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Escherichia coli, Entamoeba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;coli, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Salmonella thyposa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;c.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Pencemaran fisik adalah pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh bahan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;yang berupa kaleng-kaleng, botol, plastik, dan karet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;B. Perubahan Lingkungan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Perubahan lingkungan dapat terjadi oleh aktivitas manusia atau kejadian alam seperti letusan gunung berapi, tanah longsor, dan kebakaran hutan. Perubahan lingkungan yang terjadi, baik yang dilakukan oleh manusia atau kejadian alam dapat bersifat positif, artinya bermanfaat bagi kesejahteraan manusia dan bersifat negatif yang merugikan bagi kehidupan manusia. Perubahan lingkungan terjadi apabila ada perubahan dalam daur biologi atau daur biogeokimia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Penebangan pohon di hutan tanpa perhitungan akan menimbulkan akibat yang saling berantai antara faktor biotik dan abiotik. Penebangan hutan berarti menghilangkan sebagian besar produsen dalam suatu ekosistem. Karena itu akan menyebabkan kepunahan sebagian flora dan fauna yang ada di hutan tersebut. Pengaruh yang lainnya, dengan pembukaan hutan akan menyebabkan perubahan dalam daur hidrologi. Bila hujan turun pada tanah yang terbuka, maka air akan langsung masuk ke dalam tanah yang memiliki kesuburan yang tinggi. Dengan tidak adanya pohon yang menahan air hujan yang meresap ke dalam tanah akan menyebabkan aliran air di permukaan tanah menjadi besar. Adanya aliran yang besar dan cepat akan mengikis permukaan tanah yang subur. Hilangnya kesuburan tanah akan mengurangi populasi cacing tanah yang berperan membantu menyuburkan tanah. Kurangnya resapan air di dalam tanah akan menyebabkan kekeringan di musim kemarau. Dengan penebangan pohon, menyebabkan dasar hutan lebih banyak menerima cahaya matahari dan suhu akan naik, yang dapat menyebabkan lebih cepatnya penguraian sampah organik sebagai sumber zat hara tanah. Penguraian sampah organik di tanah secara drastis akan mengganggu daur nitrogen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pengembalian lingkungan yang sudah berubah merupakan pekerjaan yang sulit dan memerlukan biaya yang besar serta waktu yang panjang. Untuk itu perlu dijaga agar kerusakan lingkungan tidak terjadi. Ada beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan untuk menjaga kelestarian lingkungan, seperti:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&lt;/b&gt; Melakukan perlindungan hutan dengan cara antara lain: menebang hutan secara selektif, melakukan reboisasi, mencegah terjadinya kebakaran hutan, pangadaan taman nasional, dan lain-lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Menggunakan pestisida dan pupuk sesuai dosis yang dianjurkan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Mengolah limbah sebelum dibuang ke sungai atau ke saluran air yang lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Tidak membuang sampah sembarangan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt; Melakukan proses daur ulang untuk sampah yang bisa dimanfaatkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;C. Upaya Pencegahan Pencemaran Lingkungan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pada dasarnya ada tiga cara yang dapat dilakukan dalam rangka pencegahan pencemaran lingkungan, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Secara Administratif&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Upaya pencegahan pencemaran lingkungan secara administrative adalah pencegahan pencemaran lingkungan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dengan cara mengeluarkan kebijakan atau peraturan yang berhubungan dengan lingkungan hidup. Contohnya adalah dengan keluarnya undang-undang tentang pokok-pokok pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang dikeluarkan oleh presiden Republik Indonesia pada tanggal 11 Maret 1982. Dengan adanya AMDAL sebelum adanya proyek pembangunan pabrik dan proyek yang lainnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Secara Teknologis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Cara ini ditempuh dengan mewajibkan pabrik untuk memiliki unit pengolahan limbah sendiri. Sebelum limbah pabrik dibuang ke lingkungan, pabrik wajib mengolah limbah tersebut terlebih dahulu sehingga menjadi zat yang tidak berbahaya bagi lingkungan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Secara Edukatif&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Cara ini ditempuh dengan melakukan penyuluhan terhadap masyarakat akan pentingnya lingkungan dan betapa bahayanya pencemaran lingkungan. Selain itu, dapat dilakukan melalui jalur pendidikan-pendidikan formal atau sekolah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;E. Jenis-jenis Limbah dan Pemanfaatan Limbah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah penduduk, maka kebutuhan manusia juga semakin meningkat sehingga jumlah sampah yang dihasilkan juga semakin tinggi. Limbah yang langsung dibuang ke lingkungan tanpa diolah terlebih dulu dapat mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem. Secara biologis, limbah dapat dibagi menjadi:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Limbah yang Dapat Diuraikan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(Biodegradable)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Limbah jenis ini adalah limbah yang dapat diuraikan atau didekomposisi, baik secara alamiah yang dilakukan oleh decomposer (bakteri dan jamur) ataupun yang disengaja oleh manusia, contohnya adalah limbah rumah tangga, kotoran hewan, daun, dan ranting.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Limbah yang Tak Dapat Diuraikan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;(Nonbiodegradable)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Adalah limbah yang tidak dapat diuraikan secara alamiah oleh dekomposer. Keberadaan limbah jenis ini di alam sangat membahayakan, contohnya adalah timbal (Pb), merkuri, dan plastik. Untuk menanggulangi menumpuknya sampah tersebut maka diperlukan upaya untuk dapat menanggulangi hal tersebut. Pemanfaatan limbah dapat ditempuh melalui dua cara, yaitu dengan proses daur ulang menjadi produk tertentu yang bermanfaat dan tanpa daur ulang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Melalui Daur Ulang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Baik limbah organik (yang berasal dari sisa makhluk hidup) maupun sampah anorganik (dari bahan-bahan tak hidup atau bahan sintetis) dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi suatu produk yang bermanfaat bagi kebutuhan manusia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Tanpa Daur Ulang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Selain melalui daur ulang, sampah juga bisa langsung dimanfaatkan tanpa daur ulang. Contohnya adalah pemanfaatan ban-ban bekas yang dijadikan perabot ( meja, kursi, dan pot ), serbuk gergaji sebagai media penanaman jamur, botol, dan kaleng yang dapat digunakan untuk pot.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/3481190438083903386/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-7-pencemaran-alam.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/3481190438083903386'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/3481190438083903386'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-7-pencemaran-alam.html' title='BAB 7 :: PENCEMARAN ALAM'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-4699317917561750760</id><published>2009-07-24T03:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-24T03:23:50.304-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 6 :: EKOSISTEM</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; 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priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt; 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priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt; 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priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt; 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priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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	mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;;} @page Section1 	{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; 	margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; 	mso-header-margin:36.0pt; 	mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;}  /* List Definitions */  @list l0 	{mso-list-id:216673864; 	mso-list-type:hybrid; 	mso-list-template-ids:2092360152 829181658 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l0:level1 	{mso-level-tab-stop:none; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:54.0pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;} ol 	{margin-bottom:0cm;} ul 	{margin-bottom:0cm;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; 	mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Traditional Arabic&quot;;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 153);&quot;&gt;SATUAN-SATUAN DALAM EKOSISTEM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Di dalam ekosistem, secara alami tidak pernah ditemukan adanya komponen biotik yang hidup sendiri. Adakah tumbuhan atau hewan yang mampu hidup sendiri? Jika ada sebutkan ekosistemnya!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Pada salah satu contoh ekosistem semisal, ditemukan banyak tanaman kelapa dan tanaman padi di sawah yang merupakan kelompok tumbuhan hijau, sedangkan sepasang kupu-kupu, seekor burung kutilang dan seekor burung elang di kebun, serta banyak cacing tanah, tikus dan burung bangau di sawah merupakan kelompok hewan. Kelompok tumbuhan hijau merupakan organisme yang dapat membuat makanan sendiri, sedangkan kelompok hewan memperoleh makanan dari makhluk hidup lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Berdasarkan cara memperoleh makanan, maka komponen biotik dapat dikelompokkan menjadi organisme autrotof dan heterotrof.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Organisme Autotrof&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Organisme ini memperoleh makanan dengan cara mengubah bahan anorganik menjadi bahan organik menggunakan energi yang berasal dari sinar matahari. Berdasarkan sumber energi, organisme autotrof dibedakan menjadi dua.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;a.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Organisme &lt;i&gt;fotoautotrof&lt;/i&gt;, menggunakan sumber energi dari sinar matahari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Contohnya alga, tumbuhan berklorofil seperti tanaman jeruk, padi,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;mangga, kelapa, dan sebagainya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;. Organisme &lt;i&gt;kemoautotrof&lt;/i&gt;, menggunakan sumber energi yang berasal dari&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;energi hasil reaksi kimia. Contohnya bakteri besi dan bakteri nitrit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt;2. Organisme Heterotrof&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Organisme ini memperoleh makanan yang telah dibentuk oleh makhluk hidup lain. Contohnya kupu-kupu mengisap madu bunga, tikus makan padi, elang makan tikus, dan lain-lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 153);&quot;&gt;INTERAKSI DALAM EKOSISTEM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt;Interaksi antara Komponen Biotik dan Abiotik&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;di antara komponen- komponen abiotik (tak hidup) seperti udara, tanah, air, dan cahaya serta komponenkomponen biotic (hidup), yaitu padi dan cacing terjadi interaksi atau hubungan sehingga terjadi saling ketergantungan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt; Interaksi Antarkomponen Biotik&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Interaksi antarkomponen biotik dapat terjadi antara individu dalam populasi maupun individu dalam komunitas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;a.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Interaksi Antarindividu dalam Populasi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Coba Anda bayangkan sebuah daerah kebun. Di tempat tersebut ternyata terdapat populasi tumbuhan dan hewan. Coba temukan adanya interaksi antara individu-individu itu! Setiap pohon kelapa merupakan individu dan kumpulan seluruh pohon kelapa sejenis yang tumbuh di kebun merupakan populasi. Di dalam populasi kelapa pada saat berbunga, ketika angin bertiup akan menyebabkan serbuk sari berterbangan dari pohon satu ke pohon lainnya sehingga terjadilah penyerbukan silang. Peristiwa terjadinya penyerbukan silang merupakan interaksi antarindividu di dalam populasi. Interaksi pada tumbuhan terlihat tidak begitu jelas, interaksi akan terlihat jelas pada hewan atau manusia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;b. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Interaksi Antarindividu dalam Komunitas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Interaksi antarindividu dalam komunitas dapat terjadi antarindividu sesama jenis dalam populasi seperti yang baru saja kita bicarakan maupun interaksi terjadi antarindividu berbeda jenis atau berbeda populasi. Ingat kembali, komunitas terdiri atas kumpulan species populasi dalam suatu habitat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;setiap jenis makhluk hidup mempunyai fungsi masing-masing di dalam ekosistem, yaitu makhluk hidup sebagai produsen, konsumen, pengurai (perombak), dan detritivor, urainnya sebagai berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Produsen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Di dalam ekosistem ada makhluk hidup yang dapat membuat/mencukupi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;kebutuhan dirinya sendiri yang disebut produsen primer (&lt;i&gt;autotrof&lt;/i&gt;). Jenis makhluk hidup autotrof ada dua macam, yaitu makhluk hidup mensintesis makanannya dari molekul anorganik dengan bantuan energi sinar matahari yang disebut &lt;i&gt;fototrofik. &lt;/i&gt;Contohnya, semua tumbuhan hijau, alga, dan bakteri belerang. Ada pada makhluk hidup yang mensintesis makanannya dari molekul anorganik dengan energi kimia yang disebut &lt;i&gt;kemotrofik&lt;/i&gt;, contohnya bakteri pendaur nitrogen (&lt;i&gt;Nitrosomonas&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Produsen primer ekosistem darat terdapat pada golongan tumbuhan tingkat tinggi, yaitu dari golongan Angiospermae dan Gymnospermae yang membentuk hutan atau padang rumput, sedangkan pada ekosistem air terdapat golongan tumbuhan tingkat rendah, yaitu alga.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Konsumen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Konsumen di dalam ekosistem adalah semua makhluk hidup yang tidak dapat membuat makanannya sendiri yang disebut &lt;i&gt;heterotrof&lt;/i&gt;, sehingga makhluk hidup tersebut hanya dapat menelan atau mencerna sebagian, bahkan keseluruhan makhluk hidup lain sebagai bahan makanan organic&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Pengurai (Perombak) dan Detritivor&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Jika suatu ketika Anda menemukan tumbuhan atau hewan yang telah mati dan keadaannya masih utuh (segar), apakah setelah selang beberapa hari atau beberapa minggu bahkan sampai beberapa tahun keadaannya masih utuh atau tinggal sebagian bahkan sudah hilang sama sekali? Tidak demikian bukan?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Setelah beberapa waktu, tumbuhan atau hewan yang mati akan hancur menjadi bagian-bagian yang lebih kecil dan akhirnya akan hilang. Hal itu dapat terjadi karena adanya kegiatan organisme pengurai (perombak). Organisme pengurai mengeluarkan enzim selulosa, tumbuhan, atau hewan menjadi lunak kemudian dirombak dan terurai menjadi bagian kecilkecil lalu diserapnya. Terdapat sisa-sisa bahan fragmen (remukan atau hancuran kecil-kecil lembut) yang disebut &lt;i&gt;detritus&lt;/i&gt;, kemudian ada organism yang masuk menembus ke dalam tubuh tumbuhan atau hewan itu kemudian mencerna atau memakan detritus, organisme tersebut disebut &lt;i&gt;detritivor&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 153);&quot;&gt;KEDINAMISAN EKOSISTEM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, sumber energi setiap ekosistem berasal dari sinar matahari yang diubah oleh tumbuhan hijau (autotrof) menjadi energi kimia dalam bentuk zat-zat organik (makanan) melalui proses fotosintesis. Coba ingat kembali mengenai proses fotosintesis dan tuliskan persamaan reaksinya! Pada proses fotosintesis, bentuk energi diubah dari energi cahaya menjadi energi kimia dan berpindah ke konsumen I, II, dan III, yang berakhir pada proses penguraian. Di dalam proses penguraian, energi ini dilepaskan dalam bentuk panas, kemudian tersebar ke lingkungan dan tidak dapat dimanfaatkan lagi. Dalam hal ini terjadi jalur makan dan dimakan, yaitu proses produsen yang dimakan oleh konsumen I, selanjutnya konsumen I dimakan konsumen II, konsumen II dimakan konsumen III. Peristiwa ini disebut sebagai rantai makanan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Rantai Makanan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Seperti yang Anda ketahui saling ketergantungan antara produsen dan konsumen tampak pada peristiwa makan dan dimakan. Energi dalam bentuk makanan akan berpindah dari organisme tingkat tinggi ke organisme lain yang tingkatannya lebih rendah melalui rentetan organisme memakan organism sebelumnya dan sebagai penyedia bahan makanan bagi organism berikutnya yang disebut &lt;i&gt;rantai makanan&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Jaring-Jaring Makanan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Dari uraian komponen biotik di atas, pada tiap-tiap tingkatan konsumen tampak seolah-olah setiap organisme hanya memakan atau dimakan oleh satu macam organisme yang lain, tetapi kenyataannya di dalam ekosistem keadaannya lebih kompleks. Mengapa demikian? Hal ini terjadi karena tiap-tiap organism dapat memakan dalam satu tingkatan konsumen atau dari tingkatan konsumen lain di dalam ekosistem yang dikenal dengan rantai makanan dan antara rantairantai makanan itu saling berhubungan satu dengan lainnya yang dikenal dengan jaring-jaring makanan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Piramida Ekologi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Telah kita ketahui bersama, bahwa komponen-komponen biotik pada rantai makanan ekosistem menempati tingkatan trofi tertentu, seperti produsen menempati tingkat trofi pertama, herbivora menempati tingkat trofi kedua, karnivora menempati tingkat trofi ketiga, dan seterusnya. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Ketika organisme autotrof (produsen) dimakan oleh herbivora (konsumen I), maka energi yang tersimpan dalam produsen (tumbuhan) berpindah ke tubuh konsumen I (pemakannya) dan konsumen II akan mendapatkan energi dari memakan konsumen I, dan seterusnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Daur Energi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Energi dalam bentuk makanan akan berpindah dari organism tingkat tinggi ke organisme lain yang tingkatannya lebih rendah melalui rentetan organisme memakan organisme berikutnya yang disebut rantai makanan. Setiap tingkatan pada rantai makanan itu disebut taraf trofi, dan di antara rantai-rantai makanan itu saling berhubungan satu sama lain yang disebut jaring-jaring makanan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Energi yang tersedia untuk tingkat trofi pada rantai makanan, semakin tinggi tingkat trofi semakin sedikit sehingga membentuk sebuah piramida yang disebut piramida ekologi, meliputi piramida jumlah, piramida biomassa, dan piramida energi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Aliran materi yang melibatkan unsur senyawa kimia mengalami perpindahan lewat organisme (biotik) dan beredar kembali ke lingkungan fisik (abiotik) disebut daur biogeokimia yang meliputi unsur karbon, oksigen, nitrogen, dan air.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 153);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;SUKSESI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Tanah yang ada di kebun apabila dibiarkan akan ditumbuhi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;rumput, terlebihlebih jika dibiarkan terus beberapa tahun, maka akan ditumbuhi semak-belukar. Bahkan, mungkin akan menjadi hutan yang lebat. Terjadinya urutan perkembangan perubahan bentuk suatu komunitas secara bertahap yang dalam waktu cukup lama yang disebut suksesi. Perlu Anda ketahui, proses suksesi akan berakhir dengan suatu komunitas atau ekosistem klimaks, yang berarti komunitas telah dapat mempertahankan kemantapan internalnya yang merupakan respon dari komponen-komponen terhadap kondisi normal komunitas sehingga terlihat seakan-akan tidak akan berubah&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                &lt;/span&gt;Tahap-tahap terjadinya suksesi adalah:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Lahan kosong&gt;&gt;&gt; invasi benih&gt;&gt;&gt; kolonisasi&gt;&gt;&gt; kompetisi&gt;&gt;&gt; interaksi antarkomunitas dan lingkungan&gt;&gt;&gt; stabilisasi dan tercapainya keseimbangan yang mantap.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Jika ditinjau dari asal terjadinya, suksesi ada dua macam, yaitu suksesi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;primer dan suksesi sekunder.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt; Suksesi Primer&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Suksesi primer terbentuk ditandai oleh hilangnya komunitas asal secara total, misalnya letusan gunung, tanah longsor, penambangan timah dan batubara sehingga tidak ada organisme penyusun komunitas asal yang tersisa, yang ada hanyalah tanah gersang yang berupa batu-batuan. Dalam waktu yang lama dimulainya munculnya organisme perintis yang berupa lumut kerak. Lumut kerak ini akan melapukkan batuan yang semakin lama pelapukan tersebut akan terbentuk tanah. Ada beberapa spora paku terbang dibawa oleh angin dan jatuh pada tanah itu, sehingga tumbuhan paku tumbuh. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Proses pelapukan batuan semakin intensif dan tanah yang terbentuk semakin kaya nutrien. Keadaan ini terus berlanjut akan terbentuk ekosistem yang didominasi oleh tumbuhan perdu yang akhirnya mencapai klimaks. Dengan demikian, suksesi primer terjadi ditandai dengan permukaan yang kosong sehingga akan muncul ekosistem baru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt; Suksesi Sekunder&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Suksesi sekunder berlangsung pada bekas ekosistem tidak mengalami kerusakan total. Jadi, tidak mengubah komunitas asal secara total, substrat dan kehidupan asal masih dijumpai. Misalnya, terjadi kebakaran alami, banjir, angin kencang secara alami, penebangan hutan secara selektif, pembakaran padang rumput dengan sengaja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Di dalam tempat ini tidak dijumpai organisme perintis. Jika daerah tersebut didiamkan, maka akan terjadi suksesi kembali karena akan ditumbuhi lagi komunitas asal. Tumbuh-tumbuhan baru juga akan tumbuh dan hewanhewan akan kembali lagi. Hewan-hewan tersebut akan memberi senyawa organik untuk tanah sehingga banyak tumbuhan lain akan hidup di daerah ini. Keseluruhan proses ini menyebabkan populasi berubah dan komunitas berkembang secara bersinambungan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:14;&quot;  &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 153);&quot;&gt;TIPE-TIPE EKOSISTEM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Untuk mengetahui tipe-tipe dari suatu ekosistem, kita harus mengetahui ciri-ciri atau karakter yang paling menonjol dari komunitas pada suatu ekosistem. Sebagai contoh pada ekosistem daratan, ciri yang menonjol adalah komunitas vegetasinya, mengapa? Karena komunitas vegetasi pada ekosistem daratan merupakan ciri yang paling mudah kita kenali dari penampakan luarnya yang selalu berinteraksi antara tumbuhan dan atau hewan dengan lingkungan tempat tinggalnya (habitatnya).