When we feel overwhelmed, we tend to retreat within ourselves like a cocoon to heal and grow, similar to how a butterfly undergoes significant change. This is a time when we need to focus on ourselves and withdraw from the outside world to protect ourselves from potential dangers beyond our control.

This period of isolation allows us to reflect on our past, both emotionally and physically, and strengthen our connection with our true selves. However, we need to be careful not to lose sight of important relationships or become overwhelmed by fear and uncertainty about making the right choices.

By taking the necessary steps to maintain our sense of belonging and purpose, we can emerge from our Cocoon as fully transformed individuals, ready to soar to new heights.

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During times of uncertainty, fear tends to rise to the surface. It's natural for individuals to seek comfort in the familiar. Still, some may find themselves stuck and afraid to embrace change.

This fear can hinder them from exploring new opportunities and breaking free from their metaphorical Cocoon. It's important to remember that change can be daunting but can also lead to growth and exciting possibilities.

Don't allow fear to hold you back from discovering what the future has in store. Take a chance and embrace the unknown, which may lead to a brighter tomorrow.

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Once we conquer the fear and embrace the change, we start the Imaginal Cell phase; here, we are allowed to deeply reflect on our past experiences and put them into a meaningful perspective.

As we embark upon this pivotal moment, we may feel compelled to seek new opportunities and move forward with a newfound purpose. It's a time when we must challenge ourselves to unearth our hidden traits and push ourselves to reach new levels of personal growth.

We exist in two worlds simultaneously - the old and the new - both of which hold boundless possibilities for our future. This stage of transformation is a time of significant change.

As we navigate it, we must proceed with intention and care. By embracing this moment with courage and an open heart, we can embark on a new journey towards our desired future.

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As we evolve into the next stage with a better understanding of who we are, we must maintain honesty with ourselves. It is an essential component of self-awareness, enabling us to understand and accept our true selves, free from the influence of our actions and behaviours.

This heightened self-awareness provides a deeper understanding of the value and purpose behind our daily routines, allowing us to fully appreciate our lives impact as they evolve and transform into something truly remarkable at stage four of our evolution.

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As we go through the next stage of the transition, we begin to discover a new version of ourselves and start to take a pulse. We see things differently and develop new interests and goals. It's essential to trust the process and let go of control during times of change.

This allows us to become more self-aware and overcome obstacles that may have held us back in the past. The experience can be powerful and transformative, but it requires us to be open to new challenges and let go of the familiar.

Even though the journey may be difficult, the benefits of personal growth and transformation are priceless and definitely worth the effort.

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As we gradually emerge from our Cocoon. Our gradual adaptation to our new form is accompanied by acquiring new abilities and skills that enable us to navigate our environment more efficiently.

It is an evolutionary process that requires patience, determination, and a deep understanding of ourselves and our surroundings. As we progress on this path of metamorphosis, we gain a more profound appreciation of our unique characteristics and create our most authentic selves.

This journey of personal growth is an essential part of our human experience, allowing us to unlock our full potential and create something extraordinary and beautiful.

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As we move into a new phase of our lives, we feel reborn with confidence and a thirst for new opportunities.

This is an excellent time for us to acknowledge and accept our individual qualities, let go of our past identities, and explore who we truly are.

This change allows us to be open to new experiences and adapt to change, helping us become the best possible version of ourselves.

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As humans, we go through a final phase of transformation, much like a butterfly that sheds its outer shell. This requires trust in the changes we experience, letting go of things that no longer serve us, and breaking free from societal expectations and personal conditioning that once held us back.

Although this process may be daunting and take time to adjust, every beat of our wings brings us closer to understanding the world and embracing a new life.

Through this journey, we learn to trust ourselves and our abilities to navigate the challenges that come our way, ultimately emerging as a stronger and more resilient version of ourselves.

Like a butterfly shedding its outer shell, we, too, need to trust in the changes we undergo, leading us towards a fulfilling and authentic life.

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Cocoon - A Journey of Self Discovery

Sharing is Caring

When I was younger, I was determined to find a balance that would bring me mental and physical happiness. Although I've faced challenges and made mistakes, I've always tried to focus on the positives. In today's world, it's more important than ever to spread love instead of hate.

While searching for balance, I discovered the Seven Chakras: Root, Sacral, Solar Plexus, Heart, Throat, Third Eye, and Crown. Each Chakra has its unique attributes that, when activated correctly, can contribute to a more balanced and healthier lifestyle.

When I initially set out to create The Spiritual Awakening, a piece of digital art, I wanted to incorporate the chakras to represent the connection between the earth and the spirit during meditation. Despite being unsatisfied with the initial design, which featured flat and unremarkable vectors created using Adobe Illustrator, I continued to work on it by experimenting with various textures and backgrounds in Photoshop. After many attempts, I ultimately returned to Illustrator to utilise its new 3D features, which improved the chakras beyond my expectations. You can still find the original chakras in The Spiritual Awakening, which has since gone viral on Pinterest and become one of my best-selling prints.

*This blog is not intended to teach spiritual practices, such as unblocking chakras or following a spiritual guide. I am not a spiritual master or guru. Instead, I focus on sharing my artwork's symbolism and significance.

What is a Chakra?

Translated from Sanskrit, the term means ‘Wheel’ or ‘Disk’. These ‘wheels’ are said to be spinning wheels aligned in the centre of the body, starting from the base of your spine to the crown of your head, regulating all parts of the bodily system, influencing everything from emotional processing to resistance to disease.

I read there are 114 different chakras located somewhere outside of the body, but for this blog, I will stick to the primary seven; feel free to do some research on the 114 chakras. I would love to hear your results.

Root Chakra - The First Chakra

The Muladhara Chakra, also known as the root base or foundation, is located at the bottom of the spine and provides a grounding connection to the earth. When this Chakra is open, it creates a sense of physical and emotional stability. It is depicted as a red lotus flower with four petals, a square, and an inverted triangle, with the mantra LAM at its centre.

The Root chakra holds significant meaning. It is associated with red, symbolising energy, awakening, movement, and evolution. Specifically, in the root chakra, red resembles the dawn and represents the transition from a passive state to active awareness.

The lotus flower that represents the root chakra has four petals, each representing a vital aspect of the human psyche: mind (Manas), intellect (Buddhi), consciousness (Chitta), and ego (Ahamkara). The square shape is a stable structure that provides a foundation for the other chakras to rest upon.

The inverted triangle symbolises the seeding of consciousness into the root chakra, where it flourishes and grows like the roots of a tree.

By chanting the LAM Mantra, one can open up their prosperity, belongings, and feelings and awaken the Root Chakra.

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The Sacral Chakra - The Second Chakra

The Svadhishthana Chakra, located in the lower abdomen, represents the self and is associated with water. This Chakra signifies fluidity, flow, movement, and liveliness. Its symbol is an orange lotus with six petals, with a crescent moon shape formed by two circles at its centre. The mantra VAM is written at the centre of the lotus.

The Sacral Chakra is represented by orange, symbolising activity, aliveness, and pure energy. Buddhist monks often wear this colour.

The Chakra's six petals signify six qualities that must be overcome to purify it: anger, hatred, jealousy, cruelty, desire, and pride.

The circles in the Chakra symbolise cycles, with the first representing the sun and the second representing the moon, forming the well-known lunar phase symbol. These cycles signify constant movement and lasting change.

The VAM Mantra is associated with sexuality, sensuality, and the desire for pleasure. It helps awaken the Sacral Chakra.

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The Solar Plexus Chakra - The Third Chakra

The Manipura Chakra, also known as the City of Jewels, is connected to the sun and fire element. Located in the upper abdomen, it symbolises energy, power, will, and determination. It is represented by a yellow lotus with ten petals and an inverted triangle featuring the RAM Mantra at its centre.

The Solar Plexus Chakra holds great significance and is associated with the colour yellow. Yellow is associated with fire and the sun, symbolising energy. In Hinduism, yellow is seen as a symbol of meditation, competence, and mental development.

The Solar Plexus Chakra has ten petals, which represent the ten forms of subtle energy used by the human body, known as ten pranas. When open, the petals act as a magnet, attracting energy from the cosmos and making it usable for the human body. Alternatively, some traditions believe that the petals represent ten blocking qualities that must be overcome to open the Chakra fully - sadness, foolishness, delusion, disgust, fear, shame, betrayal, jealousy, ambition, and ignorance.

The Solar Plexus Chakra is also represented by an inverted triangle associated with radiant energy. This is unlike the root chakra, which symbolises the seeding of consciousness. The Solar Plexus Chakra attracts energy like a magnet from the cosmos and pushes it down to the lower chakras.

The RAM Symbol is also vital as it controls one's destiny and awakens the Solar Plexus Chakra, making one feel powerful.

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The Heart Chakra - The Fourth Chakra

The Anahata Chakra is a term used to represent the concept of being unstruck, unbeaten, and unhurt. It is situated at the centre of the chest, just above the heart. This Chakra is linked to the air element, love, relationship, connection, and compassion. It is represented by a green lotus with twelve petals and a six-pointed star in the centre. The Mantra YAM is written in the middle of the Chakra. The Heart Chakra, as it is often referred to, is always untouched at its deepest core, remaining in eternal love and peace despite the negative aspects of daily life and the pursuit of a perfect world. It is also associated with the heart as its source.

The Heart Chakra holds significant meaning and is associated with the colour green, representing life and nature and evoking feelings of peace and happiness.

The Twelve-Petaled Lotus symbolises twelve divine qualities of the heart, including love, empathy, and forgiveness, or twelve qualities that block it, such as arrogance and discrimination.

The Six-Pointed Star, made of two triangles, represents the Heart Chakra's centre, balancing spiritual and physical energies.

The YAM Symbol, through its mantra, can awaken the Heart Chakra, bringing inner peace, love, and compassion.

