tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51879349101313070652024-03-05T10:15:31.861+00:00Health News BlogHealth, Medical and Fitness News Blog published by Dr. Vivienne BalonwuHealth & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.comBlogger1739125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-83568147125091376332021-03-05T23:31:00.001+00:002021-03-05T23:31:44.042+00:00The Virus Spread Where Restaurants Reopened or Mask Mandates Were Absent<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">C.D.C. researchers found that coronavirus infections and death rates rose in U.S. counties permitting in-person dining or not requiring masks.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Even as officials in Texas and Mississippi lifted statewide mask mandates, researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Friday offered fresh evidence of the importance of face coverings, reporting that mask-wearing mandates were linked to fewer infections with the coronavirus and Covid-19 deaths in counties across the United States.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Federal researchers also found that counties opening restaurants for on-premises dining — indoors or outdoors — saw a rise in daily infections about six weeks later, and an increase in Covid-19 death rates about two months later.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The study does not prove cause and effect, but the findings square with other research showing that masks prevent infection and that indoor spaces foster the spread of the virus through aerosols, tiny respiratory particles that linger in the air.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“You have decreases in cases and deaths when you wear masks, and you have increases in cases and deaths when you have in-person restaurant dining,” Dr. Rochelle P. Walensky, the director of the C.D.C., said on Friday. “And so we would advocate for policies, certainly while we’re at this plateau of a high number of cases, that would listen to that public health science.”</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The findings come as city and state officials nationwide grapple with growing pressure to reopen schools and businesses amid falling rates of new cases and deaths. Officials have recently permitted limited indoor dining in New York City. On Thursday, Connecticut’s governor said the state would be ending capacity limits later this month on restaurants, gyms and offices. Masks are still required in both locales.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“The study is not surprising,” said Joseph Allen, an associate professor at Harvard’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health and director of the university’s Healthy Buildings program. “What’s surprising is that we see some states ignoring all of the evidence and opening up quickly, and removing mask mandates and opening full dining.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Other researchers said the new study confirmed the idea that viral transmission often takes place through the air, that physical distancing may not be sufficient to halt the spread in some settings, and that masks at least partly block airborne particles.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">President Biden’s health advisers have said in recent days that now is not the time to relax. As of Thursday, the seven-day average of new cases was still 62,924 a day, according to a database maintained by The New York Times.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">While that figure is down 14 percent from two weeks earlier, new cases remain near the peaks reported last summer. Though fatalities have started falling, in part because of the vaccination campaigns at nursing homes, it remains routine for 2,000 deaths to be reported in a single day.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Mr. Biden on Wednesday criticized the decisions by the governors of Texas and Mississippi to lift statewide mask mandates and reopen businesses without restrictions, calling the plans “a big mistake” that reflected “Neanderthal thinking.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The president, who has asked Americans to wear masks during his first 100 days in office, said it was critical for public officials to follow the guidance of doctors and public health leaders as the coronavirus vaccination campaign gains momentum. As of Thursday, about 54 million people had received at least one dose of a Covid-19 vaccine.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“It may seem tempting, in the face of all of this progress, to try to rush back to normalcy as if the virus is in the rearview mirror,” Andy Slavitt, a White House adviser on the pandemic, said on Friday. “It’s not.”</p>
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<figcaption class="css-1l44abu ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Diners in San Antonio on Wednesday. </span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Eric Gay/Associated Press</span></span></figcaption>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">C.D.C. researchers examined the associations between mask mandates, indoor or outdoor restaurant dining, and coronavirus infections and deaths last year between March 1 and Dec. 31. The agency relied on county-level data from state government websites and measured daily percentage change in coronavirus cases and deaths.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Infections and deaths declined after counties mandated mask use, the agency found. Daily infections rose about six weeks after counties allowed restaurants to open for dining on the premises, and death rates followed two months later.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The report’s authors concluded that mask mandates were linked to statistically significant decreases in coronavirus cases and death rates within 20 days of implementation. On-premises dining at restaurants, indoors or outdoors, was associated with rising case and death rates 41 to 80 days after reopenings.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“State mask mandates and prohibiting on-premises dining at restaurants help limit potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2, reducing community transmission of Covid-19,” the authors wrote.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Shortly after publishing the report, the C.D.C. amended it, urging establishments that resume serving diners to follow agency guidelines for reducing transmission in restaurants.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“The message is, if restaurants are going to open for on-premise dining, it’s important to follow C.D.C. guidelines to do so safely and effectively,” said Gery P. Guy, a scientist with the C.D.C.’s Covid response team and the study’s corresponding author.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">That includes “everything from having staff stay home when they show signs of Covid or have tested positive or been in contact with someone who has Covid, and requiring masks among employees as well as customers who are not actively eating or drinking,” Dr. Guy said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Other steps include adequate ventilation, options to eat outdoors, spacing customers six feet apart, encouraging frequent hand washing, and sanitizing of surfaces that are touched a lot, such as cash registers or pay terminals, door handles and tables.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Even if restaurants limit capacity, however, aerosolized virus may accumulate if ventilation is inadequate, Dr. Allen said.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“It doesn’t really matter if it’s a restaurant, spin class, a gym, a choir practice — if you’re indoors with no masks, low or no ventilation, we know that’s higher risk,” he said. “Respiratory aerosols build up indoors. It’s that simple. This is a real problem for restaurants.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Linsey Marr, an expert on aerosol transmission at Virginia Tech, said Americans could not be expected to follow all the latest science, and so many simply rely on what is open or closed as an indicator of what is safe.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But indoor dining is particularly risky, she added. People typically sit in a restaurant for an hour or more and don’t wear masks while eating, leaving them vulnerable to airborne virus.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“Limiting capacity will help reduce the risk of transmission, but indoor dining is still a high-risk activity until more people are vaccinated,” she said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Restaurant workers are particularly exposed. While they can wear masks, diners do not, reducing protection against the virus. And workers spend many hours inside with every shift, Dr. Allen said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">He recommended that restaurant workers double-mask, wearing a surgical mask covered by a cloth mask, or buy high-efficiency masks like N95s, typically reserved for health care workers, or KN95 or KF94 masks, taking steps to assure they are not counterfeit.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“Now is not the time to let our guard down and pull back on the controls when we’re so close to having a lot of people vaccinated,” Dr. Allen said.</p>
<p class="css-pncxxs etfikam0">Eileen Sullivan contributed reporting.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-76677423918059064122021-03-05T21:31:00.003+00:002021-03-05T21:31:15.342+00:00David Mintz, Whose Tofutti Made Bean Curd Cool, Dies at 89<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">He set out to create an ice cream substitute for people who keep kosher. He created a phenomenon, also loved by vegans, diabetics and people with milk allergies.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The rise of David Mintz from Brooklyn caterer to the multimillionaire who became known as the “P.T. Barnum of tofu” began with a grandmother — not his own, but a 90-year-old woman who happened to walk into his prepared-food takeout grocery one day and apply for a job as a cook.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Her homemade noodle kugel became such a neighborhood hit that from then on he hired only grandmothers as cooks — a babushka marketing brainchild that proved so successful, he opened a restaurant on the East Side of Manhattan, near Bloomingdale’s.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">His meal offerings, including prepared takeout dinners and catering, were strictly kosher; most of Mr. Mintz’s customers were observant Jews whose faith forbade mixing meat and milk. If they craved ice cream after dinner, for instance, they would have to buy a version made without milk.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">What another restaurateur might have lamented as his just deserts, Mr. Mintz accepted as a challenge to develop a pareve, or nondairy, crossover substitute.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">It took several years, and he gained 50 pounds. He began his research by buying a carton of soy milk in Chinatown, and he poured gallons of unappetizing gelatinous white concoctions down the drain of his kitchen in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I am personally responsible for clogging the sewers of New York City,” he told Forbes magazine in 1984.</p>
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<figcaption class="css-1e7005o ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Tofutti became known as the first commercial tofu ice cream. One writer said it made “a delicious and refreshing dessert that is the rival of many commercial brands of ice cream.”</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>via Tofutti</span></span></figcaption>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Finally, in about 1981, Mr. Mintz tasted victory by incorporating tofu into his recipe.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Tofu, the curds of coagulated soy milk pressed into spongy white blocks, is fairly tasteless, so it can be transformed into savory flavors that appeal to people who keep kosher, or who are allergic to dairy or otherwise can’t tolerate it. It’s also commonly eaten by people who are diabetic or vegan, or who are dieting to reduce their cholesterol.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">His creation, which he called Tofutti, consisted of tofu emulsified with vegetable oil and mixed with alfalfa honey and other ingredients, which together took on a butter-fatty texture. Thanks to his flair for promotion and marketing, it became widely known as the first commercial tofu ice cream.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I like a pineapple-sweet potato Tofutti,” Mr. Mintz told The New York Times in 1984, “but the public may not be ready. I like the idea of mango, and I love hazelnuts, and watermelon is one of my favorites. I absolutely love garlic, but I don’t suppose. …”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">He died on Feb. 24 at a hospital in Englewood, N.J., near his home in Tenafly, said Rabbi Efraim Mintz, a nephew. He was 89.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">David Mintz was the chairman and chief executive of Tofutti Brands of Cranford, N.J., which expanded from distributing pint containers of its signature frozen vanilla soy-based dessert to developing some 35 plant-based products. Among them are pizza, ravioli and Mintz’s Blintzes, all made with milk-free cheeses.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Promising early reviews, coupled with promotional materials that defined tofu, drove demand.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“Mintz’s soyburgers evoke instant associations with potato pancakes,” Lorna J. Sass, a vegan cookbook author, wrote in The Times in 1981, “and his rugelach have the right cinnamon-raisin-nut balance to make their creation out of a flaky tofu-whole wheat crust seem downright remarkable.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“His vanilla Tofutti ‘ice cream,’” she added, “makes a delicious and refreshing dessert that is the rival of many commercial brands of ice cream.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Mr. Mintz distributed samples and drew orders from Zabar’s, Bloomingdale’s and other stores. Production zoomed from tiny batches in kettles to 10,000 gallons a week. The company went public, and Tofutti succeeded beyond even Mr. Mintz’s vivid imagination.</p>
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<figcaption class="css-1l44abu ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Mr. Mintz in 2013. After production of Tofutti zoomed, the company went public and succeeded beyond even Mr. Mintz’s vivid imagination.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Julio Cortez/Associated Press</span></span></figcaption>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Donald Isaac Mintz was born on June 8, 1931, in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn to Abraham Mintz, a baker, and Sadie (Horowitz) Mintz, a homemaker. (Legend has it that his mother, who spoke little English, reported his name as Dovid, Yiddish for David, but the nurse who filled out his birth certificate misunderstood — and thought he looked more like a Donald.)</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">After graduating from a Lubavitcher Yeshiva high school in Crown Heights, he attended Brooklyn College, briefly sold mink stoles, and ran a bungalow colony in the Catskills, where he opened a deli.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">It was after he opened his Manhattan restaurant, he said in one of many versions of the story, that “a Jewish hippie” tipped him to the potential of tofu. “The Book of Tofu” (1979), by William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, became his new bible.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Mr. Mintz’s first marriage ended in divorce (“Bean curd wasn’t exciting to her,” he told The Baltimore Jewish Times in 1984). In 1984 he married Rachel Avalagon, who died this year. He is survived by their son, Ethan.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Mr. Mintz often sought guidance from Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the venerable leader of the Lubavitcher Hasidic movement, to whom he had been introduced by his brother, Isaac Gershon Mintz. David Mintz would write daily $1,000 checks to Rabbi Schneerson’s philanthropies, according to COLLive, an Orthodox news site. (He was a founder of the congregation Chabad of Tenafly.)</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“Whenever I met with the rebbe I would mention what I was doing, and he would say to me: ‘You have to have faith. If you have faith in God, you can do wonders,’” Mr. Mintz said in an interview with Jewish Educational Media in 2013.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Late in the 1970s he had to close Mintz’s Buffet, his restaurant on Third Avenue, because the block was being razed to build Trump Plaza. When he was offered the option to transplant his restaurant to the Upper West Side, he sought Rabbi Schneerson’s guidance. The rabbi’s secretary, Rabbi Leibel Groner, called him back, Mr. Mintz recalled, and said: “Get a pencil and paper and write it down. This is very important.”</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I was very excited,” Mr. Mintz said. “This was the answer I was waiting for. Then he dictated to me, ‘The rebbe says, “Absolutely not.” The rebbe says you should continue with your experiments with the pareve ice cream and God will help you to be very successful.’”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Mr. Mintz kept the formula for his success a secret between him and his production manager. “If you take all the ingredients and try to make Tofutti,” he told Money magazine in 1984, “you’ll never do it.”</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-55635471943759800442021-03-05T21:31:00.001+00:002021-03-05T21:31:13.718+00:00Some LGBTQ People Are Saying 'No Thanks' to the Covid Vaccine<div><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/02/well/00well-lgbtq/00well-lgbtq-facebookJumbo-v2.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>
<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">Evidence suggests that some sexual and gender minorities — especially people of color — are hesitant to get vaccinated due to mistrust of the medical establishment.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">At her last doctor’s appointment, Erica Tyler, who lives in Brooklyn, N.Y., joked that she didn’t want to get vaccinated for Covid-19 “because another foot might grow out of my forehead. And I’m not ready for that.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Ms. Tyler, 68, a cancer survivor who has diabetes and high blood pressure, lost her wife to a heart attack nearly a year ago and has been staying home throughout the pandemic to avoid becoming infected with the coronavirus. But when the vaccine became available, she did not rejoice.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I was resistant,” Ms. Tyler said. She described feeling unsettled by the push to vaccinate minorities, especially given how Black people have been underserved or mistreated by the medical establishment in the past.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I felt that they were trying to storm people who they wanted to eliminate out of society,” she said, namely “the elderly and the Black people.”</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Research has shown that sexual and gender minorities, and especially people of color, are more vulnerable to becoming infected with the coronavirus and also more likely to have underlying conditions that could make them severely ill if they were to contract Covid-19. But many of the very people who are most at risk within these communities are also hesitant to take the vaccine, according to a recent study and interviews with health care workers as well as people of color who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“There’s an overarching mistrust around vaccination,” said Anthony Fortenberry, the chief nursing officer of the Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, which provides medical care to L.G.B.T.Q. people in New York City. “They’re not sure if they want to get it.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Each of the three Covid vaccines currently available in the United States has been shown to be remarkably good at preventing serious illness and death. At Callen-Lorde, Mr. Fortenberry said he has counseled patients about the efficacy of the vaccine, eventually easing their fears.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“They are not quick conversations,” he said. “They are addressing someone’s personal experiences and their history of discrimination.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But not everyone has a health care provider with whom they feel comfortable sharing their concerns.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I worry that without those conversations happening, people will continue to not get vaccinated,” he said.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">So far about 54 million people in the United States have received at least one dose of a Covid-19 vaccine, and of those nearly 28 million have been fully vaccinated. At Callen-Lorde and other medical centers that treat many L.G.B.T.Q. patients, health care workers say they have seen a higher demand for the vaccine among white patients compared to patients of color.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">L.G.B.T. people of color were twice as likely as white non-L.G.B.T. people to test positive for Covid-19, according to a Williams Institute study published in February. Even though Black people are more at risk for contracting the disease, concerns about the vaccine are especially prevalent among this population, experts say. In a study published this month in the journal Vaccines, 1,350 men and transgender women who predominantly identified as gay or bisexual reported how likely they would be to get a Covid‐19 vaccine. The Black participants expressed significantly more vaccine hesitancy than their white peers, the study found.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Health care workers are encountering the same resistance in their patients. “Some people just literally said, ‘Well, no — Trump was involved in getting this vaccine going so I’m not going to get the vaccine,’” said Jill Crank, a nurse practitioner at Johns Hopkins Community Physicians in Baltimore.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Studies show that hesitancy about the Covid vaccine occurs across all demographic groups, including those in the medical profession. About three in 10 health care workers are hesitant about getting the vaccine, according to a survey published in December by K.F.F. (previously the Kaiser Family Foundation) compared to about a quarter of the general population.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Dezjorn Gauthier, 29, a Black transgender man who lives about 20 minutes from Milwaukee, said that although he is currently eligible to get the vaccine, he doesn’t want it.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“Right now it’s a no-go,” said Mr. Gauthier, a model and business owner who has Covid-19 antibodies because he contracted the coronavirus last year. The vaccine’s development moved “so rapidly and so quickly, it just has me a little bit hesitant,” he said, adding that he’s also unsure about the vaccine’s ingredients. “There’s a fear in the community.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">For members of the L.G.B.T.Q. community, and especially people of color, the hesitancy stems, in part, from pre-existing mistrust in the medical establishment, the experts said.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The infamous Tuskegee study, which took place from 1932 to 1972, is one of the most egregious examples of racial discrimination in health care. The researchers recruited African-American men, some of whom were infected with syphilis, to observe the course of the disease. But the researchers did not disclose what they were studying or give the participants proper treatment, even as the men suffered and experienced severe health problems.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The racial bias still found in medical care as well as the modern-day discrimination faced by sexual and gender minorities adds an additional burden.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“The fear of being rejected is already there,” Ms. Crank said. “They may have already been rejected by their families, friends, co-workers — so it can cause a deep depression and lack of trust in anyone, including health care workers.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">There are additional, different concerns about the vaccine among transgender people, advocates say, especially those who have received silicone injections or hormone replacement therapy.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“How does that affect somebody who has been on estrogen for the last 20 years?” asked Maria Roman-Taylorson, a transgender person and the vice president and chief operations officer of the TransLatin@ Coalition, a nonprofit agency that provides social services to transgender, gender nonconforming and intersex people in Los Angeles. “There’s no data at all.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Dr. Kenneth Mayer, the medical research director at Fenway Health, a community health center in Boston where half of the patients identify as L.G.B.T.Q., said there’s no reason to believe that hormones or silicone would interact with the vaccine.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“There’s not something intrinsic about being transgender that would make somebody more likely to respond poorly to the vaccine or have more side effects,” said Dr. Mayer, whose institution has enrolled over 200 participants in the largest, most recent AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine trial.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Ms. Roman-Taylorson said she was initially hesitant to get vaccinated, but eventually decided to do it because she knew she needed to stay healthy to lead her agency.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I felt the benefit outweighed the risk,” she said. But, she added, “there’s some folks even within our organization who are not willing to take it because they don’t trust the process. They don’t trust how it’s been developed.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Although the vaccine was developed and manufactured quickly, “the safety steps were definitely not cut,” Dr. Mayer said, citing the independent data safety monitoring board that examines the data and the Food and Drug Administration’s stringent vetting process.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I really think this is an example of science going right,” he added.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">However, Dr. Mayer and others say there is a dearth of data about the L.G.B.T.Q. population. Representatives from both Pfizer and AstraZeneca said that they have not asked vaccine study participants to report their sexual orientation or gender identity. (Johnson & Johnson and Moderna did not immediately respond to emails asking about the demographic information they collect.) In addition, these categories are not included on the C.D.C.’s Covid-19 case report form, and only a handful of states and the District of Columbia have been working to collect such data when testing for Covid-19.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Public health experts say vaccination is safe and that there are a number of reasons to believe that if sexual and gender minorities don’t get vaccinated, they are more at risk of contracting Covid and becoming severely ill than the general population.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Last month the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a report concluding that gay, lesbian and bisexual people in the United States had higher rates of self-reported underlying conditions like cancer, heart disease and obesity than heterosexual people and are also more likely to be smokers. These conditions put adults at increased risk for severe illness from Covid-19, the report said. The C.D.C. says that people with these types of conditions should receive the vaccine earlier than the general population.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In addition, a recent study from New York State found that Covid patients with H.I.V. had higher rates of severe disease requiring hospitalization than those without an H.I.V. diagnosis. Men who have sex with men have the most new H.I.V. diagnoses in the United States, federal data shows.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Socioeconomic status and geographic location can create additional health vulnerabilities, said Sean Cahill, director of health policy research at the Fenway Institute, a branch of Fenway Health that does policy analysis, conducts research and offers educational training around the world.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">According to a Human Rights Campaign Foundation analysis, L.G.B.T.Q. people are twice as likely to work in frontline professions like food service and retail as non-L.G.B.T.Q. people, which can raise the risk of exposure to the coronavirus. Many sexual and gender minorities live in urban areas, where physical distancing measures are harder to maintain, Dr. Cahill said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Even those who can socially distance harbor skepticism about the need to vaccinate.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“My girlfriend and I live a very secluded life but wear masks and protection everywhere we go,” said Rayshawn Stallings, 30, a transgender Black man who lives in Pensacola, Fla. “No one enters our home and we have no contact with anyone other than each other. So why would we need to get the vaccine?”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">As for Ms. Tyler, in Brooklyn, after speaking with seven of her friends who had taken the vaccine, none of whom had troubling side effects, she changed her mind and decided to get vaccinated. She received her first dose in February and is scheduled to get the second in mid-March.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I did not want to cut short my living by having to hide in my house,” she said. “So I took a leap of faith.”</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-77926303252043522012021-03-05T16:31:00.003+00:002021-03-05T16:31:16.454+00:00Cómo funciona la vacuna contra la COVID-19 de Oxford-AstraZeneca<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
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<p class="g-body">La Universidad de Oxford se asoció con la empresa británico-sueca AstraZeneca para desarrollar y probar una vacuna contra el coronavirus conocida como <strong>ChAdOx1 nCoV-19</strong> o <strong>AZD1222</strong>. En los ensayos clínicos se comprobó que la vacuna tenía una eficacia del 82,4 por ciento cuando se administraban dos dosis con un intervalo de 12 semanas. A pesar de la incertidumbre sobre los resultados de los ensayos, Gran Bretaña autorizó la vacuna para uso de emergencia en diciembre, y la India autorizó una versión de la vacuna llamada <strong>Covishield</strong> el 3 de enero.</p>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="62">Un fragmento del coronavirus</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">El virus SARS-CoV-2 está colmado de proteínas que usa para entrar en las células humanas. Estas proteínas, llamadas de espiga, son un blanco tentador para posibles vacunas y tratamientos.</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle0">Gen de</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle0">la espiga</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle0">Gen de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">proteína de</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle1">CORONAVIRUS</p>