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Pada dasarnya ekosistem di Indonesia termasuk ke dalam 3 kelompok utama ekosistem, yaitu ekosistem bahari (laut), ekosistem darat alami, dan ekosistem buatan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt; Ekosistem Bahari/Laut&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Ekosistem bahari/laut terdiri atas ekosistem perairan dalam, ekosistem pantai pasir dangkal/bitarol, dan ekosistem pasang surut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt; Ekosistem Darat Alami&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Di negara kita Indonesia, ekosistem jenis ini terbentuk dari tiga vegetasi utama, yaitu vegetasi pamah, vegetasi pegunungan, dan vegetasi monsu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt; Ekosistem Buatan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Ekosistem suksesi buatan merupakan ekosistem yang dengan sengaja dibuat sesuai kebutuhan manusia seperti pembuatan danau/waduk/bendungan, hutan tanaman, agroekosistem, dan sebagainya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/4699317917561750760/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-6-ekosistem.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/4699317917561750760'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/4699317917561750760'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-6-ekosistem.html' title='BAB 6 :: EKOSISTEM'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-457249868567568628</id><published>2009-07-22T19:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-22T19:58:59.632-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 5 :: ANIMALIA</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; 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Dengan mempelajari materi&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;diharapkan Anda dapat mengetahui ciri-ciri yang dimiliki kelompok-kelompok hewan, dan dapat mendeskripsikan persamaan serta perbedaan nya. Jugadapat mengidentifikasikan peran anggota hewan bagi kehidupan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;ProgId&quot; content=&quot;Word.Document&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Generator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Originator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;File-List&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;Edit-Time-Data&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !mso]&gt; &lt;style&gt; v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;themeData&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   &lt;w:view&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:trackmoves/&gt;   &lt;w:trackformatting/&gt;   &lt;w:punctuationkerning/&gt;   &lt;w:validateagainstschemas/&gt;   &lt;w:saveifxmlinvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:ignoremixedcontent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:donotpromoteqf/&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeother&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeasian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemecomplexscript&gt;AR-SA&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:breakwrappedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:snaptogridincell/&gt;    &lt;w:wraptextwithpunct/&gt;    &lt;w:useasianbreakrules/&gt;    &lt;w:dontgrowautofit/&gt;    &lt;w:splitpgbreakandparamark/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/&gt;    &lt;w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertalignintxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:word11kerningpairs/&gt;    &lt;w:cachedcolbalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:browserlevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;   &lt;m:mathpr&gt;    &lt;m:mathfont val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbin val=&quot;before&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbinsub val=&quot;--&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef/&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; 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style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:14;&quot;&gt;PENGELOMPOKAN HEWAN&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Menurut para ahli, terbentuknya hewan-hewan di muka bumi ini dimulai dari zigot bersel satu yang mengalami pembelahan sel dan sel tersebut akan bertambah banyak yang terbentuk menyerupai bola. Bentuk seperti bola tersebut akan mengalami perkembangan, yaitu akan melekuk ke dalam sehingga akan terbentuk dua lapisan, yaitu &lt;i&gt;ektoderm &lt;/i&gt;(lapisan luar) dan &lt;i&gt;en doderm &lt;/i&gt;(lapisan dalam). Ektoderm dalam masa perkembangannya membentuk bagian-bagian tubuh tertentu, yaitu epidermis, kulit, dan sistem saraf, sedangkan lapisan endoderm akan berkembang menjadi sistem pencernaan dan kelenjarnya. Ada beberapa hewan yang berkembang pada tingkat kedua lapisan ini yang dinamakan &lt;i&gt;diplobastik&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;. &lt;/b&gt;Adapun yang termasuk golongan hewan ini adalah &lt;i&gt;Porifera &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;Coelenterata&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Di antara kedua lapisan, yaitu ektoderm dan endoderm akan berkembang dan terbentuk lapisan &lt;i&gt;mesoderm&lt;/i&gt;. Lapisan mesoderm akan berkembang membentuk bagian tubuh yang menjadi otot, sistem reproduksi, sistem sirkulasi, dan sistem ekskresi. Golongan hewan yang berkembang pada ketiga tingkat lapisan ini dinamakan &lt;i&gt;triplobastik&lt;/i&gt;. Golongan hewan ini adalah &lt;i&gt;Plathyhelminthes&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i&gt;Nemathelminthes&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Dari hasil penelitian diketahui pada &lt;i&gt;Platyhelminthes &lt;/i&gt;belum mempunyai rongga tubuh, yaitu terlihat tubuhnya padat, tanpa rongga antara usus dan tubuh terluar sehingga digolongkan sebagai &lt;i&gt;triplobastik aselomata &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;selom &lt;/i&gt;= rongga tubuh). Adapun pada &lt;i&gt;Nemathelminthes &lt;/i&gt;mempunyai rongga tubuh semu, yaitu mesoderm belum membentuk rongga yang sesungguhnya karena tampak pada mesoderm belum terbagi menjadi lapisan dalam dan lapisan luar, yang dinamakan dengan &lt;i&gt;triplobastik pseudoselomata &lt;/i&gt;dan yang mempunyai rongga tubuh dinamakan &lt;i&gt;triplobastik selomata &lt;/i&gt;karena mesodermnya sudah dipisahkan oleh rongga tubuh yang terbentuk menjadi dua lapisan, yaitu dalam dan luar. Termasuk golongan hewan ini adalah &lt;i&gt;Annelida &lt;/i&gt;sampai&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Chordata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:14;&quot; &gt;1. Avertebrata&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Kelompok &lt;i&gt;Avertebrata &lt;/i&gt;terdiri atas filum-filum berikut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:11;&quot; &gt;A. Filum Porifera&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Nama &lt;i&gt;Porifera &lt;/i&gt;berasal dari bahasa latin, &lt;i&gt;porus &lt;/i&gt;yang berarti lubang, dan &lt;i&gt;ferre &lt;/i&gt;yang berarti membawa atau mempunyai. Porifera adalah salah satu contoh Avertebrata.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan asal katanya, Porifera ini merupakan kelompok hewan yang mempunyai pori. Tahukah Anda bunga karang, Bunga karang ini merupakan jenis hewan dari kelompok Porifera, sangat sulit dibayangkan bukan, karena bila dilihat bentuknya seperti tumbuh-tumbuhan. Apabila Anda pergi ke pantai dan menemukan bunga karang, cobalah amati bentuk morfologi dan habitatnya! Hewan sederhana ini selama hidupnya menetap di karang atau permukaan benda keras lainnya di dasar air. Hewan ini tidak mempunyai alat gerak dan setelah dewasa melekat pada suatu dasar sehingga bersifat &lt;i&gt;sessile&lt;/i&gt;. Ada sekitar 5000 species yang telah diketahui dan beberapa di antaranya hidup di air tawar tetapi sebagian besar hidup di laut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Ciri-Ciri Umum Porifera&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Bunga karang mempunyai bentuk beraneka ragam. Ada yang berbentuk seperti tabung, jambangan, piala, terompet, dan ada pula yang seperti tumbuhan, yaitu bercabang-cabang. Jadi, sebagian besar berbentuk asimetrik. Tubuhnya kebanyakan berwarna abu-abu, ada juga yang berwarna merah, kuning, biru, dan hitam. Beberapa di antaranya mempunyai rongga tubuh&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;yang tunggal, adapun lainnya mempunyai jaring-jaring rongga tubuh yang rumit. Ada yang mempunyai rangka keras serupa dengan kaca atau seperti kulit Molusca, ada yang mempunyai rangka dengan bahan liat serupa bahan tanduk pada sapi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Tubuh Porifera tersusun dari banyak sel dan sel-selnya ini meskipun sangat sederhana tetapi sudah memiliki tugas sendiri-sendiri, yaitu ada yang bertindak sebagai kulit, penangkap makanan, pengedar makanan, dan penyusun rangka. Susunan tubuhnya ada dua lapisan/diplobastik, yaitu sebagai berikut&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;a) Lapisan luar, tersusun oleh sel-sel epidermis berbentuk pipih yang disebut &lt;i&gt;pinakosit &lt;/i&gt;dan sebagai kulit luar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;b) Lapisan dalam yang tersusun oleh sel-sel leher/&lt;i&gt;koanosit &lt;/i&gt;berbentuk seperti corong yang memiliki flagel, vakuola, dan nukleus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Di antara kedua lapisan ini terdapat mesenkim/mesoglea yang berisi bahan gelatin/jeli dan bersifat koloid yang terdapat sel-sel amoebosit bebas&lt;b&gt;.&lt;/b&gt; Mesenkim ini berfungsi untuk mengedarkan zat-zat makanan ke sel-sel lainnya dan zat sisa metabolisme dari satu sel ke sel lainnya. Terdapat juga rangka (spikula atau sporogin), yaitu merupakan duri-duri penguat dinding yang lunak dan dapat tersusun dari zat kapur, zat kersik (silikat), atau protein. Jika Anda ingin mengamati bentuk spikula, Anda dapat mengambil sedikit bagian tubuh bunga karang,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;kemudian letakkan pada objek glass dengan menggunakan pinset, lalu tetesi air dan tutup dengan &lt;i&gt;cover glass&lt;/i&gt;. Amati di bawah mikroskop, maka akan tampak bentuk-bentuk spikula. Jika ingin membedakan spikula dibentuk dari zat kapur atau silikat dapat ditetesi dengan HCl 10%. Perhatikan yang terjadi dan amatilah!.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Kelompok Porifera ini belum mempunyai sistem saraf, tetapi apabila mendapatkan rangsang yang berupa sentuhan, terutama pada daerah oskulum, maka rangsang tersebut akan diteruskan dari sel ke sel secara lambat. Tetapi untuk sistem pencernaannya masih sangat sederhana dan berlangsung secara intrasel, gerakannya seperti pada aliran air, air yang membawa makanan biasanya berupa plankton dan oksigen yang terlarut. Makanan tersebut ditangkap oleh sel leher kemudian dicerna dalam vakuola dan sari-sarinya akan diangkut oleh sel-sel amoebosit dan diedarkan ke seluruh tubuh, sedangkan sisa makanannya dikeluarkan melalui sel leher ke dalam air melalui spongosol.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Perkembangbiakan Porifera &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Cara Porifera berkembang biak, yaitu secara aseksual maupun seksual. Reproduksi secara aseksual dilakukan dengan pembentukan kuncup dari dinding tubuhnya ke arah luar. Kuncup yang terbentuk dilepaskan dan akan tumbuh menjadi Porifera baru atau dapat pula tetap melekat membentuk suatu koloni. Pembentukan kuncup ini dapat terjadi bila kondisi kurang menguntungkan, yaitu bila keadaan kering atau keadaan dingin. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Pada Porifera air tawar akan terbentuk &lt;i&gt;gemmulae &lt;/i&gt;atau plasma benih yang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;merupakan kumpulan sel-sel di dalam mesenkim yang terbungkus kuat dan tebal. Jika induknya mati, maka gemmulae akan tumbuh menjadi kuncup dan menjadi Porifera baru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Reproduksi Porifera secara seksual, yaitu dengan pembentukan &lt;i&gt;arkeosit &lt;/i&gt;yang mengandung sperma dan ovum. Jika terjadi penyatuan sperma dan&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;ovum yang berada di mesoglea, maka akan terbentuk zigot. Zigot ini akan&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;berkembang menjadi larva bersilia, kemudian berenang meninggalkan&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;induknya dan akan menempel pada suatu dasar dan hidup sebagai individu&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;baru. Karena dalam satu tubuh menghasilkan dua sel kelamin, maka Porifera&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;ini bersifat hemaprodit, perlu diingat pembuahan ini terjadi dari sperma&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;yang berasal dari jenis induk Porifera yang lain, jadi tidak berasal dari induk&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;yang sama.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Jenis-Jenis Porifera&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Telah kita ketahui bahwa spikula tersusun dari zat kapur dan dari silikat, apakah Anda sudah mengamati dan membuktikan seperti pada kegiatan sebelumnya? Dengan dasar zat penyusun inilah jenis Porifera ini digolongkan. Beberapa kelas Porifera adalah sebagai berikut&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;a) Kelas &lt;i&gt;Calcarea&lt;/i&gt;, golongan Porifera ini mempunyai spikula yang terbuat dari zat kapur. Umumnya hidup di air laut yang dangkal. Misalnya, &lt;i&gt;Scypha gelatinosa,&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Grantia, Leucosolenia.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;b) Kelas &lt;i&gt;Hexactinellida&lt;/i&gt;, golongan ini mempunyai spikula yang terbuat dari zat kersik/silikat. Hidupnya di laut yang dalam, misalnya &lt;i&gt;Pheronema &lt;/i&gt;sp., &lt;i&gt;Euplectella,&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Regadrella &lt;/i&gt;sp.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;c) Kelas &lt;i&gt;Demospongiae&lt;/i&gt;, kelas ini mempunyai spikula yang terbuat dari zat kersik dan protein (spongin) atau hanya sponging saja. Tubuhnya lunak dan tidak mempunyai skeleton. Hidup di laut yang dangkal, mempunyai jumlah anggota yang paling banyak, misalnya &lt;i&gt;Euspongia officinalis&lt;/i&gt; (spons mandi), &lt;i&gt;Spongilla,&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;Haliclona, Microciona, Corticium.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Peranan Porifera bagi Kehidupan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Hewan Porifera tidak ada yang merugikan bagi kehidupan kita, tetapi ada yang dapat berguna untuk kehidupan kita, yaitu dari golongan &lt;i&gt;Demospongiae&lt;/i&gt;, khususnya &lt;i&gt;Euspongia&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;officinalis. &lt;/i&gt;Bila dikeringkan, &lt;i&gt;Euspongia&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;officinalis &lt;/i&gt;dapat digunakan sebagai spons untuk alat penggosok badan sewaktu mandi atau dapat digunakan sebagai pembersih kaca. Ada juga yang memanfaatkannya untuk hiasan, yaitu dari Porifera yang sudah mati.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:11;&quot; &gt;B. Filum Coelenterata&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Nama &lt;i&gt;Coelenterata &lt;/i&gt;berasal dari bahasa Yunani, yaitu &lt;i&gt;coelos &lt;/i&gt;yang berarti rongga dan &lt;i&gt;enteron &lt;/i&gt;yang berarti usus sehingga coelenterata berarti hewan yang memiliki rongga. Rongga tersebut digunakan sebagai ususnya dan sebuah mulut sebagai alat untuk menelan mangsanya, serta tentakel sebagai alat penangkap mangsanya. Jadi, bila dibandingkan dengan Porifera, Coelenterata jauh lebih kompleks.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Ciri-Ciri Coelenterata&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Apabila Anda berwisata ke daerah pantai, carilah ubur-ubur atau &lt;i&gt;Hydra &lt;/i&gt;dan amatilah struktur tubuhnya! Bandingkan dengan Gambar 8.10 berikut ini! Tubuh hewan tersebut tidak jauh berbeda seperti kantung dengan beberapa tentakel di sekitar mulut. Pada permukaan tentakel, terdapat sel beracun (&lt;i&gt;knidoblast&lt;/i&gt;) yang mengandung sel penyengat kecil (&lt;i&gt;nematosis&lt;/i&gt;) yang dapat digunakan untuk melumpuhkan mangsa sehingga dia dapat mempertahankan dirinya. Penyengat ini dapat melumpuhkan organisme kecil, besar, bahkan manusia. Tentakel dengan penyengat inilah yang merupakan cirri utama dari filum ini.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Bila kita memotong seekor &lt;i&gt;Hydra &lt;/i&gt;dari kepala sampai pangkal, maka hewan ini tidak mempunyai permukaan dorsal dan permukaan ventral, maupun sisi kanan dan sisi kiri sehingga akan menampakkan tubuhnya yang simetris radial. Tubuhnya tersusun dari dua lapisan kulit (&lt;i&gt;diplobastik&lt;/i&gt;), yaitu ektoderm dan endoderm. Ingatlah ektoderm sebagai lapisan luar (epidermis) untuk melindungi endoderm sedangkan endoderm sebagai lapisan dalam (gastrodermis) untuk pencernaan. Di antara kedua lapisan ini terdapat rongga yang berisi bahan seperti jeli, yaitu zat gelatin yang dinamakan &lt;i&gt;mesoglea &lt;/i&gt;dan pada lapisan ini terdapat sel-sel saraf yang letaknya tersebar dan karena tidak mempunyai kepala, maka tidak memiliki pusat susunan saraf pusat.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Oleh beberapa ahli, mesoglea dianggap sebagai lapisan ketiga. Jika ada makanan maka bagian tubuh yang dekat makanan akan masuk melalui lubang (mulut) dan masuk ke rongga dalam yang disebut rongga &lt;i&gt;gastrovaskular &lt;/i&gt;dan di dalam rongga ini proses pencernaan makanan terjadi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;a) Fase Polip&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Daur hidup Coelenterata mengalami &lt;i&gt;fase polip &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;fase medusa&lt;/i&gt;. Pada fase polip hidupnya menempel di batuan perairan. Terlihat pada Gambar 8.11 (a) bentuknya seperti silinder dengan ujung yang satu terdapat mulut yang dikelilingi tentakel dan ujung lain buntu untuk melekatkan diri. Polip ini umumnya hidup secara soliter atau menyendiri, tetapi ada pula yang membentuk koloni, karena dia melekat jadi tidak dapat bergerak bebas. Polip yang membentuk koloni mempunyai beberapa macam bentuk menurut fungsinya, yaitu polip untuk makan yang disebut &lt;i&gt;gastozoid&lt;/i&gt;. Polip yang digunakan untuk pembiakan dengan menghasilkan medusa disebut &lt;i&gt;gonozoid &lt;/i&gt;dan polip untuk pertahanan. Koloni dari beberapa bentuk polip disebut &lt;i&gt;polimorfisme&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;b) Fase Medusa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Pada fase medusa, Coelenterata hidup melayang-layang di perairan Bentuk tubuhnya tampak seperti payung/lonceng dengan tantakel pada bagian tepi yang melingkar, tampak transparan, dan berenang bebas. Di bagian tengah permukaan bawahnya terdapat mulut. Bentuk tubuh lainnya seperti bunga mawar dan mendapat julukan “mawar laut”. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Fungsi dari medusa adalah untuk berkembang biak secara seksual, jadi pada fase medusa ini akan menghasilkan sperma dan ovum. Tidak semua Coelenterata mempunyai bentuk polip dan medusa, ada yang hanya mempunyai bentuk polip saja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Perkembangbiakan Coelenterata&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Untuk memperbanyak diri, Coelenterata berkembang biak secara aseksual dengan membentuk kuncup/tunas yang menempel pada hewan induknya, yaitu pada kakinya dan akan membesar sehingga terbentuk tentakel kemudian terlepas sehingga dapat menjadi individu baru. Ada juga yang tetap melekat pada induknya dan induknya tetap membentuk kuncup yang lain sehingga terbentuklah koloni.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Selain secara aseksual, Coelenterata dapat juga berkembang biak secara seksual, yaitu dengan penyatuan sperma dan sel telur yang akan terbentuk zigot. Sperma yang telah masak dikeluarkan dalam air dan akan berenang menuju ovum. Jika bertemu, terjadilah pembuahan dan zigot yang akan dihasilkan tumbuh menjadi larva bersilia yang disebut &lt;i&gt;planula&lt;/i&gt;. Zigot ini dapat berenang meninggalkan induknya dengan tujuan agar tidak terjadi perebutan makanan. Jika terdapat pada suatu perairan yang cocok, maka akan tumbuh membentuk individu baru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Jenis-Jenis Coelenterata&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Para ahli taksonomi membagi Coelenterata menjadi tiga kelas, yaitu &lt;i&gt;Hydrozoa&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Scyphozoa&lt;/i&gt;, dan &lt;i&gt;Anthozoa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Hydrozoa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;(1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;Hydra&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan pengamatan dapat kita lihat bentuk &lt;i&gt;Hydra&lt;/i&gt; seperti kantung, berongga, dan tidak bersekat. Hidupnya secara soliter di air tawar. Makanannya berupa hewan-hewan kecil misalnya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;jentik nyamuk, udang, kerang. &lt;i&gt;Hydra &lt;/i&gt;bereproduksi secara aseksual dan seksual.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;(2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; &lt;i&gt;Obelia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Obelia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;merupakan jenis Coelenterata yang hidup di air laut dan hidup secara berkoloni. Tubuhnya mempunyai rangka luar yang mengandung kitin. Hidupnya sebagai koloni polip, yaitu polip hidrant yang berfungsi untuk makan dan polip gonangium yang berfungsi membentuk medusa dan dapat menghasilkan alat reproduksi. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;(3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Physalia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Physalia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;mempunyai bagian tubuh sebagai pelampung, hidupnya sebagai koloni polip yaitu ada polip untuk makan (&lt;i&gt;gastrozoid&lt;/i&gt;), polip untuk reproduksi (&lt;i&gt;gonazoid&lt;/i&gt;) dan polip untuk menangkap mangsa (&lt;i&gt;daktilozid&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;b)&lt;/b&gt; Schyphozoa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Anda tentu sudah mengetahui bentuk dari ubur-ubur (&lt;i&gt;Aurelia&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;aurita&lt;/i&gt;)! Ubur-ubur mempunyai ukuran yang besar dan berbentuk medusa, hewan ini sering terdampar di pantai.&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Perlu Anda ingat Schyphozoa memiliki bentuk dominan sebegai medusa. Hati-hati lagi jika menyentuh ubur-ubur karena tentakelnya mengandung sel penyengat dan mengeluarkan racun yang sangat gatal, jika tidak tahan kulit akan melepuh.