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The Throat Chakra - The Fifth Chakra

The Vishuddha Chakra, located in the throat, is associated with the element of ether and symbolises communication, authenticity, and purification. Its name, Vishuddha, translates to "impurity, poison purify (the purifier)" due to the energy known as Udana Prana, which helps rid the body of toxins while breathing and release suppressed negativity. The Throat Chakra also enables the clear expression of our inner thoughts and dreams to ourselves and the world. It is depicted as a blue lotus with sixteen petals, an inverted triangle in the centre, and a circle within the triangle. The mantra HAM is written in the centre as well.

The Throat Chakra represents communication and wisdom. Its associated colour is blue, which has a calming effect on the nervous system and is linked to purity.

The Sixteen-Petaled Lotus represents the sixteen development abilities, including joy, love, and intellect. It is also associated with the sixteen Sanskrit vowels, which signify the airy quality of communication.

The Triangle and Circle symbolise a pure channel for the soul's consciousness and a purified mind.

Lastly, the HAM Symbol is related to the physical and spiritual voice and can awaken The Throat Chakra.

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The Third Eye Chakra - The Sixth Chakra

The Ajna is a term that means "Command." It represents a higher level of knowledge and wisdom that should guide our actions. This centre is located at the forehead between the eyes and is associated with the dimension of light. It is the centre of clarity and insight and is responsible for awakening the pineal gland. The Ajna is described as having two purple or indigo petals with an inverted triangle inside. The holy symbol of OM, the source sound of all creation, is inside the triangle.

Indigo is often linked to our subconscious and our relationship with the universe. It can strengthen our intuition, creativity, psychic powers, and dreaming ability.

The Third Eye Chakra is symbolised by a lotus with two petals on either side, representing the balance between ourselves and the divine. The inverted triangle signifies our connection to enlightenment and the divine.

Lastly, the OM symbolises ultimate reality, consciousness, and soul. It transcends time and knowledge, surpasses the duality of God and Soul, and can awaken the Third Eye and Crown Chakra.

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The Crown Chakra - The Seventh Chakra

The Sahasrara Chakra is the final Chakra known as the "thousand" or "infinite" Chakra. It is situated at the top of the head and is associated with space and nothingness. This Chakra allows individuals to transcend themselves, unite with the infinite source of creation, and experience oneness. The Sahasrara Chakra is depicted as a white or violet lotus flower with a circle in the centre and a thousand petals surrounding it.

The colour violet is associated with spirituality and provides guidance, wisdom, and inner strength while purifying our thoughts.

The thousand-petaled lotus represents the full blossoming of consciousness, and the circle symbolises the full moon, a sign of the awakening of the conscious mind.

The OM symbol, which represents the Third Eye Chakra, is the ultimate spiritual symbol that indicates the ultimate reality, consciousness, and soul and awakens the Crown and Third Eye Chakra.

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The Creations of Man

In the beginning, the land was barren, without any plants, water, or life. The Lord God, Yahweh-Elohim, surveyed this empty land and imagined a place full of beauty and vitality. However, to create such a magnificent place, God needed a living being to care for it. So, The Lord God created mist from the Earth and used it to water the entire surface, creating rivers and streams that transformed the once-barren land. Afterwards, The Lord God moulded a being from the Earth's soil and breathed life into it, creating the first man.

The man named Adam, was put to work immediately by the Lord God, who placed him in the Garden of Eden. Adam was shown the wonders of the garden and the Tree of Knowledge of good and evil. When Adam approached the Tree, the Lord God instructed him,

"You are free to eat from any of the trees of the garden except the tree of knowledge of good and evil." [Genesis 2:16-2:17].

The man accepted the agreement and began working on the garden. Over time, The Lord God continued to create new creatures and asked Adam to name each one. However, The Lord God eventually noticed Adam's loneliness and addressed the issue.

"It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suited to him." - [Genesis 2:18]

The Creation of Woman

After some time, The Lord God had not yet found a suitable companion for Adam. One night, The Lord God put Adam into a deep sleep and removed one of his ribs to create a new companion. When Adam woke up, The Lord God introduced him to the latest addition to the garden and explained how he had made the companion from Adam's rib. The man acknowledged the creation with gratitude.

"This one, at last, is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; This one shall be called 'woman,' for out of man, this one has been taken." [Genesis 2:23]

Adam, and the new woman, stood naked, smiled at each other and felt no shame.

The Fall of Man

Adam and his wife lived happily in paradise for years. One morning, while Adam was working in the garden, his wife collected food and water. While searching, she accidentally stumbled upon the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and noticed the fruit hanging from it. As she stared in amazement, a voice suddenly emerged from the shadows and spoke to her.

"Did God really say, 'You shall not eat from any of the trees in the garden'?" [Genesis 3:1].

The woman observed her surroundings and spotted a serpent emerging from the shadows. She spoke in response.

"We're allowed to eat the fruit from any tree in the garden except the tree in the middle of the garden. The Lord God said, 'You must never eat it or touch it. If you do, you will die!'" replied the woman. [Genesis 3:2] 

The serpent chuckled,

"You certainly won't die!" the serpent said to the woman. "God knows well that when you eat of it, your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, who knows good and evil." [Genesis 3.4-3:5]

After hearing the serpent's words, the woman picked a fruit from the Tree and took a bite, and to her surprise, she didn't die. Instead, the fruit-filled her with wisdom and knowledge beyond her wildest imagination. She rushed to her husband and excitedly told him about the serpent and her newfound wisdom. Initially hesitant, Adam followed his wife to the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. There, the serpent convinced him to try the fruit, assuring him that no harm would come to him. True to the serpent's word, Adam did not die from eating the fruit. However, after eating it, Adam and the woman became aware of their nakedness and felt ashamed. They covered themselves with fig leaves to hide their indecency.

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The Punishment 

In the meantime, The Lord God came to the garden to search for Adam. Upon hearing The Lord God's approach, Adam and his wife concealed themselves among the trees.

"Where are you?" [Genesis 3:9]

The man emerged from his hiding place after hearing the Lord God's shout,

"I heard you in the garden. I was afraid because I was naked, so I hid." [Genesis 3:10]

Replied Adam.  

The Lord God was taken aback by Adam’s response and expressed surprise.

"Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree of which I had forbidden you to eat?" [Genesis 3:11] 

Afraid, Adam said,

"The woman whom you put here with me she gave me fruit from the tree, so I ate it" [Genesis 3:12].

The woman looked at Adam with contempt. The Lord God, noticing her reaction, turned to her and said

"What have you done?" The woman answered, "The serpent tricked me, so I ate it." [Genesis 3:13]

The serpent realised it was in trouble and hid in the shadows. However, before it could get away, The Lord God saw it.

The Serpent Judgement

The Lord God turned his attention to the serpent and spoke in a tone of anger.

"Because you have done this, cursed are you among all the animals, tame or wild; On your belly, you shall crawl, and dust you shall eat all the days of your life. I will put enmity between you and the woman and between your offspring and hers; They will strike at your head while you strike at their heel." [Genesis 3:14-3:15]

The Woman Judgement

Afterwards, The Lord God shifted his focus to the woman and spoke to her.

"I will intensify your toil in childbearing; in pain, you shall bring forth children. Yet your urge shall be for your husband, and he shall rule over you." [Genesis 3:16]

The Man Judgement

The Lord God spoke to Adam, who was felt sadness saying:

"Because you listened to your wife and ate from the tree about which I commanded you, you shall not eat from it. Cursed is the ground because of you! In toil, you shall eat its yield all the days of your life. Thorns and thistles it shall bear for you, and you shall eat the grass of the field. By the sweat of your brow, you shall eat bread until you return to the ground, from which you were taken; For you are dust, and to dust, you shall return." [Genesis 3.17-3:19].

The Banishment from Eden

Adam and his wife were silent as they hung their heads in shame. Suddenly, the serpent in its new form slithered away into the shadows. The woman noticed and shouted, "You lied to us! You said nothing bad would happen!" She chased after the serpent.

Adam comforted his wife, holding her in his arms. He spoke softly to her, saying, "You are the greatest creation that The Lord God has ever made. I will follow you wherever you go. You can create life and become the mother of all living beings, Eve." He smiled lovingly at her.

Touched by Adam's love for Eve, The Lord God made clothing out of animal skin for the pair and clothed them. Then, he said,

"See! The man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil! Now, what if he also reaches out his hand to take fruit from the tree of life and eats of it and lives forever?" [Genesis 3:22]

After Adam and Eve disobeyed God, they were expelled from the Garden of Eden. God stationed Cherubims and a flaming sword at the entrance to guard The Tree of Life to ensure they could never return.

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The Story Behind The Artwork 'The Cradle of Life: The Apple of Eden.'

The Bible tells the story of Eve giving Adam the fruit, whether intentionally or not. In my artwork, I aimed to depict Adam deliberately selecting and consuming the apple from the Tree, symbolising our innate desire for truth and knowledge.

The Garden of Eden

What is the Garden of Eden?

The Hebrew word 'Eden' translates to 'delight,' which means 'Delight Garden.' According to the Bible, the Garden of Eden was created as a paradise of pleasure for humanity. However, the word 'Eden' originated from the Sumerian language, where it meant 'back of the mountain' or 'the plain.' Therefore, the Garden of Eden or 'Gar-Eden' in Sumerian meant "The Storehouse of the Back of the Mountain." According to the Sumerians, the Garden of Eden was created as a paradise of pleasure for the Gods and supplied them with abundant food.

The garden's purpose remains open to interpretation. Adam was placed in the garden to live and maintain it, and Eve was the first person to be created in the garden. The Bible also mentions that The Lord God created wild animals and birds that Adam named and enjoyed taking walks in the garden on fine days. What do you think the garden's purpose was?

Where is the Garden of Eden?