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<p class="g-body">La vacuna de Oxford-AstraZeneca se basa en las instrucciones genéticas del virus para construir la proteína de espiga. Pero a diferencia de las vacunas de Pfizer-BioNTech y Moderna, que almacenan las instrucciones en ARN de hélice o cadena sencilla, la vacuna de Oxford utiliza ADN de hélice doble.</p>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="63">ADN dentro de un adenovirus</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">Los investigadores añadieron el gen de la proteína de espiga del coronavirus a otro virus llamado adenovirus. Los adenovirus son virus comunes que suelen causar resfriados o síntomas similares a los de la gripe. El equipo de Oxford-AstraZeneca utilizó la versión modificada de un adenovirus de chimpancé, conocido como ChAdOx1. Puede entrar en las células, pero no puede replicarse en su interior.</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle0">ADN en el interior</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle0">ADN en el interior</p>
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<p class="g-body">La AZD1222 es el resultado de décadas de investigación sobre vacunas basadas en adenovirus. En julio se aprobó la primera para uso general: una vacuna contra el ébola, fabricada por Johnson & Johnson. Se están realizando ensayos clínicos avanzados para otras enfermedades, como el sida y el zika.</p>
<p class="g-body">La vacuna de Oxford-AstraZeneca para la COVID-19 es más resistente que las vacunas de ARNm de Pfizer y Moderna. El ADN no es tan frágil como el ARN, y la resistente cubierta proteica del adenovirus ayuda a proteger el material genético que contiene. Como resultado, la vacuna de Oxford no tiene que permanecer congelada. Se espera que la vacuna dure al menos seis meses si se refrigera a 2-8°C (38-46°F).</p>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="64">Ingreso a la célula</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">Después de inyectar la vacuna en el brazo de una persona, los adenovirus chocan con las células y se enganchan a las proteínas de su superficie. La célula envuelve el virus en una burbuja y lo atrae hacia su interior. Una vez dentro, el adenovirus escapa de la burbuja y viaja hasta el núcleo, la cámara donde se almacena el ADN de la célula.</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus envuelto</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en una burbuja</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
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<div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
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<div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus envuelto</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en una burbuja</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
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<div id="g-ai2-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
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<div id="g-ai2-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus envuelto</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en una burbuja</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
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<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
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<div id="g-ai2-10" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-dna-az-es-500" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.687" data-min-width="500" data-max-width="549"><img id="g-4-dna-az-es-500-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-az-es-500.png" />
<div id="g-ai3-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">envuelto en</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">una burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-6" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-10" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-dna-az-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.618" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="499"><img id="g-4-dna-az-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-az-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai4-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">envuelto en</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">una burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-6" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-10" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-dna-az-es-550" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.755" data-min-width="550" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-4-dna-az-es-550-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-az-es-550.png" />
<div id="g-ai5-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">envuelto en</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">una burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-6" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-10" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-dna-az-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.445" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="374"><img id="g-4-dna-az-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-az-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai6-1" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-2" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-3" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-4" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">envuelto</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en una</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-5" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-6" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-10" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-dna-az-es-375" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.498" data-min-width="375" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-4-dna-az-es-375-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-az-es-375.png" />
<div id="g-ai7-1" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-2" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-3" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-4" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">envuelto</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en una</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-5" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-6" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-10" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="g-body">El adenovirus introduce su ADN en el núcleo. El adenovirus está diseñado para que no pueda hacer copias de sí mismo, pero el gen de la proteína de espiga del coronavirus puede ser leído por la célula y copiado en una molécula llamada ARN mensajero, o ARNm.</p>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="65">Construcción de proteína de espiga</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">El ARNm sale del núcleo y las moléculas de la célula leen su secuencia y comienzan a ensamblar las proteínas de espiga.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.882" data-min-width="600"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-7" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-8" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-9" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-10" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.659" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="499"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-7" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-8" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-9" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-10" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-500" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.733" data-min-width="500" data-max-width="549"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-500-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-500.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-7" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-8" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-9" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-10" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-550" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.806" data-min-width="550" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-550-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-550.png" />
<div id="g-ai3-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-7" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-8" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-9" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-10" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.475" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="374"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai4-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-7" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-8" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-9" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-10" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-375" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.532" data-min-width="375" data-max-width="413"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-375-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-375.png" />
<div id="g-ai5-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-7" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-8" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-9" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-10" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-414" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.587" data-min-width="414" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-414-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-414.png" />
<div id="g-ai6-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-7" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-8" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-9" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-10" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="g-body">Algunas de las proteínas de espiga producidas por la célula forman espigas que migran a la superficie y extienden sus puntas. Las células vacunadas también separan algunas de las proteínas en fragmentos que presentan en su superficie. Entonces, el sistema inmunitario puede reconocer estas espigas protuberantes y fragmentos de proteínas de espiga.</p>
<p class="g-body">El adenovirus también provoca al sistema inmunitario al activar los sistemas de alarma de la célula. La célula envía señales de alerta para activar las células inmunitarias cercanas. Al activar esta alarma, la vacuna de Oxford-AstraZeneca hace que el sistema inmunitario reaccione con más fuerza a las proteínas de espiga.</p>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="66">Detección del intruso</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">Cuando una célula vacunada muere, sus restos contienen muchas proteínas de espiga y fragmentos de proteínas que después puede recoger un tipo de célula inmunitaria llamada célula presentadora de antígenos.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-5-apc-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-5-apc-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.416" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-5-apc-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/5-apc-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Restos de una</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">célula muerta</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Una espiga</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">envuelta</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Digestión de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">las proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-6" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-5-apc-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.549" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-5-apc-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/5-apc-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Restos de una</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">célula muerta</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Una espiga</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">envuelta</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Digestión de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">las proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-6" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-5-apc-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.732" data-min-width="600"><img id="g-5-apc-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/5-apc-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Restos de una</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">célula muerta</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Una espiga</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">envuelta</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Digestión de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">las proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-6" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="g-body">La célula presenta fragmentos de la proteína espiga en su superficie. Cuando otras células llamadas linfocitos T colaboradores detectan estos fragmentos, los linfocitos T colaboradores pueden hacer sonar la alarma y ayudar a convocar a otras células inmunitarias para combatir la infección.</p>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="67">Creación de anticuerpos</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">Otras células inmunitarias, llamadas linfocitos B, podrían chocar con las espigas del coronavirus en la superficie de las células vacunadas, o con fragmentos de proteínas de espiga que estén flotando. Unos cuantos linfocitos B quizá logren adherirse a las proteínas de espiga. Después, si los linfocitos T colaboradores activan estos linfocitos B, comenzarán a proliferar y secretar anticuerpos que atacarán a la proteína espiga.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-900" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1" data-min-width="900"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-900-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-900.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-6" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">SECRETADOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-800" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.889" data-min-width="800" data-max-width="899"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-800-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-800.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-6" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">SECRETADOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-720" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.8" data-min-width="720" data-max-width="799"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-720-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-720.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-3" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-6" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">SECRETADOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.667" data-min-width="600" data-max-width="649"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai3-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-3" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-6" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">SECRETADOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-650" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.722" data-min-width="650" data-max-width="674"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-650-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-650.png" />
<div id="g-ai4-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-3" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-6" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">SECRETADOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-675" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.75" data-min-width="675" data-max-width="719"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-675-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-675.png" />
<div id="g-ai5-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-3" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-6" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">SECRETADOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.506" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="499"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai6-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-500" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.562" data-min-width="500" data-max-width="549"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-500-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-500.png" />
<div id="g-ai7-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-550" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.618" data-min-width="550" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-550-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-550.png" />
<div id="g-ai8-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.385" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="374" readability="6"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai9-1" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-2" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-3" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-4" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" readability="32">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-5" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-375" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.431" data-min-width="375" data-max-width="413" readability="6"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-375-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-375.png" />
<div id="g-ai10-1" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-2" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-3" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-4" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" readability="32">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-5" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-414" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.475" data-min-width="414" data-max-width="449" readability="6"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-414-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-414.png" />
<div id="g-ai11-1" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-2" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-3" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-4" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" readability="32">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-5" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="68">Alto al virus</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">Los anticuerpos pueden adherirse a las espigas del coronavirus, marcar el virus para que sea destruido y bloquear la infección al impedir que las espigas se adhieran a otras células.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-7-antibodies-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-7-antibodies-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.043" data-min-width="600"><img id="g-7-antibodies-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/7-antibodies-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-7-antibodies-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.783" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-7-antibodies-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/7-antibodies-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-450 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-7-antibodies-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.583" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-7-antibodies-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/7-antibodies-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-335 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="69">Supresión de células infectadas</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">Las células presentadoras de antígenos también pueden activar otro tipo de célula inmunitaria llamada linfocito T citotóxico (o supresor) para que busque y destruya cualquier célula infectada de coronavirus que presente fragmentos de proteína de espiga en su superficie.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-900" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.947" data-min-width="900"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-900-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-900.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-800" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.842" data-min-width="800" data-max-width="899"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-800-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-800.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-720" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.758" data-min-width="720" data-max-width="799"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-720-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-720.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.603" data-min-width="600" data-max-width="649"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai3-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-3" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-650" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.653" data-min-width="650" data-max-width="674"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-650-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-650.png" />
<div id="g-ai4-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-3" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-675" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.678" data-min-width="675" data-max-width="719"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-675-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-675.png" />
<div id="g-ai5-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-3" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.451" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="499"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai6-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-3" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-500" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.501" data-min-width="500" data-max-width="549"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-500-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-500.png" />
<div id="g-ai7-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-3" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-550" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.551" data-min-width="550" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-550-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-550.png" />
<div id="g-ai8-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-3" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.34" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="374"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai9-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-375" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.381" data-min-width="375" data-max-width="413"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-375-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-375.png" />
<div id="g-ai10-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-414" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.42" data-min-width="414" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-414-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-414.png" />
<div id="g-ai11-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="70">Memoria del virus</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">La vacuna de Oxford-AstraZeneca requiere dos dosis, administradas con un intervalo de cuatro semanas, para preparar al sistema inmunitario para combatir el coronavirus. Durante el ensayo clínico de la vacuna, los investigadores administraron a algunos voluntarios solo la mitad de la dosis, de forma involuntaria.</p>
<p class="g-body">De manera sorprendente, la combinación de vacunas en la que la primera dosis era solo la mitad de la segunda dosis fue un 90 por ciento eficaz en la prevención de la COVID-19 en el ensayo clínico. En cambio, la combinación de dos dosis completas solo tuvo una eficacia del 62 por ciento. Los investigadores especulan que la primera dosis más baja imitó mejor la experiencia de una infección, promoviendo una respuesta inmunitaria más fuerte cuando se administró la segunda dosis.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-9-doses-az-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-9-doses-az-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="3.333" data-min-width="600"><img id="g-9-doses-az-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/9-doses-az-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-600 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Primera dosis</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-600 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Segunda dosis</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">28 días</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">después</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-9-doses-az-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="2.308" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-9-doses-az-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/9-doses-az-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-450 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Primera dosis</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-450 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Segunda dosis</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">28 días después</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-9-doses-az-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.763" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-9-doses-az-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/9-doses-az-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-335 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Primera dosis</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-2" class="g-335 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Segunda dosis</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">28 días después</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="g-body">Debido a que la vacuna es tan nueva, los investigadores no saben cuánto tiempo puede durar su protección. Es posible que, en los meses posteriores a la inoculación, la cantidad de anticuerpos y linfocitos T citotóxicos disminuya. No obstante, el sistema inmunitario también contiene células especiales llamadas células B y T de memoria que podrían retener información sobre el coronavirus durante años o incluso décadas.</p>
<p class="g-body">Para más información sobre la vacuna, puedes ver La vacuna para la covid de AstraZeneca: lo que tienes que saber [en inglés].</p>
<p class="g-body"><br />
<span class="g-sync">Fuentes: Centro Nacional de Información de Biotecnología; Nature; Lynda Coughlan, Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Maryland.</span></p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-17673673827342202612021-03-05T16:31:00.001+00:002021-03-05T16:31:14.705+00:00Cómo funciona la vacuna contra la COVID-19 de Johnson & Johnson<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-1-syringe-jnj-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-1-syringe-jnj-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="5.294" data-min-width="450"><img id="g-1-syringe-jnj-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/1-syringe-jnj-450.png" /></div>
<div id="g-1-syringe-jnj-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="3.941" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-1-syringe-jnj-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/1-syringe-jnj-335.png" /></div>
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</div>
<p class="g-body">Johnson & Johnson está probando una vacuna contra el coronavirus conocida como <strong>JNJ-78436735</strong> o <strong>Ad26.COV2.S</strong>. Los ensayos clínicos demostraron que una sola dosis de la vacuna tenía una tasa de eficacia de hasta el 72 por ciento. La vacuna ha sido autorizada para su uso de emergencia en Estados Unidos y Baréin.</p>
<p class="g-body">Janssen Pharmaceutica, una división de Johnson & Johnson con sede en Bélgica, desarrolla la vacuna en colaboración con el Centro Médico Beth Israel Deaconess.</p>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="82">Un fragmento del coronavirus</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">El virus SARS-CoV-2 está colmado de proteínas que usa para entrar en las células humanas. Estas proteínas, llamadas de espiga, son un blanco tentador para posibles vacunas y tratamientos.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-2-virion-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-2-virion-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.985" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-2-virion-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/2-virion-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Gen de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">proteína de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">la espiga</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-2-virion-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.765" data-min-width="600"><img id="g-2-virion-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/2-virion-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Gen de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">proteína de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">la espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">CORONAVIRUS</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="g-body">La vacuna de Johnson & Johnson se basa en las instrucciones genéticas del virus para construir la proteína de espiga. Pero a diferencia de las vacunas de Pfizer-BioNTech y Moderna, que almacenan las instrucciones en ARN de hélice o cadena sencilla, la vacuna de Johnson & Johnson utiliza ADN de hélice doble.</p>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="83">ADN dentro de un adenovirus</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">Los investigadores añadieron el gen de la proteína de espiga del coronavirus a otro virus llamado Adenovirus 26. Los adenovirus son virus comunes que suelen causar resfriados o síntomas similares a los de la gripe. El equipo de Johnson & Johnson utilizó un adenovirus modificado que puede entrar en las células pero no puede replicarse en su interior ni causar la enfermedad.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-3-vaccine-jnj-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-3-vaccine-jnj-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.288" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-3-vaccine-jnj-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/3-vaccine-jnj-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADN en el interior</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">un adenovirus</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-3-vaccine-jnj-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.731" data-min-width="450"><img id="g-3-vaccine-jnj-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/3-vaccine-jnj-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADN en el interior</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">un adenovirus</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="g-body">La vacuna de Johnson & Johnson es el resultado de décadas de investigación sobre vacunas basadas en adenovirus. En julio se aprobó la primera para uso general: una vacuna contra el ébola, también fabricada por Johnson & Johnson. La empresa también realiza ensayos con vacunas basadas en adenovirus para otras enfermedades, como el sida y el zika. Algunas otras vacunas contra los coronavirus también se basan en adenovirus, como la desarrollada por la Universidad de Oxford y AstraZeneca utilizando un adenovirus de chimpancé.</p>