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Anthozoa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Pernahkah Anda melihat binatang berwarna-warni seperti bunga di dalam akuarium? Hewan itu termasuk kelas &lt;i&gt;Anthozoa&lt;/i&gt;. Berdasarkan asal katanya, Anthozoa memiliki arti bunga, sering disebut sebagai mawar laut, bentuknya sangat indah. Hewan ini sebenarnya mempunyai tentakel. Termasuk jenis hewan ini adalah anemon laut dan hewan karang. Kebanyakan hidup secara berkoloni yang membentuk rumah dari kapur yang sering dinamakan “karang”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Peranan Coelenterata bagi Kehidupan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Banyak sekali manfaat coelenterata ini dalam kehidupan. Ubur-ubur sering dimanfaatkan oleh orang Jepang untuk bahan makanan dan sebagai bahan kosmetik. Beberapa jenis hewan Anthozoa dapat membentuk karang yang bentuknya bervariasi dan sangat indah sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai objek yang berkaitan dengan pariwisata. Ada juga jenis Anthozoa yang membentuk rangka dari zat tanduk yang sering dikenal sebagai akar bahar (&lt;i&gt;Euplexaura antipathes&lt;/i&gt;) yang kerangkanya dapat digunakan sebagai gelang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Kita seharusnya bersyukur sebab di negara kita Indonesia, banyak sekali keindahan alam yang dapat dijadikan objek wisata sehingga dapat meningkatkan taraf perekonomian penduduk di sekitar tempat wisata itu. Selain itu, bangsa kita menjadi lebih terkenal, misalnya dengan adanya Taman Laut Bunaken di Menado, Pasir Putih di Jawa Timur, dan Taman Laut di Bali.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:11;&quot; &gt;C. Filum Plathyhelminthes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Coba carilah hewan cacing, kemudian amati bentuk tubuhnya! Jika kita memegangnya, tubuh cacing akan terasa lunak, tak bercangkang, dan bila cacing tersebut dipotong menjadi dua, maka akan terbentuk dua potongan yang sama, yaitu kiri dan kanan yang disebut &lt;i&gt;simetris bilateral&lt;/i&gt;. Hewan ini hidup sebagai parasit pada organisme lain. Hewan ini termasuk &lt;i&gt;triplobastik&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu memiliki tiga lapisan kulit, di antaranya adalah &lt;i&gt;ektoderm&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu lapisan luar yang akan berkembang menjadi kulit, &lt;i&gt;mesoderm&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu lapisan tengah yang akan menjadi otot-otot dan beberapa organ tubuh, &lt;i&gt;ektoderma &lt;/i&gt;yaitu lapisan luar yang akan menjadi usus dan alat pencernaan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Tahukah Anda sebenarnya cacing mempunyai berbagai bentuk dan rongga tubuh. Hewan ini dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok. Salah satunya adalah cacing berbentuk pipih yang sering dinamakan &lt;i&gt;Plathyhelminthes &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;plathy &lt;/i&gt;= pipih, &lt;i&gt;helminthes&lt;/i&gt; = cacing). Sesuai dengan namanya, karena cacing ini belum mempunyai rongga tubuh (selomata) sehingga bentuknya pipih seperti daun/pita. Di manakah kita mendapatkan cacing pipih? Cacing pipih dapat hidup di daerah sungai yang jernih dan di balik bebatuan, di air laut pun cacing ini juga bisa hidup.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Ciri-Ciri Umum Plathyhelminthes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Dari hasil kegiatan yang telah Anda lakukan dapat kita lihat bentuk kepalanya segitiga dan terdapat dua bintik mata yang peka terhadap cahaya yang sering disebut &lt;i&gt;oseli&lt;/i&gt;, panjangnya sekitar 2-3 cm. Bagian tubuhnya dibagi menjadi bagian kepala (&lt;i&gt;anterior&lt;/i&gt;), ekor (&lt;i&gt;posterior&lt;/i&gt;), bagian punggung (&lt;i&gt;dorsal&lt;/i&gt;), bagian perut (&lt;i&gt;ventral&lt;/i&gt;), dan bagian samping (&lt;i&gt;lateral&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Pada saat Anda mengambil cacing, maka tampak hewan ini mengeluarkan lapisan lendir yang licin di bawah tubuhnya. Bagaimana gerakan tubuhnya? Coba perhatikan! Cacing tersebut akan bergerak dengan cepat ke depan di atas lendir dengan cara menggerak-gerakkan sejumlah besar silia yang ada di permukaan ventral. Silia ini akan hilang pada waktu dewasa dan mempunyai alat kait untuk menempel dan alat pengisap. Apabila terapung di air, maka akan berenang dengan gerakan tubuh yang mengombak, yang sangat memungkinkan untuk mencari makan secara aktif. Karena mempunyai mulut, maka makanan masuk dalam mulut di permukaan ventral menuju ke rongga gastrovaskular yang terletak di tengah tubuhnya yang terdapat usus-usus bercabangcabang membentuk saluran-saluran ke seluruh tubuhnya, sehingga usus tersebut dapat berfungsi untuk mencerna makanan sekaligus untuk mengedarkannya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Karena cacing ini tidak mempunyai lubang anus, maka sisa makanannya keluar melalui lubang yang menjadi jalan masuknya makanan.&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Sama seperti Coelenterata, masuknya oksigen dan keluarnya karbon dioksida pada Plathyhelminthes melalui permukaan tubuhnya. Adapun sistem sarafnya karena sudah mempunyai kepala sehingga mempunyai sistem saraf pusat, yaitu mempunyai ganglion otak berjumlah sepasang yang dihubungkan dengan serabut saraf menyerupai tangga yang terbuat dari tali dan dikenal dengan sistem saraf tangga tali.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Perkembangbiakan Plathyhelminthes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Anda sudah membuktikan bahwa cacing ini ternyata mempunyai daya regenerasi sangat tinggi, yaitu dengan cara membelah diri. Cara demikian merupakan cara reproduksi secara aseksual. Pembelahan tubuh dimulai dengan penggentingan di belakang faring dan memisah menjadi dua hewan. Dapat juga apabila dari satu individu dipotong menjadi beberapa bagian, maka setiap bagiannya akan mampu membentuk individu baru Selain secara aseksual, cacing ini dapat pula berkembang biak secaraseksual karena hewan ini pada umumnya bersifat &lt;i&gt;hemaprodit &lt;/i&gt;(satu individu mempunyai dua alat kelamin), tetapi akan terjadi perkawinan silang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Jenis-Jenis Cacing Plathyhelminthes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Cacing ini dibagi menjadi tiga kelas, yaitu &lt;i&gt;Turbellaria&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Trematoda&lt;/i&gt;, dan &lt;i&gt;Cestoda&lt;/i&gt;. Mari kita pelajari bersama pada uraian berikut!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;A)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Turbellaria&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Kelompok cacing Turbellaria adalah cacing yang hidup bebas dan bergerak dengan bulu getarnya, contohnya &lt;i&gt;Planaria. &lt;/i&gt;Cacing ini dapat digunakan sebagai indikator biologis kemurnian air. Apabila dalam suatu perairan banyak terdapat cacing ini, berarti air tersebut belum tercemar karena cacing ini hanya dapat hidup di air yang jernih, sehingga apabila air tersebut tercemar maka cacing ini akan mati.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;B)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Trematoda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Jenis cacing Trematoda hidup sebagai parasit pada hewan dan manusia. Tubuhnya dilapisi dengan kutikula untuk menjaga agar tubuhnya tidak tercerna oleh inangnya dan mempunyai alat pengisap dan alat kait untuk melekatkan diri pada inangnya. Contoh anggota Trematoda adalah &lt;i&gt;Fasciola&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;hepatica &lt;/i&gt;(cacing hati). Cacing ini hidup di hati ternak kambing, biri-biri, sapi, dan kerbau. Bagaimana struktur tubuhnya? Untuk mengetahuinya, lakukan kegiatan kelompok berikut!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;(1) Fasciola hepatica&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Dari hasil kegiatan yang telah Anda lakukan, maka Anda akan melihat bentuk dari cacing ini sama dengan cacing pipih lainnya, yaitu seperti daun. Cacing hati mempunyai ukuran panjang 2,5–3 cm dan lebar 1–1,5 cm. Pada bagian depan terdapat mulut meruncing yang dikelilingi oleh alat pengisap, dan ada sebuah alat pengisap yang terdapat di sebelah ventral sedikit di belakang mulut, juga terdapat alat kelamin. Bagian tubuhnya ditutupi oleh sisik kecil dari kutikula sebagai pelindung tubuhnya dan membantu saat bergerak. Cacing ini tidak mempunyai anus dan alat ekskresinya berupa sel api.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Bagaimana daur hidup cacing ini sehingga dapat mencapai hati makhluk&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;hidup? Amatilah Gambar berikut!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUqAZfn4iLVooAOSY0ptCopLnMrt77uLU5iaLleenWA_o5ARpVtdiF8b8LapPis6tYwOCS4FTX7S1zRpe1VJuO8jc_WO5zuEhrTEVLuGovHT2L65JvN1qwCcpQ6JgPy_vipIRsZW_s8lJ1/s1600-h/Untitled-1.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 204px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUqAZfn4iLVooAOSY0ptCopLnMrt77uLU5iaLleenWA_o5ARpVtdiF8b8LapPis6tYwOCS4FTX7S1zRpe1VJuO8jc_WO5zuEhrTEVLuGovHT2L65JvN1qwCcpQ6JgPy_vipIRsZW_s8lJ1/s320/Untitled-1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5361483961844179074&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;C)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Cestoda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Cacing ini dikenal sebagai cacing pita. Seperti cacing hati, cacing pita bersifat sebagai parasit pada hewan dan manusia, jumlahnya sekitar 1500 species. Cacing ini membentuk koloni seperti pita sehingga panjangnya bisa mencapai 20 m atau lebih. Tubuh kita dapat dimasuki cacing ini apabila kita memakan ikan, daging sapi, anjing, atau babi yang tidak matang. Jenis yang terkenal adalah &lt;i&gt;Taenia saginata &lt;/i&gt;(inangnya hewan sapi) dan &lt;i&gt;Taenia solium&lt;/i&gt; (inangnya hewan babi).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Kulit Cestoda dilapisi kitin dan bagian tubuhnya terdiri atas kepala (&lt;i&gt;skoleks&lt;/i&gt;) yang berukuran sekitar 1 mm, yang terdiri dari 4 alat pengisap. Bentuk tubuhnya terdiri atas segmen segmen yang disebut dengan &lt;i&gt;proglotid&lt;/i&gt;. Cacing ini tidak mempunyai saluran pencernaan. Apabila memperoleh makanan akan masuk ke dalam proglotid dengan cara diserap (&lt;i&gt;diabsorbsi)&lt;/i&gt; dan sistem saraf tidak berkembang. Setiap proglotid mampu bernapas dan bereproduksi. Seperti cacing yang lain, cacing ini bersifat hemaprodit. Semakin ke arah belakang, ukuran proglotid semakin besar dan dewasa, dan pada bagian akhir/ujung berisi telur.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Perhatikan pula daur hidup cacing pita pada Gambar berikut&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoWG66i3hLqdMqPrpYzSOY-ZiBcpzKMuVsj879_rBCBinuH9vZSbQJJQ9z02Q5Xw_Ov1yhYp-7mi9y2M8t21YCi6-1LoVqMeIrH7lFd4Ae2Z61Ter2GNc73w6novN1tpGQp2kVSu6wX7qi/s1600-h/Untitled-2.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoWG66i3hLqdMqPrpYzSOY-ZiBcpzKMuVsj879_rBCBinuH9vZSbQJJQ9z02Q5Xw_Ov1yhYp-7mi9y2M8t21YCi6-1LoVqMeIrH7lFd4Ae2Z61Ter2GNc73w6novN1tpGQp2kVSu6wX7qi/s320/Untitled-2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5361484357811965682&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Contoh di atas merupakan daur hidup pada &lt;i&gt;Taenia solium &lt;/i&gt;dengan perantara babi, contoh perantara yang lain adalah sapi dengan melalui jenis cacing &lt;i&gt;Taenia saginata. &lt;/i&gt;Perbedaan &lt;i&gt;Taenia saginata &lt;/i&gt;dengan &lt;i&gt;Taenia solium&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu hanya pada skoleksnya yang tidak mempunyai kait, cacing ini juga mudah diberantas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:11;&quot; &gt;D. Filum Nemathelminthes &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Nama &lt;i&gt;Nemathelminthes &lt;/i&gt;berasal dari bahasa Latin &lt;i&gt;nematos &lt;/i&gt;yang berarti benang dan &lt;i&gt;nelminthes &lt;/i&gt;yang berarti cacing, Nemathelminthes berarti cacing benang. Pernahkah Anda mendengar orang sakit cacingan atau kremi dan pernahkah Anda melihat bentuk cacingnya? Golongan cacing kebanyakan bersifat mikroskopis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Jenis-Jenis Nemathelminthes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Selain cacing tanah yang hidup bebas dalam air dan tanah, sebagian besar cacing ini hidup sebagai parasit pada makhluk hidup. Beberapa contohnya sebagai berikut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Cacing Perut (Ascaris lumbricoides) Cacing ini hidup sebagai parasit dalam usus manusia dan sering disebut sebagai cacing usus atau cacing gelang, mempunyai panjang sekitar 20 cm, dengan kedua ujungnya meruncing dan berwarna merah muda. Karena hidupnya di dalam usus manusia, maka cacing ini mengisap sari makanan yang ada di dalam usus. Pada penderita cacingan, kadang-kadang cacing ini akan keluar bersama feses (kotoran manusia).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Karena suhu badan penderita lebih panas, maka cacing tersebut tidak tahan berada di dalam usus dan akan bergerak keluar, bahkan ada yang keluar melalui kerongkongan. Telur yang telah membentuk embrio mula-mula keluar bersama feses kemudian termakan oleh manusia bersama-sama makanan atau minuman. Selanjutnya, akan menetas di dalam perut manusia dan larva tersebut menuju ke dinding usus masuk dalam pembuluh darah menuju ke jantung. Dari jantung kemudian menuju paru-paru. Larva akan bergerak ke faring/kerongkongan. Apabila larva tersebut tertelan, maka masuk lagi ke dalam usus dan menetap hingga menjadi dewasa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Cacing Tambang (Ancylostoma duodenale)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Mengapa cacing ini disebut cacing tambang? Pada waktu itu, cacing tersebut banyak menyerang orang-orang yang bekerja di daerah pertambangan yang menginfeksi melalui kulit kaki. Cacing ini hidup di dalam usus manusia yang mempunyai alat kait untuk mencengkeram dan mengisap darah. Daur hidupnya hampir sama dengan cacing perut, hanya telurnya menetas di tempat yang becek. Apabila ada seseorang yang menginjak tanah tersebut, maka larva akan menempel dan menembus kaki kemudian masuk ke peredaran darah, selanjutnya akan mengalami daur hidup seperti cacing perut. Seseorang yang menderita penyakit cacing ini bisa terserang anemia. Mengapa dapat menyebabkan penyakit anemia? Coba pikirkan!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Perlu Anda ketahui &lt;i&gt;Ancylostoma duodenale &lt;/i&gt;hidup di Afrika dan &lt;i&gt;Necator americanus &lt;/i&gt;hidup di Amerika.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Cacing Kremi (Enterobius vermicularis/Oxyuris vermicularis)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Pernahkah Anda menderita sakit cacing kremi? Penyakit ini sering diderita anak-anak kecil. Penyakit ini menyebabkan rasa gatal terus-menerus di sekitar dubur. Apa yang menyebabkan rasa gatal tersebut? Cacing tersebut bertelur di sekitar dubur. Saat bertelur cacing itu akan mengeluarkan zat yang menyebabkan rasa gatal. Apabila digaruk, maka telur tersebut akan menempel pada jari. Bagaimana jika penderitanya lupa mencuci jarinya kemudian makan? Bila itu terjadi, maka telur akan masuk ke dalam perut kemudian masuk ke dalam usus. Di sinilah telur itu akan menetas menjadi dewasa. Mudah sekali cara penularannya, bukan?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Peranan Nemathelminthes dalam Kehidupan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Karena cacing ini hidup sebagai parasit pada makhluk hidup, maka bersifat merugikan kehidupan manusia. Anda tentu sudah mengetahuinya dari uraian di atas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:11;&quot; &gt;E. Filum Annelida&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Filum cacing yang lain adalah &lt;i&gt;Annelida &lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;annulus &lt;/i&gt;berarti cincin kecil), artinya bentuk cacing ini seperti cincin atau gelang-gelang. Anggota filum ini adalah cacing tanah. Pernahkan Anda melihat cacing tanah? Habitat cacing ini pada tanah yang lembap, dan air. Ada yang hidup bebas dan ada juga yang hidup sebagai parasit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Morfologi dan Fisiologi Annelida&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;golongan cacing ini mempunyai tingkatan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang lain. Jika Anda amati, cacing tersebut sudah mempunyai rongga sejati disebut &lt;i&gt;triplobastik selomata&lt;/i&gt;. Bentuk tubuhnya bersegmen-segmen dilapisi oleh kutikula, tersusun oleh gelang kecil yang dibatasi dengan sekat berbentuk seperti cincin atau gelang. Jika cacing ini dipotong menjadi dua bagian yang sama, maka bentuk tubuhnya simetri bilateral. Tahukah Anda bahwa Annelida ini mempunyai sistem pencernaan sempurna yaitu mulut, faring, esofagus, tembolok, usus halus, dan anus. Selain itu, juga mempunyai sistem ekskresi berupa &lt;i&gt;nefridia&lt;/i&gt;. Respirasinya melalui permukaan tubuh atau insang. Pada tiap-tiap segmen terdapat organ ekskresi, sistem saraf, dan sistem reproduksi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Perkembangbiakan Annelida&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Bagaimana cacing ini berkembang biak? Pada cacing yang sudah dewasa akan terjadi penebalan epidermis yang disebut &lt;i&gt;klitelum&lt;/i&gt;. Alat ini dapat digunakan untuk kopulasi dan akan menghasilkan kelenjar-kelenjar yang membentuk lapisan lendir sangat kuat untuk membentuk &lt;i&gt;kokon, &lt;/i&gt;yaitu tempat/ wadah telur yang telah dibuahi. Meskipun Annelida ini bersifat hemaprodit, tetapi pada saat terjadinya pembuahan harus dilakukan pada dua individu dengan saling memberikan sperma yang disimpan dalam &lt;i&gt;reseptakulum seminis&lt;/i&gt;. Setelah selesai terjadinya perkawinan, maka kokon akan lepas dan berisi butir-butir telur yang telah dibuahi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:11;&quot; &gt;F. Filum Arthropoda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Jenis-Jenis Arthropoda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan hasil kegiatan yang telah Anda lakukan, maka Anda akan mengetahui perbedaan dan persamaan struktur tubuh, sehingga hewan ini dikelompokkan atas &lt;i&gt;Crustaceae &lt;/i&gt;(udang-udangan), &lt;i&gt;Insekta &lt;/i&gt;(serangga), &lt;i&gt;Arachnoidea&lt;/i&gt; (labah-labah), dan &lt;i&gt;Myriapoda &lt;/i&gt;(kaki seribu).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Crustaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Crustaceae disebut juga sebagai kelompok udang-udangan, contohnya: udang, kepiting, dan yuyu. Anda tentu sudah mengetahui tempat hidup kelompok hewan ini, yaitu di air laut, danau, dan sungai.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Tubuh hewan ini mempunyai rangka luar keras karena mengandung zat kitin dan kapur, sehingga disebut sebagai hewan bercangkang. Antenanya berjumlah dua pasang, mempunyai kaki satu pasang pada tiap ruas tubuh, sedangkan pada udang atau kepiting mempunyai 5 pasang kaki jalan. Kepala dan dada menyatu disebut &lt;i&gt;sefalotoraks. &lt;/i&gt;Bagian kepala dan dadadilindungi oleh tameng, yaitu kulit keras yang disebut &lt;i&gt;karapas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;. &lt;/b&gt;Kakinya dapat digunakan untuk berjalan, berenang, atau menempel di perairan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Sistem pencernaannya dimulai dari mulut, kerongkongan, lambung, usus,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;dan anus. Sisa metabolismenya keluar melewati kelenjar hijau. Sistem sarafnya menggunakan susunan saraf tangga tali, respirasinya menggunakan insang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Jenis kelamin Crustaceae sudah dapat dipisahkan dan bersifat hermaprodit. Pembuahan terjadi secara internal, telur yang berisi zigot menetas menjadi larva, selanjutnya tumbuh menjadi dewasa melalui pergantian kulit berkali-kali.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Insekta&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Kelompok &lt;i&gt;Insekta &lt;/i&gt;atau serangga mempunyai species sangat banyak, hidupnya di darat dan air. Ukuran tubuhnya relatif kecil. Insekta sering disebut juga sebagai &lt;i&gt;heksapoda&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu mempunyai kaki enam (3 pasang). Tubuh dibedakan atas kepala, dada, dan perut. Pada kepala terdapat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;sepasang antena yang dapat digunakan untuk membau dan meraba. Terdapat juga mulut, mata majemuk (&lt;i&gt;mata faset&lt;/i&gt;) ada yang bermata tunggal (&lt;i&gt;oselus&lt;/i&gt;). Mulut insekta menurut fungsinya dibedakan menjadi empat tipe, yaitu tipe penjilat dan pengisap (lalat rumah), tipe pengisap (kupu-kupu), tipe penusuk dan pengisap (nyamuk), dan tipe penggigit (belalang).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Bagian dada terdiri atas 3 ruas dan terdapat 3 pasang kaki beruas-ruas, juga terdapat sayap. Adapun pada perut terdapat 6 sampai 11 ruas, pada ruas belakang posterior sebagai alat reproduksi. Pada Insekta betina terdapat alat peletak telur yang disebut &lt;i&gt;ovipositor &lt;/i&gt;serta kantung untuk menyimpan sperma. Respirasinya menggunakan pembuluh trakea, yaitu udara dari luar masuk ke jaringan melalui pembuluh trakea. Jumlah jantungnya 5 buah dan sistem peredaran darahnya bersifat terbuka. Perlu Anda ingat, darah insekta hanya mengedarkan sari-sari makanan dan tidak berfungsi mengedarkan oksigen karena sudah dilakukan oleh pembuluh trakea. Sistem ekskresinya menggunakan pembuluh malphigi yang mengelilingi anus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; Arachnoidea (Labah-Labah)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Pada kelompok &lt;i&gt;Arachnoidea&lt;/i&gt;, tubuhnya memiliki kepala (bersatu dengan dada disebut kepala dada) dan perut. Pada kepala terdapat sepasang &lt;i&gt;kelisera&lt;/i&gt;, bentuknya meruncing dan ujungnya berlubang sebagai alat sengat berisi kelenjar racun, sepasang &lt;i&gt;pedipalpus &lt;/i&gt;sebagai alat capit berbentuk seperti gunting&lt;i&gt;, &lt;/i&gt;dan empat pasang kaki; tidak mempunyai antena, bernapas dengan paru-paru buku, trakea, atau kedua-duanya. Kelompok &lt;i&gt;Arachnoidea &lt;/i&gt;terdiri atas 3 ordo, yaitu &lt;i&gt;Scorpionidae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Arachnida&lt;/i&gt;, dan &lt;i&gt;Acarina&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;d)&lt;/b&gt; Myriapoda&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Tahukah Anda binatang berkaki seribu, misalnya keluwing dan kelabang? Binatang ini sangat menakutkan karena bila menggigit dapat menyebabkan kematian. &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Tubuh lipan atau kelabang hanya terdiri atas kepala dan badan. Tidak ada bagian dada. Pada kepala terdapat sepasang mata tunggal, sepasang alat peraba besar, dan sepasang alat peraba kecil yang beruas-ruas. Setiap ruas badan belakang terdapat kaki berpasangan. Pada keluwing, setiap ruas badan terdapat dua pasang kaki yang dikenal dengan “kaki seribu”. Sedangkan pada kelabang terdapat sepasang kaki.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Myriapoda melakukan respirasinya menggunakan saluran trakea yang bermuara pada lubang-lubang kecil (&lt;i&gt;stigma&lt;/i&gt;), letaknya pada dinding ruasruas tubuh. Lubang tersebut disebut &lt;i&gt;spirakel&lt;/i&gt;. Sistem peredaran darahnya terbuka dan letak jantung pada bagian punggung. Sistem sarafnya adalah sistem saraf tangga tali.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:14;&quot; &gt;2. Vertebrata&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Istilah Vertebrata berasal dari bahasa Latin, yaitu &lt;i&gt;vertebrae &lt;/i&gt;yang artinya bertulang belakang. Vertebrata merupakan suatu anak filum dari hewan yang memiliki sumbu saraf atau otak dan tubuhnya dilengkapi oleh rangka dalam (&lt;i&gt;endoskeleton&lt;/i&gt;) berupa tulang belakang. Anggota vertebrata mencakup &lt;i&gt;Pisces &lt;/i&gt;(ikan), &lt;i&gt;Amphibia &lt;/i&gt;(katak), &lt;i&gt;Reptilia &lt;/i&gt;(hewan melata), &lt;i&gt;Aves &lt;/i&gt;(burung), dan &lt;i&gt;Mamalia &lt;/i&gt;(hewan menyusui).