'The Lord God planted a garden in Eden, in the east, and placed there the man whom he had formed.' [Genesis 2:8].

'A river rises in Eden to water the garden; beyond there, it divides and becomes four branches. The name of the first is the Pishon; it is the one that winds through the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good; bdellium and lapis lazuli are also there. The name of the second river is the Gihon; it is the one that winds all through the land of Cush. The name of the third river is the Tigris; it is the one that flows east of Asshur. The fourth river is the Euphrates.' [Genesis 2:10-2:14]

For centuries, experts in archaeology, history, and Biblical studies have discussed the whereabouts of The Garden of Eden. Still, conclusive evidence has yet to be found. However, many believe it was situated in Mesopotamia, corresponding to modern-day Iraq, Kuwait, eastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish-Syrian and Iranian-Iraqi borders.

The location of The Garden of Eden is only hinted at in the East of Eden. Four rivers, Hiddelkel, Perath, Pishon, and Gihon, are said to be connected to the garden. Of these four, only the Hiddelkel and Perath Rivers are currently known. The Pishon and Gihon Rivers, on the other hand, remain a mystery.

The Lost Rivers

The name of the first is the Pishon; it is the one that winds through the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good; bdellium and lapis lazuli are also there. The name of the second river is the Gihon; it is the one that winds all through the land of Cush.' [Genesis 2:11-2:13].

The Bible connects the land of Cush to Ethiopia. [Genesis 10:6, Chronicles 1:9, and Isaiah 11:11]

The location of the Pishon and Gihon Rivers is still being determined, and there are many speculations about where they might be.

Flavius Josephus (37 CE - 100 CE)

Flavius Josephus, a historian from the first century of Romano-Jewish descent, asserted that the River Ganges in India, which flows into the sea, was the Pishon River. He also claimed that the Gihon River, which runs through the land of Cush (Egypt), was, in fact, the Nile. [The Historical Concept of Josephus Flavius]

Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki (1040-1105), aka Rashi

Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki, a prominent biblical commentator from France, suggested that the location of the Pishon River is the River Nile. He based this on the association between the Hebrew word "pishtan" (meaning flax) and the ancient Egyptian flax industry that relied on the waters of the Nile River. - [Where are the four rivers that come from Eden?]

Juris Zarins (1945-)

Juris Zarins, a Missouri State University professor specialising in the Middle East, used satellites and the Space Shuttle Imaging Radar to locate lost rivers. He supports the idea that the Wadi Al-Batin and Wadi al-Rummah Rivers could be the Pishon River, as David J Gibsons and James A. Sauer proposed. Additionally, Zarins believes that The Mahd Al Thahab is the Cradle of Gold mentioned in Genesis 2:11, as Saudi Arabia is known for its "good gold" related to the land of Havilah. He also suggests that Kassite's land was The Land of Cush and that the Karun River, which originates in Iran and flows southwest towards the present Gulf, is the Gihon. LANDSAT images show that the Karun River was a permanent river that, until dammed, contributed most of the sediment forming the wetlands at the Persian Gulf's head. - [The Land of Eden Located & Has the Garden of Eden been located at last?]

David J Gibson (1904-1966)

According to David J. Gibson, The Gihon River is The River Diyala, known initially as Gyndas. This river originates from the Persian highlands, about 50 miles west of Hamadan. Initially, it flows northwest under the name Sirvan until it reaches Iraq, where it changes course and flows southwest. Finally, it empties into the Tigris River after heading more directly south. The upper part of the river is found around a mountain range called "Pushti-Kuh," and was once home to the "Kassites" or "Cossaeans" around 1400 and 1500 BC. - [The Land of Eden Located]

David Rohl (1950-)

According to Reginald Walker's theory, David Rohl, a British Egyptologist, believes the Pishon River might be the Uizhun River. The Uizhun River, known as the Qizil Üzan and Sefīd-Rūd Rivers, originates from various springs near Mount Sahand and the Zagros mountain. It flows into the southern Caspian Sea, far from the Rast port. However, Reginald Walker suggests that the word 'Uizhun' may hold the key to the river's location, even though it has no biblical links to Havilah. By dropping the vowel from 'Uizhun' and the consonant from 'Pishon', the resulting words 'izhun' and 'ishon' sound similar.

David Rohl also supports Reginald Walker's idea that the Gihon River is the River Aras, which starts in the mountains in Turkey to the north of Lake Van and Lake Urmia in Iran. The river flows down to meet the River Kur and ends in the Caspian Sea south of Baku. David Rohl connects the Gihon River and the River Aras. During the eighth century AD, the river was known as Gaihun during the Islamic invasion of the Caucasus. In early Victorian biblical dictionaries, the name Gihon-Aras was used. Still, it has since been lost and forgotten over time. - [Legend The Genesis of Civilisation.]

The Known Rivers

The Hiddelkel (Tigris) and The Perath (Euphrates) Rivers

'The name of the third river is the Tigris; it is the one that flows east of Asshur. The fourth river is the Euphrates.' - Genesis 2:14

The Tigris River, formerly known as the Hiddelkel River, is one of the major rivers in Mesopotamia. It flows through several countries, including Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Turkey, and Iran. The river flows from the Armenian Highlands, through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, before emptying into the Persian Gulf. Assyria, now located in northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey, was along the Tigris River.

The Euphrates River, also known as the Perath River, is the second major river in Mesopotamia. It begins in eastern Turkey and flows through Syria and Iraq before joining the Tigris River in the Shatt al-Arab and emptying into the Persian Gulf.

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Adam: The First Man

According to the Hebrew Bible, Adam was the first man created by the Lord God from the dust of the Earth. The name Adam means man or humankind, which has caused controversy among Rabbis as it can be interpreted collectively or individually. Furthermore, the use of Adam as a gender (male) is mentioned in Genesis 2:23. However, the term Adam has been left open for interpretation, and some Rabbis have debated whether The Lord God created a man, woman, or a being of both sexes. Some Rabbis have suggested that Adam might have been created with two faces, male and female, or as a hermaphrodite, which made walking and conversing difficult. The Sumerian cuneiform interpretation of Adam refers to humankind as wild beasts rather than sentient beings.

The Life and Death of Adam

I adapted The Life of Adam and Eve, initially written in Latin, into a three-part story called The Life and Death of Adam. In its Greek version, this story is also known as the Apocalypse of Moses. Each part is written from the perspectives of Adam, Eve, and the serpent. To read the complete story, click on this link.

The Expulsion

After being expelled from the Garden of Eden, Adam and Eve were left to dwell on their loss. When they ran out of food, Eve asked Adam to search for more. Adam agreed and searched for seven days but returned empty-handed. He reassured Eve that he wouldn't give up and let her starve. Together, they searched for food but only found scraps left for the animals. Despite their struggles, they remained determined to survive.

Penitence

Both Adam and Eve sought forgiveness from the Lord God for their sins. Adam proposed that they repent by having Eve stand on a rock in the Tigris River for thirty-seven days without speaking, while he did the same for forty days in the Jordan River, hoping for forgiveness. When Adam arrived at the Jordan River, he stood on a rock and called for the river's creatures to mourn with him, as he was burdened with sin, and they were not. All living things came to surround him, and the water of the Jordan stopped flowing for an hour.

Second Temptation

After eighteen days, Adam stood in the River Jordan when he saw Eve arrive with a stranger. The stranger seemed familiar and cried tears, asking why Eve wasn't working on her penitence and why the devil had tempted her. Eve called after realising she had been tricked again and angrily screamed at the Fallen Angel.

Adam demanded that the Fallen Angel explain why they deserved such torment. The Fallen Angel explained how they were cast out of heaven and expelled to Earth. Adam grew tired of the excuses and called upon The Lord God to banish the Fallen Angel so he could continue his penitence without distractions.

The Fallen Angel immediately disappeared, and Adam continued his forty-day repentance in the waters of the River Jordan. Eve parted ways with Adam and headed west.

Birth of Cain

After six months had passed, Adam learned that Eve was in pain. He worried the Fallen Angel had tricked her again and cautiously travelled west to find her. Eventually, he spotted Eve on the ground, in distress and pregnant. Adam was overjoyed to see his wife alive and prayed to The Lord God to help her with the pregnancy. His prayer was answered when twelve angels appeared, and two Virtues stood on either side of Eve, allowing her to give birth to Cain.

Adam then took Eve and their son back east. The Lord God sent seeds to the Angel Michael, who taught Adam how to farm and provide for his family. As time passed, Adam became an experienced farmer and had a second child, Abel.

The Death of Adam

After Cain murdered his brother, Abel, Adam was 130 years old. Soon after, he and Eve had another son named Seth. Adam lived for another 800 years and had 33 sons and 30 daughters, totalling 63 children. When Adam reached the age of 930, he knew that his time was ending. He asked his wife to call all their children so that he could say goodbye. When his children arrived, Adam told them about the pain of being banished from The Garden of Eden. He cried out in pain, and Eve rushed to his side. Adam then commanded Eve to go with their son Seth to the gates of paradise and pray that the Lord God would have mercy on him and give them the oil of life from the Tree of Life. When Eve and Seth returned from the garden, they told Adam what had happened. Adam was saddened by the news and lashed out, blaming Eve for his death and the curse bestowed on their children. Six days later, Adam knew he was about to die and requested that his children bury him beside The Garden of Eden. Adam passed away peacefully.

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Eve: The First Woman

The woman Eve, meaning "living one" or "source of life", was created from the man's rib and ate from The Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and was Adam's wife. 

According to some sources, Eve wasn't the first wife of Adam and was, in fact, Lilith, who was described as "a hot fiery female who first cohabited with man". Lilith refused to sleep or serve under Adam and then flew off, leaving The Garden and Adam behind, much to The Lord God's displeasure. [Genesis 1:26-1:27] says God created males and females in his image. Could the female be Lilith?