<p class="g-body">Las vacunas para la COVID-19 basadas en adenovirus son más resistentes que las de ARNm de Pfizer y Moderna. El ADN no es tan frágil como el ARN, y la resistente cubierta proteica del adenovirus ayuda a proteger el material genético que contiene. Como resultado, la vacuna de Johnson & Johnson puede ser refrigerada hasta tres meses a 2-8°C (36-46°F).</p>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="84">Ingreso a la célula</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">Después de inyectar la vacuna en el brazo de una persona, los adenovirus chocan con las células y se enganchan a las proteínas de su superficie. La célula envuelve el virus en una burbuja y lo atrae hacia su interior. Una vez dentro, el adenovirus escapa de la burbuja y viaja hasta el núcleo, la cámara donde se almacena el ADN de la célula.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-800" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.833" data-min-width="800"><img id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-800-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-jnj-es-800.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus envuelto</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en una burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-6" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-10" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-720" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.75" data-min-width="720" data-max-width="799"><img id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-720-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-jnj-es-720.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus envuelto</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en una burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-6" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-10" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.625" data-min-width="600" data-max-width="719"><img id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-jnj-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus envuelto</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en una burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-6" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-10" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-500" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.687" data-min-width="500" data-max-width="549"><img id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-500-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-jnj-es-500.png" />
<div id="g-ai3-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">envuelto en</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">una burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-6" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-10" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.618" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="499"><img id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-jnj-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai4-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">envuelto en</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">una burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-6" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-10" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-550" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.755" data-min-width="550" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-550-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-jnj-es-550.png" />
<div id="g-ai5-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">envuelto en</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">una burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-6" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-10" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.445" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="374"><img id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-jnj-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai6-1" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-2" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-3" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-4" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">envuelto</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en una</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-5" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-6" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-10" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-375" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.498" data-min-width="375" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-4-dna-jnj-es-375-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-dna-jnj-es-375.png" />
<div id="g-ai7-1" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ADENOVIRUS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-2" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Entra a la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">célula</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-3" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-4" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Virus</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">envuelto</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en una</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-5" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Sale de la</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">burbuja</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-6" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Inyecta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">el ADN</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-10" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">NÚCLEO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">CELULAR</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="g-body">El adenovirus introduce su ADN en el núcleo. El adenovirus está diseñado para que no pueda hacer copias de sí mismo, pero el gen de la proteína de espiga del coronavirus puede ser leído por la célula y copiado en una molécula llamada ARN mensajero, o ARNm.</p>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="85">Construcción de proteína de espiga</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">El ARNm sale del núcleo y las moléculas de la célula leen su secuencia y comienzan a ensamblar las proteínas de espiga.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.882" data-min-width="600"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-7" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-8" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-9" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-10" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.659" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="499"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-7" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-8" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-9" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-10" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-500" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.733" data-min-width="500" data-max-width="549"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-500-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-500.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-7" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-8" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-9" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-10" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-550" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.806" data-min-width="550" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-550-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-550.png" />
<div id="g-ai3-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-7" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-8" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-9" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-10" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.475" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="374"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai4-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-7" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-8" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-9" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-10" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-375" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.532" data-min-width="375" data-max-width="413"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-375-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-375.png" />
<div id="g-ai5-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-7" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-8" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-9" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-10" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-414" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.587" data-min-width="414" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-414-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/4-cell-az-gamaleya-es-414.png" />
<div id="g-ai6-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteína</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Traducción del ARNm</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Se combinan tres</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteínas de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-7" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Núcleo</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">celular</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-8" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">y proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-9" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">fragmentos</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-10" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Espigas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">protuberantes</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="g-body">Algunas de las proteínas de espiga producidas por la célula forman espigas que migran a la superficie y extienden sus puntas. Las células vacunadas también separan algunas de las proteínas en fragmentos que presentan en su superficie. Entonces, el sistema inmunitario puede reconocer estas espigas protuberantes y fragmentos de proteínas de espiga.</p>
<p class="g-body">El adenovirus también provoca al sistema inmunitario al activar los sistemas de alarma de la célula. La célula envía señales de alerta para activar las células inmunitarias cercanas. Al activar esta alarma, la vacuna de Johnson & Johnson hace que el sistema inmunitario reaccione con más fuerza a las proteínas de espiga.</p>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="86">Detección del intruso</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">Cuando una célula vacunada muere, sus restos contienen muchas proteínas de espiga y fragmentos de proteínas que después pueden captar un tipo de célula inmunitaria llamada célula presentadora de antígenos.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-5-apc-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-5-apc-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.416" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-5-apc-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/5-apc-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Restos de una</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">célula muerta</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Una espiga</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">envuelta</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Digestión de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">las proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-6" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-5-apc-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.549" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-5-apc-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/5-apc-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Restos de una</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">célula muerta</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Una espiga</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">envuelta</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Digestión de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">las proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-6" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-5-apc-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.732" data-min-width="600"><img id="g-5-apc-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/5-apc-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Restos de una</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">célula muerta</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Una espiga</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">envuelta</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Digestión de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">las proteínas</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Presenta</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-6" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="g-body">La célula presenta fragmentos de la proteína de espiga en su superficie. Cuando otras células llamadas linfocitos T colaboradores detectan estos fragmentos, los linfocitos T colaboradores pueden hacer sonar la alarma y ayudar a convocar a otras células inmunitarias para combatir la infección.</p>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="87">Creación de anticuerpos</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">Otras células inmunitarias, llamadas linfocitos B, podrían chocar con las espigas del coronavirus en la superficie de las células vacunadas, o con fragmentos de proteínas de espiga que estén flotando. Unos cuantos linfocitos B quizá logren adherirse a las proteínas de espiga. Después, si los linfocitos T colaboradores activan estos linfocitos B, comenzarán a proliferar y secretar anticuerpos que atacarán a la proteína de espiga.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-900" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1" data-min-width="900"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-900-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-900.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-6" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">SECRETADOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-800" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.889" data-min-width="800" data-max-width="899"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-800-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-800.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-6" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">SECRETADOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-720" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.8" data-min-width="720" data-max-width="799"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-720-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-720.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-3" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-6" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">SECRETADOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.667" data-min-width="600" data-max-width="649"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai3-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-3" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-6" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">SECRETADOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-650" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.722" data-min-width="650" data-max-width="674"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-650-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-650.png" />
<div id="g-ai4-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-3" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-6" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">SECRETADOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-675" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.75" data-min-width="675" data-max-width="719"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-675-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-675.png" />
<div id="g-ai5-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-3" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-6" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">SECRETADOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.506" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="499"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai6-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-500" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.562" data-min-width="500" data-max-width="549"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-500-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-500.png" />
<div id="g-ai7-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-550" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.618" data-min-width="550" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-550-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-550.png" />
<div id="g-ai8-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Proteínas</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.385" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="374" readability="6"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai9-1" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-2" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-3" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-4" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" readability="32">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-5" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-375" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.431" data-min-width="375" data-max-width="413" readability="6"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-375-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-375.png" />
<div id="g-ai10-1" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-2" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-3" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-4" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" readability="32">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-5" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-6-bcell-es-414" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.475" data-min-width="414" data-max-width="449" readability="6"><img id="g-6-bcell-es-414-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/6-bcell-es-414.png" />
<div id="g-ai11-1" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">COLABORADOR</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-2" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Activación del</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">linfocito B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-3" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO B</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-4" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText" readability="32">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Proteínas correspondientes</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">en la superficie</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-5" class="g-type_copy_4 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">VACUNADA</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="88">Alto al virus</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">Los anticuerpos pueden adherirse a las espigas del coronavirus, marcar el virus para que sea destruido y bloquear la infección al impedir que las espigas se adhieran a otras células.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-7-antibodies-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-7-antibodies-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="1.043" data-min-width="600"><img id="g-7-antibodies-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/7-antibodies-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-7-antibodies-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.783" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-7-antibodies-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/7-antibodies-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-450 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-7-antibodies-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.583" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-7-antibodies-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/7-antibodies-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-335 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">ANTICUERPOS</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="89">Supresión de células infectadas</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">Las células presentadoras de antígenos también pueden activar otro tipo de célula inmunitaria llamada linfocito T citotóxico para que busque y destruya cualquier célula infectada de coronavirus que presente fragmentos de proteína de espiga en su superficie.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-900" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.947" data-min-width="900"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-900-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-900.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai0-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-800" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.842" data-min-width="800" data-max-width="899"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-800-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-800.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai1-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-720" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.758" data-min-width="720" data-max-width="799"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-720-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-720.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-2" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-3" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-4" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai2-5" class="g-type g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.603" data-min-width="600" data-max-width="649"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai3-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-3" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai3-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-650" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.653" data-min-width="650" data-max-width="674"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-650-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-650.png" />
<div id="g-ai4-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-3" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai4-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-675" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.678" data-min-width="675" data-max-width="719"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-675-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-675.png" />
<div id="g-ai5-1" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-2" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-3" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-4" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai5-5" class="g-type_copy g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.451" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="499"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai6-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-3" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai6-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-500" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.501" data-min-width="500" data-max-width="549"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-500-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-500.png" />
<div id="g-ai7-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-3" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai7-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-550" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.551" data-min-width="550" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-550-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-550.png" />
<div id="g-ai8-1" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-2" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-3" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-4" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai8-5" class="g-type_copy_2 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.34" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="374"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai9-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai9-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-375" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.381" data-min-width="375" data-max-width="413"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-375-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-375.png" />
<div id="g-ai10-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai10-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-8-tcell-es-414" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="0.42" data-min-width="414" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-8-tcell-es-414-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/8-tcell-es-414.png" />
<div id="g-ai11-1" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">PRESENTADORA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">DE ANTÍGENOS</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-2" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle1">Presentación de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">un fragmento de</p>
<p class="g-pstyle1">proteína de espiga</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-3" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">LINFOCITO T</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">CITOTÓXICO</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">ACTIVADO</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-4" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle2">Comienza a suprimir</p>
<p class="g-pstyle2">a la célula infectada</p>
</div>
<div id="g-ai11-5" class="g-type_copy_3 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">CÉLULA</p>
<p class="g-pstyle0">INFECTADA</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<h2 class="g-subhed g-optimize-type" id=""><span class="g-balancer" data-id="90">Memoria del virus</span></h2>
<p class="g-body">La vacuna de Johnson & Johnson se administra en una sola dosis, a diferencia de las vacunas de dos dosis de Pfizer, Moderna y AstraZeneca.</p>
<div class="g-asset g-graphic">
<div role="img">
<div id="g-9-doses-jnj-es-box" class="ai2html">
<div id="g-9-doses-jnj-es-600" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="6.959" data-min-width="600"><img id="g-9-doses-jnj-es-600-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/9-doses-jnj-es-600.png" />
<div id="g-ai0-1" class="g-600 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Una sola dosis</p>
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<div id="g-9-doses-jnj-es-450" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="4.826" data-min-width="450" data-max-width="599"><img id="g-9-doses-jnj-es-450-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/9-doses-jnj-es-450.png" />
<div id="g-ai1-1" class="g-450 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Una sola dosis</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="g-9-doses-jnj-es-335" class="g-artboard" data-aspect-ratio="3.754" data-min-width="0" data-max-width="449"><img id="g-9-doses-jnj-es-335-img" class="g-aiImg" alt="" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2020/12/05/how-coronavirus-vaccines-work/a601343e6bd9b69aafc63107b34c9715e3bad163/9-doses-jnj-es-335.png" />
<div id="g-ai2-1" class="g-335 g-aiAbs g-aiPointText">
<p class="g-pstyle0">Una sola dosis</p>
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<p class="g-body">Los investigadores aún no saben cuánto puede durar la protección de la vacuna. Es posible que el número de anticuerpos y linfocitos T citotóxicos disminuya en los meses posteriores a la vacunación. No obstante, el sistema inmunitario también contiene células especiales llamadas células B y T de memoria que podrían retener información sobre el coronavirus durante años o incluso décadas.</p>
<p class="g-body"><br />
<span class="g-sync">Fuentes: Centro Nacional de Información de Biotecnología; Nature; Lynda Coughlan, Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Maryland.</span></p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-8611781515964417132021-03-05T15:31:00.001+00:002021-03-05T15:31:07.356+00:00San Diego Zoo Apes Get an Experimental Covid Vaccine<div><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/us/03virus-briefing-greatapes-vaccine/03virus-briefing-greatapes-vaccine-facebookJumbo.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The San Diego Zoo has given nine apes an experimental coronavirus vaccine developed by Zoetis, a major veterinary pharmaceuticals company.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In January, a troop of gorillas at the zoo’s Safari Park tested positive for the virus. All are recovering, but even so, the zoo requested help from Zoetis in vaccinating other apes. The company provided an experimental vaccine that was initially developed for pets and is now being tested in mink.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Nadine Lamberski, a conservation and wildlife health officer at San Diego Zoo Global, said the zoo vaccinated four orangutans and five bonobos with the experimental vaccine, which is not designed for use in humans. Among the vaccinated orangutans was an ape named Karen, who made history in 1994 when she became the first orangutan to have open-heart surgery.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Dr. Lamberski said one gorilla at the zoo was also scheduled to be vaccinated, but the gorillas at the wildlife park were a lower priority because they had already tested positive for infection and had recovered. She said she would vaccinate the gorillas at the wildlife park if the zoo received more doses of the vaccine.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Mahesh Kumar, senior vice president of global biologics for Zoetis, said the company is increasing production, primarily for its pursuit of a license for a mink vaccine, and will provide more doses to the San Diego and other zoos when possible. “We have already received a number of requests,” he said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Infection of apes is a major concern for zoos and conservationists. They easily fall prey to human respiratory infections, and common cold viruses have caused deadly outbreaks in chimpanzees in Africa. Genome research has suggested that chimpanzees, gorillas and other apes will be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that has caused the pandemic. Lab researchers are using some monkeys, like macaques, to test drugs and vaccines and develop new treatments for the virus.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Scientists are worrying not just about the danger the virus poses to great apes and other animals, but also about the potential for the virus to gain a foothold in a wild animal population that could become a permanent reservoir and emerge at a later date to reinfect humans.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Infections in farmed mink have produced the biggest scare so far. When Danish mink farms were devastated by the virus, which can kill mink just as it kills people, a mutated form of the virus emerged from the mink and reinfected humans. That variant showed resistance to some antibodies in laboratory studies, raising suspicion that vaccines might be less effective against it.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">That virus variant has not been found in humans since November, according to the World Health Organization. But other variants have emerged in people in several countries, proving that the virus can become more contagious and in some cases can diminish the effectiveness of some vaccines.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Denmark ended up killing as many as 17 million mink — effectively wiping out its mink farming industry. In the United States, thousands of mink have died, and one wild mink has tested positive for the virus.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Although many animals, including dogs, domestic cats, and big cats in zoos, have become infected by the virus through natural spread, and others have been infected in laboratory experiments, scientists say that widespread testing has yet to find the virus in any animal in the wild other than the one mink.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">National Geographic first reported the vaccination of the apes at the San Diego Zoo.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-13884492550216117222021-03-05T10:31:00.005+00:002021-03-05T10:31:37.685+00:00How Rhode Island Fell to the Coronavirus<div class="css-1fanzo5 StoryBodyCompanionColumn">