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;a. Pisces/Ikan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Berasal dari manakah ikan yang Anda makan sehari-hari? Semua jenis ikan berasal dari daerah perairan, baik air tawar dan air asin. Tubuh ikan berbentuk ramping dilengkapi sirip untuk bergerak di air, tubuh bagian luarnya ditutupi sisik dan berlendir, bernapas dengan menggunakan insang untuk mengambil oksigen yang terlarut dalam air, berkembang biak dengan bertelur dan pembuahan terjadi di luar tubuh. Karena jantung ikan hanya memiliki satu ventrikel sehingga berdarah dingin dan suhu tubuhnya dapat berubah-ubah tergantung pada suhu luarnya. Dari semua jenis ikan yang ada sekarang, ikan dapat digolongkan menjadi tiga kelas yaitu kelas, &lt;i&gt;Agnatha&lt;/i&gt;, kelas &lt;i&gt;Condrichthyes&lt;/i&gt;, dan kelas &lt;i&gt;Osteichthyes&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;b. Amphibia (Amfibi)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Amphibia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;(amfibi) adalah hewan yang tempat hidupnya bisa di darat dan di air. Contoh hewan amfibi, yaitu katak. Katak memiliki kulit tak bersisik yang selalu basah dan berlendir, alat pernapasannya berupa paru-paru, rongga mulut, dan kulit. Jantungnya hanya mempunyai satu ventrikel dan alat geraknya berupa kaki. Jenis hewan ini berkembang biak dengan bertelur dan pembuahannya terjadi di luar tubuh. Tahukah Anda bahwa jika katak bertelur selalu di tempat yang berair?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Karena telur katak tidak memiliki kulit keras, sehingga jika bertelur selalu diletakkan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;di dalam air atau pada tempat yang becek. Setelah telur menetas dan keluarmenjadi katak muda masih dalam bentuk berudu hidupnya dalam air dengan system pernapasannya menggunakan insang. Setelah dewasa tempat hidupnya di darat dan alat pernapasannya menggunakan paru-paru, rongga mulut, dan kulitnya yang basah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;c. Reptilia/Hewan Melata&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Nama &lt;i&gt;Reptilia &lt;/i&gt;berasal dari bahasa Latin, &lt;i&gt;repere &lt;/i&gt;yang berarti melata, tempat hidupnya di darat dan di air. Tubuhnya terbungkus kulit yang kering bertanduk (tidak licin), ditutupi oleh sisik, cara berjalannya secara merayap atau melata. Hewan ini tergolong berdarah dingin karena suhu tubuhnya tergantung pada suhu lingkungannya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Jantung Reptilia memiliki 4 ruang yang tidak sempurna karena masih ada&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;lubang pada sekat pemisah antara bilik kiri dan bilik kanan. Hewan ini berkembang biak dengan bertelur. Kelas Reptilia meliputi, kadal, ular , buaya dan penyu. Di mana letak perbedaan keempat hewan tersebut. Pelajarilah pada bagan pengelompokan Reptilia!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;d. Aves/Burung&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Burung merupakan hewan yang tubuhnya diselaputi oleh bulu-bulu. Anggota depannya berubah menjadi sepasang sayap, selain digunakan untuk terbang juga untuk mengatur suhu tubuhnya. Hewan ini berdiri dan berjalan dengan kedua kakinya yang berjari empat, alat pernapasannya berupa paru-paru dan jantungnya memiliki empat ruang dengan sempurna, yaitu dua serambi dan dua bilik.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Pada beberapa jenis burung yang memiliki jarak terbang jauh dilengkapi dengan alat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;bantu pernapasan berupa pundi-pundi (kantung) berhubungan dengan paruparu yang berfungsi sebagai penyedia udara untuk paru-paru sewaktu terbang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;e. Mamalia/Hewan Menyusui&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Mamalia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;berasal dari bahasa Latin, &lt;i&gt;mammae &lt;/i&gt;yang berarti buah dada, payudara, tempat hidupnya&lt;i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;ada yang di air dan di darat. Pada umumnya tubuh ditutupi oleh rambut dan kulit yang banyak mengandung kelenjar, seperti kelenjar keringat, kelenjar lemak, dan kelenjar susu. Semua hewan yang termasuk Mamalia mempunyai dua ciri yang sama, yaitu ciri pertama, tubuhnya ditutupi rambut, walaupun kadang-kadang tidak begitu nyata, contohnya pada beberapa ikan paus, segera setelah dilahirkan rambut-rambut itu hilang sama sekali. Ciri kedua, memiliki kelenjar susu untuk menyusui anak yang baru dilahirkan atau masih kecil. Pada saat masih dalam bentuk embiro tersimpan di dalam kantung amnion yang mengandung air ketuban, fungsinya untuk menjaga dari segala goncangan dari luar dan memperlancar pada saat proses melahirkan anaknya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Kelompok hewan ini bernapas menggunakan paru-paru dan suhu tubuhnya tidak tergantung pada lingkungannya sehingga tergolong berdarah panas. Pada umumnya Mamalia berkembang biak dengan beranak dan pembuahan terjadi di dalam tubuh, contohnya tikus, kucing, anjing, harimau, badak, dan gajah, tetapi ada yang bertelur seperti &lt;i&gt;Platypus &lt;/i&gt;(hewan berparuh bebek), contoh hewan yang termasuk kelompok Mamalia air, antara lain ikan pesut dan lumba-lumba.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/457249868567568628/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-5-animalia.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/457249868567568628'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/457249868567568628'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-5-animalia.html' title='BAB 5 :: ANIMALIA'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUqAZfn4iLVooAOSY0ptCopLnMrt77uLU5iaLleenWA_o5ARpVtdiF8b8LapPis6tYwOCS4FTX7S1zRpe1VJuO8jc_WO5zuEhrTEVLuGovHT2L65JvN1qwCcpQ6JgPy_vipIRsZW_s8lJ1/s72-c/Untitled-1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-7458268195528590922</id><published>2009-07-19T21:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-22T20:43:13.282-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 4 :: JAMUR</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  &gt;Di bab ini anda akan mempelajari kingdom Fungi/Jamur. Dengan mempelajari bab ini, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  &gt;Anda d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: trebuchet ms;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  &gt;iharapkan mengetahui seluk beluk dunia Jamur, dan mengetahui peranannya di dalam kehidupan manusia. Lebih dari itu, anda juga akan mengetahui simbiosis antara Jamur dengan Makhluk hidup lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-family:trebuchet ms;font-size:100%;&quot;  &gt;&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;meta equiv=&quot;CONTENT-TYPE&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;title&gt;&lt;/title&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;GENERATOR&quot; content=&quot;OpenOffice.org 3.0  (Win32)&quot;&gt;&lt;style type=&quot;text/css&quot;&gt; 	&lt;!-- 		@page { margin: 0.79in } 		P { margin-bottom: 0.08in } 	--&gt; 	&lt;/style&gt;    &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MORFOLOGI JAMUR&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Ciri Morfologi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Seperti yang Anda amati dalam Kegiatan Kelompok 1, bentuk jamur mirip dengan tumbuhan, tetapi tidak memiliki daun dan akar yang sejati, juga tidak mempunyai klorofil sehingga dia tidak dapat melakukan fotosintesis. Untuk itulah jamur digolongkan atau diklasifikasikan tersendiri karena tidak dapat digolongkan dalam tumbuhan atau hewan. Dari hasil kegiatan yang Anda  akukan, Anda dapat mengetahui ternyata jenis jamur ada yang dapat dilihat secara langsung atau bentuknya &lt;i&gt;makroskopis&lt;/i&gt; dan ada yang harus diamati menggunakan mikroskop karena bentuknya &lt;i&gt;mikroskopis&lt;/i&gt;. Pada umumnya jamur mempunyai sel banyak (&lt;i&gt;multiseluler&lt;/i&gt;) misalnya jamur merang dan jamur tempe, tetapi ada juga yang bersel tunggal (&lt;i&gt;uniseluler&lt;/i&gt;) seperti ragi atau yeast/ &lt;i&gt;Saccharomyces&lt;/i&gt;. Jamur yang multiseluler tersusun atas benang-benang yang disebut dengan &lt;i&gt;hifa&lt;/i&gt;. Apabila dilihat dengan mikroskop tampak bentuk hifa ini bersekat-sekat (bersepta) dan tidak bersekat,&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Tiap sekat terdapat satu sel yang terdiri atas satu atau beberapa inti sel. Adapun pada hifa yang tidak bersekat, inti selnya tersebar di dalam sitoplasma yang disebut dengan &lt;i&gt;sinositik&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;. &lt;/b&gt;Seperti yang terlihat pada mikroskop, sel-sel jamur ini sudah memiliki membran inti sel, sehingga dikelompokkan sebagai organism &lt;i&gt;eukariotik&lt;/i&gt;. Dinding sel jamur ini terbuat dari kitin yang dapat memberikan bentuk dari sel-sel jamur. Jalinan/kumpulan hifa-hifa ini akan membentuk suatu &lt;i&gt;miselium&lt;/i&gt;, dan miselium inilah yang tumbuh menyebar di atas substrat dan berfungsi sebagai penyerap makanan dari lingkungannya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Cara Bereproduksi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Secara alamiah, jamur dapat berkembang biak dengan dua cara, yaitu secara aseksual dan seksual. Secara aseksual dilakukan dengan pembelahan, yaitu dengan cara sel membagi diri untuk membentuk dua sel anak yang serupa, penguncupan, yaitu dengan cara sel anak yang tumbuh dari penonjolan kecil pada sel inangnya atau pembentukan spora. Spora aseksual ini berfungsi untuk menyebarkan speciesnya dalam jumlah yang besar dengan melalui perantara angin atau air. Ada beberapa macam spora aseksual, di antaranya seperti berikut.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Konidiospora&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, merupakan konidium yang terbentuk di ujung atau di sisi hifa. Ada yang berukuran kecil, bersel satu yang disebut &lt;i&gt;mikrokonidium&lt;/i&gt;, sebaliknya konidium yang berukuran besar dan bersel banyak disebut &lt;i&gt;makrokonidium&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sporangiospora&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, merupakan spora bersel satu yang terbentuk dalam kantung yang disebut sporangium, pada ujung hifa khusus.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Perkembangbiakan jamur secara seksual dilakukan dengan peleburan inti sel/nukleus&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;dari dua sel induknya. Reproduksi secara seksual ini lebih jarang dilakukan dan jumlahnya lebih sedikit dibandingkan secara aseksual. Perkembangbiakan ini terjadi apabila berada dalam keadaan tertentu. Seperti halnya spora aseksual jamur, jenis spora seksual jamur pun bermacam-macam, yaitu sebagai berikut.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;table style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 442px; height: 754px;&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;7&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;&gt; 	&lt;col width=&quot;32&quot;&gt; 	&lt;col width=&quot;147&quot;&gt; 	&lt;col width=&quot;288&quot;&gt; 	&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;32&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;No&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;147&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;Nama&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;288&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;Keterangan&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 	&lt;/tr&gt; 	&lt;tr valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;32&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;1&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;147&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;Askospora&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;288&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;Merupakan 			spora bersel satu yang terbentuk di dalam&lt;/p&gt; 			&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;kantung 			yang dinamakan askus. Dalam setiap askus&lt;/p&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;terdapat askospora.&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 	&lt;/tr&gt; 	&lt;tr valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;32&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;2&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;147&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;Basidiospora&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;288&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;Merupakan 			spora bersel satu yang terbentuk di atas&lt;/p&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;struktur berbentuk 			gada yang dinamakan basidium&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 	&lt;/tr&gt; 	&lt;tr valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;32&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;3&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;147&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;Zygospora&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;288&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;Merupakan 			spora besar berdinding tebal, terbentuk&lt;/p&gt; 			&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;dari 			ujung-ujung dua hifa yang serasi yang dinamakan&lt;/p&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;gametangia.&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 	&lt;/tr&gt; 	&lt;tr valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;32&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;4&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;147&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;Oospora&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 		&lt;td width=&quot;288&quot;&gt; 			&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;Merupakan 			spora yang terbentuk dari pertemuan&lt;/p&gt; 			&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;antara 			gamet betina (oogonium) dan gamet jantan&lt;/p&gt; 			&lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;(anteridium), 			sehingga akan terjadi pembuahan&lt;/p&gt; 			&lt;p&gt;(oosfer) dan akan 			menghasilkan oospora.&lt;/p&gt; 		&lt;/td&gt; 	&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;KLASIFIKASI JAMUR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.Zygomycota&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Kelompok kelas ini memiliki tiga jenis hifa, yaitu hifa yang menjalar di permukaan substrat disebut &lt;i&gt;stolon&lt;/i&gt;, hifa yang menembus ke dalam substrat seperti akar disebut &lt;i&gt;rizoid&lt;/i&gt;, dan hifa yang menjulang ke atas dan membentuk sporangium disebut &lt;i&gt;sporangiosfor&lt;/i&gt;. Sporangium atau kotak spora akan menghasilkan &lt;i&gt;sporangiospora/spora&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;Jamur &lt;i&gt;Zygomycota &lt;/i&gt;bisa menghasilkan spora, maka cara reproduksinya dapat dilakukan secara aseksual yaitu apabila sporangium telah matang (biasanya berwarna hitam) maka dindingnya robek dan pecah yang menghasilkan banyak spora, selanjutnya akan keluar dan menyebar dengan bantuan angin. Jika jatuh di tempat yang cocok, maka akan tumbuh membentuk hifa baru.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Ciri khas dari jamur ini adalah reproduksi seksualnya membentuk spora khusus, yaitu zigospora sehingga dimasukkan dalam kelas Zygomycota. Cara reproduksi dengan seksual, yaitu secara konjugasi, dimulai dari ujung-ujung hifa yang berlainan jenis terdiri atas hifa jantan (hifa +) dan hifa betina (hifa -), kedua hifa tersebut bersifat haploid (n). Apabila kedua hifa tersebut mengalami pembengkakan dan pemanjangan pada ujungnya, maka akan bertemu dan bersatu dan selanjutnya akan melebur dan akan menghasilkan zygot berdinding tebal yang disebut zygospora (bersifat diploid 2n). Karena berdinding tebal, maka dia tahan terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang buruk. Pada saat ini terjadi fase istirahat (dormansi) selama 1-3 bulan. Apabila keadaan lingkungan telah membaik, maka zygospora akan berkecambah serta tumbuh menjadi hifa-hifa baru dan akan membentuk sporangiosfor yang pada ujungnya terdapat sporangium yang berisi spora dan selanjutnya akan terjadi proses reproduksi aseksual, demikian seterusnya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan uraian di atas, coba Anda cermati, manakah fase yang lebih panjang, fase haploid ataukah fase diploid? Pikirkan! Agar pemahaman Anda tentang perkembangbiakan secara seksual dan aseksual pada kelas Zygomycota.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rhizopus stolonifer &lt;/i&gt;dapat membantu terbentuknya tempe, yaitu dapat membantu menguraikan protein kedelai menjadi protein sederhana dan asam amino, dengan bantuan enzim yang dikeluarkan. Karena dia mampu menguraikan, sehingga mempunyai kesamaan fungsi dengan bakteri, coba Anda ingat kembali tentang bakteri!&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Jamur kelas ini hidup secara saprofit, baik di tanah, sisa-sisa organisme, kayu lapuk, misalnya &lt;i&gt;Mucor &lt;/i&gt;yang hidup pada roti yang sudah basi. Tetapi ada juga yang lebih menguntungkan, misalnya &lt;i&gt;Rhizopus oryzae &lt;/i&gt;yang digunakan untuk pembuatan sake (minuman khas Jepang) Selain untuk membuat sake, golongan jamur ini adapula yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan populasi nyamuk &lt;i&gt;Aedes aegypti &lt;/i&gt;(penyebar penyakit demam berdarah), yaitu dengan menggunakan jamur &lt;i&gt;Entomophthera culicis.&lt;/i&gt; Mengapa jamur ini dapat mengendalikan populasi nyamuk &lt;i&gt;Aedes aegypti&lt;/i&gt;? Jamur &lt;i&gt;Entomophthera culicis &lt;/i&gt;bisa hidup sebagai parasit di dalam rongga tubuh nyamuk, selanjutnya akan menggerogoti membran tubuh nyamuk bagian dalam sehingga lama kelamaan nyamuk tersebut akan mati.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Ascomycota&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Pernahkan Anda berpikir bahwa makanan seperti tape, roti, kue mangkuk, bahkan minuman bir dan alkohol merupakan hasil dari suatu jamur? Golongan jamur ini merupakan kelompok yang terbesar. Makanan itu merupakan contoh produk dari golongan jamur ini. Selain dapat menghasilkan produk-produk tersebut, jamur &lt;i&gt;Ascomycota &lt;/i&gt;juga bersifat sebagai saprofit pada sampah, bahkan sebagai parasit pada tanaman.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;`Seperti halnya Zygomycota, jamur ini juga memiliki konidiospora, konidiosfor, askospora, serta mengalami perkembangbiakan secara aseksual dan seksual. Bagaimana prosesnya? Perhatikan Gambar 6.8 berikut ini! Dari hifa yang banyak dan di antara hifa bercabang-cabang terdapat hifa yang pada ujungnya membentuk alat kelamin betina dan biasanya mempunyai ukuran lebih besar disebut &lt;i&gt;askegonium &lt;/i&gt;dan di dekat pada ujung hifa yang lain membentuk alat kelamin jantan yang disebut &lt;i&gt;anteridium&lt;/i&gt;, masingmasing berinti haploid (n). Dari askegonium tumbuh saluran disebut &lt;i&gt;trikogen&lt;/i&gt; yang menghubungkan dengan anteridium. Melalui saluran inilah inti sel/ nukleus pindah dan masuk ke askegonium, sehingga masing-masing inti dari askegonium dan anteridium akan berpasangan sehingga akan terbentuk pasangan inti yang berinti diploid (2n). Kemudian dari pasangan inti tersebut akan tumbuh hifa yang disebut hifa askogonium dikariotik (berinti dua/2n) yang akan membelah secara mitosis. Selanjutnya, hifa dikariotik tersebut akan bercabang-cabang, hifanya banyak bersekat melintang dan membentuk tubuh buah yang disebut &lt;i&gt;askokarp&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;. &lt;/b&gt;Pada ujung-ujung hifa dikariotik tersebut akan membentuk sel khusus yang akan menjadi &lt;i&gt;askus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;di dalam askus ini akan terjadi peleburan dua inti (2n). Selanjutnya, akan membelah secara meiosis yang membentuk 8 buah spora askus (&lt;i&gt;askospora&lt;/i&gt;). Apabila terkena angin, maka spora askus tersebut akan menyebar ke mana-mana. Jika jatuh di tempat yang sesuai, akan tumbuh menjadi benang hifa baru dan akan menjadi banyak, demikian seterusnya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1)&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Penicillium&lt;/i&gt;, misalnya &lt;i&gt;P. camemberti &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;P. requeforti &lt;/i&gt;untuk pembuatan keju. &lt;i&gt;P. notatum &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;P. chrysogenum &lt;/i&gt;dapat menghasilkan antibiotik. Sporanya berupa konidia, berwarna hijau kebiruan, dan berkembang biak secara vegetatif. Jamur ini dapat dijumpai pada makanan yang busuk seperti roti, kentang, nasi, yang berarti dia hidup sebagai saprofit.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2)&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus, &lt;/i&gt;jamur ini dapat tumbuh di mana-mana, sporanya berupa konidia. Banyak sekali manfaat dari jamur ini, antara lain untuk pembuatan makanan dan minuman. Misalnya, &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus niger &lt;/i&gt;untuk pembuatan sale, agar-agar, atau menjernihkan sari buah. &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus oryzae&lt;/i&gt; untuk pembuatan tape, sake, melunakkan adonan roti. &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus wentii&lt;/i&gt; untuk pembuatan kecap, tauco, dan sake. Selain menguntungkan, ada juga jenis &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus &lt;/i&gt;yang merugikan seperti &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus flavus &lt;/i&gt;yang menghasilkan racun aflatoksin. Jika ditemui dalam dosis tinggi pada hewan dan manusia dapat menyebabkan kematian, adapun pada dosis rendah dapat menyebabkan kanker. &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus fumigatus &lt;/i&gt;merupakan salah satu penyebab penyakit pernapasan&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3)&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Saccharomyces cerevisiae &lt;/i&gt;Jamur ini lebih dikenal dengan nama pasaran ragi/kamir/yeast, yang&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;dapat digunakan untuk membuat tape, roti, alkohol, bahkan minuman bir.&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Jamur ini banyak dijumpai pada kulit buah-buahan. Ciri utamanya adalah&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;tidak mempunyai hifa dan tubuh buah, serta selnya berbentuk bulat.&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;Apabila keadaan lingkungan buruk, reproduksinya dilakukan secara&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;seksual, yaitu sel ragi yang haploid (n kromosom) bersatu dengan sel ragi&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;haploid yang lain, kemudian akan menghasilkan zygot yang diploid (2n&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;kromosom).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Basidiomycota&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Jamur ini sering kita temukan pada pohon, jerami, atau tanah pada waktu musim penghujan. Anggota jamur ini lebih dari 25.000 species. Jamur ini memiliki perkembangan paling tinggi di antara kelompok jamur lainnya, yaitu merupakan jamur yang makroskopis, dapat dilihat langsung, dan mempunyai ukuran yang besar. Bila diamati, bentuk tubuh buahnya menyerupai payung&lt;b&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;bentuk dan warnanya bermacam-macam. Tubuh buahnya ini disebut &lt;i&gt;basidiokarp&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Spora yang dihasilkan oleh basidium (basidiospora) bersifat haploid dan tumbuh&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;membentuk hifa-hifa yang bersekat, tiap sekat berinti satu, ada yang sebagai hifa + (jantan) dan ada hifa – (betina). Jika keduanya bertemu akan terjadi &lt;i&gt;plasmogami&lt;/i&gt;/ percampuran plasma sel dan akan terbentuk sel hifa yang dikariotik/dua inti. Hifa tersebut akan terus berkembang membentuk miselium yang masih bersifat dikariotik, sehingga akan terbentuk tubuh buah basidiokarp yang bentuknya seperti payung. Basidiokarp ini akan menghasilkan basidium yang terdapat pada lapisan disebut &lt;i&gt;himenium&lt;/i&gt;. Di sinilah akan terjadi &lt;i&gt;kariogami, &lt;/i&gt;yaitu persatuan dua inti menjadi satu dan inti ini akan mengalami pembelahan meiosis untuk membentuk 4 spora haploid yang disebut dengan &lt;i&gt;basidiospora&lt;/i&gt;, demikian seterusnya. Sebagian besar jamur ini dimanfaatkan sebagai makanan karena tubuh buahnya memiliki rasa yang enak dan mengandung nilai gizi yang tinggi. Contohnya sebagai berikut.