Eve was considered a wise woman in the Sumerian cuneiform, 'The. Enki, t’. Enki, the great serpent, taught the wise woman the knowledge of the gods.

The Life and Death of Eve

The Expulsion

Eve and Adam had been banished from The Garden of Eden for seven days. With hunger gnawing at them, Eve asked Adam to look for food, hoping that The Lord God would show them mercy and allow them back into the garden. Unfortunately, Adam returned empty-handed. Desperate, Eve suggested sacrificing herself, hoping to persuade The Lord God to enable Adam to back into the garden. But Adam reassured her that it wouldn't come to that and that they should continue searching for food.

Penitence

Adam and Eve went without food for many days, and they were both hungry. Adam suggested they repent, hoping that The Lord God would show mercy. Eve blamed herself for their situation and asked Adam what repentance they could do to make The Lord God hear their prayers for help. Adam instructed Eve to take a stone, go to the Tigris River, stand on the stone neck-deep in the water, and not speak a word, as they were unclean, and ask The Lord God for help. Eve obeyed Adam and went to the River Tigris.

Second Temptation

After eighteen days, Eve stood in the River Tigris crying when an angel approached her from the shore. The angel asked her to leave the river and informed her that everything was forgiven and a feast awaited her. Excited to hear the news, Eve left the water but soon collapsed due to feeling cold and tired. The angel helped her up and led her to Adam. Upon seeing her husband, Eve was happy until she realised he was distressed and screaming at her for falling for the devil's trick again. Eve then recognised the angel as the Fallen Angel and became tearful. She cried on her hands and knees, asking why they deserved such malice when they had done no harm. The Fallen Angel explained why he was kicked out of heaven and vanished. Realising her mistake, Eve reassured Adam that he was not to blame for her actions and that he was better off without her. She left Adam standing in the river and headed west, still weeping.

Birth of Cain

After six months, Eve went into labour and prayed to The Lord God for mercy. She asked that Adam be informed of the impending birth of their child. In pain, Eve saw Adam approaching, feeling relieved and overjoyed. She asked him to pray for mercy on her behalf, as the pain was unbearable. Twelve angels and two Virtues arrived after Adam's prayers. The Angel Michael blessed Eve and informed her that The Lord God had sent the angels to assist with the birth. With their help, Eve gave birth to Cain.

Eve's Dream

After many years, Adam became a farmer and supported his family. Eve gave birth to their second child, Abel. However, she had a dream that Cain would harm Abel. Concerned for Abel's safety, Adam made Cain a farmer and Abel a shepherd in different areas. Despite Adam's efforts, Cain still killed his brother, expelling him to the Land of Nod.

Adams Final Request

After the story of Cain and Abel, Eve gave birth to Seth, a descendant of Noah's Ark. As time passed, Adam asked Eve to gather their children for a visit, except for Cain. While they were together, Adam suddenly started screaming in pain, and Eve rushed to his side. She cried and prayed to God to transfer Adam's pain to her, but her request was denied. Then, Eve turned to Adam and asked for a share of his pain, as she felt responsible. Adam comforted her and suggested that she and Seth go to the Garden of Eden to ask for forgiveness and get some oil from the Tree of Life. So, they went to the Garden as Adam had requested.

Encounter with the Serpent

As Seth approached the Garden of Eden, a serpent attacked and bit him. Eve witnessed the incident and demanded to know why the serpent dared to attack the image of God. The serpent revealed his hatred towards them and questioned why Eve was happy to disobey the Lord God's command by eating the Apple of Eden, yet cursed him for attacking the image of God. Seth grew tired of the serpent's lies. He ordered him to be silent, not showing himself to the image of God until the Lord God demanded he be brought to trial for his crimes against his father and mother. The serpent agreed to Seth's terms, and miraculously, Seth's wound disappeared.

The Gates of Eden

When Eve and Seth reached the Gates of Eden, they humbly collected dust from the ground and prayed for divine mercy and the oil of life for Adam. After some time, they were visited by the Angel Michael in human form. Michael comforted Seth, telling him that he could do nothing for his father's pain and that The Lord God would one day resurrect Adam and all the deceased. Michael explained that the son of God would baptise Adam in the river Jordan, anoint him with the oil of mercy, and guide him back to paradise.

The Death of Adam

Adam's loved ones were informed of his impending death by the Angel Michael, leaving Eve and Seth heartbroken. They shared with Adam the news of the serpent's deceit and Michael's warning. However, Adam's grief turned into anger towards Eve, blaming her for the curse they had all been subjected to. The sorrowful cries of Eve echoed in the background as she mourned for her children.

Six days later, Adam passed away, and the world seemed to mourn with them. The sun, moon, and stars grew dim for seven days as Eve and her children grieved the loss of their dear husband and father. During this time, Seth held onto his father, embracing him tightly.

Suddenly, Eve noticed the Angel Michael standing by Adam's head and spoke to Seth about the divine presence. Seth released his father's body as God's hand reached out to take Adam and handed him over to Michael. God instructed the angels to lay Adam's body next to his son Abel and requested that the Angel Michael take care of Adam until the day of his retribution.

The Death of Eve

Eve knew she would pass away six days after Adam's death. She gathered her children and shared her and Adam's conversation with the Angel Michael. She explained to them that the Lord God would judge humanity through water and fire.

Before her death, Eve requested her children create a stone tablet documenting her and Adam's life. She explained that if the Lord God judged humanity by water, the tablets of the Earth would dissolve, but the tablets of stone would endure. Similarly, the stone tablets would be destroyed if the Lord God judged humanity by fire. Still, the tablets of the Earth would survive. Eve then raised her hand to the heavens, knelt, worshipped the Lord God, gave thanks, and passed away.

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The Serpent 

According to the Bible, the serpent created by The Lord God was the most cunning of all animals. However, it differed from the modern-day snake as it could speak and may have stood on two or four legs. The physical appearance of the serpent remains unclear.

The Bible portrays the serpent as the devil who deceived the woman into eating the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. However, as the story progresses, it becomes clear that the serpent spoke the truth; the woman gained knowledge, but death did not occur. In contrast, the Lord God cursed Adam and Eve with a slow, ageing death, suggesting they were initially immortal and may have eaten from the Tree of Life.

In the Sumerians' cuneiform text, 'The Eridu Genesis,' the Great Serpent known as Enki is depicted differently. Enki bestowed the knowledge of the gods upon the woman to help humans develop and become civilised, setting them apart from animals. Nevertheless, every action has a reaction, and Enki's good intentions did not end well for humans.

The Fall of an Angel

The Second Temptation

For eighteen days, the serpent observed as Adam and Eve repented for their sins against the Lord God. However, the serpent became furious and turned into a radiant angel. He then went to find Eve at the River Tigris, where he found her weeping.

Moved by her sorrow, the Fallen Angel also began to cry. He stood by the shore and called out to Eve, who turned to see a radiant angel. The Fallen Angel comforted Eve, telling her to leave the water and rest as the Lord God had accepted their repentance.

Furthermore, he informed Eve that all the angels had pleaded for her and begged the Lord God for forgiveness. The Fallen Angel was sent to take Eve to a place with food. After Eve left the water, the Fallen Angel led her to her husband, Adam.

Fall from Grace

Adam was at the River Jordan, repenting for his sins, when the Fallen Angel and Eve arrived. Upon recognising the Fallen Angel, Adam angrily yelled at Eve, who broke down in tears and screamed at the Fallen Angel for tricking her again.

The Fallen Angel, enjoying the pain and misery he had caused Adam and Eve, explained that he felt jealousy and resentment towards Adam, which led to his expulsion and alienation from heaven. Shocked by this revelation, Adam asked what harm he had done to the Fallen Angel by pursuing a path of hate and cruelty toward them. The Fallen Angel responded angrily, explaining that Adam was the reason for his banishment from heaven.

He told Adam that he and the other angels were called to witness the Lord God's new creation. After watching Adam come into being, God commanded all the angels to worship him. The Angel Michael was the first to worship Adam and called the Fallen Angel next. However, the Fallen Angel refused to honour a lower form created after him and said Adam should worship him. Other angels soon followed and rebelled against worshipping the false Lord God.

The Angel Michael warned the rebellious angels to worship the image of God, and if they didn't, the Lord God would grow angry with them. The angels led by the Fallen Angel continued to rebel against the Angels of heaven until the Lord God banished them to Earth for refusing to worship Adam.

Bitter and twisted from being banished from the heavens, the Fallen Angel described the misery and pain of the fallen angels who witnessed Adam and Eve living a life of happiness while they were banished from grace due to Adam's creation. They wanted to see the same misery fall upon Adam and Eve.

Angered by the Fallen Angel's tale, Adam cried to the Lord God to remove the Fallen Angel who wished to harm his soul from his presence. With a flash, the Fallen Angel disappeared.

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The Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil

'Out of the ground, the Lord God made grow every tree that was delightful to look at and good for food, with the tree of life in the middle of the garden and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil'. - [Genesis 2:9]

The Forbidden Tree

The Biblical story of the forbidden tree is the bane of Adam and Eve's life. The actual purpose of the tree indicated in the Bible is unclear. We know it is forbidden for Adam and Eve to eat the fruits as it contains the knowledge of the Gods, and Eve wishes to obtain that knowledge. Maybe the tree was created to test Adam and Eve to see if they would obey their Lord God, like telling a child not to touch something, and they do.

The Forbidden Tree is an infamous tale from the Bible that greatly affected Adam and Eve's lives. However, the true purpose of the Tree remains unclear. We know that consuming its fruits was forbidden because they contained the knowledge of the Gods, which Eve desired. Perhaps it was a test from The Lord God, similar to telling a child not to touch something and seeing if they obey.