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">PROVIDENCE, R.I. — The numbers began ticking up in September. After a quiet summer, doctors at Rhode Island Hospital began seeing one or two patients with Covid-19 on each shift — and soon three. Then four.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Cases climbed steadily until early December, when Rhode Island earned the dubious distinction of having more cases and deaths per 100,000 people than any other state in the country. The case rate still puts it among the top five states.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Where did this tightly knit state go wrong? Former Gov. Gina Raimondo’s “pauses” on economic activity were short-lived and partial, leaving open indoor dining, shopping malls and bowling alleys. But the shutdowns were no patchier than those in many other states.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Until late summer, she was lauded for reining in the virus. Even now, few residents blame her for the bleak numbers. (Ms. Raimondo was sworn in as the secretary of commerce on Wednesday night.)</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Experts point instead to myriad other factors, all of which have played out elsewhere in the country but converged into a bigger crisis here.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The fall chill sent people indoors, where risk from the virus is highest, and the holidays brought people together. Rhode Island is tiny — you can traverse it in 45 minutes. But crammed into that smallish area are a million people, for a population density second only to that of New Jersey. If everyone in the world is connected by six degrees of separation, Rhode Islanders seem to be connected by maybe two.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Central Falls, the epicenter of Rhode Island’s epidemic, has a density of 16,000 people per square mile, almost twice that of Providence. “Just imagine, 16,000 people per square mile — I mean, that’s amazing,” said Dr. Pablo Rodriguez, a member of the government committee that guides Covid vaccine distribution in Rhode Island. “It doesn’t take much for the spark to create an outbreak.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Apart from its density, Rhode Island has a high percentage of elderly residents in nursing homes, accounting for the bulk of deaths. Packed into the state are multiple urban areas — Central Falls, Pawtucket, Providence — where language barriers, mistrust and jobs have left immigrant families in multigenerational homes particularly vulnerable. The state is also home to multiple colleges that set off chains of infection in the early fall.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">For months, the hospitals in Rhode Island were understaffed and overwhelmed. Doctors and nurses were trying to cope with rising caseloads, often without the protective equipment they needed, with constantly shifting guidelines and with their own resilience stretched to the limit.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Dr. Megan Ranney, a researcher and public health advocate, is also an emergency room physician at Rhode Island Hospital who has witnessed the full scope of the state’s crisis firsthand. What she saw unfold over a single shift offers a window into what happened.</p>
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<div class="css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0"><picture><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=600" /><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=1200" /><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=1800" /><img alt="Dr. Megan Ranney, an E.R. physician at Rhode Island Hospital in Providence. “I’ve just got to plow through it,” she said during a surge in December." class="css-1m50asq" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 600w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b/00VIRUS-RHODEISLAND5b-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 2048w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw" decoding="async" /></picture></div>
<figcaption class="css-18crmh6 ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Dr. Megan Ranney, an E.R. physician at Rhode Island Hospital in Providence. “I’ve just got to plow through it,” she said during a surge in December.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>David Degner for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<figcaption class="css-1l6g02d ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">An ambulance outside Rhode Island Hospital last month.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>David Degner for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<figcaption class="css-1l6g02d ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">A map on the asphalt of a school parking lot in Pawtucket.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>David Degner for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<h2 class="css-1aoo5yy eoo0vm40" id="link-28a0999e">Plowing Through It</h2>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">One day in late December, as the crisis reached new heights, Dr. Ranney girded for a long eight-hour shift. The sores behind her ears, where her glasses and the straps of the N95 and surgical masks dug in, still had not healed. But how could she complain, Dr. Ranney said, when her medical residents “eat, sleep, breathe Covid” five days a week?</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The patients had it worse, she knew. Anxious and isolated, they became even more discomfited by the masked and unrecognizable doctors and nurses rushing around them. During Dr. Ranney’s shift the prior week, she had seen a broad spectrum: elderly people on a downward spiral, otherwise healthy young Latino men, Cape Verdean immigrants with limited English comprehension.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">These demographics are partly what made Rhode Island particularly susceptible, said Dr. Ashish Jha, dean of the School of Public Health at Brown University in Providence: “Certainly in New England, it is the poorest state — so a lot of poverty, and a lot of multigenerational poverty.”</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">As in most of the country, the Latino community has borne the brunt of the epidemic. In Rhode Island, Latinos have 6.7 times the risk for hospitalization and 2.5 times the risk of death, compared with white people.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In the days before her shift, Dr. Ranney had been working in a part of the hospital intended to deal with non-Covid cases. But even people with other ailments, like ankle fractures, turned out to be positive for the virus, she found.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I never know from day to day how bad the surge will be,” she said. “I’ve just got to plow through it.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">It turned out to be an extraordinarily busy day. “The E.R. is full, the hospital is full, the intensive care unit is full,” Dr. Ranney said. “All of our units are moving as quickly as they can, but the patients keep coming in.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Every time she took off masks during a shift, she ran the risk of contaminating herself. She had had four cups of coffee before this shift, and nothing since.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The average age of the patients that night was about 70. One elderly woman who had trouble breathing could not isolate because she lived with her children and grandchildren. At any rate, she arrived at the hospital 10 days into her illness, too late for isolation to matter.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Rhode Island’s epidemic has been disastrous for immigrant families in multigenerational households. “How do you isolate from someone when you have one bathroom?” Dr. Ranney said.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">It’s a problem throughout this diverse state. When Djini Tavares, 60, became infected in July, she was prepared to spend about $120 a night at a hotel — a sum many in her Cape Verdean community cannot afford — to isolate from her vulnerable 86-year-old father.</p>
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<figcaption class="css-18crmh6 ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Djini Tavares, who became infected in July, was prepared to spend about $120 a night at a hotel to isolate from her aging father.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>David Degner for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<figcaption class="css-1l6g02d ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Outside the Immaculate Heart of Mary, a Catholic church serving the Cape Verdean community in Pawtucket.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>David Degner for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<figcaption class="css-1l6g02d ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Elizabeth DaMoura Moreira, the city’s public health and equity leader, handed out supplies and talked with congregants about Covid-19 at the church.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>David Degner for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Even before the pandemic, Ms. Tavares was fastidious about hygiene, keeping mounds of wipes and cleaning supplies in the house at all times. She could not imagine where she had picked up the virus. The loss of her godmother and a friend to Covid-19 had shaken her.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Cape Verdeans are a close-knit community, and not being able to mourn the dead has been painful, Ms. Tavares said: “Culturally, I think it’s causing us to hurt even more.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">On her shift, Dr. Ranney encountered Covid-19 patients who had blood clots or heart problems, or who still needed oxygen weeks after their diagnosis. Many patients had been very careful — or said they had — but were infected after a family member brought the virus into the household.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The story is told too often in Rhode Island. Abby Burchfield, 58, lost her mother and stepfather to Covid-19 within days of each other at an assisted living center in New Jersey in April. Devastated and afraid, she and her family stayed away from restaurants, washed their hands often, and tried to wear masks everywhere. It wasn’t enough.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Ms. Burchfield’s younger daughter, Lily, 21, became infected at her college in Virginia in August and was hospitalized. Then, in late October, her husband, Jimmy, 58, caught the virus from a co-worker who was infected but did not wear a mask.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Despite Ms. Burchfield’s best efforts she, too, was infected. She was hospitalized after she collapsed suddenly in the family kitchen. She recovered, but her husband, who was also admitted to the hospital, still has no taste, a limited sense of smell, and continuing fatigue.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“My biggest fear right now is protecting my older daughter,” Ms. Burchfield said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Workplace exposures have especially hurt the Latino and Cape Verdean community, many of whom hold jobs that cannot be done from home. But in state surveys, it also became obvious that people still were holding get-togethers of 15 to 20 people even as the virus spread, said Dr. James McDonald, medical director of the Covid-19 unit at the Rhode Island Department of Health.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“People weren’t willing to live differently during the pandemic,” he said.</p>
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<figcaption class="css-18crmh6 ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Abby Burchfield caught the virus, as did her daughter and husband, who is still suffering symptoms.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>David Degner for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Dr. Ranney said there were several such cases in the emergency room that night.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“It’s frustrating to see patients come in from car crashes when they were not wearing a seatbelt, or to see patients with a firearm injury because the firearm wasn’t stored safely,” she said. “It’s like that to see folks with Covid.”</p>
<h2 class="css-1aoo5yy eoo0vm40" id="link-4f7c23b0">The Masks ‘Were Disgusting’</h2>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Some nights in emergency medicine, the diagnoses and treatments are immediately obvious.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But on this shift, Dr. Ranney said, “there was very, very little that was straightforward or smooth.” A number of patients with substance abuse problems appeared, as well as people with mental illness who had become a danger to themselves. And “we’re seeing a lot of people who are just lonely,” she said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Dr. Ranney would get a respite, but many medical residents and nurses in Rhode Island were already burning out. Some felt that hospital administrators had not protected them.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Early in the pandemic, most health care workers in Rhode Island, as in other parts of the country, did not have N95 masks. The masks are single-use, but when the nurses received an N95 each, they were asked to place them in paper bags at the end of their shift and put them back on again the next day.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“They stunk, they were slimy, they were disgusting. They made your face break out,” said a nurse at Rhode Island Hospital, who spoke on condition of anonymity because the hospital had instructed employees not to speak to the news media.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">If a strap broke, the mask would be returned with new straps stapled on. “The staples would dig into your face,” the nurse said.</p>
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<figcaption class="css-18crmh6 ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Eugenio Fernandez Jr., a health care worker at a vaccine clinic in Central Falls, epicenter of Rhode Island’s outbreak. </span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>David Degner for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<figcaption class="css-1l6g02d ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Residents of Central Falls were vaccinated at a local high school. Any resident over age 18 may be vaccinated.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>David Degner for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<figcaption class="css-1l6g02d ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Eleanor Slater Hospital, in Cranston, which saw a coronavirus outbreak that included at least 29 staff workers and nine patients.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>David Degner for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Many nurses got just 40 hours of sick time a year, which roughly translated to three 12-hour shifts; a fourth day out might earn a reprimand.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Because of this, many nurses weren’t tested, and some came to work even when they were sick. At Eleanor Slater Hospital in Cranston, R.I., ill staff members led to an outbreak of at least 29 employees and nine patients. It’s a phenomenon seen in hospitals throughout the United States.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The rules for patients don’t always accord with the science, said one nurse at Rhode Island Hospital. At first, the hospital did not allow anybody up from the E.R. until test results were back. But as the first surge ebbed, the rules became lax.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Patients were sent up with pending test results, potentially exposing other patients as well as the nurses who cared for them. After treating one such patient, at least nine nurses tested positive for the virus, the nurse said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The policy at most hospitals in Rhode Island now is to have health care workers wear N95 respirators or similar reusable masks at all times, and to test anyone suspected of having Covid-19. But that does not account for patients who might be asymptomatic and who come in for other ailments.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Rhode Island has adopted one unusual approach: Officials are distributing vaccines to anyone who will take them in Central Falls, regardless of age. It’s a strategy that few other jurisdictions have tried.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“We decided to do that because of the horrific toll of the pandemic in those communities,” said Dr. Rodriguez, the vaccine committee member. Twenty percent of the adult residents have received at least one dose at local clinics, not including those who may have been immunized at work or elsewhere.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The state’s plan to immunize those at highest risk by age and geography, he added, “will put out the fire where it is burning the most intensely.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In recent weeks, the number of cases in Rhode Island have fallen, as they have in the rest of the country. And fewer health care workers are getting sick because they have been immunized, so hospital shifts are better than they used to be, Dr. Ranney said.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But cases in the state are still the third highest per capita in the country. And doctors are continuing to see patients who have so-called long Covid, she said: “The trouble is that once patients get admitted, they don’t leave.”</p>
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<figcaption class="css-5qsc2a ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Gary Berdugo and Jessica Lippe serve as “health ambassadors” in Central Falls, handing out free masks and offering information about testing and vaccines. </span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>David Degner for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-7954518436624761872021-03-05T10:31:00.003+00:002021-03-05T10:31:36.026+00:00Can Long-Term Care Employers Require Staff Members to Be Vaccinated?<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">As legal experts and ethicists debate, some companies aren’t waiting.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">For much of the winter, Meryl Gordon worried about the people caring for her 95-year-old mother, who was rehabbing in a Manhattan nursing home after surgery for a broken hip.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“Every week they sent out a note to families about how many staff members had positive Covid tests,” said Ms. Gordon, a biographer and professor at New York University. “It was a source of tremendous anxiety.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Ms. Gordon feels reassured now that her mother is fully vaccinated and has returned to her assisted living facility. But what about the two home care aides who help her 98-year-old father, David, in his Upper West Side apartment?</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Neither has agreed to be vaccinated. David Gordon’s doctor has advised him to delay Covid vaccination himself because of his past allergic reactions.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Ms. Gordon has not insisted that the caregivers receive vaccinations. “You’re reluctant to do something that could cause you to lose the people you rely on,” she said. But she remains uneasy.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">It’s a question that many long-term care employers, from individual families to big national companies, are confronting as vaccines become more available, although not available enough: In a pandemic, can they require vaccination for those who care for very vulnerable older adults? Should they?</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Some employers aren’t waiting. Atria Senior Living, one of the nation’s largest assisted living chains, has announced that by May 1 all staff members must be fully vaccinated.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Silverado, a small chain of dementia care homes, most on the West Coast, mandated vaccination by March 1. Juniper Communities, which operates 22 facilities in four states, has also adopted a mandate.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“We felt it was the best way to protect people, not just our residents but our team members and their families,” said Lynne Katzmann, Juniper’s chief executive. Of the company’s nearly 1,300 employees, “about 30 individuals have self-terminated” because of the vaccination requirement, she reported.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Juniper’s experience supports what public health experts have said for years: Vaccine mandates, like those that many health care organizations have established for the flu vaccine, remain controversial — but they do increase vaccination rates. As of Feb. 25, 97.7 percent of Juniper residents had received two vaccine doses, and so had 96 percent of its staff members.</p>
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<figcaption class="css-1l44abu ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Tamara Moreland, executive director at Juniper Village in Bensalem. The company operates 22 facilities in four states and reports about 30 “self-terminations” of its nearly 1,300 employees.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Kriston Jae Bethel for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">That stands in stark contrast to staff vaccinations in many facilities. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that during the first month of vaccine clinics in nursing homes, only 37.5 percent of staff members received the first shot, along with 77.8 percent of residents.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The results of opinion surveys vary, depending on who is asked and when. In January, a Kaiser Family Foundation analysis found that 29 percent of health care workers expressed doubts about vaccination.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">A national recruiting platform for health care companies, myCNAjobs.com, last month polled 250 companions, aides and nursing assistants in facilities and in home care; it interviews thousands more daily. It estimates that 35 percent plan to be vaccinated, 20 percent do not and more than 40 percent remain unsure.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">These workers can’t distance from the older people they help with tasks like bathing, dressing and toileting. As they enter and leave facilities and private homes, often working multiple jobs, these workers can spread the coronavirus, and they and their families are likewise vulnerable to its dangers.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Experts say it is probably legal for employers to make vaccination a condition of employment. The federal Equal Opportunity Employment Commission has agreed, so long as mandates permit health and religious exemptions. A University of Pennsylvania analysis found last fall that nationally, about half of American adults would consider employer mandates acceptable.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“It’s unwise to mandate a vaccine while it’s under an emergency use authorization,” as the three vaccines in use in the United States are, said Lawrence Gostin, a law professor at Georgetown University. Because mandates during an E.U.A. could bring legal challenges, he advised waiting for full Food and Drug Administration approval.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">That could come as early as next month for the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. After that, “I would expect state or local governments might mandate that people working in health care be vaccinated,” said Mr. Gostin, who directs a World Health Organization center on health law. “They’d have the right to do that.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Ethically, he added, “it’s entirely justified. People have the right to take chances with their own health, but they absolutely do not have the right to endanger others.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Other public health specialists argue for incentives — carrots instead of sticks. With long-term care chronically understaffed, “I don’t think we want to do anything right now to push people out of those settings,” said David Grabowski, a health policy researcher at Harvard Medical School.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">He suggests far more substantial rewards than the gift cards or free meals some facilities are offering, as well as paid time off, so that employees can get inoculated and afford to miss a day’s work or two if they have reactions.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“There are worse things than putting $500 to $1,000 into the pockets of workers who’ve been the backbone of long-term care before the epidemic and have had a terrible time since,” he said. “It’s the most dangerous job in America right now.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Paying employees to get vaccinated raises ethical issues, however, said Emily Largent, a bioethicist at the University of Pennsylvania and author of a recent JAMA editorial.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">She endorses reimbursing staff members for time and expenses. But, she noted: “There’s good evidence from behavioral economics that offering money signals taking risks. These vaccines really are safe and effective, so we don’t want to solidify people’s fears.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Although Covid-19 cases and deaths are falling in long-term facilities, even those with high vaccination rates will need to stay on guard. New residents arrive continually, and employees leave; turnover among nursing staffs in nursing homes is extraordinarily high, an annual average of 128 percent, a new study has found. That means that after a year, all the original nursing staff members will have left, and so will 28 percent of their replacements.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Probably the thorniest problem is vaccinating the largest segment of the nation’s direct care workers, the roughly 2.3 million people working in private homes.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“It’s going pretty badly,” said Vicki Hoak, executive director of the Home Care Association of America, which represents 3,200 home care agencies. Although home care workers are given priority for vaccinations in every state, they are struggling to get them, she said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Like the rest of the direct care work force, home care workers are primarily women of color, many of them immigrants. At an average $12.12 an hour in 2019, they are the lowest-paid group, according to the research and advocacy group PHI. Almost half rely on some form of public assistance, like Medicaid or food programs.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Without a central workplace, they will be harder to reach, educate and vaccinate than aides in nursing homes and assisted living centers. (Some, privately hired by individuals and families through the so-called gray market, don’t work for agencies at all.)</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“Vaccine hesitancy is absolutely a factor, but more so is the lack of easily accessible opportunities to get vaccinated,” said April Verrett, president of S.E.I.U. Local 2015, the union representing almost 400,000 home care aides in California.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">People working several jobs can’t wait in long lines, she pointed out. They may not have cars for drive-through sites, or internet access for online portals. “I don’t think mandates would do anything to build the kind of trust and confidence needed to get people vaccinated,” Ms. Verrett said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Some individuals who hire home care aides privately, including Ms. Gordon, say they will require future candidates to be vaccinated.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">For now, though, most employers seem to favor a voluntary approach: answering staff questions, combating disinformation, helping workers get access to vaccines through mobile and pop-up clinics, perhaps providing transportation. Local 2015 has adopted an updated Rosie the Riveter icon with a rolled-up sleeve as part of its campaign to encourage members’ vaccination.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“We need to listen to people’s concerns, talk about what we know,” Dr. Largent said. “I think we’ll continue to see hesitancy go down as they see people like them being vaccinated.”</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-17624107846848768462021-03-05T10:31:00.001+00:002021-03-05T10:31:34.885+00:00Weekly Health Quiz: Covid Vaccines, Side Effects and Exercise<div><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/02/science/01SCI-BRODY-VACCINE/01SCI-BRODY-VACCINE-facebookJumbo.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>
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<p>Which statement about Covid vaccines is <i>not</i> true?</p>
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<p>It takes several weeks to build up immunity after vaccination</p>
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<p>Current vaccines are very effective in protecting against serious illness</p>
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<p>Once you are vaccinated, you no longer need to wear a mask</p>
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<p>Vaccine side effects may be more pronounced after a second shot</p>
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<p>These animals at the San Diego Zoo were given an experimental coronavirus vaccine to protect against the virus:</p>