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a&lt;/b&gt;.Jamur merang (&lt;i&gt;Volvariella volvaceae), &lt;/i&gt;tempat hidupnya memerlukan kelembapan yang cukup tinggi&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b&lt;/b&gt;. Jamur kuping (&lt;i&gt;Auricularia polytricha), &lt;/i&gt;hidup sebagai saprofit pada kayu lapuk, mempunyai warna cokelat kehitam-hitaman. Jamur ini sering digunakan untuk campuran sayur sup&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;c&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;. &lt;/i&gt;Jamur tiram (&lt;i&gt;Pleurotus &lt;/i&gt;sp.&lt;i&gt;), &lt;/i&gt;tumbuh di kayu lapuk dan dapat ditanam pada serbuk gergaji&lt;i&gt;.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;d.&lt;/b&gt; Jamur shitake merupakan jamur yang sering diproduksi di Cina dan Jepang, hidup pada batang kayu.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Akan tetapi, tidak semua jamur ini dapat kita manfaatkan sebagai makanan seperti jamur kayu &lt;i&gt;Ganoderma applantum&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Amanita caecaria &lt;/i&gt;tidak beracun, &lt;i&gt;Amanita verna &lt;/i&gt;beracun, hidup di tanah putih atau merah, dan &lt;i&gt;Exobasidium&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;vexans &lt;/i&gt;hidup parasit pada tanaman teh.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Deuteromycota&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Anda sudah mengetahui bahwa pengelompokan jamur dibedakan oleh macam spora seksual yang dihasilkannya, yaitu askospora dan basidiospora. Tetapi setelah para ahli mengadakan penelitian ternyata ada beberapa jenis yang belum diketahui reproduksi seksualnya, sehingga cara perkembangbiakannya dilakukan secara aseksual. Untuk itulah para ahli mengelompokkan secara khusus jamur ini, yaitu dalam kelompok &lt;i&gt;Deuteromycota &lt;/i&gt;atau sering disebut &lt;i&gt;fungi imperfecti&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Ada sekitar 25.000 species jamur ini, misalnya &lt;i&gt;Tinea versicolor &lt;/i&gt;penyebab panu, &lt;i&gt;Epidermophyton floocossum &lt;/i&gt;penyebab penyakit kaki atlet, &lt;i&gt;Microsporium&lt;/i&gt; penyebab penyakit rambut dan kuku, &lt;i&gt;Trichophyton &lt;/i&gt;dan &lt;i&gt;Epidermophyton&lt;/i&gt; penyebab penyakit kulit dan kuku. Apabila kita amati kebanyakan jamur ini hidup sebagai parasit. Jamur oncom pada mulanya digolongkan dalam Deuteromycota, tetapi oleh seorang ahli Indonesia dari UNMalang yang mengadakan penelitian berhasil menemukan bahwa jamur &lt;i&gt;Monila sitophila&lt;/i&gt; dapat melakukan reproduksi seksual, yaitu menghasilkan askus. Selanjutnya, jamur ini dimasukkan dalam &lt;i&gt;Ascomycota &lt;/i&gt;dan diubah namanya menjadi &lt;i&gt;Neurospora sitophila&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;SIMBIOSIS JAMUR DENGAN MAKHLUK HIDUP LAIN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&lt;/b&gt; Mikoriza&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Pohon pinus dapat hidup dengan subur karena terjadinya simbiosis antara jamur melalui hifanya yang masuk dalam akar tanaman pinus. Pinus akan mendapatkan air serta unsur-unsur hara dan jamur tersebut akan mendapatkan zat organiknya. Jamur ini dinamakan mikoriza. Jamur yang membentuknya biasanya dari golongan &lt;i&gt;Zygomycota&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Ascomycota&lt;/i&gt;, dan &lt;i&gt;Basidiomycota&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Ada dua jenis &lt;i&gt;Mikoriza&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu pada akar pinus merupakan &lt;i&gt;ektomikoriza&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i&gt;endomikoriza &lt;/i&gt;pada akar kacang. Perhatikan Gambar 6.14 ini! Pada &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;ektomikoriza&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, terlihat hifanya tidak menembus di dalam akar (korteks), tetapi hanya sampai pada epidermis saja. Adanya jamur ini, akar sudah tidak memerlukan bulu akar, tetapi tanaman tersebut sudah mendapatkan air dan unsur hara lebih dari cukup berkat jamur ini. Karena itulah tumbuhan ini tahan terhadap kekeringan dan terlindung dari serangan jamur lain yang berbahaya. Jamur ini tidak dapat tumbuh dan bereproduksi tanpa menggunakan akar inangnya.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Adapun pada &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;endomikoriza&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;, &lt;/b&gt;hifanya akan menembus akar sampai ke bagian korteks. Jamur ini selain terdapat pada akar polong-polongan juga dapat hidup di akar anggrek, akar sayuran seperti kol. Kebalikan dari ektomikoriza, jamur ini mampu hidup tanpa ada inangnya. Hidupnya di mana-mana, asalkan pada tanah. Manfaatnya sama dengan ektomikoriza, selain itu dapat pula membantu pertumbuhan bintil akar untuk fiksasi nitrogen&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2.&lt;/b&gt; Lumut Kerak (Lichenes)  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Pernahkah Anda melihat lumut kerak yang menempel pada pohon dan berwarna keperakan? Sepintas, terlihat seperti organisme tunggal dan seperti species lumut. Bentuknya berupa lembaran tipis seperti kerak. Sebenarnya lumut kerak ini&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;merupakan gabungan miselium jamur yang di dalamnya terjalin sel-sel alga dan keduanya saling&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;bersimbiosis mutualisme. Jamurnya adalah golongan &lt;i&gt;Ascomycota &lt;/i&gt;atau &lt;i&gt;Basidiomycota &lt;/i&gt;dengan alga hijau/&lt;i&gt;Chlorophyta &lt;/i&gt;atau alga biru/&lt;i&gt;Cyanophyta&lt;/i&gt; yang uniseluler.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Meskipun keduanya hidup sendiri-sendiri, tetapi dengan hidup pada umut kerak lebih menguntungkan bagi keduanya, karena mereka mampu hidup pada substrat atau tempat yang organisme lain tidak dapat hidup, misalnya batu. Karena mampu hidup pada batu-batuan, Lichenes ini dikatakan sebagai organisme perintis yang mampu hidup di atas batu. Lichenes tersebut memulai pembentukan tanah dengan melapukkan permukaan batuan dan menambahkan kandungan zat-zat yang dimiliknya. Lichenes dapat juga digunakan sebagai indikator pencemaran udara, karena dia tidak mampu hidup pada udara yang sudah tercemar. Jadi, apabila di suatu daerah tidak ada Lichenes, ini menunjukkan bahwa udara di daerah tersebut sudah tercemar. Selain itu, Lichenes dapat dimanfaatkan pula sebagai obat, digunakan sebagai penambah rasa dan aroma, serta pigmen yang dihasilkan dapat dibuat kertas lakmus celup untuk menentukan indicator pH.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-indent: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 100%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Lichenes memperbanyak diri secara aseksual dan seksual. Secara aseksual dilakukan dengan cara &lt;i&gt;fragmentasi&lt;/i&gt;, yaitu dengan potongan lumut kerak, maka induk akan terlepas. Apabila jatuh di tempat yang cocok akan tumbuh menjadi individu baru. Dapat juga dilakukan dengan membuat struktur khusus yang disebut &lt;i&gt;soredia, &lt;/i&gt;yaitu sel-sel alga yang terbungkus oleh hifa, terdapat pada permukaan talus Lichenes, warnanya putih seperti tepung. Sel-sel alga ini dapat terlepas, jika jatuh pada tempat yang cocok, maka akan tumbuh menjadi Lichenes baru. Adapun perkembangbiakan jamur dan alga secara seksual dilakukan sendiri-sendiri. Jamur dapat membentuk askokarp atau basidiokarp yang mengandung spora. Jika sporanya masak akan pecah dan terlepas kemudian dibawa angin. Jika jatuh di tempat yang cocok dan bertemu dengan alga, maka akan terbentuk Lichenes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/7458268195528590922/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-4-jamur.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/7458268195528590922'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/7458268195528590922'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-4-jamur.html' title='BAB 4 :: JAMUR'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-1489101854552371749</id><published>2009-07-11T04:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-11T04:37:36.466-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 3 :: PROTISTA</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; 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semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt; 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Dengan mempelajari materi ini, diharapkan Anda mengetahui seluk beluk dunia Protista, dan dapat mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri mikroba tersebut dan mengetahui peranannya di dalam kehidupan manusia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;ProgId&quot; content=&quot;Word.Document&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Generator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Originator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;File-List&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;Edit-Time-Data&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !mso]&gt; &lt;style&gt; v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;themeData&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   &lt;w:view&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:trackmoves/&gt;   &lt;w:trackformatting/&gt;   &lt;w:punctuationkerning/&gt;   &lt;w:validateagainstschemas/&gt;   &lt;w:saveifxmlinvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:ignoremixedcontent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:donotpromoteqf/&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeother&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeasian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemecomplexscript&gt;AR-SA&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:breakwrappedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:snaptogridincell/&gt;    &lt;w:wraptextwithpunct/&gt;    &lt;w:useasianbreakrules/&gt;    &lt;w:dontgrowautofit/&gt;    &lt;w:splitpgbreakandparamark/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/&gt;    &lt;w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertalignintxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:word11kerningpairs/&gt;    &lt;w:cachedcolbalance/&gt;    &lt;w:usefelayout/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:browserlevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;   &lt;m:mathpr&gt;    &lt;m:mathfont val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbin val=&quot;before&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbinsub val=&quot;--&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef/&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:latentstyles deflockedstate=&quot;false&quot; defunhidewhenused=&quot;true&quot; defsemihidden=&quot;true&quot; defqformat=&quot;false&quot; defpriority=&quot;99&quot; latentstylecount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Normal&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; 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	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; 	margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; 	mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun; 	mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;} .MsoChpDefault 	{mso-style-type:export-only; 	mso-default-props:yes; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;} @page Section1 	{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; 	margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; 	mso-header-margin:36.0pt; 	mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;}  /* List Definitions */  @list l0 	{mso-list-id:627710866; 	mso-list-type:hybrid; 	mso-list-template-ids:628908444 632699316 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l0:level1 	{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower; 	mso-level-text:&quot;%1\)&quot;; 	mso-level-tab-stop:none; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:46.4pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	mso-ansi-font-weight:bold; 	mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;} @list l1 	{mso-list-id:1978022900; 	mso-list-type:hybrid; 	mso-list-template-ids:1938032294 -1852011954 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l1:level1 	{mso-level-text:&quot;%1\)&quot;; 	mso-level-tab-stop:none; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:54.0pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	mso-ansi-font-weight:bold; 	mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;} ol 	{margin-bottom:0cm;} ul 	{margin-bottom:0cm;} --&lt;/style&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;color:navy;&quot;   &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 102);font-size:130%;&quot; &gt;Penggolongan Protista&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Banyak golongan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Protista &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;yang mempunyai kemiripan ciri-ciri dan sifat seperti hewan, tumbuhan, atau jamur, maka beberapa ahli membagi Protista menjadi tiga golongan, yaitu Protista mirip hewan, Protista mirip tumbuhan, dan Protista mirip jamur.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 102);&quot;&gt;A. Protista Mirip Hewan/Protozoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Protista mirip hewan adalah golongan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Protozoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;. Protozoa merupakan salah satu bagian kelompok dari Protista, apa sebabnya? Mereka memiliki ciri-ciri yang sama dengan Protista, yaitu tubuhnya terdiri atas satu sel dan eukariotik. Untuk itulah semua aktivitasnya dilakukan oleh sel itu sendiri seperti bergerak, bereproduksi, dan lain-lain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Tubuh Protozoa umumnya tidak mempunyai dinding sel yang kuat dan di dalamnya terdapat nukleus, vakuola, mitokondria, dan ribosom. Ukuran tubuhnya berkisar antara 5-100 milimikron, jadi sangat mikroskopis. Hidupnya ada yang berkoloni dengan membentuk kumpulan sel dan ada pula yang berperilaku sebagai parasit pada organisme lain. Lebih dari 64.000 species Protozoa telah dikenal, diperkirakan 32.000 berupa fosil dan 22.000 merupakan bentuk-bentuk yang bebas, 10.000 adalah sebagai parasit. Hidupnya sebagian berkoloni atau hidup soliter, sebagian dapat bergerak bebas dan dapat pula menempel (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;sessil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Di manakah kita dapat menemukan Protozoa? Protozoa mempunyai tempat hidup di mana-mana, yaitu di perairan, misalnya di kolam, air laut, air tawar, tetapi ada juga yang hidup sebagai parasit pada hewan atau tumbuhan, bahkan manusia. Di tanah pun mereka bisa hidup, untuk itulah hewan tersebut dimasukkan kelompok &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;kosmopolit, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;artinya dapat ditemukan di berbagai tempat. Karena hidupnya ada yang berada di perairan, maka mereka mempunyai peranan penting dalam rantai makanan untuk komunitas lingkungan akuatik. Masih ingatkah Anda mengenai rantai makanan (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;food chain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;)? Peranan Protozoa sebagai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;zooplankton &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;(organisme seperti hewan) adalah Protozoa yang hidup dari fitoplankton (organisme seperti tumbuhan) yang fotosintetik dan zooplankton sebagai makanan bagi hewan-hewan yang lebih besar. Karena peristiwa tersebut sehingga dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Energi cahaya&gt;&gt;&gt; Fitoplankton&gt;&gt;&gt; Zooplankton&gt;&gt;&gt; hewan (ikan) yang lebih besar&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Begitu juga Protozoa yang hidup di lingkungan daratan yang basah atau akuatik, mereka sebagai pemakan bakteri atau cendawan atau disebut Protozoa saprofitik dengan memanfaatkan substansi yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri atau cendawan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot; 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                    &lt;/span&gt;oleh bakteri&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                       &lt;/span&gt; Protozoa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;produk ekskresinya, &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                      &lt;/span&gt;atau cendawan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;termasuk tinja&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Ciri Morfologi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Bentuk Protozoa sangat beragam, ada yang berbentuk lonjong, menyerupai bola, memanjang, dan polimorfik (memiliki berbagai bentuk morfologi), ukuran tubuhnya berdiameter 1 milimikron. Bagaimana dengan hasil pengamatan Anda? Sel Protozoa terbungkus membran sitoplasma dan setiap selnya mempunyai satu atau beberapa nukleus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Pada umumnya Protozoa dapat membentuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;sista &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;atau seludang yang dibuat secara vegetatif/trofozoit sehingga dapat melindungi dirinya terhadap bahaya dari alam sekitarnya, misalnya kekeringan dan kehabisan makanan atau keasaman perut di dalam inangnya. Untuk mempertahankan jenisnya, Protozoa berkembang biak dengan cara aseksual/vegetatif dan seksual/generatif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Ciri Fisiologi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Pada suhu berapa Protozoa dapat hidup? Pada umumnya Protozoa membutuhkan suhu optimum untuk tumbuh antara 16-25°C, dengan suhu maksimumnya antara 36-40°C. Adapun pH (derajat keasaman optimum) untuk proses metabolismenya adalah antara pH 6-8.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;)&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Jenis-Jenis Protozoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Flagellata (Filum Mastigophora)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Apabila kita melihat dari namanya, maka &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Flagellata &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;ini bergerak denganbantuan satu atau lebih flagela. Bentuk flagela seperti cambuk. Letaknya berada pada ujung anterior tubuhnya. Selain berfungsi sebagai alat gerak, flagela juga dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui keadaan lingkungannya. Tampak pula membran yang berombak-ombak dan kelihatan menonjol, sehinggaflagela dan membran ini berguna untuk gerak aktif dan atau mengumpulkan makanan dengan cara menghasilkan aliran air di sekitar mulut sehingga makanan dapat memasuki mulut. Sitoplasma Flagellata dikitari oleh polikel atau pembungkus yang nyata sehingga memberikan bentuk tubuhnya.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Dilihat dari bentuknya, Flagellata dikelompokkan menjadi dua, yaitu berbentuk seperti tumbuhan, dinamakan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;fitoflagelata &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;yang mengandung klorofil dan bersifat fotosintetik, contohnya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Euglena&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;. Adapun yang berbentuk seperti hewan disebut &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;zooflagelata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;, tidak mempunyai klorofil dan bersifat heterotrof, contohnya, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Trypanosoma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Rhizopoda (Filum Sarcodina)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Amoeba &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;merupakan salah satu anggota &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Rhizopoda &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;yang terkenal. Golongan Rhizopoda ini bergerak dengan menggunakan kaki semu (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;pseudopodia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;). Kaki semu ini sebenarnya merupakan perluasan protoplasma sehingga dapat bergerak di suatu permukaan dan menelan partikel-partikel makanan kemudian masuk dalam vakuola yang akan dicerna dalam vakuola&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;tersebut. Bentuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Amoeba &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;senantiasa berubah-ubah, hidupnya bebas, terdapat di tanah becek atau di perairan yang banyak mengandung bahan organik, tetapi ada juga yang hidup sebagai parasit yang sering dikenal dengan sebutan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Entamoeba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Jika makanannya habis, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Amoeba &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;dapat mempertahankan hidupnya dengan membentuk kista, yaitu dengan tubuhnya yang inaktif berubah berbentuk bulat, sehingga membran plasmanya menebal untuk melindungi tubuhnya dari kondisi luar yang jelek. Jika keadaan luar sudah memungkinkan, misalnya tersedia makanannya, maka dinding kista tersebut akan pecah dan keluarlah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Amoeba &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;tersebut untuk memulai hidupnya kembali.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Ciliata (Filum Ciliophora)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Ciri khusus apa yang terdapat di dalam kelompok Ciliata? Jika kita amati, ciri yang ada adalah terdapatnya rambut getar atau disebut “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;silia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;” yang terdapat pada seluruh permukaan tubuhnya, tetapi ada juga yang hanya terdapat pada sebagian tubuhnya. Apa fungsi dari silia ini? Silia berfungsi untuk bergerak, silia yang terdapat di sekitar rongga-rongga mulut dapat menimbulkan efek pusaran air yang dapat membantu untuk mengumpulkan makanan. Sesuai dengan organ tubuhnya, Ciliata hidup di tempat yang berair seperti sawah, rawa, atau tanah yang becek. Ciliata mempunyai sel yang memiliki dua nukleus, yaitu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;makronukleus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;mikronukleus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;. Masing masing nucleus ini mempunyai tugas sendiri-sendiri, makronukleus mengatur struktur dan metabolisme sel dan mikronukleus bertugas untuk mengatur aktivitas reproduksi. Contoh yang terkenal dari Ciliata adalah species &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Paramecium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;d)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Sporozoa (Filum Sporozoa)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Sporozoa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;merupakan satu-satunya anggota Protozoa yang tidak memiliki alat gerak dan bergerak dengan cara meluncurkan tubuhnya dalam medium tempat hidupnya. Sesuai dengan namanya, dia mempunyai ciri khas, yaitu membentuk spora. Sporozoa hidup sebagai parasit. Cara mendapatkan makanannya dengan menyerap nutrisi inangnya, misalnya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Plasmodium &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;yang merupakan anggota Sporozoa paling terkenal. Pada tubuh manusia, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Plasmodium &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;menyebabkan penyakit malaria. Penularannya terjadi melalui gigitan nyamuk &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Anopheles &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;betina. Setelah digigit, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Plasmodium &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;langsung menyebar di dalam darah dan berkembang biak di dalam hati dan akan menginfeksinya sehingga menyebabkan kematian.