In The Book of Enoch, the Tree of Knowledge is described as a tamarind tree that bore grape-like fruit and had a pleasant fragrance that could be smelled from a distance. [Enoch 31.4]. The Quranic version of the story also features the forbidden Tree as a weakness of humanity, with Adam and Eve being warned not to eat its fruits, but Iblis persuaded Adam to do so and give it to Eve.

The Sumerians' cuneiform tells of 'The Creation' and the Tree of Knowledge being used as a metaphor for the wisdom of the gods. The gods utilised the Tree to create tools and weapons, and they feared that humankind would rebel if they knew the secrets of tool-making.

The Forbidden Fruit

There are various speculations regarding the fruit produced by the Tree, and it currently needs to be determined which one is accurate.

The Apple

The apple is well-known in Western culture for its significance in art, literature, and popular media, including its appearance in the UBISOFT Assassin's Creed Series. This fruit has been featured in various myths and religious traditions.

However, some confusion surrounds the apple's identification as the forbidden fruit. Historically, the term "apple" was used as a generic term for all foreign fruit, such as tomatoes being called "love apples" and oranges being called "golden apples". Some believe the forbidden fruit may have been an Oak apple from one of many Oak tree species (as some claim the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil was an Oak Tree).

Furthermore, the meaning may have needed to be recovered in translation. The Greek word "mēlun", meaning "melon" or "fruit", was translated into the Latin word "mālum", meaning "apple", which is very similar to the Latin word for "evil".

In art, the apple has been used as a symbol of love and sexuality, possibly representing Adam and Eve's passion. Their act of biting the apple may have awakened their sexuality and caused them to become unsure of their bodies. Some artists have also used the apple as a symbol of sin and the fall of man, while others have portrayed it as the second coming of Adam, who brings life and redemption.

The Grape

There is a debated belief that the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil was a grapevine. According to the Bible, the forbidden fruit was a grape, and only one type of fruit was classified as forbidden.

'The Lord said to Moses, speak to the Israelites and tell them: When men or women solemnly take the Nazirite vow to dedicate themselves to the Lord, they shall abstain from wine and strong drink; they may neither drink wine vinegar, other vinegar, or any kind of grape juice nor eat either fresh or dried grapes. As long as they are Nazirites, they shall not eat anything of the produce of the grapevine, not even the seeds or the skins.' - [Numbers 6.1-6.4]

Wine, made from grapes, is often seen as a symbol of blood, particularly the blood of Jesus. However, the consumption of blood is considered sacred. It is forbidden according to Genesis 9:4, which states that only meat without its lifeblood should be eaten, similar to the forbidden fruit of Eden.

The Fig

'Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked, so they sewed fig leaves together and made loincloths for themselves.' - [Genesis 3.7]. 

Rabbi Nehemiah Hayyun (ca. 1650 – 1730) says, 'It was a fig tree, as, with the object with which they were corrupted and sinned, they were rehabilitated.' - [Berakot 40a]. Adam and Eve sewed the fig leaf to cover their modesty; it's plausible it was from the Forbidden Tree.

Honourable mentions 

Although a few other fruits are mentioned, there need to be more specific details about why they are included and supporting evidence to back them up.

The term "pomegranate" originates from the Middle East and refers to a fruit resembling an apple with many seeds. This fruit has been cultivated in the region since ancient times.

The Hebrew word for wheat, "חיטה," has been suggested to be a play on the word "חטא," meaning "sin," but this is unlikely since wheat is not a tree.

The Fly Agaric mushroom, which has psychoactive properties and can grow to a large size, is theorised to have played a role in the evolution of the human brain. While this theory is also unlikely, it could explain the talking serpent.

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Creations: Part One Genesis

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What does a Lion Look like?

The lion is a strong and sturdy feline with a short neck, round ears, and a rounded head. Their fur can range from light buff to silvery grey, yellowish red, and dark brown. The underparts of their body are generally paler in colour.

Newborn lions have dark spots that fade as they mature, although faint marks may still be visible on their legs and underparts. Male lions have broader heads and a mane that grows downwards and backwards, covering their head, neck, shoulders, and chest. The mane is typically brownish and has yellow, rust, and black hairs.

All lions have a dark, hairy tuft at the end of their tail that develops around five and a half months of age and is easily identifiable at seven months.

A Cultural Symbol

Throughout different cultures over the centuries, the lion has symbolised traits such as strength, courage, power, royalty, dignity, authority, dominion, justice, wisdom, and ferocity.

African Culture

The lion is a significant cultural symbol in Africa, representing power and royalty. In Swahili, the word for lion is Simba, which translates to power and strength. Throughout history, leaders in some parts of Africa have adopted lion nicknames to symbolise their position of authority.

Additionally, the lion is believed to possess healing powers and serve as a link between seers and the supernatural. An intriguing legend suggests that the founder of the Waalo kingdom, Ndiadiane Ndiaye, was raised by lions and returned to his people with newfound knowledge, ultimately uniting them.

Ancient Civilisations

Throughout ancient civilisations, the lion has been a symbol of power and royalty.

In ancient Egypt, the lion represented the sun's strength. He was associated with Sekhmet, the daughter of Ra and the Eye of Ra.

In Mesopotamia, the lion symbolised kingship and was linked to Gilgamesh, a central hero in their mythology.

The Greek Titan Rhea was often depicted with lions either crouching at her feet or drawing her chariot, as she was believed to have control over them. Other representations of lions in Ancient Greece include the Sphinx, which had the body of a lioness and the head and breast of a woman with large eagle wings, and the Chimera, which had the forepart of a lion, the forepart of a snake, and the middle of a goat. The Griffin had a lion's body and an eagle's head and wings. The Nemean Lion was known for being impervious to weapons and is associated with the zodiac star Leo. For more information on the Nemean Lion, please visit my blog.

Eastern Cultures

Lions are significant in Indian mythology, religion, and history, as evidenced by their frequent appearance.

The State Emblem of India features four lions standing back to back, based on the Lion Capital of Ashoka statue, which dates back to 250 BCE.

In Hinduism, Narasimha, the God of Protection, takes the form of a Man-Lion and is one of the ten avatars of Vishnu, the God of Preservation. Narasimha was sent to eradicate evil and restore peace and Dharma to Earth. Despite the absence of lions in the country, Sri Lanka is known as the Land of the Lions, and the lion is featured on its national flag.

In Japan, Komainu, also known as Lion-Dogs, serve as guardians of Shinto shrines and are meant to ward off evil spirits, despite their comical appearance. The Lion Dance in China is a way of paying tribute to the lion, with performers mimicking their movements in lion costumes to attract good luck and fortune.

Buddha was often associated with the power and wisdom of the lion, which is why the term "teacher" and "disciple" are often attributed to him. Finally, the Dalai Lama of Tibet is traditionally seated on a lion's throne.

European Culture

Lions have been depicted in heraldic art in Europe as they possess qualities such as leadership, strength, royalty, courage, and honour, making them a familiar emblem of European sovereigns. The Royal Arms of England feature three lions, first used and made famous by Richard I (1189-1199), also known as Richard the Lionheart, for his reputation as a great military leader and warrior during the third crusade.

In Christianity, the lion represents Jesus Christ's power and dignity. According to legends, the lion's mane symbolises power, confidence, boldness, uprightness, and authority to humans and lions.

In Western astrology, the constellation Leo, represented by a lion, is part of the Zodiac. Egyptians worshipped the constellation because it was present during the flooding of the Nile River.

Countdown to Extinction

Tragically, a beast with symbolism and respect is now classed as vulnerable. Lucky, some organisations are trying to save the lion from extinction.

The Lion Recovery Fund was created by the Wildlife Conservation Network in partnership with the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation to double the number of lions in Africa, regaining those lions lost over the past 25 years. In recovering lions, The Lion Recover Fund aims to restore their landscapes' health and the communities that share them. 

For more information, visit https://www.lionrecoveryfund.org.

WWF (World Wide Fund For Nature) is the worlds leading independent conservation organisation. Its mission is to create a world where people and wildlife can thrive together.

For more information, visit https://www.wwf.org.uk.

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A Portrait of a Lion - The Cultural Symbolism

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The Story of Leo

Leo, also known as the Nemean Lion, is the fifth zodiac sign and applies to those born between July 23 and August 22. The tale of Leo revolves around the love of glory.

The Son of Typhon

Hera, the Goddess, had raised the Nemean Lion to cause chaos and harm the people of Nemean. The Gods instructed Eurystheus, the King of Tiryns, to command Hercules to rid the land of the beast and bring back its skin for his first labour.

Equipped with a bow from Apollo and a sturdy club made from an olive tree, Hercules searched the mountains for the lion. He cautiously scouted the area, hoping to catch a glimpse of the beast before it saw him.

At dawn, Hercules spotted the lion, sitting like a proud king, covered in blood and meat from its recent feast. While it was occupied feeding, Hercules hid in a nearby bush, waiting for the perfect moment to attack.

For The Love of Glory

After finishing its meal, the lion began walking back to its lair. Unaware of the dangers that lay ahead, it continued at a steady pace in the direction of Hercules. Seeing the lion's approach, Hercules grabbed his bow and slowly pulled back on the string, ready to aim and shoot.

When the time was right, Hercules let loose an arrow at the lion's left flank, but it bounced harmlessly off. The lion growled in anger and looked around for its attacker. Suddenly, a second arrow hit the lion in the chest, but it bounced off. The lion became even more agitated and spotted Hercules hiding in some bushes. As the lion charged towards him, Hercules grabbed another arrow and prepared for the attack.

With the lion charging, Hercules swapped his bow for his club and stood ready to strike at the right moment. It was a moment filled with horror, but Hercules remained focused and determined to defend himself.

As the lion approached, it prepared to attack. It leapt towards its enemy, intending to bite into their flesh. However, at that moment, Hercules saw an opportunity and swung his club overhead, striking the lion's head and causing it to fall. The lion then retreated to its cave in a daze and in pain.