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<p>Apes</p>
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<p>Tigers</p>
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<p>Elephants</p>
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<p>Hippos</p>
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<p>The new Covid vaccine from Johnson & Johnson differs from earlier vaccines in that it requires:</p>
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<p>One shot</p>
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<p>Two shots</p>
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<p>Three shots</p>
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<p>It is given orally</p>
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<p>This side effect of the Covid vaccine may be mistaken for cancer on a mammogram:</p>
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<p>Arm pain</p>
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<p>Skin redness</p>
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<p>Swollen lymph nodes</p>
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<p>Muscle inflammation</p>
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<p>After the United States, this country has reported the highest number of Covid-related deaths:</p>
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<p>Mexico</p>
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<p>Brazil</p>
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<p>India</p>
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<p>Drinking alcohol has been tied to an increased risk of this form of cancer:</p>
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<p>Mouth and throat cancer</p>
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<p>Breast cancer</p>
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<p>Colon cancer</p>
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<p>All of the above</p>
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<p>Older adults who attended twice-a-week aerobic dance classes showed enhancements in the medial temporal lobe, a part of the brain critical for:</p>
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<p>Motor activities</p>
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<p>Sound sleep</p>
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<p>Memory</p>
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<p>All of the above</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-63882713313053493292021-03-05T08:31:00.001+00:002021-03-05T08:31:18.812+00:00China subjects some travelers to anal swabs, angering foreign governments.<div><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/05/world/05virus-briefing-swabs-1/05virus-briefing-swabs-1-facebookJumbo.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">China is requiring some travelers arriving from overseas to receive an invasive anal swab test as part of its coronavirus containment measures, a move that has outraged and shocked several foreign governments.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Japanese officials said on Monday that they had formally asked China to exempt Japanese citizens from the test, adding that some who had received it complained of “psychological distress.” And the United States State Department last moth said it had registered a protest with the Chinese government after some of its diplomats were forced to undergo anal swabs, though Chinese officials denied that.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">It is not clear how many such swabs have been administered or who is subject to them. Chinese state media has acknowledged that some arrivals to cities including Beijing and Shanghai are required to take the tests, though the reports said the requirements might vary depending on whether the travelers were deemed to be high-risk.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Chinese experts have suggested that traces of the virus may survive longer in the anus than in the respiratory tract and that samples of the former may prevent false negatives. China has imposed some of the strictest containment measures in the world, including barring most foreign arrivals, and has largely suppressed the epidemic.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Lu Hongzhou, an infectious disease specialist at Fudan University in Shanghai, told the state-controlled Global Times tabloid that nasal or throat swabs could cause “uncomfortable reactions,” leading to subpar samples. He acknowledged that fecal samples could replace anal swabs, to prevent similar discomfort.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But other experts — including in China — have questioned the need for anal samples. The Global Times quoted another expert, Yang Zhanqiu, as saying that nasal and throat swabs are still the most effective because the virus is contracted through the respiratory tract.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Benjamin Cowling, a public health professor at the University of Hong Kong, said in an interview that even if someone did test positive on an anal swab but not a respiratory one, he or she would likely not be very contagious.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“The value of detecting people with the virus is to stop transmission,” Professor Cowling said. “If someone has got an infection but they’re not contagious to anyone else, we didn’t need to detect that person.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">A spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry said this week that the government would make “science-based adjustments” to its containment policies.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Professor Cowling said he did not know what the scientific rationale was behind the existing policies. “I presume there’s some evidence leading to this decision, but I haven’t seen that evidence,” he said.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-35488740359630687122021-03-05T00:31:00.001+00:002021-03-05T00:31:32.240+00:00Investigation into Covid Origins Sought<img class="g-doc-image lazyload" src="https://static01.nyt.com/packages/flash/multimedia/ICONS/transparent.png" alt="Page 5 of 5" aria-describedby="page-5-text" data-src="https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/41ef09b71e9e9166/5/output-5.png" width="1088" height="1408" /> <noscript><img class="g-doc-image" src="https://int.nyt.com/data/documenttools/41ef09b71e9e9166/5/output-5.png" alt="Page 5 of 5" aria-describedby="page-5-text" width="1088" height="1408" /></noscript>
<p id="page-5-text" class="g-doc-text">• Virginie Courtier, Evolutionary geneticist, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, France (ORCID 0000-0002-9297-9230). • Francisco A. de Ribera, Industrial Engineer, MBA, MSc(Res), Data scientist, Madrid, Spain (ORCID 0000-0003-4419-636X) • Etienne Decroly, DR CNRS, molecular virologist, Aix Marseille University, France, (ORCID 0000-0002-6046-024X) • Rodolphe de Maistre, MSc engineering, MBA, ex auditor IHEDN, France (ORCID 0000- 0002-3433-2420) • Gilles Demaneuf, Engineering (ECP), Data Scientist at BNZ, Auckland, NZ, (ORCID: 0000-0001-7277-9533) (Co-Organizer) • Richard H. Ebright, Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, USA • André Goffinet, MD, PhD, Emeritus Professor, University of Louvain Med Sch, Belgium • François Graner, biophysicist, Research Director, CNRS and Université de Paris, France, (ORCID 0000-0002-4766-3579) • José Halloy, Professor of Physics, Biophysics and Sustainability, Université de Paris, France, (ORCID 0000-0003-1555-2484) • Milton Leitenberg, Senior Research Associate, School of Public Affairs, University of Maryland, USA • Filippa Lentzos, Senior Lecturer in Science & International Security, King’s College London, United Kingdom (ORCID 0000-0001-6427-4025) • Rosemary McFarlane, PhD BVSc, Assistant Professor of Public Health, University of Canberra, Australia (ORCID 0000-0001-8859-3776) • Jamie Metzl, Senior Fellow, Atlantic Council, USA (Co-Organizer) • Dominique Morello, Biologist, DR CNRS and Museum of Natural History, Toulouse, France • Nikolai Petrovsky, Professor of Medicine, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Australia • Steven Quay, MD, PhD, Formerly Asst. Professor, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA (ORCID 0000-0002-0363-7651) • Monali C. Rahalkar, Scientist ‘D’, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India • Rossana Segreto, PhD, Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Austria (ORCID 0000-0002-2566-7042) • Günter Theißen, Dr. rer. nat., Professor of Genetics, Matthias Schleiden Institute, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany, (ORCID 0000-0003-4854-8692) • Jacques van Helden, Professor of bioinformatics, Aix-Marseille University, France, (ORCID 0000-0002-8799-8584)</p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-51693066301951402492021-03-04T10:31:00.001+00:002021-03-04T10:31:24.472+00:00Her Eyelid Drooped and She Kept Getting Weaker. What Was Going On?<p id="article-summary" class="css-1npwn0y e1wiw3jv0">Dozens of tests turned up nothing. Then a specialist had a theory.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The voice on the phone was kind but firm: “You need to go to the emergency room. Now.” Her morning was going to be busy, replied the 68-year-old woman, and she didn’t feel well. Could she go later today or maybe tomorrow? No, said Dr. Benison Keung, her neurologist. She needed to go now; it was important. As she hung up the phone, tears blurred the woman’s already bad vision. She’d been worried for a while; now she was terrified.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">She was always healthy, until about four months earlier. It was a Saturday morning when she noticed that something seemed wrong with her right eye. She hurried to the bathroom mirror, where she saw that her right eyelid was drooping, covering the top half of the brown of her iris. On Monday morning, when she met her eye doctor, she was seeing double. Since then she’d had tests — so many tests — but received no answers.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The woman walked to the bedroom where her 17-year-old granddaughter was still asleep. She woke her and asked for help getting dressed. Her hands were too weak for her to button her own clothes or tie her shoes. When she was completely dressed, she sent the girl to get her mother. She would need a ride to the hospital. She hadn’t been able to drive since she started seeing double.</p>
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<h2 class="css-kkuwx2 eoo0vm40" id="link-4fff5155">Dozens of Tests</h2>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The events of the past few months had left the woman exhausted. First, she had seen her eye doctor. He took one look at her and told her that she had what’s called a third-nerve palsy. The muscles of the face and neck, he explained, are controlled by nerves that line up at the top of the spine. The nerve that controlled the eyelid, called the oculomotor nerve, was the third in this column. But he didn’t know what was affecting it or how to fix the problem. She needed to see a neuro-ophthalmologist, a doctor who specialized in the nerves that control the eyes.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">That specialist saw her right away, but he couldn’t tell her what had caused her double vision either. And since then, she had seen many specialists and had dozens of tests: blood tests, CT scans, M.R.I.s, biopsies. No one could tell her what she had, but she now knew a long list of terrible diseases that she didn’t have. It wasn’t a brain tumor or an aneurysm. She hadn’t had a stroke. There was no sign of a vasculitis.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">All that testing was draining. She felt so weak, so tired. She was a salesperson in a department store and often had to move items on the floor. It wasn’t a strenuous job, but lately it was a lot harder. Her hands seemed to lack strength; she bought a brace for her wrist, but it didn’t help much. It got so bad that it was hard to even open a door.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">When she told Dr. Alissa Chen, her primary-care doctor, about it, Chen got worried. She was still in training, but the patient trusted her. Chen examined her hands and arms closely. Her muscles were very weak.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">That’s when she ended up in the hospital the first time. Chen sent her straight from her office to the emergency room. She spent three days in the hospital. There she met Keung, a specialist in diseases of the nerves and muscles. He ordered more blood tests, another M.R.I. and a spinal tap. By the time she went home, he had only added to the list of diseases that had been ruled out. It wasn’t multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barré syndrome. It probably wasn’t sarcoidosis. It probably wasn’t cancer, though she was supposed to go see an oncologist to make sure.</p>
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<h2 class="css-kkuwx2 eoo0vm40" id="link-209db2f0">400 in a Million</h2>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">When she got home from the hospital, Chen called her. She had a theory about what the patient might have. Had she ever heard of a disease called myasthenia gravis (M.G.)? In this rare disorder, the body’s immune system attacks what’s called the neuromuscular junction, the point where the nerves connect to the muscles to tell them what to do. It often starts in the eyes — with a droopy eyelid and double vision. But then it usually spreads to other parts of the body. Patients with myasthenia have muscles that tire out much more quickly than normal. There are fewer than 400 cases per million people, and Chen had never seen a case; still, she thought there was a strong chance the patient had it. A simple blood test could give them an answer. She had ordered it already, and she urged the patient to go to the lab and get it.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Three weeks later when she went back to see her doctor, the patient still hadn’t gotten the test. And now she had a new problem: Her mouth felt weak. Talking was hard; her voice was different. By the end of even a short conversation, her words were reduced to whispers. She couldn’t smile, and she couldn’t swallow. Sometimes when she was drinking water, it would come out of her nose rather than go down her throat. It was strange. And scary.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Chen wasn’t there, so she saw a colleague, Dr. Abhirami Janani Raveendran, who was also a trainee. Raveendran had never seen M.G. either but knew that it could affect the muscles of the mouth and throat. She urged the patient to get the blood test, and she sent Keung a note updating him about the patient’s disturbing new symptoms and the possible diagnosis.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">When Keung saw the message, he was alarmed. He agreed that these symptoms made myasthenia gravis a likely diagnosis. And a dangerous one: Patients with M.G. can lose strength in the muscles of the throat and the diaphragm and become too fatigued to take a breath. He called the patient. Her voice, he noticed, was nasal and thin — signs of muscle weakness. She said she wasn’t having any trouble breathing, but Keung knew that could change. That’s why he told her to go to the hospital right away. He scared her. He meant to.</p>
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<h2 class="css-kkuwx2 eoo0vm40" id="link-366a8976">A Series of Small Shocks</h2>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">After the patient got Keung’s urgent call, her daughter drove her to the emergency department at Yale New Haven Hospital, and she was admitted to the step-down unit. This is the section for patients who are not quite sick enough to need the I.C.U. but might get to that point before long. Every few hours a technician came in to measure the strength of her breathing. If it got too low, she would have to go to the I.C.U. and maybe end up on a breathing machine.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Keung wasn’t certain that the patient had myasthenia. Her eyelid was always droopy, her vision always double. With M.G., he would expect those symptoms to worsen after using the muscle and improve after resting. And M.G. usually affected the muscles closest to the body. He would expect her shoulders to be weak, not her hands. Despite his uncertainty, he decided to start the treatment for M.G. He didn’t want to risk having her become even weaker. She was given high-dose steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins to suppress the parts of the immune system attacking the connection between her nerves and her muscles.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The next day Keung performed a test that would show whether the patient had M.G. In the repetitive-nerve-stimulation test, a tiny electrode is placed over the muscle, in this case the abductor digiti minimi, the muscle that moves the pinkie finger. A series of small (and uncomfortable) shocks is delivered in rapid sequence, each causing the muscle to contract. In someone with normal nerves and muscles, each identical shock will produce an identical muscle contraction. In this patient, though, the first shocks produced weak contractions and then they became even weaker. That drop-off is characteristic of M.G. The blood test that Chen had been urging her to get was done in the hospital. It was positive. She had myasthenia gravis.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The patient stayed in the hospital for nearly two weeks. That first night her breathing was so bad she almost ended up in the I.C.U. And there were days when her arms were so weak she couldn’t even feed herself. Her daughters and granddaughters took turns coming to see her in the hospital to help her eat and care for herself.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But slowly her strength began to return. Her voice came back, and she was able to swallow. She graduated from puréed foods to chopped and ultimately back to a normal diet. And finally she went home. That was four months ago. She will probably need to take immune-suppressing medications for the rest of her life. And she still has double vision in bright light. But, she told me when I saw her recently, she can smile again. That’s important, too.</p>
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<p class="css-13t9bbe etfikam0">Lisa Sanders, M.D., is a contributing writer for the magazine. Her latest book is ‘‘Diagnosis: Solving the Most Baffling Medical Mysteries.’’ If you have a solved case to share with Dr. Sanders, write her at Lisa .Sandersmd@gmail.com.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-53826998046124931462021-03-04T09:31:00.001+00:002021-03-04T09:31:37.219+00:00Tips for Coping at Home: Advice From a Lifestyle Reporter<div><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/smarter-living/09coronavirus-diary_ittart/09coronavirus-diary-facebookJumbo.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>
<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">We asked Melissa Kirsch to talk about ways she keeps her spirits up and her day meaningful. For her, it starts with a movie night.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0"><em class="css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0">Times Insider</em> <em class="css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0">explains who we are and what we do, and delivers behind-the-scenes insights into how our journalism comes together.</em></p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">As we remain in quarantine, unsure if the slow jog to normalcy is a few more miles or a million, Melissa Kirsch, a culture and lifestyle editor, is part of a team at The New York Times that spends a lot of time thinking about how to embrace a full and fulfilling life in isolation. We asked Ms. Kirsch, who writes the At Home newsletter, to share what she has learned in the last year and talk about some of her own strategies for living well during an uncertain time. The following are her edited comments.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0"><strong class="css-8qgvsz ebyp5n10">Give myself something to look forward to.</strong> On Monday nights, I meet up with two friends on FaceTime to watch a crime documentary. We don’t talk during the movie, but having them in the room, even on a screen, makes the experience more exciting. If my energy starts to flag in the middle of a Monday afternoon, I’ll remember it’s movie night and feel both relief and anticipation. It’s not an actual movie in a theater, but it still feels special.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0"><strong class="css-8qgvsz ebyp5n10">Think about how I want to look back on this time.</strong> I find myself consciously trying to do things that will make me feel better about this experience in the future. That may mean reading more or cooking more or trying to be creative about the ways that I connect with other people — like writing letters or meeting people for walks in the cold. I don’t want this year to turn into a blur of Zoom chats and Netflix.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0"><strong class="css-8qgvsz ebyp5n10">Write down tiny details.</strong> I keep a log book, which is an idea that I got from the artist Austin Kleon. Every day, or as often as I can, I try to write down the most mundane details of the day. Today, I might write something about the fact that I reheated farro for lunch or that I spoke to somebody at The Times about a computer problem. Those tiny details that make up a day are the things we’ll forget when we look back on this time. I hope that when I read them over a decade from now, the complexion of the days will come to life: what it was really like, separate from the larger narrative of “a year in quarantine.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0"><strong class="css-8qgvsz ebyp5n10">Act like I’m a person with a purpose.</strong> I try to give some structure to the day, even if it’s just by making my bed and taking a shower and leaving the house first thing in the morning for even a short walk before work. Doing those things really helps me feel normal. Another thing is bedtime. Going to bed at a reasonable time has helped keep some kind of armature to the days.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0"><strong class="css-8qgvsz ebyp5n10">Differentiate my days.</strong> I really want to get better at clearly demarcating the weekend from the week. We normally think of the weekend as a time to slow down. Each day is so similar to the one before, so I’m trying to see the weekend as a time to kind of speed up. So I might have a socially distanced outdoor hang with one friend in the middle of the day and meet up with another friend in the evening, and squeeze in cooking and cleaning and errands. I don’t have a commute or a social schedule, so I tend not to need more down time to recover from the week; I need up time.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0"><strong class="css-8qgvsz ebyp5n10">Make exercise part of my “social” life.</strong> When my daily life is busy and chaotic, I often treat exercise as a solo activity, a short period of time for contemplation before re-engaging with the world. Since so much of my time is already spent disengaged from the world these days, I’ve started jogging without headphones, purposely trying to take advantage of the moments when I’m outside the house and around other people, even if I’m not deliberately interacting with them. I purposely jog down the street that has outdoor restaurant seating or a playground, routes I would have avoided before. This way, I’m not just exercising to keep my mind and body in shape, but also to inhabit my neighborhood, to feel how we’re all connected, living our lives in parallel.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0"><strong class="css-8qgvsz ebyp5n10">Seek out information.</strong> Whether it’s jogging somewhere more populated or intentionally taking a walk someplace with more shops and more things to look at, I try to make each outing an exercise in replenishing my experience of the world. Our thoughts and actions and creativity are inspired by the people and things around us. And when we have limited people and things around us, it makes life smaller. Even though we’re social distancing, we still need social interactions, information input that keeps our minds sharp and our personalities interesting.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0"><strong class="css-8qgvsz ebyp5n10">Create a tiny routine.</strong> These can be small pleasurable things. A routine doesn’t have to be an elaborate, punishing system that you impose on your day. Rather, you can take the tiny things that you do every day and just sort of keep doing them. It can be deciding that you’re going to just have coffee on your stoop every morning or to walk your dog at 1 p.m. I make my bed each morning and do the crossword puzzle during lunch. These are pretty rudimentary elements of a day, but they’re two poles between which to hang the hours of the morning. Anything you do regularly and with intention can give the day some shape and some meaning.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-10214720390186099142021-03-03T23:31:00.001+00:002021-03-03T23:31:20.703+00:00Delayed Skin Reactions Appear After Vaccine Shots<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">Doctors are reporting additional, minor symptoms that appear several days after people have received their shots.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Some people are having delayed reactions to their first dose of a Covid vaccine, with their arms turning red, sore, itchy and swollen a week or so after the shot.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The reactions, though unpleasant, appear to be harmless. But the angry-looking skin condition can be mistaken for an infection, according to a letter published on Wednesday in The New England Journal of Medicine. The doctors said they wanted to share information about the cases to help prevent the needless use of antibiotics and to ease patients’ worries and reassure them that they can safely get their second vaccine shot.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“We modified our patient handout once we started seeing this,” Dr. Kimberly G. Blumenthal, an author of the letter and an allergist at Massachusetts General Hospital, said in an interview. “We had said it was normal to get redness, itching and swelling when you get the vaccine. We changed the wording to say it can also start seven to 10 days after you get the vaccine.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The letter describes the experiences of 12 people who had “delayed large local reactions” that began four to 11 days after the first shot of the Moderna vaccine, within a median of eight days. The report is not a controlled study, but rather a series of cases that came to the doctors’ attention because the vaccine recipients were concerned and wanted to know whether they should get the second shot.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Most were vaccinated at Massachusetts General Hospital, where both the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines were administered. But the delayed reactions occurred only in people who had received the Moderna shot, Dr. Blumenthal said, adding, “I don’t understand why.”</p>
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<div class="css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0"><picture><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=600" /><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=1200" /><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=1800" /><img alt="Delayed skin reactions in various patients after receiving the mRNA Covid vaccines." class="css-1m50asq" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2-articleLarge.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 600w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2-jumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/science/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2/03VIRUS-SKIN-VACCINE2-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp 2048w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw" decoding="async" /></picture></div>
<figcaption class="css-18crmh6 ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Delayed skin reactions in various patients after receiving the mRNA Covid vaccines.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>New England Journal of Medicine</span></span></figcaption>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Moderna reported delayed skin reactions in its large clinical trial in 0.8 percent of recipients after the first dose, and 0.2 percent after the second dose.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">According to the letter by Dr. Blumenthal and 10 other physicians, all 12 people reported typical symptoms like a sore arm that often occur shortly after inoculation, and those initial symptoms had disappeared.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Then, a delayed reaction hit. In five people, big, raised skin lesions emerged that measured 10 or more centimeters in diameter near the injection site. Two had rashes in other spots, one near the elbow and one on the palm of the hand. Some also had systemic symptoms at the same time, like fatigue and achy muscles.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Most treated the skin symptoms with ice and antihistamines. But some needed steroids, in cream or pill form, and one was prescribed an antibiotic by a doctor who mistook the problem for an infection.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The symptoms lasted a median of six days, ranging from two to 11 days. All the patients went on to get the second shot. Half did not have another delayed reaction, but three developed the same symptoms again and three had milder reactions than after the first shot.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Dr. Blumenthal said there were many unanswered questions about the reactions. Ten of the 12 patients were women, but it is not clear whether women are more prone to the problem or whether the imbalance occurred because more of the vaccinated health workers were female.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Some had allergies to drugs, wasp stings or food, but others did not.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">A skin biopsy on one patient indicated that the condition was a drug reaction. But what exactly the patient’s immune system was reacting to is not known.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I’m hoping the companies will figure it out,” Dr. Blumenthal said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">She is aware of about 30 cases now, mostly among women and all recipients of the Moderna vaccine so far, she said, and the hospital has created a registry to track them.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-22294330741049906032021-03-03T22:31:00.003+00:002021-03-03T22:31:32.392+00:00Fauci Is Giving His Coronavirus Model to the Smithsonian<div><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/03/multimedia/03xp-virus-fauci-model/03xp-virus-fauci-model-facebookJumbo.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>