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Ada empat jenis species &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Plasmodium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit malaria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Masing-masing jenis Plasmodium menimbulkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;gejala-gejala tersendiri pada tubuh penderitanya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;(a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Plasmodium vivax&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;, merupakan penyebab malaria tersiana yang bersifat tidak ganas,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;gejalanya adalah suhu badan panas dingin berganti-ganti setiap 2 hari sekali (48 jam).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;(b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Plasmodium ovale&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;, merupakan penyebab malaria tersiana yang ganas, gejalanya sama dengan pada malaria tersiana.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;(c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Plasmodium malariae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;, penyebab malaria kuartana yang bersifat tak ganas, gejalanya suhu badan panas dingin setiap 3 hari sekali (72 jam).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;(d)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Plasmodium falciparum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;, penyebab malaria kuartana yang bersifat ganas, gejalanya suhu badan panas dingin tak beraturan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; 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 &lt;/v:formulas&gt;  &lt;v:path extrusionok=&quot;f&quot; gradientshapeok=&quot;t&quot; connecttype=&quot;rect&quot;&gt;  &lt;o:lock ext=&quot;edit&quot; aspectratio=&quot;t&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&quot;&#39;width:313.5pt;&quot;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Admin\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.emz&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 102);&quot;&gt;B. Protista Mirip Tumbuhan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Beberapa ahli berpendapat bahwa Protista mirip tumbuhan adalah alga (ganggang) yang mikroskopis, adapun alga yang makroskopis termasuk Plantae. Yang termasuk alga mikroskopis adalah Filum &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Chryssophyta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;. Alga mikroskopis memiliki ciri-ciri khusus, yaitu dapat berfotosintesis sama seperti tumbuhan, tersebar luas di alam, dan dijumpai hampir di segala macam lingkungan yang terkena sinar matahari. Alga renik yang terapung-apung di perairan ini merupakan bagian fitoplankton yang berguna sebagai sumber makanan penting bagi organisme-organisme lain, sama seperti fungsi Protozoa yang sudah Anda pelajari di depan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Alga sangat berperan atau dikatakan sebagai dasar permulaan dalam rantai makanan karena kegiatan fotosintesisnya sehingga dinamakan sebagai ‘produsen primer’ bahan organik. Di dalam kegiatan fotosintesisnya, alga menghasilkan oksigen. Gas ini sangat penting untuk binatang maupun organisme lain dalam aktivitas respirasi aerobik. Selain itu, juga sangat penting dalam pengendalian polusi dan bahan buangan. Banyak alga yang mensintesis vitamin A dan D. Dengan dimakan ikan, maka vitamin-vitamin itu disimpan di dalam organ (misalnya hati) dan di tempat inilah dapat diekstraksi atau digunakan secara langsung sebagai sumber makanan yang kaya akan vitamin sehingga baik dikonsumsi manusia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Ciri dan Morfologi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Setiap sel alga mempunyai inti dan plastida, dalam plastida terdapat zat-zat warna derivat klorofil dengan warna-warna yang lain berupa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;fikosianin &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;(warna biru), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;fukosantin &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;(warna pirang), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;fikoeritrin &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;(warna merah). Selain itu, ditemukan pula zat-zat warna &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;xantofil &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;karotin &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;sehingga alga mampu berfotosintesis. Alga tidak mempunyai akar, batang, dan daun sejati yang disebut sebagai ‘tubuh yang bertalus’. Alga yang bergerak dilengkapi dengan alat flagela. Ada yang tunggal, berpasangan, atau bergerombol.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Jenis-Jenis Filum Protista yang Mirip Tumbuhan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Protista ini mempunyai beberapa filum seperti berikut ini.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 46.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Filum Euglenophyt&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Euglena &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;merupakan anggota yang khas dari kelompok ini, jumlahnya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;sekitar 400 species. Perhatikan bentuk selnya! Sel &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Euglena &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;berbentuk oval memanjang, tidak kaku, tidak mempunyai dinding sel yang berisikan selulose, dan membran luarnya lentur. Dengan demikian, dia dapat berubah bentuk dengan mudah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Pada bagian salah satu ujungnya terdapat mulut sel dan dari mulut sel itu tumbuh satu flagela panjang yang digunakan untuk bergerak. Tampak juga bintik mata berwarna merah yang dinamakan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;stigma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;, berfungsi untuk membedakan terang dan gelap. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Euglena &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;juga mempunyai kerongkongan anterior, meskipun tidak digunakan untuk menelan makanan yang berbentuk partikel. Di dalam sel terdapat juga vakuola kontraktil fungsinya sama dengan Protozoa, cobalah Anda ingat kembali!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Filum Pyrrophyta&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Pyrrophyta &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;disebut sebagai Dinoflagelata yang sering dikenal sebagai ganggang api. Mengapa disebut sebagai ganggang api? Dia mampu memancarkan cahaya yang berwarna merah menyala seperti api, terutama pada saat malam hari di air laut. Hampir seluruh Dinoflagelata uniseluler, yaitu tersusun atas satu sel dan bergerak aktif, yaitu memiliki satu flagel, mempunyai dinding sel nyata yang terdiri atas lempenganlempengan yang mengandung selulose, tetapi ada beberapa yang tidak berdinding sel, misalnya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Gymnodinium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Filum Chrysophyta&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Chrysophyta &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;sering dinamakan alga pirang atau alga keemasan karena mendapatkan warna dari karatinoid cokelat kuning yang disebut &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;fukosantin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; dan juga memiliki klorofil a dan b; memiliki sel yang bersifat uniseluler dan banyak yang berflagel. Terdiri atas 5300 species, 5000 buah yang merupakan Diatom. Jadi, sebagian besar kelompok ini adalah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Diatom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 102);&quot;&gt;C.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 102);&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 102);&quot;&gt;Protista Mirip Jamur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Jamur golongan ini mempunyai struktur tubuh dan cara bereproduksi yang berbeda dari kelompok jamur pada umumnya. Gerakan dan reproduksinya mirip dengan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Amoeba &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;sehingga dimasukkan dalam anggota Protista. Termasuk anggota ini adalah filum &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Oomycota &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Myxomycota&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;. Sebelum Anda mempelajari ciri-ciri dari kedua filum tersebut, sebaiknya terlebih dahulu Anda melihat bentuk nyata dari jamur itu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Filum Oomycota/Jamur Air&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Jamur ini hidup di tempat yang lembap atau air, oleh sebab itulah disebut sebagai “jamur air”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Terlihat bahwa benang-benang hifanya tidak bersekat melintang dan dijumpai inti dalam jumlah yang banyak. Dinding selnya terdiri atas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;selulose. Ciri khas dari jamur ini adalah menghasilkan sel berflagela yang berguna untuk berenang di dalam air, sedangkan pada jamur yang lain tidak pernah menghasilkan flagela. Oleh karena itulah filum ini dimasukkan dalam Protista.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Apa peranan jamur ini? Organisme-organisme ini mempunyai sifat ekonomis yang tidak begitu penting. Misalnya, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Saprolegnia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;hidup sebagai saprofit pada bangkai-bangkai hewan di air seperti yang Anda lakukan pada Kegiatan Kelompok di atas. Dengan demikian, di dalam air tidak dipenuhi bangkai makhluk hidup dan sampah. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Phytophthora &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;(jamur karat putih) sebagai parasit, misalnya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;P. nicotinae &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;parasit pada tembakau, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;P.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;palmifera &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;pada kelapa, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;P. infestans &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;pada kentang&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; Filum Myxomycota/Jamur Lendir&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Anggota kelompok ini dikenal sebagai jamur lendir karena mempunyai masa berlendir yang menyebar dalam daur hidupnya yang disebut dengan plasmodium’. Plasmodium ini mempunyai banyak nukleus. Apa yang dimaksud dengan ‘plasmodium’? Pengertian ‘plasmodium’ di sini tidak sama dengan plasmodium malaria seperti yang sudah Anda pelajari di depan. Plasmodium merupakan masa protoplasma yang telanjang (tanpa dinding), ukuran dan warnanya sangat beragam, dan dapat berubahubah bentuknya pada saat merayap di atas permukaan substrat atau medium yang ditempatinya. Dalam keadaan yang menguntungkan, misalnya tersedia makanan, maka plasmodium dapat bergerak-gerak seperti &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Amoeba &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;menyerbu makanannya tersebut sambil tumbuh, sehingga ukurannya semakin bertambah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Apabila keadaan tidak sesuai untuk pertumbuhan, misalnya kekeringan atau tidak ada makanan, maka organisme ini menjadi tidak aktif dan akan berubah sifatnya menjadi tubuh buah/tangkai-tangkai yang akan menghasilkan spora seperti jamur. Spora tersebut akan tumbuh dan berkembang, kemudian menjadi matang. Setelah matang, akan pecah dan akan menyebar dibantu oleh angin. Jika jatuh di tempat yang cocok, maka akan berkecambah dan membentuk sel-sel tunggal yang bergerak dengan flagela dan pseudopodia. Selanjutnya, sel-sel itu berpasangan dan mulailah terjadinya pembentukan plasmodium yang baru.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Apa peranan jamur lendir bagi kehidupan? Sama halnya dengan jamur air, beberapa jamur lendir jika hidup parasit pada tanaman akan menginfeksi akar tanaman yang menyebabkan pembengkakan akar dan penyakit yang dikenal dengan ‘bengkak akar’. Tanaman yang terserang jamur ini akarnya akan membusuk dan lama kelamaan akan mati. Infeksi terjadi bila &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;zoospore&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; menembus anak akar tanaman inangnya dan segera menjadi miksamoeba (organisme amoeboid yang telanjang) yang tumbuh menjadi plasmodium. Selanjutnya, plasmodium akan tumbuh sehingga ukurannya bertambah yang mengakibatkan akar-akar tanaman inang membengkak. Saat infeksi itu berlangsung, spora-spora pun ikut terbentuk dan akan menghuni sel-sel tanaman inang sampai sel-sel itu menjadi busuk, kemudian spora-spora dibebaskan dan siap menginfeksi bibit tanaman baru, seperti pada kubis dan kentang yang dapat rusak sehingga menyebabkan tanaman menjadi kerdil dan akhirnya akan mati sebelum waktunya. Misalnya, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;Phytium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt; penyebab penyakit rebah semai yang merusak bibit tanaman&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/1489101854552371749/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-3-protista.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/1489101854552371749'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/1489101854552371749'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-3-protista.html' title='BAB 3 :: PROTISTA'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWeHSSwIEfuKEY-zXgcS1bQD0zI6vNHT1tMA2erCuBKFkYToncM1frElgJbqO7v3NlxstN4f0994s_BqMt-kQqohvH8ZBqqjjBphyGXAQFOvyksKqrVkWhPfrYx3XXxaOZui-JF5_0aT84/s72-c/ANOPELES.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-6763211814616238328</id><published>2009-07-10T02:26:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-10T02:31:30.788-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 2 :: BAKTERI</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; 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priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;style&gt; 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Dengan mempelajari materi ini diharapkan Anda mampu mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri Eubacteria dan Archaeobacteria sehingga Anda dapat mengetahui peranannya bagi kehidupan.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;ProgId&quot; content=&quot;Word.Document&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Generator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Originator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;File-List&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;themeData&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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   &lt;w:cachedcolbalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:donotoptimizeforbrowser/&gt;   &lt;m:mathpr&gt;    &lt;m:mathfont val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbin val=&quot;before&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbinsub val=&quot;--&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef/&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:latentstyles deflockedstate=&quot;false&quot; defunhidewhenused=&quot;true&quot; defsemihidden=&quot;true&quot; defqformat=&quot;false&quot; defpriority=&quot;99&quot; latentstylecount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Normal&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;; 	panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:Calibri; 	panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:swiss; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:Palatino-Roman; 	panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 	mso-font-alt:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-format:other; 	mso-font-pitch:auto; 	mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:Palatino-Italic; 	panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; 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	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;} ol 	{margin-bottom:0cm;} ul 	{margin-bottom:0cm;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable 	{mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;; 	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; 	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; 	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:12;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:12;&quot; &gt;Bentuk dan Ukuran Bakteri&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bakteri merupakan makhluk yang mempunyai sel &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;prokariot&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, yaitu selnya belum mempunyai membran inti. Dia bersel tunggal dan umumnya tidak mempunyai klorofil sehingga bersifat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;heterotrof, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;ada yang bersifat saprofit atau parasit, yaitu tidak bisa membuat makanan sendiri. Ada pula bakteriyang bersifat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;autotrof &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;karena memiliki klorofil sehingga dapat membuat makanan sendiri, misalnya bakteri hijau dan bakteri ungu.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Untuk mendapatkan energi, bakteri harus melakukan respirasi (pernapasan). Ada bakteri yang membutuhkan oksigen bebas di udara, sering disebut bakteri &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;aerobik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, misalnya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Nitrosomonas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;yang mampu memecahkan gula menjadi air, CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:6;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, dan energi. Adapun bakteri yang tidak memerlukan oksigen bebas, misalnya bakteri asam susu. Jika Anda amati Gambar 4.3, bahwa bentuk bakteri beraneka ragam, ada yang berbentuk bola atau peluru (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;kokus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;), seperti batang (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;bacillus)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, bengkok seperti koma/sekrup (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;vibrio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;), dan spiral (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;heliks&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;). Sel-sel tersebut biasanya berkoloni/berkelompok dan mengalami perubahan bentuk, contohnya:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;diplokokus, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;yaitu bakteri kokus berkelompok dua-dua;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;streptokokus, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;selnya berbaris berantai;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;c.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;stapilokokus, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;berkelompok seperti anggur;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;d.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;sarcina, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;berbentuk bulat seperti kubus berkelompok delapan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bentuk bakteri sering digunakan sebagai salah satu dasar untuk identifikasi bakteri. Karena ukuran bakteri sangat kecil, yaitu hanya beberapa mikron (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;��&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;) yang setara dengan 0,001 mm dari yang terkecil kira-kira 1/10 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;µ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;– 100 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;µ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; maka untuk melihatnya harus menggunakan alat bantu mikroskop.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:12;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:12;&quot; &gt;Struktur Sel Bakteri&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Berdasarkan dinding selnya, bakteri dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitubakteri &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;gram positif &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;(jika timbul warna apabila diwarnai dengan tinta) dan bakteri &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;gram negatif &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;(tidak menimbulkan warna apabila diwarnai dengan tinta).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Struktur Utama di Luar Dinding Sel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Struktur utama di luar dinding adalah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;flagela&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;pili&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;kapsul&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;. Apa yang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Anda ketahui dari ketiganya?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1) Flagelum (jamak: Flagela)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bentuk flagela seperti rambut yang teramat tipis, mencuat menembus dinding sel, fungsinya untuk pergerakan pada sel bakteri. Flagela terdiri atas tiga bagian, yaitu tubuh dasar, struktur seperti kait, dan sehelai filame panjang di luar dinding sel. Panjangnya beberapa kali lebih panjang dari selnya, tetapi diameternya jauh lebih kecil dari diameter selnya.&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Perlu Anda ketahui ada beberapa bakteri yang tidak memiliki flagelum yang disebut atrik. Berdasarkan letak dan jumlahnya, terdapat empat macam bakteri, yaitu monotorik, (memiliki satu flagelum pada salah satu ujung sel bakteri), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;lopotrik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;(memiliki dua/lebih flagela pada salah satu ujung sel bakteri), &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;amfitrik &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;(memiliki dua/lebih flagella di kedua ujung sel bakteri), dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;peritrik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; (memiliki flagela di seluruh permukaan sel bakteri). Perhatikan Gambar 4.5 dan bandingkan bentuknya!