While tracking the lion, Hercules discovered a cave with two entrances. He blocked one with a boulder, leaving the other open for himself to enter. This trapped the lion inside the cave. Upon entering, Hercules heard the wounded lion's cries echoing throughout the cave and followed the sounds to find it.

Catching the scent of Hercules, the lion retreated toward the blocked entrance. Trapped with nowhere to escape, the lion had no choice but to face his attacker for one last time. Cornered, the lion locked eyes with his attacker and leapt instantly into the air, with teeth sneering and claws pointing.

Hercules reacted quickly when he saw the lion attacking. He charged at the lion with his club and struck its head with great force, causing the club to split. In witnessing the lion swaying and trembling, Hercules saw his opening, seized the lion by the neck, and choked the lion with his bare hands.

The Birth of Leo

Following the Nemean Lion's defeat, Hera, believing that Hercules thought the constellations were attacking him, transformed the lion into the Leo constellation, which would forever haunt Hercules.

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Story Behind The Artwork ‘For Love of Glory’

I tried to capture the moment of the blow that led to the Nemean Lion's death in the artwork. I imagined the battle in the cave to be intense. The Nemean Lion trapped fought for survival. Hercules fought for glory on the adrenaline of fear, knowing that one mistake could be his last.

The Land of Nemean

Nemean is located in the northeastern part of the Peloponnese, today in Corinthia's regional unit. Nemea is named after a Naiad-nymph of the springs.

Made famous by Hercules for overcoming the Nemean Lion. Nemea was ruled by King Lycurgus and Queen Eurydice, who birthed a child called Opheltes; sadly, Lycurgus and Eurydice lost their child to a serpent strangling him.

It is said that while on a walk with his nursemaid Hypsipyle, they were approached by Seven Argive Generals asking for the nearest spring. Hypsipyle being helpful, put Opheltes on a bed of parsley and left him alone to show the generals the spring, leaving Opheltles alone to the serpent attack. Thus, in honour of Opheltes, the Neman Games were created.

Nemea is also known for 'The Battle of the Nemea River'. Sparta and their allies fought against the Athenians during the Corinthian War in 394 BC.

The Nemean Lion

The Nemean Lion, the offspring of Typhon and Echidna, lurked in the mountain valley of Nemea, where laired its cave. The Nemean Lion stood proudly like a king over the lands of Treotos, Apesas and Nemea and feasted upon the townfolks and livestock.

Some say the lion was not of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna but of the Chimera. Others say, Selene, the Titan goddess of the moon, gave life to the lion. Whatever the story, the beast's description was the same. A monstrous beast of a lion whose skin was impervious to weapons; swords would bend, clubs and arrows would just bounce off, a force to reckon with.

According to Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica, Leo wasn't put into the Stars by Hera but by Zeus because he was considered the lion king of the beasts. Not exactly an exciting story, considering most of the constellations have a story behind them, and Leo was just because.

Hercules - The First Labour

Driven mad by Hera, Hercules, unbeknownst to him, murdered his family. Thinking his household had intruders, he threw his children into a fire, burning them alive in a rage. In cold blood, he pounded his wife to death with his bare hands as she tried to protect their youngest.

In the wake of the horror and seeing his family butchered. Hercules standing in bewilderment, was approached by Amphitryon, who told Hercules of the horrors that had come to pass. Wanting to put himself into exile, he sought help from the Oracle of Apollo for where he should spend the rest of his days in exile. The priestess told Hercules to go to Tiryns and serve his cousin Eurystheus, the King of Tiryns, for twelve years and carry out ten labours given to Eurystheus by the Gods. And upon completing the tasks, he would receive his redemption and immortality.

In hearing the message from the Oracle, Hercules made his way to Tiryns, where Eurystheus, for this first labour, was to bring the skin of the Nemean Lion.

On his way to Nemea, Hercules came to Cleonae, where he met a poor shepherd called Molorchus, who allowed Hercules to lodge for the night. During the night of merry and wine, Hercules would tell stories of his adventure and the reasons for his visit to Cleonae. Molorchus, hearing of Hercules's loss, told him how his son was taken by The Nemean Lion and offered to sacrifice one of his flock for his safe return. Hercules, grateful for his offer, suggested that Molorchus wait thirty days. Telling him that if he returned, he would sacrifice the ram to the saviour Zeus, and if he didn't, to offer the ram as a mourning offering. The following day, Hercules went to Nemea to hunt for The Nemean Lion.

There is another story told of Hercules meeting a young boy. He told Hercules that if he returned, the town would sacrifice a lion to Zeus, and if he failed to return, the boy would sacrifice himself to Zeus (not too much pressure).

After The Nemean Lion died, Hercules skinned the lion with claws and carried it back to Cleonae, where Molorchus was preparing a mourning sacrifice. Molorchus, relieved to see Hercules with the lion draped over his shoulders, welcome him with open arms. Hercules pleased to see Molorchus, told Molorchus of his epic battle with the lion before sacrificing a ram to Saviour Zeus and taking his spoils back to King Eurystheus.

References - Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca Book 2,

Constellation Leo and Berenice Hair

Towards the east, above Hydra's head, one of Hercules's foes sits Leo proudly. Nineteen stars make up Leo's constellation; only nine can be seen with the naked eye. Two stars on its head that the sun sets and rises first, two on its neck, one on its chest and another for its upper back, one on its tail and two start for its underbelly.

Berenice Hair is arranged in a triangle by Leos tail, commonly called Coma Berenices. The story goes that Ptolemy III Euergetes, The King of Egypt, set off to make war not long after marrying Berenice II.

Berenice, worried for her husband's safe return, vowed to cut off her hair if Ptolemy returned victoriously. On hearing the news of Ptolemy's win, Berenice, fulfilling her vows, cut off her hair and laid it in Aphrodite's temple, whom she worshipped. On the return of Ptolemy, Berenice's hair vanished from the temple, causing Ptolemy to be upset. Conon of Samos, the court astronomer looking to gain the king's favour, pointed to the stars that didn't belong to any constellation, claiming that the lock of hair was set among the stars. - Hyginus - Astronomica

The Glyph

The glyph was perfect to use as the lion's tail. At first, it looked weird and made the lion look like a monkey, and with a few alterations, it started to look more like Lion's tail.

A long curvy tail exuding from a closed hollow circle is commonly known to be the mane and spine of the lion. A symbol of self-expression and creativity, passion radiates from the emblem.

Looking deeper into the glyph, the symbol has a lot of pride and glory. Another way to look at the sign is Hercules's first labour of choking The Nemean Lion. The curved tail is Hercules positioning himself over the lion, while the closed circle could be the head of the lion itself. As shown in Peter Paul Ruben's Heracles and the Nemean Lion, you can almost see the Leo symbol in the painting. What do you think?

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Ancient Greek Mythology - The Fifth Sign of the Zodiac - The Story of Leo

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The Crab, or Cancer, is the fourth astrological sign, representing individuals born between June 21 and July 22. Cancer's story centres around loyalty and sacrifice.

According to myth, The Goddess Hera created The Crab to aid The Hydra, a dangerous water serpent, during one of Hercules's Twelve Labours.

The Sacrifice

During the intense battle at Lake Lerna, Hercules faced a formidable challenge with the Hydra. Despite cutting off its heads, two more would grow in its place. To make matters worse, Goddess Hera summoned a giant crab to distract Hercules and give the Hydra an advantage. As Hercules fought the Hydra, the Crab sneaked up and pinched him on the heel. Enraged, Hercules swiftly crushed the Crab with his giant foot, ending its short life.

Birth of Cancer

Hera placed the Crab image among the stars to honour its loyalty and sacrifice, now known as the constellation of Cancer. -(Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica)

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Story Behind The Artwork ‘The Sacrifice’

I wanted to capture the final moment when Hercules crashed the Crab and became a permanent part of the Cancer constellation.

Lake of Lerna

The location is situated in the marshy land of Lake Lerna, which is located in the Peloponnese region of Greece, specifically in the town of Myloi, south of Argos.

In the past, the area surrounding Lerna was dry and waterless, which was believed to be caused by Poseidon's anger towards Inachus, the River God of Argolis. He was upset because Inachus declared that the land belonged to Hera instead of him. However, the situation changed when Amymone, the daughter of Danaus, was sent to search for water. She met Poseidon during her journey, and he gifted her with spring water to take to Lerna, which transformed the land into an area of springs and lakes.

Lerna was constructed on a swampy terrain in Argos that was renowned for its springs and lakes. A portion of a structure called the "House of Tiles" remains standing today. Lake Lerna is associated with various ancient Greek myths, the most well-known of which is Hercules' second labour of slaying the Lernaean Hydra. Additionally, the lake is considered an entrance to the underworld, where Hades, the God of the Underworld, abducts Persephone and initiates the seasons.

The Crab

This story features The Crab as its main character, created by The Goddess Hera to divert Hero Hercules. Unfortunately, The Crab met an untimely demise and was forever remembered as a constellation in the stars.

There is another version of The Crab's story that doesn't involve Hera. In this version, he was known as Crios. Poseidon appointed him to safeguard the sea nymphs from the destructive rampage of Typhon, the God of Monsters.

During Typhon's siege on Olympus, a group of sea nymphs under Crois' protection grew restless and fled. Crois sought help from the giant squid Vamari to locate and bring back the nymphs. Unfortunately, Vamari had different plans and ended up consuming the runaway nymphs.

When Vamari returned to Crois, he reported that he could not locate the missing sea nymphs. However, Crios was sceptical of Vamari's story and immediately engaged him in a fight to the death. After a prolonged battle, Crios emerged victorious but suffered severe injuries that left him in constant agony for the remainder of his immortal life. Eventually, The God Poseidon recognised Crios's bravery and rewarded him by relieving his pain and immortalising him as a star in the Cancer constellation.