<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">Dr. Anthony S. Fauci’s donation of his 3-D virus model to the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History comes as museums are working to document the Covid-19 era.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">A piece of personal pandemic history belonging to the nation’s top infectious disease expert has found a new home at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, presented his three-dimensional model of the coronavirus to the museum’s national medicine and science collections on Tuesday at a ceremony that was conducted by videoconference.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I wanted to pick something that was really meaningful to me and important because I used it so often,” Dr. Fauci said in an interview on Wednesday about his decision to give the model to the museum.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The model, which he said was made with a 3-D printer at the National Institutes of Health, is a blue sphere studded with spikes replicating the spiked proteins that can latch onto cells in our airways, allowing the virus to slip inside. Dr. Fauci said he had often used it as a visual aid when briefing members of Congress and former President Donald J. Trump about the virus.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“It’s a really phenomenally graphic way to get people to understand,” he said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Dr. Fauci announced the donation and showed off the model as he was being awarded the museum’s Great Americans medal on Tuesday for his leadership of the nation’s Covid-19 response and his contributions to the fights against other infectious diseases, such as AIDS.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The National Museum of American History said its curators had been collecting items from the pandemic for a future exhibition, called “In Sickness and in Health,” that will examine “more than 200 years of medicine in the U.S. including Covid-19.” The museum has also been accepting digital submissions from the public through the platform “Stories of 2020.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The spread of the coronavirus has presented an opportunity for museums and institutions across the country to document a pandemic as it is happening. Many have done the same with the protests against racial injustice that played out across much of the country last year.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Dr. Fauci’s coronavirus model could be used for research or in educational exhibits, said Diane Wendt, a curator in the medicine and science division of the National Museum of American History.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Ms. Wendt said it might still be too early to gauge which objects will be the most important or meaningful, and which ones will best tell the story of this pandemic. But she said the responses the museum had received from the public suggest that the materials they would like to see curated and preserved include personal protective equipment like masks and the journals and holiday cards people have kept that show a slice of pandemic life.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“Certainly, as historians, I think we probably joke that we really like things that are at least 50 years old — like, ‘We’re OK, we’re looking at this at a safe distance,’ so to speak,” Ms. Wendt said. “But at the same time we obviously have to acknowledge that we have a responsibility. History is being made every day.”</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Dr. Fauci said he could see himself donating other items to museums and institutions in the future, whether from his time managing the country’s response to the coronavirus pandemic or from his leadership of federal efforts to combat H.I.V., SARS, the 2009 swine flu pandemic, MERS and Ebola.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I think when you reach a certain stage you have things that are more valuable to the general public than they are to you keeping them,” he said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">During the influenza pandemic of 1918, “visualizing the virus was not something that was even possible,” Ms. Wendt said, making Dr. Fauci’s donation noteworthy.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">He echoed that view, saying that the tools for fighting the coronavirus pandemic, including visual modeling and, more recently, safe and effective vaccines, are significant developments that are bringing the nation closer to getting the virus under control.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“We cannot claim victory prematurely,” he said of the pandemic. “But I think it will be important for the Smithsonian to chronicle this.”</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-71062702469530708192021-03-03T22:31:00.001+00:002021-03-03T22:31:30.288+00:00How to Get a Peloton-Style Workout Without Splurging<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">Don’t want to pay $1,900 for a Peloton bike, plus a subscription fee for classes? Here are ways to reduce the cost of using tech to exercise at home.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Lisa Whitney, a dietitian in Reno, Nev., came across the deal of a lifetime about two years ago. A fitness studio was going out of business and selling its equipment. She scored an indoor exercise bike for $100.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Ms. Whitney soon made some additions to the bike. She propped her iPad on the handlebars. Then she experimented with online cycling classes streamed on YouTube and on the app for Peloton, a maker of internet-connected exercise devices that offers interactive fitness classes.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Ms. Whitney had no desire to upgrade to one of Peloton’s $1,900-plus luxury exercise bikes, which include a tablet to stream classes and sensors that track your speed and heart rate. So she further modified her bike to become a do-it-yourself Peloton, buying sensors and indoor cycling shoes.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The grand total: about $300, plus a $13 monthly subscription to Peloton’s app. Not cheap, but a significant discount to what she might have paid.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I’m happy with my setup,” Ms. Whitney, 42, said. “I really don’t think upgrading would do much.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The pandemic, which has forced many gyms to shut down, has driven hordes of people to splurge on luxury items like Peloton’s bikes and treadmills so they can work out at home. Capitalizing on this trend, Apple last year released Apple Fitness Plus, an instructional fitness app that is exclusively offered to people who own an Apple Watch, which requires an iPhone to work.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But all of that can be expensive. The minimum prices of an Apple Watch and iPhone add up to $600, and Apple Fitness Plus costs $10 a month. Then to stream classes on a big-screen TV instead of a phone while you exercise, you need a streaming device such as an Apple TV, which costs about $150. The full Peloton experience is even pricier.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">With the economy in a funk, many of us are trying to tighten our spending while maintaining good health. So I experimented with how to minimize the costs of doing video-instructed workouts at home, talked to tinkerers and assessed the pros and cons.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Here’s what I learned.</p>
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<figcaption class="css-1l6g02d ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">To measure her energy output, Ms. Whitney added a sensor that tracks the bike’s rotations per minute.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Max Whittaker for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<figcaption class="css-1l6g02d ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">She also straps a heart rate monitor to her arm as part of her routine.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Max Whittaker for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<h2 class="css-ow6j0y eoo0vm40" id="link-798ff48">The Pros and Cons of Free</h2>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">To start my experiment for working out at home on the cheap, the first question I tackled was whether to subscribe to a fitness app or stream classes from YouTube for free. Both largely provide videos of instructors guiding you through workouts.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">So I bought an $8 yoga mat and a $70 pair of adjustable dumbbells and turned on my TV, which includes the YouTube app. I then subscribed to three of the most popular YouTube channels that have free content for exercising at home: Yoga With Adriene, Fitness Blender and Holly Dolke.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">One immediate downside was almost too much content — often hundreds of videos per YouTuber — making it difficult to pick a workout. Even when I finally chose a video, I learned I had to brace myself for some quality issues.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In the Yoga With Adriene channel, for instance, I selected the video “Yoga for When You Feel Dead Inside,” which felt appropriate for the time we are living in. The video looked good, but at times the instructor’s voice sounded muffled.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Production problems were more visible in the Holly Dolke channel, which has a collection of intense workouts that you can do without any equipment. When I tried the video “Muffin Top Melter,” an instructor in the background demonstrated how to do a more challenging version of each exercise, but the other instructor, in the foreground, constantly blocked her.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Then there were the ads. As I lifted weights while following a 10-minute fat-burning workout from Fitness Blender, YouTube interrupted the video to play an ad for Dawn soap. That left me holding a dumbbell above the back of my neck while I waited for the ad to end.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Those issues aside, I was able to do all of the exercises demonstrated by these YouTubers, and they left me winded and sweaty. For the cost of free, I can’t complain much. Most important, Yoga With Adriene succeeded in making me feel less dead inside.</p>
<h2 class="css-ow6j0y eoo0vm40" id="link-30da3a95">What You Get When You Pay</h2>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">To compare the free YouTube exercise videos with the paid experience, I subscribed to Peloton and Apple Fitness Plus on my Apple TV set-top box. I did workouts using both products for the last two months.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Peloton and Apple Fitness Plus addressed many of the problems plaguing the free exercise content.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">For one, workouts were organized into categories by the type of workout, including yoga, strength training and core, and then by the difficulty or duration of the workout. It took little time to choose a workout.</p>
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<figcaption class="css-1l44abu ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Peloton’s app organizes workouts by category, difficulty and duration.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Brian X. Chen</span></span></figcaption>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In both Peloton and Apple Fitness Plus, video and audio quality were very clear, and the workouts were shot at various angles to get a good look at what the instructors were doing. The bonus of Fitness Plus was that my heart rate and calories burned were displayed on both my Apple Watch and the TV screen.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In short, paying those subscriptions provided convenience and polish, which led to a more pleasant workout. I concluded that Peloton’s videos were worth paying $13 a month. And $10 a month is reasonable for Apple Fitness Plus, but only if you already have an Apple Watch and iPhone.</p>
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<figcaption class="css-1l44abu ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Apple Fitness Plus on an iPhone and Apple Watch.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Apple</span></span></figcaption>
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<h2 class="css-ow6j0y eoo0vm40" id="link-28365250">Making a D.I.Y. Peloton</h2>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">So what about exercise equipment like spin bikes? If you want the tech frills of a Peloton but don’t want to spend on the equipment, there were two main approaches.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">To go the cheapest route, you can make use of a bicycle you already have. Here’s where home tinkerers can be especially crafty and resourceful.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Take Omar Sultan, a manager at the networking company Cisco. He modified his road bike with a few add-ons: a bike trainer, which secured the rear wheel and bike frame and costs roughly $100; a $40 Wahoo cadence sensor that tracked his energy output and speed and transmitted the data to a smartphone; and a heart rate monitor that strapped around his chest, such as the $90 Polar H10. Then he used a streaming device to follow Peloton classes on his TV.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“The D.I.Y. setup is 80 percent of the way there” to a Peloton, Mr. Sultan said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The more expensive option was to buy an indoor exercise bike and use a tablet or phone to stream cycling classes via YouTube or the Peloton app, as Ms. Whitney did. The $700 IC7.9, for example, includes a cadence sensor and a holder for your tablet. You could then buy a heart rate monitor and a pair of $100 indoor cycling shoes that clip into the pedals.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But if you use your own bicycle or a modified spin bike and try Peloton’s app, you won’t be able to participate in the app’s so-called leader board, which shows a graphic of your progress compared with other Peloton users online.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">With a D.I.Y. bike, it can also be difficult to figure out how to shift gears to simulate when the instructor is telling you to turn up the resistance — like when you are pretending to ride up a hill.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Nicole Odya, a nurse practitioner in Chicago who modified a high-end indoor bike, the Keiser M3i, said there were major upsides to the D.I.Y. route. Using her own iPad, she has the flexibility to choose whatever fitness apps she wants to use, such as Zwift and mPaceLine. It also gave her the freedom to customize her bike, so she swapped out the stock pedals for better ones.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I didn’t want to be locked into their platform,” she said of Peloton.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-91047069672344106462021-03-03T19:31:00.005+00:002021-03-03T19:31:25.107+00:00Los Angeles County finds fewer cases among health care workers as more get vaccinated.<div><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/02/us/02virus-briefing-lahealthcareworkers1/02virus-briefing-lahealthcareworkers1-facebookJumbo.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">What was once a flood of health care workers catching the coronavirus in Los Angeles County has now slowed to a trickle, in large part because the vast majority of them have been vaccinated, local public health officials said. Reports of new virus cases among health care workers in the county have fallen by 94 percent since late November, just before vaccination began.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The statistics are encouraging, both in Los Angeles County and across the country. Some health care workers initially expressed reluctance to get a Covid-19 vaccine shot, often out of fear about the safety of the vaccines, which were hurried into use under emergency authorizations from the Food and Drug Administration.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Workers in nursing homes and long-term care facilities, which have been hot spots during the pandemic, have been of special concern: At one point, those workers accounted for one-quarter of all cases among health care workers in Los Angeles County.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But by the end of February, the county said, 69 percent of health care workers in those facilities — including 78 percent of nursing home and long-term care facilities staffs — had received at least one shot of vaccine.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The results have been stark: 434 new virus cases were reported in the county among nursing-home health care workers during the week of Nov. 29, but for the week of Feb. 14, there were 10 cases, according to county data.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The same has happened with the county’s health care workers in general: New cases fell to 69 for the week of Feb. 14, from more than 1,800 cases during the week of Nov. 29, the county said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“High rates of vaccination are correlated with the lowest rates of cases and deaths among health care workers at nursing homes,” the county public health department wrote in a statement on Monday, “and we are grateful to everyone that got vaccinated and to the teams that coordinated vaccinations at each site.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The county as a whole made major progress over the same period, with new cases overall down 71 percent. But even so, the risk of getting the virus there remains high.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">A recent survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that Los Angeles County is ahead of most of the country in getting health care workers immunized. The nationwide survey, conducted between Feb. 15 and Feb. 23, found that 54 percent of health care workers had already received at least one dose of vaccine by then, and 10 percent more said they planned to get a shot as soon as they could. Some 15 percent said they would “definitely not” get the vaccine.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-6772270506875328902021-03-03T19:31:00.003+00:002021-03-03T19:31:23.673+00:00How Exercise Enhances Aging Brains<div><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/02/well/00well-physed-brain/00well-physed-brain-facebookJumbo-v2.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>
<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">Sedentary, older adults who took aerobic dance classes twice a week showed improvements in brain areas critical for memory and thinking.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Exercise can change how crucial portions of our brain communicate as we age, improving aspects of thinking and remembering, according to a fascinating new study of aging brains and aerobic workouts. The study, which involved older African-Americans, finds that unconnected portions of the brain’s memory center start interacting in complex and healthier new ways after regular exercise, sharpening memory function.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The findings expand our understanding of how moving molds thinking and also underscore the importance of staying active, whatever our age.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The idea that physical activity improves brain health is well established by now. Experiments involving animals and people show exercise increases neurons in the hippocampus, which is essential for memory creation and storage, while also improving thinking skills. In older people, regular physical activity helps slow the usual loss of brain volume, which may help to prevent age-related memory loss and possibly lower the risk of dementia.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">There have been hints, too, that exercise can alter how far-flung parts of the brain talk among themselves. In a 2016 M.R.I. study, for instance, researchers found that disparate parts of the brain light up at the same time among collegiate runners but less so among sedentary students. This paired brain activity is believed to be a form of communication, allowing parts of the brain to work together and improve thinking skills, despite not sharing a physical connection. In the runners, the synchronized portions related to attention, decision making and working memory, suggesting that running and fitness might have contributed to keener minds.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But those students were young and healthy, facing scant imminent threat of memory loss. Little was known yet about whether and how exercise might alter the communications systems of creakier, older brains and what effects, if any, the rewiring would have on thinking.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">So, for the new study, which was published in January in Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Mark Gluck, a professor of neuroscience at Rutgers University in Newark, N.J., and his colleagues decided to see what happened inside the brains and minds of much older people if they began to work out.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In particular, he wondered about their medial temporal lobes. This portion of the brain contains the hippocampus and is the core of our memory center. Unfortunately, its inner workings often begin to sputter with age, leading to declines in thinking and memory. But Dr. Gluck suspected that exercise might alter that trajectory.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Helpfully, as the director of the Aging & Brain Health Alliance at Rutgers, he already was leading an ongoing exercise experiment. Working with local churches and community centers, he and his collaborators previously had recruited sedentary, older African-American men and women from the Newark area. The volunteers, most of them in their 60s, visited Dr. Gluck’s lab for checks of their health and fitness, along with cognitive testing. A few also agreed to have their brain activity scanned.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Some then started working out, while others opted to be a sedentary control group. All shared similar fitness and memory function at the start. The exercise group attended hourlong aerobic dance classes twice a week at a church or community center for 20 weeks.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Now, Dr. Gluck and his research associate Neha Sinha, along with other colleagues, invited 34 of those volunteers who had completed an earlier brain scan to return for another. Seventeen of them had been exercising in the meantime; the rest had not. The groups also repeated the cognitive tests.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Then the scientists started comparing and quickly noticed subtle differences in how the exercisers’ brains operated. Their scans showed more-synchronized activity throughout their medial temporal lobes than among the sedentary group, and this activity was more dynamic. Portions of the exercisers’ lobes would light up together and then, within seconds, realign and light up with other sections of the lobe. Such promiscuous synchronizing indicates a kind of youthful flexibility in the brain, Dr. Gluck says, as if the circuits were smoothly trading dance partners at a ball. The exercisers’ brains would “flexibly rearrange their connections,” he says, in a way that the sedentary group’s brains could not.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Just as important, those changes played out in people’s thinking and memories. The exercisers performed better than before on a test of their ability to learn and retain information and apply it logically in new situations. This kind of agile thinking involves the medial temporal lobe, Dr. Gluck says, and tends to decline with age. But the older exercisers scored higher than at the start, and those whose brains displayed the most new interconnections now outperformed the rest.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">This study involved older African-Americans, though, a group that is underrepresented in health research but may not be representative of all aging people. Still, even with that caveat, “it seems that neural flexibility” gained by exercising a few times a week “leads directly to memory flexibility,” Dr. Gluck says.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-64617253105085436722021-03-03T19:31:00.001+00:002021-03-03T19:31:22.195+00:00In L.A. County, Covid Is Hitting Black and Latino Residents Hardest<p class="g-body">With more than 10 million residents, Los Angeles County is the most-populous county in the United States. It is a world of extremes, with multimillion-dollar mansions at one end and cramped apartments housing multiple generations of the same family at the other. As the coronavirus once again tightened its grip around the region late last fall, it struck with stark precision the county’s poorest and neediest residents: older Black people in South Los Angeles, Pacific Islanders in Inglewood, Latinos toiling in obscurity in essential jobs throughout the city. In the Boyle Heights neighborhood, east of downtown Los Angeles, where half of all residents live in poverty, the number of coronavirus infections in a 14-day period last month was six times as high as it was in Bel Air, one of Los Angeles’s wealthiest neighborhoods.</p>
<p class="g-body">The holidays unleashed the surge, and by Jan. 11, 10 residents in the county, on average, were testing positive for coronavirus every minute. One person was dying every eight minutes. Hospitals were overwhelmed; ambulances circled for hours, struggling to find emergency rooms that could take one more patient. That month, Barbara Ferrer, the county’s health director, called it “the worst disaster our county has experienced for decades.” But it has been an unequal one.</p>
<p class="g-body">By mid-February, the virus had killed Black residents at nearly twice the rate and Latinos at nearly three times the rate of white Angelenos. It had exposed not just a sharp racial and ethnic divide but also the longstanding neglect of people who clean homes, care for the elderly and people with disabilities, sort and deliver packages and prepare, cook and serve the food we eat. “This is a public-policy conundrum and systems failure of a whole other level because of the economic and the public-health consequences,” said Sonja Diaz, founding director of the Latino Policy & Politics Initiative at the University of California, Los Angeles. “Ultimately, we’ve failed to respond and to stop the bleeding because we’ve made decisions that either willfully or because of the lack of understanding have excluded the very populations that are critical to the state’s functioning and are also the ones that need our help the most.”</p>
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<p><span class="g-caption">Emergency medical workers resuscitating a man in cardiac arrest who likely had Covid-19.</span></p>
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<p><span class="g-caption">Victor Lopez, 34, being rushed to the hospital, where he would test positive for Covid-19 pneumonia. He died on Feb. 14, becoming the fourth person in his family to succumb to the virus.</span></p>
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<p class="g-body">Huntington Park is one of the “Gateway Cities” in southeastern Los Angeles County, a cluster of Black, brown and Asian communities that embody the pandemic’s lopsided devastation. It is the 14th-most-densely-populated city in the country, with 61,348 residents packed inside three square miles. The area is split by the 710 freeway, a congested transportation corridor for goods offloaded at the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles, the busiest container terminals in the Americas. The air is thick with pollution. The streets are full of meatpacking plants, warehouses, factories and distribution centers.</p>
<p class="g-body">Many residents are undocumented and were automatically excluded from much of the federal relief efforts. (The aid package approved by Congress in December allowed for benefits to children and spouses in mixed-status families, though children with two undocumented parents still did not qualify. President Biden’s proposed $1.9 trillion package could extend benefits to all U.S.-born children, regardless of their parents’ immigration status.) Eleni Pappas, assistant fire chief in the Los Angeles County Fire Department division that serves the area, said paramedics have responded to three times as many medical calls a day in recent months in Huntington Park and surrounding communities. They’re summoned, Pappas said, by residents who are “hard-working people that do not have the ability to stay and work from home,” who “need a paycheck every two weeks to make ends meet” and who, out of tradition, necessity or both, have “grandmothers and aunts and uncles and everybody living together to share expenses and support each other.”</p>
<p class="g-body">Cipriano Estrada most likely brought the coronavirus home from a garment factory in South Central Los Angeles, where he spent hours sewing buttons on clothes. Estrada lives in a one-bedroom apartment in Huntington Park with five other family members, and the virus soon spread to his wife, Ofelia González, and to a granddaughter and another relative. Estrada, who is 58, most likely knew about the dangers of working in the factory, but necessity outweighed risk, as it often does for people living on the fringes. Black and Latino Angelenos are overrepresented among essential workers and have been disproportionately affected by the recovery’s seesawing pattern, as the businesses that employ them have closed, reopened and closed again. “What that means is a lot of economic desperation,” said Manuel Pastor, a professor of sociology and the director of the Equity Research Institute at the University of Southern California. “People then might be willing to take on work that would be risky because they haven’t been working, or that they’re having to stand in lines to get food, or that they’re at risk of losing their dwellings because they’re not able to make rent.”</p>
<p class="g-body">Estrada and González’s youngest daughter, Violeta Estrada, who is 34, took time off from her job as a supervisor at a school cafeteria to care for her family as best as she could, giving them sips of electrolyte fluids to prevent dehydration and wrapping them in blankets when they shivered. Three masks, a face shield and disposable gloves were her sole protection.</p>
<p class="g-body">On Feb. 10, paramedics took González, feeble and breathless, to a nearby community hospital. She resembled nothing of the “hard-working little lady that never gives up,” as Violeta described her, that woman who was “always helping without asking for a favor in return.” Estrada joined González on Feb. 12; husband and wife wound up in the same hospital room, fighting for their lives.</p>
<p class="g-body">Days later, in a text message, Violeta said, “I remain strong and with a lot of faith that my parents will heal and come out of that hospital soon with God’s willing.” By late February, only her father had returned home, and the fear of the unknown was very real. Her mother was still in the hospital, on supplemental oxygen.</p>
<p class="g-body">Black and brown patients have consistently filled the beds of the Covid-19 ward at LAC+USC Medical Center. It is one of four hospitals and 26 health centers operated by the county and one the largest public hospitals in the United States, a place where doctors and nurses, schooled by the chaos of the first onslaught last spring, provide whatever help they can, in some cases prolonging life just enough so relatives can witness a loved one’s final moments. Those relatives most often appear as faces on a screen. If they are lucky, they might be there in person.</p>
<p class="g-body">María Salinas Cruz rested her hands against the glass door of her husband’s hospital room on Jan. 28 as a respiratory therapist disconnected the ventilator that kept Felipe Cruz alive. “Don’t be afraid, Felipe,” she said in Spanish as he lay dying. “Be brave, my love, brave until the last moment.” Felipe Cruz worked as an air-conditioning technician for most of his adult life, cleaning and repairing commercial and residential systems. His family is convinced that this is how the coronavirus found him. He eventually infected his wife and their three daughters, Maritza, 22; Esmeralda, 15; and Brisa, 14.</p>