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2) Pili (Fimbriae)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bentuknya seperti filamen, tetapi bukan flagela, banyak terdapat pada bakteri gram negatif. Ukurannya lebih kecil, lebih pendek, dan lebih banyak dari flagela. Pili ini tidak berfungsi untuk pergerakan, tetapi berfungsi sebagai pintu gerbang masuknya bahan genetik selama berlangsungnya perkawinan antarbakteri. Selain itu, pili juga mempunyai fungsi lain, yaitu sebagai alat untuk melekatkan pada berbagai permukaan jaringan hewan atau tumbuhan yang merupakan nutriennya. Contohnya, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Sex pilus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3) Kapsul&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Kapsul merupakan suatu bahan kental berupa lapisan lendir. Ukurannya dipengaruhi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;oleh medium tempat tumbuhnya. Kapsul bakteri mempunyai arti penting bagi bakteri maupun organisme lain. Bagi bakteri, kapsul merupakan penutup/pelindung dan juga sebagai gudang makanan cadangan. Selain itu, dapat pula menambah kemampuan bakteri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;B. &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Struktur di Sebelah Dalam Dinding Sel&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Struktur paling umum yang terdapat di dalam dinding sel bakteri adalah sebagai berikut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1) Membran Sitoplasma&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Membran ini amatlah penting karena berfungsi mengendalikan keluar masuknya substansi kimiawi dalam larutan sel, yaitu mampu mengambil dan menahan nutrien seperti gula, asam amino, mineral, dalam jumlah yang sesuai dan membuang kelebihan nutrien atau produk-produk buangannya. Selain itu, juga berfungsi sebagai tempat perlekatan flagelum. Membran sitoplasma merupakan membran plasma yang membungkus sitoplasma beserta isinya. Bagaimana jika membran ini pecah atau rusak? Apakah sel bakteri akan mati? Coba Anda pikirkan bersama teman-teman satu kelas!&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2) Mesosom&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Apabila membran sitoplasma mengalami pelipatan ke arah dalam/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;invaginasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, maka akan menghasilkan suatu struktur yang disebut &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;mesosom&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;.Mesosom ini selalu bersambungan dengan membran sitoplasma. Diduga mesosom bisa berfungsi dalam sintesis dinding sel dan pembelahan nukleus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3) Sitoplasma dan Struktur-Struktur di Dalamnya&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Sitoplasma merupakan cairan yang bersifat koloid dan berisi semua zat yang diperlukan untuk kehidupan sel. Bahan sel yang dikandungnya antara lain seperti berikut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Daerah sitoplasma, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;berisi partikel-partikel RNA protein (ribosom). Ribosom ini merupakan biosintesis protein, dijumpai pada semua sel, baik eukariotik/ prokariotik.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Daerah nukleus, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;bahan nukleus/DNA di dalam sel bakteri menempati posisi dekat pusat sel dan terikat pada mesosom sitoplasma. Bahan ini sebagai alat genetik yang terdiri atas kromosom.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bagian zat alir, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;mengandung nutrien terlarut yang terbentuk sebagai tubuh inklusi. Pada bagian tubuh ini terdiri atas lipid, glikogen, polifosfat, dan pati. Jika materi-materi ini menumpuk maka akan membentuk granul/ globul di dalam sitoplasma. Contohnya, bakteri &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Thiobacillus thioparus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;yang menumpuk sejumlah besar sulfur yang tampak seperti granul.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;4) Plasmid dan Endospora&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pada umumnya bakteri memiliki plasmid berbentuk seperti cincin yang terdapat di dalam sitoplasma. Fungsinya untuk pertahanan sel bakteri terhadap lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan. Sama halnya dengan plasmid dalam keadaan lingkungan yang jelek, bakteri tersebut akan membentuk endospora. Endospora ini sebenarnya adalah spora/struktur yang berdinding tebal, pembentukannya terjadi di dalam sel bakteri. Endospora ini tahan terhadap panas dengan batas sekitar 120° C. Jika kondisi telah membaik, maka endospora akan bisa tumbuh menjadi bakteri seperti semula. untuk menginfeksi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:12;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;3. Perkembangbiakan Bakteri&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Untuk melestarikan jenisnya, bakteri bisa berkembang biak dengan cara aseksual, yaitu dengan membelah diri dan seksual, yaitu secara konjugasi. Cara-cara perkembangbiakan bakteri adalah sebagai berikut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;a. Pembelahan Sel (Biner)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pelajarilah Gambar 4.9 berikut ini! Proses reproduksi yang paling umum dilakukan oleh bakteri adalah pembelahan biner melintang.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Setelah pembentukan dinding sel melintang, maka satu sel tunggal membelah menjadi dua sel anak. Dua sel anak ini mempunyai bentuk dan ukuran yang sama dan akan tumbuh menjadi dewasa. Pembelahan ini merupakan pembelahan secara langsung, artinya tidak melalui beberapa tahap. Proses ini berlangsung sangat cepat, setiap 20 menit membelah menjadi dua.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;b. Konjugasi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Konjugasi merupakan cara reproduksi bakteri secara seksual. Hal ini dapat terjadi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;bila dua bakteri berdekatan yang memunculkan saluran sehingga bisa saling berhubungan. Dengan demikian, maka materi genetic bisa berpindah dari satu sel ke sel lain beserta sitoplasmanya. Sampai saat ini para ahli belum dapat menentukan jenis kelamin bakteri, tetapi suatu penelitian pernah mengatakan bahwa yang memberikan DNA ke sel bakteri lain disebut sebagai “pejantan”, demikian sebaliknya jika yang menerima disebut sebagai “betina”. Setelah terjadi konjugasi, selanjutnya yang betina akan mengadakan pembelahan biner dan demikian seterusnya. Dengan demikian, dapat diketahui bahwa reproduksi secara generatif tejadi melalui tiga tahap, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1) transformasi (pemindahan satu gen/DNA bakteri ke sel bakteri lain);&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2) konjugasi;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3) terinduksi (proses pemindahan materi genetik melalui perantaraan/infeksi virus).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:12;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;4. Jenis-jenis Bakteri&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;A. Ordo Eubacteriales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Ciri-ciri dari ordo ini adalah sel-selnya berbentuk bulat atau batang yang lurus dan terpisah-pisah. Kadang-kadang membentuk koloni berupa rantai. Alat geraknya berupa flagel yang peritrik atau tidak bergerak. Bangsa ini meliputi berbagai famili, antara lain sebagai berikut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; Azetobacteraceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Ciri-cirinya adalah sel-selnya berbentuk jorong atau batang yang mirip dengan sel-sel khamir. Dia hidup bebas di dalam tanah dan merupakan penambat nitrogen. Contohnya, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Azetobacter chroococcum, Azetobacter indicus,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Azetobacter agilis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;. Famili Azetobacteraceae ini sangat bermanfaat bagi kehidupan kita, misalnya karena dia penambat nitrogen di udara, maka bakteri ini menambat gas (N2) yang ada dalam udara untuk dijadikan senyawa-senyawa yang diperlukan oleh tanaman dengan cara bersimbiosis dengan tumbuhan. Caranya bakteri menyediakan nitrat yang dibutuhkan tumbuhan dan tumbuhan menyediakan bahan makanan yang diperlukan bakteri. Dengan demikian, tumbuhan akan menjadi lebih subur karena tidak semua nitrogen dapat disediakan di dalam tanah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bakteri-bakteri penambat N2 udara ada yang hidup bebas di dalam tanah, misalnya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Azetobacter chroococcum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; Rhizobiaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Ciri-ciri dari famili bakteri ini adalah sel-selnya berbentuk batang, kadang-kadang bercabang, seringkali bersimbiosis dengan Leguminosae dan membentuk bintil-bintil pada akarnya, serta dapat menambat nitrogen. Beberapa contoh simbiosis antara bakteri dengan tumbuhan, antara lain:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Rhizobium leguminosarum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, membentuk bintil-bintil pada akar tanaman kacang-kacangan;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Rhizobium japonicum, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;pada kedelai;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Rhizobium phaseoli, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;bersimbiosis dengan anggota-anggota marga &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Phaseoulus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Ketiga bakteri tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menyuburkan tanaman, sama seperti pada Azetobacter. Tetapi ada juga bakteri dari famili ini yang bersifat merugikan, yaitu &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Agrobacterium tumefaciens &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;yang menimbulkan pembengkakan pada akar pohon-pohonan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; Enterobacteriaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bakteri golongan ini seringkali terdapat dalam saluran pernapasan dan saluran kencing Vertebrata. Bakteri ini hidup bebas dan juga bersifat patogen, menimbulkan fermentasi anaerobik pada glukosa, kadang-kadang laktosa. Contohnya sebagai berikut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, terdapat dalam usus manusia dan vertebrata lainnya. Apa peranan dari bakteri ini? Bakteri ini sangat berguna sekali bagi kehidupan manusia karena dapat membusukkan makanan dari sisa pencernaan, dapat membentuk vitamin K pada saat terjadi pembekuan darah, serta dapat menghasilan vitamin B12. Cobalah pikirkan apabila bakteri ini tidak ada di dalam tubuh kita! Apa yang akan terjadi di dalam tubuh kita?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella paratyphi, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;bakteri ini bersifat “patogen” yang menyebabkan penyakit tipus dan paratipus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Shigella dysenteriae, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;bakteri ini merupakan penyebab penyakit disentri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;4)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; Micrococcaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Sel-sel bakteri ini berbentuk seperti peluru, terdapat dalam koloni tetrade, kubus dengan masa tidak beraturan. Contohnya:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Sarcinalutea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Sarcina aurantiaca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Micrococcus denitrificans, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;menimbulkan proses denitrifikasi.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Staphylococcus aureus, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;bersifat patogen, yaitu dapat menimbulkan berbagai penyakit.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;5)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; Neisseriaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Ciri-ciri dari famili bakteri ini adalah sel-selnya berbentuk peluru, seringkali berpasangan. Contoh dari bakteri ini adalah sebagai berikut.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;a) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Neisseria gonnorrhoeae,(Micrococcus gonnorrhoe) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;penyebab penyakit kelamin kencing nanah yang dikenal dengan nama “raja singa”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;b) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Neisseria meningitis, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;penyebab penyakit meningitis.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;c) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Veillonella parvula, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;dalam mulut dan saluran pencernaan makanan manusia dan hewan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;6)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; Lactobacillaceae&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Ciri-ciri bakteri ini berbentuk peluru/batang yang dapat menimbulkan fermentasi asam laktat. Contohnya :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Lactobacillus caucasicus, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;dengan khamir dapat dibuat “yoghurt”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Streptococcus pyogenes, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;dapat menimbulkan nanah dan keracunan darah bila menginfeksi tubuh manusia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Diplococcus pneumoniae, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;menyebabkan penyakit pneumonia (radang paru-paru).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;B. Ordo Actinomycetes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Sel-sel Actinomycetes memanjang mirip hifa cendawan, cenderung membentuk percabangan. Ada beberapa famili, yaitu:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; Mycobacteriaceae, sel-selnya tidak membentuk miselium. Contoh: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Mycobacterium tuberculosis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, penyebab penyakit tuberculosis/TBC. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;M. lepra&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, penyebab penyakit kusta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; Actinomycetaceae, membentuk miselium dan spora terbentuk dalam fragmen-fragmen miselium.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; Streptomycetaceae, membentuk miselium dan miselium vegetatif tidak terbagi-bagi. Contoh: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Streptomyces aureofaciens&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;, menghasilkan aureomisin. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;S. grisens, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;menghasilkan streptomisin.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:12;&quot; &gt;5. Peran Bakteri Bagi Manusia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Tahukah Anda dalam kehidupan manusia bakteri ada yang menguntungkan namun ada pula yang merugikan. Bakteri yang menguntungkan,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;yaitu bakteri yang sering digunakan dalam industri atau proses dalam pengubahan suatu zat. Sedangkan bakteri yang merugikan, yaitu hidupnya bersifat parasit pada manusia, hewan, dan tumbuhan. Berikut ini beberapa contoh bakteri yang bersifat menguntungkan dan merugikan.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1. Peranan yang Menguntungkan/Apatogen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Contoh-contoh dari bakteri yang menguntungkan adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bakteri penghasil antibiotik yang berguna bagi manusia, (ordo bakteri Actinomycetes)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Streptomyces griseus &gt;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;streptomycin &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Streptomyces rimosus &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;teramisin&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Streptomyces venezuelae &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;chloracimphenicol/kloromisitin&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;4. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Streptomyces aureofaciens &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;aureomisin&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;5. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bacillus polymixa &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;polimiksin&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;6. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bacillus subtilis &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;basitrasin &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;7. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bacillus brevis terotrisin. &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;terotrisin&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11;&quot;&gt;Bakteri yang bermanfaat dalam produksi bahan makanan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1. Yakult &gt;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Lactobacillus casei&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2. Yoghurt/susu asam &gt;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Lactobacillus bulgaricus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3. Nata de coco &gt;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Acetobacter xylinum &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;(kolang-kaling buatan)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;4. Mentega &gt;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Streptococcuslactis&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;5. Asam cuka &gt;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Acetobacter&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;6. Terasi &gt;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Loctobacillus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;sp.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;7. Asinan buah-buahan &gt;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Loctobacillus &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;sp.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;8. Asam butirat &gt;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Clostridium bitricum&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;9. Asam propionat &gt;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Propioni bactericum&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Perlu Anda ketahui kelompok Archaebacteria mempunyai peranan dalam proses pembusukan sampah, kotoran hewan, sehingga menghasilkan energi alternatif metana berupa biogas. Contohnya, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Metano bacterium&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2. Peranan yang Merugikan/Patogen&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Contoh beberapa bakteri yang merugikan manusia adalah:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 33pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;A.&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bakteri yang menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Clostridium tetani &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Tetanus &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Diplococcus pneumonia &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pneumonia (paru) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Mycobacterium tuberculosis &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;TBC &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;4. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Mycobacterium leprae &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Lepra &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;5. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Neisseria gonorrhoe &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Rajasinga &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;6. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pasteurella pestis &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pes/sampar &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;7. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Salmonella typhosa &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Tipus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;8. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Shigella dysentriae &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Disentri &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;9. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Treponema pallidum &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Sifilis &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;10. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Vibrio comma &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Kolera&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 33pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;B.&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;&quot;  &gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bakteri yang menyebabkan penyakit pada hewan ternak.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Actinomyces bovis &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bengkak rahang pada sapi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bacillus anthracis &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Penyakit anthraks pada ternak&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Streptococcus agalactia &gt;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Radang payudara sapi&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;4. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Cytophaga columnaris &gt;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Penyakit pada ikan&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/6763211814616238328/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-2-bakteri_10.