Hercules - The Second Labour

Hercules, accompanied by his nephew Iolaus, was tasked by King Eurystheus to complete his Second Labour, which was to slay the Lernaean Hydra. The Hydra had been causing devastation to the villagers and livestock in the city of Lerna.

After arriving, Hercules located The Hydra near the Spring of Amymone and launched a fiery barrage of arrows to provoke it into attacking. With Iolaus' assistance and the defeat of the Crab, Hercules gained the advantage. To prevent the heads from regrowing, Iolaus seared the roots, leaving only the immortal head. Hercules quickly dispatched it using The Sword of Gold. The hissing head was buried by Hercules beside the road from Lerna to Elaeus, with a sizeable boulder placed atop it.

After defeating The Hydre, Hercules cut its body into pieces and coated his arrows with The Hydra's poisonous bile. Unimpressed that Hercules's nephew had helped him, King Eurystehus asserted that the conquering of the Hydra did not count towards the 12 labours set out for him. - (Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca)

Nemean Lion Head

Once Hercules defeated the Nemean Lion in his first labour, he used the lion's head to safeguard against deadly weapons. Although Hercules wore the lion skin during his second labour is still uncertain whether it was the Nemean Lion Skin, he is frequently depicted wearing the lion's skin, with the lion's scalp functioning as a hood on his head.

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The Sword of Gold

There are various stories about how Hercules defeated The Hydra by cutting off its immortal head. In one account, Pseudo-Apollodorus mentions that Hermes gave Hercules a golden sword, but it is unclear if he used it for the final blow. However, other sources, such as Hesiod's Theogony, claim that Athena gave Hercules a bronze sword.

There are also tales of Hercules defeating The Hydra with his bare hands. I like to imagine Hercules wielding the sword Hermes gave him, as it is said to be the same sword Hermes used to defeat the Gigante Hippolytus during the War of the Giants.

The Lernaean Hydra - The GateKeeper

"Many monstrous forms besides of various beasts are stalled at the doors [of Haides], Centauri (Centaurs) and double-shaped Scyllae, and the hundredfold Briareus, and the beast of Lerna [the Hydra], hissing horribly, and the Chimaera armed with flame, Gorgones and Harpyiae (Harpies), and the shape of the three-bodied shade [Geryon]." - Virgil, Aeneid 6. 287 ff

According to Pseudo-Apollodorus in Bibliotheca 2.77-80, Typhon and Echidna had a child raised by Goddess Hera. This creature was a massive serpent with nine heads - eight of which were mortal and one that was immortal.

There are various accounts of the Hydra having between fifty to one hundred heads, as described in Simonides' Fragment 569. Whenever one head is chopped off, two more grow back, making it nearly impossible to defeat. The Lernaean Hydra was a notorious guardian of the entrance to the Underworld in Lake Lerna.

Constellation Cancer and The Donkeys

The Constellation Cancer was put there by The Goddess Hera for the sacrifice the Crab made in aiding The Lernaean Hydra and giving the Crab the honour of one of the twelve signs. Fortunately, the Crab isn't alone in the heavens; he has some asses hanging around his shell.

The Asses, as commonly known, were put there by The God Dionysus. It is told that Dionysus, who was sent into madness by Hera, had wandered around Thesprotia, hoping to reach an Oracle of Dodona to ask how to become sane of mind. At some point, Dionysus came across a big lake and, not finding a way around or being too wet, spotted two Donkeys to help him get across. After chasing and capturing one, he rode the donkey across the lake and kept it dry. Then, recovering from his madness at the temple, Dionysus thanked the donkeys and placed them into the stars, alone shell of the Crab set by Hera.

There are other stories involving the donkeys; one is told that Dionysus gave a donkey the ability to talk. And the donkey challenged Priapus, The God of Male genitalia, into a penis-size competition and lost. Giving pity on this, Dionysus put the donkey into the stars. But according to Eratosthenes, during the war of the giants, Zeus summoned the Gods to attack the giants. When they arrived, they turned up on the donkeys, and in a panic, the donkeys made such a horrible sound it made the giants flee in fear, thus ending the war. - Hyginus, Astronomica

The Glyph

I had trouble figuring out how to use the Glyph. At first, I thought of making it look like the Crab's claws, but it didn't look right, so I incorporated it as a dead tree instead. Still, I am interested in using claws and plan to revisit the idea and redesign them in the future.

The Glyph looks like a sideways '69' and represents the Crab's claws or a woman's breasts, symbolising womanhood and motherhood. It conveys the zodiac signs' nurturing, feminine, and caring characteristics, evoking feelings of home, family, and children. As I delved deeper into the Glyph's meaning, I couldn't help but wonder if it had any connection to Hera. After all, she brought the Crab to life, took care of it, and even made it one of the twelve signs, suggesting that she must have had some fondness for The Crab.

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Ancient Greek Mythology - The Fourth Sign of the Zodiac - The Story of Cancer

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The Story of Gemini

Gemini, also known as The Twins, is the third Zodiac sign and applies to individuals born from May 21st to June 20th. This sign is associated with the concept of brotherly love.

The story was from different sources; Pindar - Nemean Odes, Pseudo-Apollodorus - Bibliotheca and Hyginus - Fabulae.

The Last Adventure

The story occurs shortly after Jason and the Argonauts' quest for the Golden Fleece. Castor and Pollux, also known as The Dioscuri, along with their cousins Idas and Lynceus, went on a cattle raid in Arcadia.

After successfully raiding the cattle, the group divided them and celebrated their victory. Idas, who was said to be as great as Hercules, prepared a cow and cut it into four pieces. He then suggested a wager to his fellow raiders, stating that whoever finishes their share first would receive half the cattle, and the person who finishes second would get the other half. The Dioscuri, feeling hungry and happy, agreed.

However, Idas had a mighty appetite, which The Dioscuri did not know. The Dioscuri started eating their share as fast as they could, but they noticed that Idas had already eaten half of his portion in one bite. They began eating even quicker in a panic, but Idas had finished his and his brother's share before they knew it. The Dioscuri felt angry and betrayed and sought revenge.

The next day, the group split up, with Idas and Lynceus taking the cattle to Messene, while Castor and Pollux left empty-handed, heading towards Sparta.

The Revenge

Idas and Lyncenus had promised to marry Phoebe and Hilaira months after the raid. They invited their cousins Castor and Pollux to the wedding in good faith. However, the Dioscuri were still angry and saw this as an opportunity for revenge. They arrived a day early and stole the cattle that Idas and Lyncenus had taken.

Later, the Dioscuri arrived at the wedding and were welcomed by Idas and Lyncenus. Idas apologised for the disrespect and asked for forgiveness. The Dioscuri agreed to a truce.

On the same day, Castor and Pollux met the brides-to-be Phoebe and Hilaira and fell in love with them.

On the wedding day, while waiting for their brides, Idas and Lyncenus received news that Phoebe and Hilaira were missing and had been seen leaving with Castor and Pollux at night. Furious at the Dioscuri's actions, Idas and Lyncenus set out to find them and retrieve their brides-to-be and stolen cattle.

Death of Castor

Castor and Pollux happily married Phoebe and Hilaira and had two children, Anogon and Mnesileus. One day, they received news that their cousins, Idas and Lyncenuse, were in the area and asked for their whereabouts. The Dioscuri set up an ambush, anticipating an attack.

Lyncenuse, known for his sharp eyesight, spotted Castor hiding in a hollow oak tree from Mount Taygetus. He informed Idas of Castor's location, and Idas quickly moved to attack him. Idas crept closer to the tree with the might of Heracles and fatally wounded Castor with his spear.

Pollux heard his brother's cries and leapt out of hiding, chasing Idas and Lyncenuse deeper into the forest. When they reached a large twin column, Idas and Lyncenuse waited for Pollux to make his final stand. Idas hurled one of the columns at Pollux's chest, but he dodged it and drove his spear into Lyncenuse's ribs. Zeus then threw a fiery thunderbolt, killing Idas instantly.

After catching his breath, Pollux returned to Castor and found him still alive but struggling to breathe. Pollux held Castor in his arms and cried to his father, Zeus.

Zeus heard the cry of his son's pain and appeared before him and spoke:

"You are my son. But he engendered after you of mortal seed did her hero husband in approach to your mother beget. But come; of these things, I yet give you a choice. If, on the one hand, you are willing to escape death and hateful old age and to inhabit Olympus in company with Athena and with Ares of the spear black-with-blood, there is you indeed a rightful share of his. But if in your brother's behalf you contend, and are minded to share out an equal lot of all you have, then half your life you must breathe beneath the earth and half in the golden abodes of heaven." - Pindar, Nemean Odes 10.75

The Birth of Gemini

Pollux immediately agreed to Zeus's offer, and as a result, Castor was granted eternal life as a constellation in the sky alongside his brother Pollux who was already immortal. Together, they represent the Gemini constellation in the heavens and the underworld.

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Story Behind The Artwork 'Death of Castor'

My artwork depicted when Pollux accepted Zeus' offer to become the constellation Gemini.

Mount Taygetus

One of Europe's oldest recorded mountains, Mount Taygetus, has a significant place in Greek mythology as the birthplace of the Dioscuri. Located on the Peloponnese peninsula in Southern Greece, the mountain peaks at 2,404m (7,887ft) and overlooks the cities of Sparti and Kalamata, which it dominates in the skyline. The mountain range is situated within the residence of Arcadia, Laconia, and Messenia.

Three stories relate to the mountain's name and the mountain-nymph Taygete. She was one of the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione and was often associated with the constellation of Taurus. Taygete was known for her grace and agility.