<p class="g-body">Cruz didn’t have health insurance or a retirement plan. His only choice to keep his girls housed and fed was to keep working. “The whole pandemic, he worked as normal, which was something that we were grateful for, honestly, because, you know, the bills don’t stop, the rent doesn’t stop,” Maritza said. He was admitted to the medical center on Jan. 1, his 48th birthday, and clung to life for 27 days, making progress until suddenly he wasn’t.</p>
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<p><span class="g-caption">María Salinas Cruz watching as her husband’s ventilator was disconnected.</span></p>
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<p><span class="g-caption">The final moments of Felipe Cruz’s life. He was 48 and had spent 22 days in the intensive-care unit.</span></p>
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<p class="g-body">In a hospital room nearby, Gabino Tlaxcala, 74, held on, lucid as he locked eyes with a doctor and initially told her he did not want to be intubated if his lungs stopped doing their job. “Que sea lo que Dios diga,” he said afterward. Whatever God says. Tlaxcala sounded exhausted, his voice barely rising over the swish of oxygen flowing into his body. He had been a cleaner at a hotel in Beverly Hills for 18 years while providing for his wife and raising their nine children. He died on Jan. 30. What would become of his family now? What would become of Cruz’s family?</p>
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<p><span class="g-caption">Gabino Tlaxcala, 74, discussing his end-of-life care plan with a doctor. He died on Jan. 30.</span></p>
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<p class="g-body">Though the numbers of new infections and deaths have been dropping in recent weeks, the pandemic has had a profound impact on Latinos in Los Angeles County. They have been pummeled by high rates of unemployment in the hospitality and leisure industries, where many of them work; they are among those who have received the lowest number of vaccines, despite the staggering infection rates within their communities; and according to research published in February in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, their life expectancy has been reduced three to four times as much as that of white residents over the past year. The state has taken a step toward addressing these disparities, unveiling the health equity metric, a set of standards on reopening that would require counties to close the gap on coronavirus positivity rates between the most affluent and disadvantaged enclaves. “Covid-19 is a once-in-a-century pandemic,” said Diaz, of the Latino Policy & Politics Initiative. “But wildfires and natural disasters are not, income inequality is not, housing insecurity is not. How do we make the investments now that these vulnerable communities not only survive Covid-19 but thrive in recovery?”</p>
<p class="g-body">Even at the height of the surge, as the number of coronavirus cases multiplied exponentially around him, Cruz, the air-conditioning technician, never brought up the possibility of not going to work. He knew his family needed him. “For us,” Maritza said, “it was completely necessary for him to continue to work.” The weeks passed, and he held on to hope — hope that the pandemic would not last. But that is meaningless now, meaningless to a lot of families like his, because the end of the pandemic wouldn’t bring back those they have lost. “There are many daughters waiting for fathers who are not going to return, many wives waiting for husbands who are not going to return,” his wife said. She is one of them.</p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-45640353436452016962021-03-03T16:31:00.001+00:002021-03-03T16:31:13.036+00:00When I Lost My Sense of Taste to Covid, Anorexia Stepped In<div><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/02/26/well/00well-covid-anorexia/00well-covid-anorexia-facebookJumbo.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>
<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">With flavor gone, my old eating disorder came roaring back.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The day after my family and I were diagnosed with Covid-19 last September, I made myself a cup of coffee. I had been awake most of the night with chills and hoped I’d find comfort in its familiar aroma and warmth.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">I lowered my face to the surface of my mug and inhaled. Nothing. I started searching for smell wherever I could. In the bathroom, I untwisted the cap on one of my perfume bottles and couldn’t detect its jasmine fragrance. I brought a candle up to my nose, but it was scentless.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">When I sipped my coffee, all I could sense was its warmth. I started to make breakfast for my 4-year-old daughter and my 3-year-old son — maybe there I could find something with taste. I put a strawberry in my mouth and could feel its seeds but couldn’t detect its sweetness. I bit down on an almond-butter granola bar, sinking my teeth into the sadness of a reality I didn’t want to face.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">I was diagnosed with anorexia at age 12, the year after my mom died. She’d been sick with metastatic breast cancer for three years, and even when it spread to her bone marrow, her liver and her brain, I was still convinced she’d get better. It’s what my family had told me, and so I believed it to be true. Until it wasn’t.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">When she died, I felt as though life had become out of control. Pretty quickly, I realized that I could not impose order on the larger world, but I could control something that had always been in my life and always would be: food. And so began a three-year stretch of multiple hospitalizations and a 17-month-long stay at a residential treatment facility.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Now, at 35, after 20 years in recovery, I’m far better than I’d ever thought I’d be. But some days, my mind still flirts with anorexia. The disorder secretly seduces me, satisfying my affinity for control and order. It always lurks in the background and I have to make a concerted effort to keep it cornered.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Without taste, I was triggered. Anorexia beckoned me, reminding me that I could shed even more weight off my already slender frame if I skimped here and slacked there. When I would make my breakfast in the mornings after losing my taste, I’d forgo frothed milk in my coffee, opting to drink it black instead. I’d put one and a half slices of cheese on my grilled cheese sandwich instead of two and a half. I’d start to place granola on top of my yogurt, but uncomfortably familiar questions would stop me.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0"><em class="css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0">Do you really need to eat that?</em> <em class="css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0">Why waste the calories?</em></p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Without taste, food became a formality. It was merely sustenance, and so I settled for the bland, bare minimum. Chewing felt like a chore, and every bite took effort I didn’t want to expend.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">I was craving comfort. After days of not eating enough, I decided to seek it in a food that I used to love eating with my mom: ice cream. I ordered a pint of Ben and Jerry’s Glampfire Trail Mix and as soon as it arrived I dug my spoon into satisfying chunks of pretzel, chewy marshmallows and crunchy fudge-covered almonds. I couldn’t taste a thing, but I detected texture. I liked the act of digging my teeth into something that took work to chew. I liked hearing the crunch of the almonds, and swirling the softness of marshmallow in my mouth.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">I found myself relating to one of Ben & Jerry’s founders, Ben Cohen, who has very little sense of taste and no sense of smell. When he and his partner, Jerry Greenfield, were developing their signature ice cream in the 1970s, anosmia-stricken Ben advocated for chunks. He became the texture taster, the one who would determine if teeth could be satisfied even when the tongue could not. After three small spoonfuls, I put the ice cream back in the freezer, not allowing myself to have any more.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">There are often competing forces at play in my recovery; the healthy side of me that recognizes I need to eat more and wants to indulge in foods I enjoy, and the old eating disorder that tells me I shouldn’t.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The next day, family friends dropped off a homemade broccoli and cheese casserole, coloring books for my kids and a dozen bags of groceries filled with food we like to eat: cinnamon raisin bagels, red grapes, smoothie mixes and more. I wanted nothing more than to enjoy the home-cooked meal, which looked like something my mom would have made. I ate some of it, but not enough.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">As our symptoms subsided and our two-week quarantine ended, I started to see the effects of eating too little. I could see it in my slightly sunken-in cheeks, could feel it in the contours of my hip bone, could hear it in my stomach, which groaned in the dark of night. I took a photo of myself and recognized I was too thin. My husband noticed, too. He reassured me that my taste would come back, and he reminded me of how much traction I’d lose if I let myself get stuck in the setback.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Over the years, I’ve had to change my perspective on what it means to be in recovery. I used to strive for “full recovery” — a life without slip-ups or setbacks — and would always feel like I had failed whenever I faltered. Now I frame my thinking around what I call “the middle place,” that sticky space between sickness and full recovery. I make it my goal to continuously progress through that space — for myself, for my family. Recovery is about recognizing that I’m in control of my choices, even when anorexia comes knocking, pleading for another chance. During Covid, I opened the door a crack, but eventually closed it.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">My sense of taste was gone for about five weeks, and once it came back I started to regain my footing and, eventually, the pounds I had lost. Taste first showed up one morning when I was eating a banana; soon more flavors re-emerged.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">And then one Sunday afternoon, I ate creamy tomato bisque and felt and smelled and tasted every single spoonful. There was the warmth, the savory tomatoes, the bliss of basil.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">I finished the soup and was still hungry. So I got myself a generous side of crackers and Gouda cheese, which I ate with unfettered enjoyment. For the first time in five weeks, I finished that meal feeling full.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0"><strong class="css-8qgvsz ebyp5n10"><em class="css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0">If you need help with an eating disorder,</em></strong> <strong class="css-8qgvsz ebyp5n10"><em class="css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0">the National Eating Disorders Association helpline</em></strong> <strong class="css-8qgvsz ebyp5n10"><em class="css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0">can be reached at 800-931-2237. For crisis situations, text “NEDA” to 741741 to be connected with a trained volunteer at Crisis Textline.</em></strong></p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0"><em class="css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0">Mallary Tenore Tarpley</em> <em class="css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0">teaches journalism at the University of Texas at Austin, where she is the associate director of the Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas. She is writing a memoir about her childhood experiences with anorexia.</em></p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-83978520371718788502021-03-03T10:31:00.003+00:002021-03-03T10:31:41.781+00:00How to Get a Peloton-Style Workout Without Splurging<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">Don’t want to pay $1,900 for a Peloton bike, plus a subscription fee for classes? Here are ways to reduce the cost of using tech to exercise at home.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Lisa Whitney, a dietitian in Reno, Nev., came across the deal of a lifetime about two years ago. A fitness studio was going out of business and selling its equipment. She scored an indoor exercise bike for $100.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Ms. Whitney soon made some additions to the bike. She propped her iPad on the handlebars. Then she experimented with online cycling classes streamed on YouTube and on the app for Peloton, a maker of internet-connected exercise devices that offers interactive fitness classes.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Ms. Whitney had no desire to upgrade to one of Peloton’s $1,900-plus luxury exercise bikes, which include a tablet to stream classes and sensors that track your speed and heart rate. So she further modified her bike to become a do-it-yourself Peloton, buying sensors and indoor cycling shoes.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The grand total: about $300, plus a $13 monthly subscription to Peloton’s app. Not cheap, but a significant discount to what she might have paid.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I’m happy with my setup,” Ms. Whitney, 42, said. “I really don’t think upgrading would do much.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The pandemic, which has forced many gyms to shut down, has driven hordes of people to splurge on luxury items like Peloton’s bikes and treadmills so they can work out at home. Capitalizing on this trend, Apple last year released Apple Fitness Plus, an instructional fitness app that is exclusively offered to people who own an Apple Watch, which requires an iPhone to work.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But all of that can be expensive. The minimum prices of an Apple Watch and iPhone add up to $600, and Apple Fitness Plus costs $10 a month. Then to stream classes on a big-screen TV instead of a phone while you exercise, you need a streaming device such as an Apple TV, which costs about $150. The full Peloton experience is even pricier.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">With the economy in a funk, many of us are trying to tighten our spending while maintaining good health. So I experimented with how to minimize the costs of doing video-instructed workouts at home, talked to tinkerers and assessed the pros and cons.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Here’s what I learned.</p>
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<figcaption class="css-1l6g02d ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">To measure her energy output, Ms. Whitney added a sensor that tracks the bike’s rotations per minute.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Max Whittaker for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<figcaption class="css-1l6g02d ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">She also straps a heart rate monitor to her arm as part of her routine.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Max Whittaker for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<h2 class="css-ow6j0y eoo0vm40" id="link-798ff48">The Pros and Cons of Free</h2>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">To start my experiment for working out at home on the cheap, the first question I tackled was whether to subscribe to a fitness app or stream classes from YouTube for free. Both largely provide videos of instructors guiding you through workouts.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">So I bought an $8 yoga mat and a $70 pair of adjustable dumbbells and turned on my TV, which includes the YouTube app. I then subscribed to three of the most popular YouTube channels that have free content for exercising at home: Yoga With Adriene, Fitness Blender and Holly Dolke.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">One immediate downside was almost too much content — often hundreds of videos per YouTuber — making it difficult to pick a workout. Even when I finally chose a video, I learned I had to brace myself for some quality issues.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In the Yoga With Adriene channel, for instance, I selected the video “Yoga for When You Feel Dead Inside,” which felt appropriate for the time we are living in. The video looked good, but at times the instructor’s voice sounded muffled.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Production problems were more visible in the Holly Dolke channel, which has a collection of intense workouts that you can do without any equipment. When I tried the video “Muffin Top Melter,” an instructor in the background demonstrated how to do a more challenging version of each exercise, but the other instructor, in the foreground, constantly blocked her.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Then there were the ads. As I lifted weights while following a 10-minute fat-burning workout from Fitness Blender, YouTube interrupted the video to play an ad for Dawn soap. That left me holding a dumbbell above the back of my neck while I waited for the ad to end.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Those issues aside, I was able to do all of the exercises demonstrated by these YouTubers, and they left me winded and sweaty. For the cost of free, I can’t complain much. Most important, Yoga With Adriene succeeded in making me feel less dead inside.</p>
<h2 class="css-ow6j0y eoo0vm40" id="link-30da3a95">What You Get When You Pay</h2>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">To compare the free YouTube exercise videos with the paid experience, I subscribed to Peloton and Apple Fitness Plus on my Apple TV set-top box. I did workouts using both products for the last two months.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Peloton and Apple Fitness Plus addressed many of the problems plaguing the free exercise content.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">For one, workouts were organized into categories by the type of workout, including yoga, strength training and core, and then by the difficulty or duration of the workout. It took little time to choose a workout.</p>
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<figcaption class="css-1l44abu ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Peloton’s app organizes workouts by category, difficulty and duration.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Brian X. Chen</span></span></figcaption>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In both Peloton and Apple Fitness Plus, video and audio quality were very clear, and the workouts were shot at various angles to get a good look at what the instructors were doing. The bonus of Fitness Plus was that my heart rate and calories burned were displayed on both my Apple Watch and the TV screen.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In short, paying those subscriptions provided convenience and polish, which led to a more pleasant workout. I concluded that Peloton’s videos were worth paying $13 a month. And $10 a month is reasonable for Apple Fitness Plus, but only if you already have an Apple Watch and iPhone.</p>
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<figcaption class="css-1l44abu ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Apple Fitness Plus on an iPhone and Apple Watch.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Apple</span></span></figcaption>
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<h2 class="css-ow6j0y eoo0vm40" id="link-28365250">Making a D.I.Y. Peloton</h2>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">So what about exercise equipment like spin bikes? If you want the tech frills of a Peloton but don’t want to spend on the equipment, there were two main approaches.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">To go the cheapest route, you can make use of a bicycle you already have. Here’s where home tinkerers can be especially crafty and resourceful.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Take Omar Sultan, a manager at the networking company Cisco. He modified his road bike with a few add-ons: a bike trainer, which secured the rear wheel and bike frame and costs roughly $100; a $40 Wahoo cadence sensor that tracked his energy output and speed and transmitted the data to a smartphone; and a heart rate monitor that strapped around his chest, such as the $90 Polar H10. Then he used a streaming device to follow Peloton classes on his TV.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“The D.I.Y. setup is 80 percent of the way there” to a Peloton, Mr. Sultan said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The more expensive option was to buy an indoor exercise bike and use a tablet or phone to stream cycling classes via YouTube or the Peloton app, as Ms. Whitney did. The $700 IC7.9, for example, includes a cadence sensor and a holder for your tablet. You could then buy a heart rate monitor and a pair of $100 indoor cycling shoes that clip into the pedals.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But if you use your own bicycle or a modified spin bike and try Peloton’s app, you won’t be able to participate in the app’s so-called leader board, which shows a graphic of your progress compared with other Peloton users online.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">With a D.I.Y. bike, it can also be difficult to figure out how to shift gears to simulate when the instructor is telling you to turn up the resistance — like when you are pretending to ride up a hill.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Nicole Odya, a nurse practitioner in Chicago who modified a high-end indoor bike, the Keiser M3i, said there were major upsides to the D.I.Y. route. Using her own iPad, she has the flexibility to choose whatever fitness apps she wants to use, such as Zwift and mPaceLine. It also gave her the freedom to customize her bike, so she swapped out the stock pedals for better ones.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I didn’t want to be locked into their platform,” she said of Peloton.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-17216276747816634512021-03-03T10:31:00.001+00:002021-03-03T10:31:40.664+00:00How Exercise Enhances Aging Brains<div><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/03/02/well/00well-physed-brain/00well-physed-brain-facebookJumbo.jpg" class="ff-og-image-inserted" /></div>
<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">Sedentary, older adults who took aerobic dance classes twice a week showed improvements in brain areas critical for memory and thinking.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Exercise can change how crucial portions of our brain communicate as we age, improving aspects of thinking and remembering, according to a fascinating new study of aging brains and aerobic workouts. The study, which involved older African-Americans, finds that unconnected portions of the brain’s memory center start interacting in complex and healthier new ways after regular exercise, sharpening memory function.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The findings expand our understanding of how moving molds thinking and also underscore the importance of staying active, whatever our age.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The idea that physical activity improves brain health is well established by now. Experiments involving animals and people show exercise increases neurons in the hippocampus, which is essential for memory creation and storage, while also improving thinking skills. In older people, regular physical activity helps slow the usual loss of brain volume, which may help to prevent age-related memory loss and possibly lower the risk of dementia.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">There have been hints, too, that exercise can alter how far-flung parts of the brain talk among themselves. In a 2016 M.R.I. study, for instance, researchers found that disparate parts of the brain light up at the same time among collegiate runners but less so among sedentary students. This paired brain activity is believed to be a form of communication, allowing parts of the brain to work together and improve thinking skills, despite not sharing a physical connection. In the runners, the synchronized portions related to attention, decision making and working memory, suggesting that running and fitness might have contributed to keener minds.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But those students were young and healthy, facing scant imminent threat of memory loss. Little was known yet about whether and how exercise might alter the communications systems of creakier, older brains and what effects, if any, the rewiring would have on thinking.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">So, for the new study, which was published in January in Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Mark Gluck, a professor of neuroscience at Rutgers University in Newark, N.J., and his colleagues decided to see what happened inside the brains and minds of much older people if they began to work out.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In particular, he wondered about their medial temporal lobes. This portion of the brain contains the hippocampus and is the core of our memory center. Unfortunately, its inner workings often begin to sputter with age, leading to declines in thinking and memory. But Dr. Gluck suspected that exercise might alter that trajectory.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Helpfully, as the director of the Aging & Brain Health Alliance at Rutgers, he already was leading an ongoing exercise experiment. Working with local churches and community centers, he and his collaborators previously had recruited sedentary, older African-American men and women from the Newark area. The volunteers, most of them in their 60s, visited Dr. Gluck’s lab for checks of their health and fitness, along with cognitive testing. A few also agreed to have their brain activity scanned.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Some then started working out, while others opted to be a sedentary control group. All shared similar fitness and memory function at the start. The exercise group attended hourlong aerobic dance classes twice a week at a church or community center for 20 weeks.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Now, Dr. Gluck and his research associate Neha Sinha, along with other colleagues, invited 34 of those volunteers who had completed an earlier brain scan to return for another. Seventeen of them had been exercising in the meantime; the rest had not. The groups also repeated the cognitive tests.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Then the scientists started comparing and quickly noticed subtle differences in how the exercisers’ brains operated. Their scans showed more-synchronized activity throughout their medial temporal lobes than among the sedentary group, and this activity was more dynamic. Portions of the exercisers’ lobes would light up together and then, within seconds, realign and light up with other sections of the lobe. Such promiscuous synchronizing indicates a kind of youthful flexibility in the brain, Dr. Gluck says, as if the circuits were smoothly trading dance partners at a ball. The exercisers’ brains would “flexibly rearrange their connections,” he says, in a way that the sedentary group’s brains could not.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Just as important, those changes played out in people’s thinking and memories. The exercisers performed better than before on a test of their ability to learn and retain information and apply it logically in new situations. This kind of agile thinking involves the medial temporal lobe, Dr. Gluck says, and tends to decline with age. But the older exercisers scored higher than at the start, and those whose brains displayed the most new interconnections now outperformed the rest.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">This study involved older African-Americans, though, a group that is underrepresented in health research but may not be representative of all aging people. Still, even with that caveat, “it seems that neural flexibility” gained by exercising a few times a week “leads directly to memory flexibility,” Dr. Gluck says.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-33110717825189406142021-03-03T01:31:00.001+00:002021-03-03T01:31:44.914+00:00Biden Vows Enough Vaccine ‘for Every Adult American’ by End of May<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">The pharmaceutical giant Merck & Co. agreed to help manufacture Johnson & Johnson’s coronavirus vaccine, in a deal partly brokered by the White House.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">WASHINGTON — President Biden said on Tuesday that the United States was “on track” to have enough supply of coronavirus vaccines “for every adult in America by the end of May,” accelerating his effort to deliver the nation from the worst public health crisis in a century.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In a brief speech at the White House, Mr. Biden said his administration had provided support to Johnson & Johnson that would enable the company and its partners to make vaccines around the clock. The administration had also brokered a deal in which the pharmaceutical giant Merck & Co. would help manufacture the new Johnson & Johnson coronavirus vaccine.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Merck is the world’s second-largest vaccine manufacturer, though its own attempt at a coronavirus vaccine was unsuccessful. Officials described the partnership between the two competitors as historic and said it harks back to Mr. Biden’s vision of a wartime effort to fight the coronavirus, similar to the manufacturing campaigns when Franklin D. Roosevelt was president.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“As a consequence of the stepped-up process that I’ve ordered and just outlined, this country will have enough vaccine supply — I’ll say it again — for every adult in America by the end of May,” Mr. Biden said. “By the end of May. That’s progress — important progress.”</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">He also said he wanted all teachers vaccinated by the end of this month.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The president’s timetable, if it comes to pass, provides a bright light at the end of a long, dark tunnel, though he acknowledged that the nation remained in a tenuous situation. The announcement on Tuesday came days after the Food and Drug Administration gave Johnson & Johnson emergency authorization for its vaccine, which unlike the two others that are available requires just one dose.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Public health officials fear a fourth surge of the coronavirus pandemic, fueled by worrisome new variants, as states like Texas and Mississippi rush to fully reopen. While daily caseloads have undergone a steep drop since January, the decline appears to be leveling off, and top federal health officials warned governors last week against relaxing coronavirus restrictions.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“We cannot let our guard down now or assure that victory is inevitable,” Mr. Biden said. “We can’t assume that.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">He had previously said that there would be enough coronavirus vaccines for every American by the end of July. While the president’s remarks on Tuesday set a new marker against which he will be measured, his administration and his predecessor’s had already laid the groundwork to cover the 260 million eligible adults by the end of May.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Two other vaccine manufacturers, Moderna and Pfizer BioNTech, pledged last month to deliver together enough to cover 200 million Americans by that date. Johnson & Johnson’s $1 billion contract, negotiated last year when Donald J. Trump was president, calls for the company to deliver enough doses for another 87 million Americans by the end of May, which would have given the country enough vaccine for all adults 18 and older.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But Johnson & Johnson and its partners fell behind in their manufacturing. The company was supposed to deliver its first 37 million doses by the end of March, but it has said it would be able to deliver only 20 million doses by that date, which made Biden aides nervous.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In late January, Jeffrey D. Zients, Mr. Biden’s coronavirus response coordinator, and Dr. David Kessler, who is managing vaccine distribution for the White House, reached out to top officials at the company, including Alex Gorsky, its chief executive, with a blunt message: This is unacceptable.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">That led to a series of negotiations in February in which administration officials repeatedly pressured Johnson & Johnson to accept that they needed help, while urging Merck to be part of the solution, according to two administration officials who participated in the discussions.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In a statement on Tuesday, Merck said the federal government would pay it up to $269 million to adapt and make available its existing facilities to produce coronavirus vaccines. Michael T. Nally, the executive vice president of human health at Merck, said in an interview that the company had been in talks with multiple companies and governments, including officials in the former Trump administration.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“I think we all recognize that every day counts,” he said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Mr. Nally declined to provide an estimate for how many doses of vaccine the company could ultimately produce, saying only that it would be “substantial.” The expanded supply from Merck, though, is not likely to become available for months.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">One federal official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity, said other steps the administration took would move up Johnson & Johnson’s manufacturing timeline.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Those steps, said Jen Psaki, the White House press secretary, included providing a team of experts to monitor manufacturing and logistical support from the Defense Department. In addition, the president will invoke the Defense Production Act, a Korean War-era law, to give Johnson & Johnson access to supplies necessary to make and package vaccines.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Mr. Biden said he would also invoke the law to help Merck retrofit one of two manufacturing plants that would be used in the production process.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Vaccine manufacturing is a notoriously finicky and unpredictable process, especially in the early stages. Merck makes vaccines for 11 of the 17 diseases on the federal government’s immunization roster — including measles, mumps, rubella and chickenpox — and the company has been searching for a role to play in the coronavirus program for nearly a year.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“The only party that really understood vaccine manufacturing and had a stellar record of it is now having to be brought in to manufacture someone else’s vaccine,” said Steve Brozak, the president and managing director of WBB Securities, which invests in companies that focus on infectious diseases.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Trump and Biden administration officials had explored enlisting Merck’s help in manufacturing vaccines developed by other companies. Federal officials said talks about a possible partnership between Merck and Johnson & Johnson had been underway for months. But Ms. Psaki said the Biden White House deserved credit for getting the deal “across the finish line.”</p>