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/6763211814616238328'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/6763211814616238328'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/bab-2-bakteri_10.html' title='BAB 2 :: BAKTERI'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-4258052168539684945</id><published>2009-07-09T07:09:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-10T02:26:15.986-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BAB 1 :: KLASIFIKASI MAKHLUK HIDUP</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; 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priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:&quot;Cambria Math&quot;; 	panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:Calibri; 	panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:swiss; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal 	{mso-style-priority:1; 	mso-style-unhide:no; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; 	margin-top:0cm; 	margin-right:0cm; 	margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	margin-left:0cm; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;; 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	mso-style-noshow:yes; 	mso-style-priority:99; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;; 	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; 	mso-para-margin-top:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-right:0cm; 	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	mso-para-margin-left:0cm; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;Pada bab ini Anda akan mempelajari tentang klasifikasi makhluk hidup. Dengan mempelajari materi ini diharapkan Anda dapat mengelompokkan makhluk hidup sehingga lebih mudah mempelajari makhluk hidup yang beraneka ragam. Selain itu, diharapkan pula Anda dapat mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri makhluk hidup serta mengetahui lebih mendalam masing-masing jenis makhluk hidup&lt;/p&gt; &lt;meta equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;ProgId&quot; content=&quot;Word.Document&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Generator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Originator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;File-List&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;themeData&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   &lt;w:view&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:trackmoves/&gt;   &lt;w:trackformatting/&gt;   &lt;w:punctuationkerning/&gt;   &lt;w:validateagainstschemas/&gt;   &lt;w:saveifxmlinvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:ignoremixedcontent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:donotpromoteqf/&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeother&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeasian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemecomplexscript&gt;AR-SA&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:breakwrappedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:snaptogridincell/&gt;    &lt;w:wraptextwithpunct/&gt;    &lt;w:useasianbreakrules/&gt;    &lt;w:dontgrowautofit/&gt;    &lt;w:splitpgbreakandparamark/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/&gt;    &lt;w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertalignintxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:word11kerningpairs/&gt;    &lt;w:cachedcolbalance/&gt;    &lt;w:usefelayout/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:donotoptimizeforbrowser/&gt;   &lt;m:mathpr&gt;    &lt;m:mathfont val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbin val=&quot;before&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbinsub val=&quot;--&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef/&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:latentstyles deflockedstate=&quot;false&quot; defunhidewhenused=&quot;true&quot; defsemihidden=&quot;true&quot; defqformat=&quot;false&quot; defpriority=&quot;99&quot; latentstylecount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Normal&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt; 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content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;ProgId&quot; content=&quot;Word.Document&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Generator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;Originator&quot; content=&quot;Microsoft Word 12&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;File-List&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;themeData&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;colorSchemeMapping&quot; href=&quot;file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAdmin%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   &lt;w:view&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:trackmoves/&gt;   &lt;w:trackformatting/&gt;   &lt;w:punctuationkerning/&gt;   &lt;w:validateagainstschemas/&gt;   &lt;w:saveifxmlinvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt; 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priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; 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Tujuan dan Manfaat Klasifikasi Makhluk Hidup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;         &lt;/span&gt;Sampai saat ini, jumlah makhluk hidup semakin banyak dan beraneka ragam. Karena begitu kompleksnya, tak mungkin klasifikasi mahluk hidup tersebut hanya menggunakan cara-cara sederhana. Sistem klasifikasi makhluk hidup terus berkembang. Oleh karena itu, sistem klasifikasi makhluk hidup dipelajari tersendiri dalam cabang ilmu biologi, yaitu taksonomi yang khusus membahas sistem pengelompokan makhluk hidup.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;Seperti kita ketahui bersama bahwa klasifikasi merupakan suatu cara pengelompokan makhluk hidup yang didasarkan pada ciri-ciri tertentu. Sebenarnya, apa tujuan dari sistem klasifikasi itu? Tujuan dari klasifikasi makhluk hidup adalah:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;A.&lt;/b&gt; mengelompokkan makhluk hidup berdasarkan persamaan ciri-ciri yang dimiliki;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;B.&lt;/b&gt; mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri suatu jenis makhluk hidup untuk membedakannya dengan makhluk hidup dari jenis yang lain;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;C.&lt;/b&gt; mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan antarmakhluk hidup;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;D.&lt;/b&gt; memberi nama makhluk hidup yang belum diketahui namanya. Berdasarkan tujuan tersebut, sistem klasifikasi makhluk hidup memiliki manfaat seperti berikut:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;a. Memudahkan kita dalam mempelajari makhluk hidup yang sangat beraneka ragam. Jika ingin mengamati jantung dari anggota Aves, apakah Anda akan membuka seluruh jantung semua jenis burung/Aves? Tentu tidak mungkin. Bayangkan, betapa repotnya bila kita harus melakukan hal itu. Untuk itu, Anda cukup hanya mengamati jantung dari salah satu anggota Aves, misalnya burung dara.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;b. Mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan antara makhluk hidup satu dengan yang lain. Apabila Anda mengamati hewan kelelawar, elang, dan marmot, apakah kelelawar termasuk golongan Mamalia sama seperti marmot? Jika kita amati dengan saksama, maka kelelawar memiliki kesamaan dengan marmot, yaitu termasuk hewan menyusui (Mamalia), kesamaan lainnya adalah bereproduksi dengan beranak. Walaupun kelelawar dan elang memiliki sayap untuk bisa terbang di udara, tetapi elang mempunyai perbedaan, yaitu tidak menyusui, melainkan bertelur, sehingga elang termasuk kelompok Aves (burung).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(31, 73, 125);font-size:12;&quot; &gt;2. Dasar-Dasar Klasifikasi Makhluk Hidup&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;Anda sudah mengetahui bahwa klasifikasi merupakan cara yang baik untuk mempermudah dan menyederhanakan objek studi tentang makhluk hidup. Selain itu, mempelajari klasifikasi dalam biologi sangat penting dalam memahami keanekaragaman makhluk hidup yang sangat kompleks di dunia ini. Masing-masing makhluk hidup memiliki ciri-ciri yang membedakan dengan makhluk hidup lain, tetapi ada beberapa makhluk hidup yang memiliki satu atau lebih persamaan. Bagaimana cara mengelompokkan makhluk hidup itu dan dengan dasar apakah pengelompokan tersebut dilakukan?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;Marilah kita coba bandingkan antara ayam dan elang. Persamaan dan perbedaan apakah yang dapat kita lihat dari kedua hewan itu? Perhatikan&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;Berdasarkan pengamatan tersebut Anda akan melihat persamaan dan perbedaannya. Jadi, dasar untuk mengelompokkan makhluk hidup adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;a. Berdasarkan Persamaan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seperti yang kita lihat pada contoh di depan, yaitu antara ayam dan elang, berdasarkan ciri-ciri yang Anda lihat, termasuk golongan apakah ayam dan elang? Dengan mengamati ciri-cirinya, maka kita dapat memasukkan bahwa ayam dan elang adalah golongan hewan, yaitu jenis aves (burung) karena memiliki bulu, sayap, dan paruh.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;b.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;Berdasarkan Perbedaan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apabila Anda mengamati perbedaan ciri yang dimiliki ayam dan elang berdasarkan jenis makanannya, maka ayam termasuk herbivora, sedangkan elang termasuk golongan karnivora, yaitu pemakan daging.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;c. Berdasarkan Ciri Morfologi dan Anatomi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seperti yang Anda lihat dan amati seperti contoh di depan, maka untuk mengetahui persamaan dan perbedaan dari makhluk hidup pertama-tama yang dapat Anda lakukan adalah mengamati dari bentuk luar dari makhluk hidup tersebut, misalnya bentuk paruh dan jumlah sayap. Apabila Anda hendak menggolongkan beberapa tumbuhan, maka yang dapat Anda amati adalah bentuk pohon, bentuk daun, bentuk bunga, warna bunga, dan lainlain. Ciri-ciri inilah yang dinamakan ciri morfologi. Apabila Anda mengamati dari ada tidaknya sel trakea, kambium, ada tidaknya berkas pengangkut, ada tidaknya sel kambium, ciri-ciri ini dinamakan ciri anatomi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;d. Berdasarkan Ciri Biokimia&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sejalan dengan masa perkembangannya, untuk menentukan klasifikasi makhluk hidup selain berdasarkan ciri-ciri yang telah disebutkan di atas, bisa pula menggunakan ciri-ciri biokimia, misalnya jenis-jenis enzim, jenisjenis protein, dan jenis-jenis DNA. Hal tersebut dapat menentukan hubungan kekerabatan antara makhluk hidup satu dengan lainnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;e.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;Berdasarkan Manfaat&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tujuan pengelompokan ini adalah untuk memudahkan kita memanfaatkan suatu makhluk hidup.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt;3. Sistem Klasifikasi Modern&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:13;&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;Klasifikasi makhluk hidup menurut Linnaeus didasarkan atas persamaan dan perbedaan struktur tubuh makhluk hidup, dengan cara-cara berikut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;a.&lt;/b&gt; Mengamati dan meneliti makhluk hidup, yaitu persamaan ciri struktur tubuh luar maupun ciri struktur tubuh dalam dari berbagai jenis makhluk hidup.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;b.&lt;/b&gt; Apabila ada yang memiliki ciri struktur tubuh sama atau mirip dijadikan satu kelompok, adapun yang memiliki ciri berlainan dikelompokkan tersendiri.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;c. &lt;/b&gt;Memberikan istilah tertentu untuk setiap tingkatan klasifikasi yang didasarkan pada banyak sedikitnya persamaan ciri pada setiap jenis&lt;br /&gt;makhluk hidup yang dikelompokkan. Tingkatan klasifikasi yang digunakan oleh Linnaeus adalah sebagai berikut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kingdom/Regnum : dunia/kerajaan&lt;br /&gt;Filum/Divisio : bagian/keluarga besar&lt;br /&gt;Klassis : kelas&lt;br /&gt;Ordo : bangsa&lt;br /&gt;Familia : suku&lt;br /&gt;Genus : marga&lt;br /&gt;Species : jenis&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jika kita perhatikan klasifikasi tersebut terdiri atas beberapa tingkatan, mulai dari kelompok besar, kemudian dibagi menjadi beberapa kelompok kecil. Selanjutnya, kelompok kecil dibagi menjadi beberapa kelompok kecil lagi sehingga akan terbentuk kelompok-kelompok yang lebih kecil yang hanya mempunyai anggota satu jenis makhluk hidup.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Tiap tingkatan kelompok inilah yang disebut takson. Takson disusun dari tingkat tinggi ke tingkat rendah. Dengan demikian, semakin tinggi tingkatan takson, maka semakin umum persamaan ciri-ciri yang dimiliki oleh suatu makhluk hidup. Sebaliknya, semakin rendah tingkatan takson, maka semakin khusus persamaan ciri-ciri yang dimiliki oleh suatu makhluk hidup. Biasanya tingkatan ini memiliki jumlah makhluk hidup yang sedikit. Untuk memudahkan dalam pengelompokan makhluk hidup yang sangat banyak ragamnya, maka disusunlah suatu aturan pengelompokan. Pengelompokan dilakukan pada tingkatan tinggi sampai ke tingkatan rendah seperti berikut ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;a. Kingdom/Regnum (Kerajaan/Dunia)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tingkatan takson ini merupakan tingkatan tertinggi untuk makhluk hidup. Semua hewan dimasukkan dalam kingdom Animalia dan semua&lt;br /&gt;tumbuhan dimasukkan dalam kingdom Plantae. Bagaimana dengan manusia, masuk dalam tingkatan klasifikasi apakah kita? Coba pikirkan mengapa manusia dikelompokkan dalam salah satu kingdom itu?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;b. Filum atau Divisio (Keluarga Besar)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apabila kita mengelompokkan suatu makhluk hidup dalam kingdom, maka dengan melihat persamaan ciri-cirinya akan dimasukkan ke dalam&lt;br /&gt;suatu keluarga besar. Keluarga besar tersebut dimasukkan dalam filum untuk jenis hewan dan dimasukkan ke dalam divisio untuk jenis tumbuhan. Misalnya seperti hewan yang terlihat pada Gambar 2.3. Filum Chordata merupakan hewan bernotokorda dan hewan bertulang belakang. Ada juga hewan yang memiliki kaki berbuku-buku dan kutikula yang keras dimasukkan dalam filum Arthropoda. Penamaan filum hewan tidak memiliki akhiran yang khas, sedangkan penamaan divisio tumbuhan diberi akhiran yang khas, misalnya phyta dan mycota. Tumbuhan yang berbiji dimasukkan dalam divisio Spermatophyta, jamur berbasidium dimasukkan dalam divisio Basidiomycota.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;c. Kelas&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tingkatan takson ini lebih rendah dari kelompok takson filum atau divisio, artinya apabila kelompok makhluk hidup dalam divisio/filum&lt;br /&gt;memiliki ciri-ciri yang sama, maka dimasukkan dalam satu kelas. Contoh kelas pada hewan, yaitu hewan menyusui/Mamalia, misalnya anjing,&lt;br /&gt;kucing, kelinci, dan lain-lain. Adapun kelas pada tumbuhan ada dua, yaitu tumbuhan berbiji berkeping satu dan berkeping dua. Dengan demikian, tumbuhan mempunyai divisio: Spermatophyta, kelas: Monocotyledonae dan Dicotyledonae.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;d. Ordo (Bangsa)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tingkatan takson yang lebih rendah dari kelas adalah ordo. Pada tumbuhan, nama ordo pada umumnya diberi akhiran ales, sedangkan pada&lt;br /&gt;hewan tidak memiliki akhiran. Contoh dari hewan mempunyai ordo Carnivora (bangsa pemakan daging), Omnivora (bangsa pemakan tumbuhtumbuhan). Adapun pada tumbuhan contohnya kelas Dicotyledonae mempunyai ordo Graminales (bangsa rumput-rumputan), Rosales (bangsa mawarmawaran).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;e. Famili (Suku atau Keluarga)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Famili merupakan tingkatan takson di bawah ordo. Pada tingkatan family ini terdapat suatu kelompok yang berkerabat dekat dan memiliki banyak persamaan ciri. Nama famili pada tumbuhan pada umumnya diberi akhiran aceae, sedangkan untuk nama hewan diberi akhiran idae. Contoh keluarga hewan, yaitu Canidae (keluarga anjing), Falidae (keluarga kucing). Contoh keluarga tumbuhan adalah Solanaceae (keluarga kentang), Rosaceae (keluarga mawar).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;f. Genus (Marga)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Takson genus adalah nama takson yang lebih rendah dari famili. Nama genus terdiri atas satu kata yang diambil dari kata apa saja, bisa dari nama hewan atau tumbuhan, zat kandungan, dan sebagainya. Huruf pertamanya diawali dengan huruf kapital dan ditulis dengan miring atau ditulis tegak dengan digaris bawah. Contoh untuk hewan adalah Canis (marga anjing), Felis (marga kucing), Taenia (marga cacing). Adapun contoh pada tumbuhan, yaitu Rosa (marga mawar), Annona (marga sirsak dan srikaya), dan Solanum (marga terung-terungan).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;g. Species (Jenis)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Species merupakan tingkatan takson paling rendah dan menjadi unitatau satuan dasar klasifikasi. Species adalah kelompok makhluk hidup yangdapat melakukan perkawinan antarsesamanya dan akan menghasilkanketurunan yang subur (fertil). Penulisan kata species sama seperti penulisandalam genus, hanya pada species terdiri atas dua kata, yaitu kata yangberada di depan merupakan nama marga (genus), sedangkan kata yang kedua menunjukkan jenisnya. Untuk kata yang kedua, huruf awalnya tidak perlu menggunakan huruf kapital. Contohnya: Canis familaris (anjing), Taenia solium (cacing pita), Rosa gallica (mawar), Carica papaya (pepaya), Oryza sativa (padi).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;Pernahkah Anda menemukan dalam satu species beberapa makhluk hidup memiliki ciri khusus? Hal tersebut dinamakan sebagai varietas atau ras yang bermakna variasi. Dalam satu species variasi tumbuhan disebut varietas, adapun variasi dalam satu species hewan disebut ras. Contohnya: Hibiscus sabdarifa var alba (rosela varietas putih).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;Pada umumnya suatu makhluk hidup mempunyai nama lokal dari setiap daerah, misalnya kota, negara. Contoh: nama buah pisang, orang Jawa Tengah sering menyebutnya “gedang”. Apakah orang Sumatra mengerti bahwa yang disebut “gedang” berarti pisang? Sedangkan orang Jawa Baratmenyebut “gedang” untuk buah pepaya. Agar tercipta komunikasi yang lebih mudah antara pihak satu dengan pihak lain, setiap makhluk hidup harus memiliki nama yang dikenal di seluruh dunia. Tujuannya agar terciptasuatu sistem tata nama yang sederhana, mudah dipahami, dan berlaku secarainternasional. Oleh sebab itu, para ilmuwan mengambil suatu keputusanberdasarkan kesepakatan internasional dengan menggunakan metode binomial nomenclature, yang diciptakan oleh Carolus Linnaeus. Binomial nomenclature adalah pemberian nama dengan dua nama atau disebut dengan tata nama ganda, yaitu selalu menggunakan dua kata nama genus dan nama species.&lt;br /&gt;Bagaimana ketentuan yang ada dalam penamaan tersebut?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Penting&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;1) &lt;/b&gt;Nama suatu species terdiri atas dua kata, kata pertama merupakan nama genus dan kata kedua merupakan penunjuk jenis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;2) &lt;/b&gt;Huruf pertama nama genus ditulis dengan huruf kapital, sedangkan huruf pertama nama penunjuk jenisnya ditulis dengan huruf kecil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;3) &lt;/b&gt;Nama species menggunakan bahasa Latin atau yang dilatinkan. Misalnya: Bambusa spinosa (bambu berduri), Carica papaya (pepaya).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;4) &lt;/b&gt;Nama species dicetak miring, digaris bawah, atau dicetak dengan huruf yang berbeda dengan teks lain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;5)&lt;/b&gt; Apabila nama tumbuhan terdiri atas lebih dari dua kata, kata kedua dan berikutnya harus digabung atau diberi tanda penghubung. Misalnya: Hibiscus rosasinensis atau Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;6)&lt;/b&gt; Apabila nama hewan terdiri atas tiga kata dan nama tersebut bukan nama species melainkan nama subspecies (anak jenis), yaitu nama takson di bawah tingkat species maka ditulis terpisah, contohnya Felis maniculata domestica (kucing rumah/piaraan).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12;&quot;  &gt;4. Macam-macam Jenis Klasifikasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:13;&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;&quot;  &gt;sejak Biologi dikenal, hingga sekarang, terjadi perubahan hasil klasifikasi. Kami akan paparkan beberapa yang terkini, yaitu:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Sistem Klasifikasi Empat Kingdom&lt;/b&gt;, penemu sistem kingdom ini adalah Robert Whittaker pada tahun 1959. Pengelompokan makhluk hidup tersebut berdasarkan struktur sel yang dibedakan antara sel eukariotik, yaitusel yang memiliki selaput inti, dan sel prokariotik, yaitu sel yang tidak memiliki selaput inti. Keempat kingdom itu antara lain:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;a.&lt;/b&gt; Kingdom Monera, ciri-cirinya adalah memiliki inti tanpa membrane (prokarion), contohnya bakteri dan ganggang biru.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;b.&lt;/b&gt; Kingdom Fungi, mencakup semua jamur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;c. &lt;/b&gt;Kingdom Plantae, meliputi semua ganggang kecuali ganggang biru, lumut, paku, dan tumbuhan berbiji.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;d. &lt;/b&gt;Kingdom Animalia, meliputi semua hewan, mulai dari Protozoa sampai Chordata.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Sistem Klasifikasi Lima Kingdom&lt;/b&gt;, sistem ini merupakan penyempurnaan dari sistem empat kingdom oleh Whittaker pada tahun 1969 dengan menggunakan dasar tingkatan organisme, susunan sel, dan factor nutrisinya. Klasifikasi ini dianut oleh banyak ilmuwan sampai sekarang. Adapun sistem klasifikasi lima kingdom ini adalah sebagai berikut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;a.&lt;/b&gt; Kingdom Monera, meliputi semua makhluk hidup atau organisme yang prokariotik, bersel satu, dan mikroskopis. Contohnya, semua bakteri dan ganggang hijau biru (Cyanobakteri), misalnya Escherichia coli, Anabaena sp., dan Nostoc sp.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;b.&lt;/b&gt; Kingdom Protista, sebagian besar terdiri atas organisme yang bersel satu, eukariotik, umumnya sudah memiliki ciri-ciri seperti tumbuhan dan hewan. Contohnya: Euglena, Paramecium, dan Amoeba.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;c. &lt;/b&gt;Kingdom Fungi, memiliki ciri-ciri eukariotik, tidak berklorofil sehingga tidak berfotosintesis. Contohnya: Mucor, Saccharomyces, Pleurotus&lt;br /&gt;(jamur tiram), Agaricus, dan lain-lain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;d.&lt;/b&gt; Kingdom Plantae, terdiri atas semua organisme eukariotik, bersel banyak, berdinding sel yang mengandung selulosa, berklorofil, berfotosintesis, autotrof. Kerajaan tumbuhan dibagi menjadi tumbuhan berspora (lumut, paku) dan berbiji. Contohnya: padi, mawar, lumut hati, dan paku ekor kuda.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;e.&lt;/b&gt; Kingdom Animalia: memiliki ciri-ciri eukariotik, bersel banyak, tidak berklorofil sehingga tidak berfotosintesis, tidak berdinding sel, heterotrof. Contohnya: burung, gajah, ular, ayam, dan sebagainya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Sistem Klasifikasi Enam Kingdom.&lt;/b&gt; Sistem ini menganut bahwa virus dimasukkan dalam kingdom tersendiri, oleh karena itu tingkatan klasifikasi ada enam kingdom, yaitu Virus, Protista, Monera, Fungi, Plantae, dan Animalia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/4258052168539684945/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/4258052168539684945'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/4258052168539684945'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html' title='BAB 1 :: KLASIFIKASI MAKHLUK HIDUP'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7937414154470380984.post-9093104415767970268</id><published>2009-07-09T06:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-07-09T07:25:42.964-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Kata Pengantar</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; 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priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt; 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priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt; 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&lt;/style&gt;Blog ini saya tujukan untuk kemajuan pendidikan, bukan untuk dikomersialkan. Jadi anda akan dengan mudah meng-copy sebagian ataupun seluhruhnya tanpa bayar se-rupiah-pun. Syukur Alhamdulillah kalau anda mencantumkan nama blog ini, kalaupun tidak juga tak apa.  Jadi, pada intinya, silahkan meng-copy isi blog ini sepuasnya....! Lalu sebarkan ke banyak orang agar dipelajari....!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/feeds/9093104415767970268/comments/default' title='Posting Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/kata-pengantar.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/9093104415767970268'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7937414154470380984/posts/default/9093104415767970268'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://auvicena.blogspot.com/2009/07/kata-pengantar.html' title='Kata Pengantar'/><author><name>Abdullah Aufa Fuad</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01795734639106947461</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9_anLVwIRE3JCLXXPT7E6AgH-gDC5qd_76zET2LYh6cRCGljoaDOLOq0w1EY6UChAXm_yYJb72QfpFiuSPlo0sFIUGYPC-Vzx8OATjVVyXttr3JSbBYcFbv4gN0ERmQ/s1600-r/16968_108308975847846_100000062311887_229258_6558141_n.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqTdkuT6ns5XSGddURY8q8473PyN4q6hx4IfAeMMOXIhMusOLGXGevlRLL5oCUwlF0MyqVb6NU7J4p14O7MWk2dKUDs99v8VBOUmT2QzZtpyEnHGXa-pfxwk-utDDHNf8L1uoqQa_Ui95m/s72-c/booksmall.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>