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<figcaption class="css-1l44abu ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Merck’s campus in New Jersey in 2018. The company is the world’s second-largest vaccine manufacturer.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Brendan Mcdermid/Reuters</span></span></figcaption>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The arrangement is not without precedent. Johnson & Johnson signed a deal late last month with the French manufacturer Sanofi, which is also developing a coronavirus vaccine, to help fill and pack the Johnson & Johnson vaccines in Europe. Sanofi and the Swiss pharmaceutical giant Novartis have also signed deals with Pfizer to help manufacture its vaccine in Europe.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“This is a type of collaboration between companies we saw in World War II,” Mr. Biden said at the White House. He thanked Merck and Johnson & Johnson for “stepping up and being good corporate citizens during this crisis.”</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Under the agreement, Merck will dedicate two of its facilities to production of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">One will provide “fill-finish,” the final phase of the manufacturing process during which the vaccine is placed in vials and packaged for shipping. The other will make the “drug substance”: the vaccine itself.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Mr. Biden has already committed to purchasing a total of 600 million doses — enough for every American — of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, and said those doses would be available by the end of July.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">If Johnson & Johnson shipments come in later, and the United States ends up with a surplus, the administration could sell or donate doses to other countries where supply is scarce. That would be in keeping with Mr. Biden’s publicly stated commitment for the United States to take a stronger leadership role in fighting the pandemic.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But giving away vaccines too quickly, before all Americans have access, would carry a substantial political risk. Ms. Psaki said the president’s current priority was to vaccinate all Americans.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">After that, she said, “of course we want the global community to be vaccinated. That makes us all safer.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The pace of the nation’s vaccination effort has been steadily accelerating. As of Tuesday, about 51.7 million people had received at least one dose of a coronavirus vaccine, including about 26.1 million people — about 8 percent of Americans ages 18 or older — who have been fully vaccinated, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Pfizer’s and Moderna’s vaccines both require more stringent storage conditions than Johnson & Johnson’s, which can also keep for three months at normal refrigeration temperatures, making it easier to distribute and easier for pharmacies and clinics to stock. At $10 a dose, it is also cheaper than the other two.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">This week, states will receive 3.9 million Johnson & Johnson doses that were manufactured at a Dutch plant and bottled in Grand Rapids, Mich. Johnson & Johnson is expected to mass produce the vaccine at a new plant in Baltimore that is operated by a company called Emergent BioSolutions. Catalent, a pharmaceutical company, will bottle the doses in Indiana.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The Food and Drug Administration’s authorization for emergency use, granted late Saturday, covered the Dutch production lines and the Grand Rapids bottling operation. In about two weeks, federal regulators are expected to decide whether to amend that authorization to include the plants in Baltimore and Indiana, according to two people familiar with Johnson & Johnson’s operations who were not authorized to speak publicly.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">At least until then, they said, supply would be uneven and limited.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">If all the anticipated doses come through, the United States could have a glut of vaccines by the summer. In the next few weeks, Moderna is expected to submit a formal proposal to the Food and Drug Administration to put as much as 50 percent more vaccine into each of its vials, a simple and comparatively quick way to bolster supply. In behind-the-scenes discussions with the company, the F.D.A. has recommended an increase of up to 40 percent.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">On the other hand, the nation’s needs could rise. The emergence of worrisome variants of the virus could require booster shots for those who have already been vaccinated. And federal health officials are hoping that continuing tests will show the vaccines are safe for children, which will mean tens of millions of more shots are needed.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Regardless of how the additional supply of vaccines is used, shoring up manufacturing for the long term is a smart move, Mr. Brozak said. “This is going to be a long and rugged war,” he said. “You’ve got to be prepared, not just for the next iteration, but the next-next iteration.”</p>
<p class="css-pncxxs etfikam0">Noah Weiland contributed reporting.</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-20289562051984504462021-03-02T22:31:00.001+00:002021-03-02T22:31:09.488+00:00In L.A. County, Covid Is Hitting Black and Latino Residents Hardest<p class="g-body">With more than 10 million residents, Los Angeles County is the most-populous county in the United States. It is a world of extremes, with multimillion-dollar mansions at one end and cramped apartments housing multiple generations of the same family at the other. As the coronavirus once again tightened its grip around the region late last fall, it struck with stark precision the county’s poorest and neediest residents: older Black people in South Los Angeles, Pacific Islanders in Inglewood, Latinos toiling in obscurity in essential jobs throughout the city. In the Boyle Heights neighborhood, east of downtown Los Angeles, where half of all residents live in poverty, the number of coronavirus infections in a 14-day period last month was six times as high as it was in Bel Air, one of Los Angeles’s wealthiest neighborhoods.</p>
<p class="g-body">The holidays unleashed the surge, and by Jan. 11, 10 residents in the county, on average, were testing positive for coronavirus every minute. One person was dying every eight minutes. Hospitals were overwhelmed; ambulances circled for hours, struggling to find emergency rooms that could take one more patient. That month, Barbara Ferrer, the county’s health director, called it “the worst disaster our county has experienced for decades.” But it has been an unequal one.</p>
<p class="g-body">By mid-February, the virus had killed Black residents at nearly twice the rate and Latinos at nearly three times the rate of white Angelenos. It had exposed not just a sharp racial and ethnic divide but also the longstanding neglect of people who clean homes, care for the elderly and people with disabilities, sort and deliver packages and prepare, cook and serve the food we eat. “This is a public-policy conundrum and systems failure of a whole other level because of the economic and the public-health consequences,” said Sonja Diaz, founding director of the Latino Policy & Politics Initiative at the University of California, Los Angeles. “Ultimately, we’ve failed to respond and to stop the bleeding because we’ve made decisions that either willfully or because of the lack of understanding have excluded the very populations that are critical to the state’s functioning and are also the ones that need our help the most.”</p>
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<p><span class="g-caption">Emergency medical workers resuscitating a man in cardiac arrest who likely had Covid-19.</span></p>
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<p><span class="g-caption">Victor Lopez, 34, being rushed to the hospital, where he would test positive for Covid-19 pneumonia. He died on Feb. 14, becoming the fourth person in his family to succumb to the virus.</span></p>
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<p class="g-body">Huntington Park is one of the “Gateway Cities” in southeastern Los Angeles County, a cluster of Black, brown and Asian communities that embody the pandemic’s lopsided devastation. It is the 14th-most-densely-populated city in the country, with 61,348 residents packed inside three square miles. The area is split by the 710 freeway, a congested transportation corridor for goods offloaded at the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles, the busiest container terminals in the Americas. The air is thick with pollution. The streets are full of meatpacking plants, warehouses, factories and distribution centers.</p>
<p class="g-body">Many residents are undocumented and were automatically excluded from much of the federal relief efforts. (The aid package approved by Congress in December allowed for benefits to children and spouses in mixed-status families, though children with two undocumented parents still did not qualify. President Biden’s proposed $1.9 trillion package could extend benefits to all U.S.-born children, regardless of their parents’ immigration status.) Eleni Pappas, assistant fire chief in the Los Angeles County Fire Department division that serves the area, said paramedics have responded to three times as many medical calls a day in recent months in Huntington Park and surrounding communities. They’re summoned, Pappas said, by residents who are “hard-working people that do not have the ability to stay and work from home,” who “need a paycheck every two weeks to make ends meet” and who, out of tradition, necessity or both, have “grandmothers and aunts and uncles and everybody living together to share expenses and support each other.”</p>
<p class="g-body">Cipriano Estrada most likely brought the coronavirus home from a garment factory in South Central Los Angeles, where he spent hours sewing buttons on clothes. Estrada lives in a one-bedroom apartment in Huntington Park with five other family members, and the virus soon spread to his wife, Ofelia González, and to a granddaughter and another relative. Estrada, who is 58, most likely knew about the dangers of working in the factory, but necessity outweighed risk, as it often does for people living on the fringes. Black and Latino Angelenos are overrepresented among essential workers and have been disproportionately affected by the recovery’s seesawing pattern, as the businesses that employ them have closed, reopened and closed again. “What that means is a lot of economic desperation,” said Manuel Pastor, a professor of sociology and the director of the Equity Research Institute at the University of Southern California. “People then might be willing to take on work that would be risky because they haven’t been working, or that they’re having to stand in lines to get food, or that they’re at risk of losing their dwellings because they’re not able to make rent.”</p>
<p class="g-body">Estrada and González’s youngest daughter, Violeta Estrada, who is 34, took time off from her job as a supervisor at a school cafeteria to care for her family as best as she could, giving them sips of electrolyte fluids to prevent dehydration and wrapping them in blankets when they shivered. Three masks, a face shield and disposable gloves were her sole protection.</p>
<p class="g-body">On Feb. 10, paramedics took González, feeble and breathless, to a nearby community hospital. She resembled nothing of the “hard-working little lady that never gives up,” as Violeta described her, that woman who was “always helping without asking for a favor in return.” Estrada joined González on Feb. 12; husband and wife wound up in the same hospital room, fighting for their lives.</p>
<p class="g-body">Days later, in a text message, Violeta said, “I remain strong and with a lot of faith that my parents will heal and come out of that hospital soon with God’s willing.” By late February, only her father had returned home, and the fear of the unknown was very real. Her mother was still in the hospital, on supplemental oxygen.</p>
<p class="g-body">Black and brown patients have consistently filled the beds of the Covid-19 ward at LAC+USC Medical Center. It is one of four hospitals and 26 health centers operated by the county and one the largest public hospitals in the United States, a place where doctors and nurses, schooled by the chaos of the first onslaught last spring, provide whatever help they can, in some cases prolonging life just enough so relatives can witness a loved one’s final moments. Those relatives most often appear as faces on a screen. If they are lucky, they might be there in person.</p>
<p class="g-body">María Salinas Cruz rested her hands against the glass door of her husband’s hospital room on Jan. 28 as a respiratory therapist disconnected the ventilator that kept Felipe Cruz alive. “Don’t be afraid, Felipe,” she said in Spanish as he lay dying. “Be brave, my love, brave until the last moment.” Felipe Cruz worked as an air-conditioning technician for most of his adult life, cleaning and repairing commercial and residential systems. His family is convinced that this is how the coronavirus found him. He eventually infected his wife and their three daughters, Maritza, 22; Esmeralda, 15; and Brisa, 14.</p>
<p class="g-body">Cruz didn’t have health insurance or a retirement plan. His only choice to keep his girls housed and fed was to keep working. “The whole pandemic, he worked as normal, which was something that we were grateful for, honestly, because, you know, the bills don’t stop, the rent doesn’t stop,” Maritza said. He was admitted to the medical center on Jan. 1, his 48th birthday, and clung to life for 27 days, making progress until suddenly he wasn’t.</p>
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<p><span class="g-caption">María Salinas Cruz watching as her husband’s ventilator was disconnected.</span></p>
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<p><span class="g-caption">The final moments of Felipe Cruz’s life. He was 48 and had spent 22 days in the intensive-care unit.</span></p>
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<p class="g-body">In a hospital room nearby, Gabino Tlaxcala, 74, held on, lucid as he locked eyes with a doctor and initially told her he did not want to be intubated if his lungs stopped doing their job. “Que sea lo que Dios diga,” he said afterward. Whatever God says. Tlaxcala sounded exhausted, his voice barely rising over the swish of oxygen flowing into his body. He had been a cleaner at a hotel in Beverly Hills for 18 years while providing for his wife and raising their nine children. He died on Jan. 30. What would become of his family now? What would become of Cruz’s family?</p>
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<p><span class="g-caption">Gabino Tlaxcala, 74, discussing his end-of-life care plan with a doctor. He died on Jan. 30.</span></p>
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<p class="g-body">Though the numbers of new infections and deaths have been dropping in recent weeks, the pandemic has had a profound impact on Latinos in Los Angeles County. They have been pummeled by high rates of unemployment in the hospitality and leisure industries, where many of them work; they are among those who have received the lowest number of vaccines, despite the staggering infection rates within their communities; and according to research published in February in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, their life expectancy has been reduced three to four times as much as that of white residents over the past year. The state has taken a step toward addressing these disparities, unveiling the health equity metric, a set of standards on reopening that would require counties to close the gap on coronavirus positivity rates between the most affluent and disadvantaged enclaves. “Covid-19 is a once-in-a-century pandemic,” said Diaz, of the Latino Policy & Politics Initiative. “But wildfires and natural disasters are not, income inequality is not, housing insecurity is not. How do we make the investments now that these vulnerable communities not only survive Covid-19 but thrive in recovery?”</p>
<p class="g-body">Even at the height of the surge, as the number of coronavirus cases multiplied exponentially around him, Cruz, the air-conditioning technician, never brought up the possibility of not going to work. He knew his family needed him. “For us,” Maritza said, “it was completely necessary for him to continue to work.” The weeks passed, and he held on to hope — hope that the pandemic would not last. But that is meaningless now, meaningless to a lot of families like his, because the end of the pandemic wouldn’t bring back those they have lost. “There are many daughters waiting for fathers who are not going to return, many wives waiting for husbands who are not going to return,” his wife said. She is one of them.</p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5187934910131307065.post-3841238889676520962021-03-02T16:31:00.001+00:002021-03-02T16:31:43.963+00:00How Do Virus Variants Get Their Names?<p id="article-summary" class="css-w6ymp8 e1wiw3jv0">B.1.351 may sound sweet to a molecular epidemiologist, but what’s the alternative, other than stigmatizing geographical names?</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">20H/501Y.V2.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">VOC 202012/02.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">B.1.351.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Those were the charming names scientists proposed for a new variant of the coronavirus that was identified in South Africa. The convoluted strings of letters, numbers and dots are deeply meaningful for the scientists who devised them, but how was anyone else supposed to keep them straight? Even the easiest to remember, B.1.351, refers to an entirely different lineage of the virus if a single dot is missed or misplaced.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The naming conventions for viruses were fine as long as variants remained esoteric topics of research. But they are now the source of anxiety for billions of people. They need names that roll off the tongue, without stigmatizing the people or places associated with them.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“What’s challenging is coming up with names that are distinct, that are informative, that don’t involve geographic references and that are kind of pronounceable and memorable,” said Emma Hodcroft, a molecular epidemiologist at the University of Bern in Switzerland. “It sounds kind of simple, but it’s actually a really big ask to try and convey all of this information.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The solution, she and other experts said, is to come up with a single system for everyone to use but to link it to the more technical ones scientists rely on. The World Health Organization has convened a working group of a few dozen experts to devise a straightforward and scalable way to do this.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“This new system will assign variants of concern a name that is easy to pronounce and recall and will also minimize unnecessary negative effects on nations, economies and people,” the W.H.O. said in a statement. “The proposal for this mechanism is currently undergoing internal and external partner review before finalization.”</p>
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<figcaption class="css-1l44abu ewdxa0s0"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-16f3y1r e13ogyst0">Prof. Tulio de Oliveira collected samples in January from a hospital in Durban, South Africa. “We have to come up with a system that not only evolutionary biologists can understand,” he said.</span><span class="css-cnj6d5 e1z0qqy90"><span>Joao Silva/The New York Times</span></span></figcaption>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The W.H.O.’s leading candidate so far, according to two members of the working group, is disarmingly simple: numbering the variants in the order in which they were identified — V1, V2, V3 and so on.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“There are thousands and thousands of variants that exist, and we need some way to label them,” said Trevor Bedford, an evolutionary biologist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle and a member of the working group.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Naming diseases was not always so complicated. Syphilis, for example, is drawn from a 1530 poem in which a shepherd, Syphilus, is cursed by the god Apollo. But the compound microscope, invented around 1600, opened up a hidden world of microbes, allowing scientists to start naming them after their shapes, said Richard Barnett, a historian of science in Britain.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Still, racism and imperialism infiltrated disease names. In the 1800s, as cholera spread from the Indian subcontinent to Europe, British newspapers began calling it “Indian cholera,” depicting the disease as a figure in a turban and robes.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“Naming can very often reflect and extend a stigma,” Dr. Barnett said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">In 2015, the W.H.O. issued best practices for naming diseases: avoiding geographic locations or people’s names, species of animal or food, and terms that incite undue fear, like “fatal” and “epidemic.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Scientists rely on at least three competing systems of nomenclature — Gisaid, Pango and Nextstrain — each of which makes sense in its own world.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“You can’t track something you can’t name,” said Oliver Pybus, an Oxford evolutionary biologist who helped design the Pango system.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Scientists name variants when changes in the genome coincide with new outbreaks, but they draw attention to them only if there is a change in their behavior — if they transmit more easily, for instance (B.1.1.7, the variant first seen in Britain), or if they at least partly sidestep the immune response (B.1.351, the variant detected in South Africa).</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Encoded in the jumbled letters and digits are clues about the variant’s ancestry: The “B.1,” for instance, denotes that those variants are related to the outbreak in Italy last spring. (Once the hierarchy of variants becomes too deep to accommodate another number and dot, newer ones are given the next letter available alphabetically.)</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But when scientists announced that a variant called B.1.315 — two digits removed from the variant first seen in South Africa — was spreading in the United States, South Africa’s health minister “got quite confused” between that and B.1.351, said Tulio de Oliveira, a geneticist at the Nelson Mandela School of Medicine in Durban and a member of the W.H.O.’s working group.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“We have to come up with a system that not only evolutionary biologists can understand,” he said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">With no easy alternatives at hand, people have resorted to calling B.1.351 “the South African variant.” But Dr. de Oliveira pleaded with his colleagues to avoid the term. (Look no further than the origins of this very virus: Calling it the “China virus” or the “Wuhan virus” fed into xenophobia and aggression against people of East Asian origin all over the world.)</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The potential harms are grave enough to have dissuaded some countries from coming forward when a new pathogen is detected within their borders. Geographical names also quickly become obsolete: B.1.351 is in 48 countries now, so calling it the South African variant is absurd, Dr. de Oliveira added.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">And the practice could distort science. It is not entirely clear that the variant arose in South Africa: It was identified there in large part thanks to the diligence of South African scientists, but branding it as that country’s variant could mislead other researchers into overlooking its possible path into South Africa from another country that was sequencing fewer coronavirus genomes.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Over the past few weeks, proposing a new system has become something of a spectator sport. A few of the suggestions for name inspiration: hurricanes, Greek letters, birds, other animal names like red squirrel or aardvark, and local monsters.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Áine O’Toole, a doctoral student at the University of Edinburgh who is part of the Pango team, suggested colors to indicate how different constellations of mutations were related.</p>
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<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“You could end up with dusty pink or magenta or fuchsia,” she said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Sometimes, identifying a new variant by its characteristic mutation can be enough, especially when the mutations gain whimsical names. Last spring, Ms. O’Toole and her collaborators began calling D614G, one of the earliest known mutations, “Doug.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“We’d sort of not had a huge amount of human interaction,” she said. “This was our idea of humor in lockdown No. 1.”</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Other nicknames followed: “Nelly” for N501Y, a common thread in many new variants of concern, and “Eeek” for E484K, a mutation thought to make the virus less susceptible to vaccines.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">But Eeek has emerged in multiple variants worldwide simultaneously, underscoring the need for variants to have distinct names.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">The numbering system the W.H.O. is considering is straightforward. But any new names will have to overcome the ease and simplicity of geographic labels for the general public. And scientists will need to strike a balance between labeling a variant quickly enough to forestall geographical names and cautiously enough that they do not wind up giving names to insignificant variants.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“What I don’t want is a system where we have this long list of variants that all have W.H.O. names, but really only three of them are important and the other 17 are not important,” Dr. Bedford said.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">Whatever the final system is, it also will need to be accepted by different groups of scientists as well as the general public.</p>
<p class="css-axufdj evys1bk0">“Unless one really does become the kind of lingua franca, that will make things more confusing,” Dr. Hodcroft said. “If you don’t come up with something that people can say and type easily, and remember easily, they will just go back to using the geographic name.”</p>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer"><a href="https://blog.viviennebalonwu.com/">Health news blog</a>, publishing latest health, medical, fitness and wellness news. This is the health news blog of <a href="https://www.viviennebalonwu.com/">Dr Vivienne Balonwu</a>.</div>Health & Medical Reviews and Newshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16677976396138703131noreply@blogger.com0