One story tells a tragic tale of Zeus deflowering Taygete against her will. Overcome by grief, Taygete ended her life by hanging herself at the summit of the mountain Amyclaeus, which from then was called Taygetus in her honour. - Pseudo-Plutarch, Names of Rivers and Mountains 

Another story tells about the Nymph, Taygete, who was the mistress of the animals to Artemis and was said to be a skilled hunter and archer; she used Mount Taygetus as her haunt and that the Hind of the golden horns that the Nymph guarded was given by Taygete to the Goddess Artemis, as a sacred gift, for saving her from the pursuit of Zeus. It is unclear how Artemis saved her; some say Artemis changed Taygete into a cow.

Lastly, One of the most famous stories about Taygete involves her being pursued by Zeus, who had fallen in love with her. Taygete transformed herself into a doe and fled into the forest to escape his advances. However, Zeus was not deterred, and he pursued her, eventually catching up to her and transforming himself into a stag. The two animals then mated, and Taygete gave birth to a son, Lacedaemon others say she was the Hind of the Golden Horns that Hercules killed in one of his labours. 

Despite her legendary status, little else is known about Taygete. Her story serves as a reminder of the power and beauty of nature and the importance of respecting and protecting it.

The Dioscuri - Striplings of Zeus

Castor and Pollux, the Dioscuri, were half-brothers who became famous as Gemini The Twins due to their affectionate bond. They embarked on various exciting expeditions, such as the Voyage of the Argonauts for the Golden Fleece and the Calydonian Boar Hunt. Additionally, they laid siege to Athens in response to Theseus' abduction of their sister Helen, who triggered the Trojan War. Sailors revered them as protectors who would rescue them during storms by manifesting as St. Elmo's Fire and leading them to safety.

The Birth of Castor and Pollux

According to Pseudo-Apollodorus' Bibliotheca 3.10.7, the twins Pollux (Polydeuces) and Helen were unusually hatched from an egg. Their father, Zeus, transformed into a swan and mated with their mother, Leda, an Aetolian princess. On the same night, Leda also had intercourse with her husband, Tyndareus, King of Sparta, resulting in the birth of two natural-born children, Castor and Clytemnestra. 

Pollux was an accomplished boxer and was famously rewarded for his skills. While travelling with the Argonauts, Pollux was challenged by King Amycus to a boxing match in the land of Bebryces. Pollux defeated the King with a single blow of his elbow. Castor, on the other hand, was a skilled warrior and expert horse tamer.

Zeus - The Father of Gods and Men

Zeus, the youngest of the six children of Cronus and Rhea, was born in a cave in Crete with the help of Rhea's mother, Gaia. To protect Zeus from Cronus' wrath, Rhea entrusted him to her loyal servants, the Curetes, and the nymphs Adrastea and Ida, who nursed him from the milk of Amalthea, also known as the Horn of Plenty. Rhea groomed Zeus to become the next King of the gods and overthrow Cronus' reign.

When Zeus became an adult, he teamed up with Metis, the daughter of Ocean, to free his siblings from Cronus' stomach and start a ten-year war, which the Titans lost.

Leda and the Swan

There is limited information available regarding Leda and the Swan, but Hyginus' Fabulae provides some additional details. According to Hyginus, Zeus transformed into a swan and engaged in sexual activity with Leda near the Eurotas River. As a result of this encounter, Leda gave birth to Pollux and Helen. - Hyginus, Fabulae,

Hyginus and Apollodorus have different accounts, claiming that it was Nemesis and not Leda who Zeus seduced.

Hyginus, Astronomica tells the tale of when Zeus, moved by lust, pursued Nemesis to sleep with him. Unable to persuade her, Zeus hatched a plan and recruited Aphrodite. He had Aphrodite turn into an eagle to hunt him as he changed into a swan as if in flight from the eagle. Nemesis noticing the swan in distress took the swan into her arms and held him until she fell asleep. While she slept, Zeus saw his opportunity and raped Nemesis and then flew away.

But Nemesis, like a bird, laid an egg, and Hermes took it away, carried it to Sparta, and threw it in Leda's lap. From it sprang Helen, who excelled all other girls in beauty. Leda called her her daughter. - Hyginus, Astronomica 2.81

According to Pseudo-Apollodorus, Nemesis transformed into a goose to avoid being embraced by Zeus. Zeus, in turn, took on the appearance of a swan. Nemesis laid an egg, which a shepherd found and gave to Leda. Leda kept the egg in a chest until Helen hatched from it and was raised as her daughter. -Pseudo-Apollodorus 3.10.7

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Constellation Gemini

Castor and Pollux are the two main stars believed to be the most affectionate brothers throughout history. They never competed for leadership or acted without consulting each other. As a reward for their devotion, Zeus placed them in the sky as famous stars. Poseidon also gifted the twins horses to help stranded sailors. 

However, some believe that the stars represent Hercules and Apollo, or Triptolemus and Iasion, who were loved by Demeter and carried to the stars. 

There are also stories of Castor's death, including one during a battle with the Lacedemonians and another while defending Sparta against Lynceus and Idas. Homer wrote that Pollux granted his brother half of his life to alternate shining in the sky. - Hyginus, Astronomica

The Glyph

The glyph is a symbol that represents the Twins or the Roman numeral II, which signifies duality. It is divided into four pillars, each representing a desire, and it can only stand upright if all the columns work together. Like The Dioscuri, the glyph illustrates that one cannot exist without the other.

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Ancient Greek Mythology - The Third Sign of the Zodiac - The Story of Gemini

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If you were born between April 20 to May 20, your zodiac sign is Taurus the Bull, the second sign of the Zodiac. Many stories are associated with Taurus, including The Minotaur, The Cretan Bull, and The Marathomian Bull.

However, the most famous story is The Abduction of Europa by Ovid, where Zeus transforms into a white bull to seduce Europa. Another version of the tale by Acusilaus suggests that the Bull was not Zeus but the same Bull associated with Poseidon and the Cretan Bull. I have combined both versions of the story in this retelling.

Europa’s Dreams

Europa had a restless night filled with vivid dreams. She witnessed two women fighting over her in one dream, each taking the form of a continent. One claimed to be her mother from her homeland, while the other insisted that Zeus had promised Europa to her. When Europa woke up, she still saw the two women in her mind's eye. She sat silently, trying to convince herself that it was a dream. Suddenly, she let out a scream.

Europa’s Seduction

On a peaceful and serene spring morning, Europa could not sleep and decided to take a stroll to enjoy the fresh morning air. Inviting her noble companions to join her, they made their way to their favourite meadow by the seafront, each carrying baskets filled with a variety of beautiful flowers. The field was awash with the sweet and fragrant scent of narcissus, violets, and crimson wild roses, and the sound of the waves gently crashing against the shore created a sense of calm and tranquillity.

As Zeus idly watched the Earth below, his gaze was suddenly drawn to Europa and her companions, who revelled in their surroundings' beauty. She immediately smote him but was also aware of the potential consequences of his actions, so he enlisted the help of his brother Poseidon. Together, they arranged for a pure white bull to be sent to the meadow, with silver circles adorning its brows and crescent moon-like horns.

As the Bull approached Europa and her friends, the air was filled with divine fragrance, drawing her towards it. Mesmerised, she began to caress the Bull, eventually climbing upon its back, adorned with the flowers she had hung around its neck. Her friends soon followed suit, and together they enjoyed the beauty of the spring morning, surrounded by the sweet scent of the flowers and the calming sound of the sea.

Europa’s Abduction

Out of nowhere, The Bull suddenly carried Europa away to the sea, preventing her friends from saving her. She felt frightened and cried for help, but it was too late. Holding onto The Bull's horns, Europa watched as her homeland disappeared from her sight, and she begged the Gods to have mercy on her and not leave her alone in a foreign land.

To her surprise, The Bull spoke to her, revealing that he was Zeus, the mightiest of all Gods, who had fallen in love with her. He promised to take her to his island of Crete, where they would be married and have children who would become kings among men. Although hesitant and missing her loved ones, Europa had no option but to accept.

Upon arriving on the island, Seasons, the gatekeepers of Olympus, welcomed her and prepared her for her wedding with Zeus. The Bull returned to the sea until Poseidon summoned him later. Eventually, Europa and Zeus had three sons, Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus, who became known as the three judges of the Underworld after their deaths.

Click here for the entire poem by Moschus.

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Story Behind The Artwork 'Europa's Seduction'

In the artwork, I aimed to capture the moment when Europa called her friends for help just before the Bull jumped into the water. I pictured her feeling panicked, confused, and fearful while reaching out to her companions.

Phoenicia and Crete

The Phoenician civilisation comprised several independent cities along the Mediterranean coast, some extending into Syria, Lebanon, and northern Israel. Tyre, which means "Rock," is the birthplace of Europa and was also known for its purple dye extracted from Murex shellfish. The dye was highly esteemed and associated with royalty in ancient times, leading the Greeks to call the Phoenicians "purple people" due to the dye staining their skin. Moschus mentions in his poem that Europa even wore a purple dress. Additionally, it is believed that many ancient Greek gods originated from Phoenicia, with stories about Phoenician gods such as Baal and Yamm bearing similarities to those of the Greek gods Zeus and Poseidon.

The Greek island of Crete, located in the eastern Mediterranean, is renowned as the birthplace of Zeus. As the story goes, Rhea hid a young Zeus from his father, Cronus, on this island. Other famous myths associated with Crete include Europa's abduction, which resulted in the constellation Taurus, and the story of King Minos and the Cretan Bull, which Heracles brought to the Peloponnese. Additionally, Theseus famously battled the Minotaur on Crete, while Icarus, a prisoner of King Minos, crafted wings to escape. With such fascinating tales, it's no surprise that Crete is the most famous island in Greece.

The Bull

Before meeting his end at the hands of Theseus, the Bull had many epic adventures. But after reading the stories about the White Bull, I couldn't help but admire the creature and understand why it deserved a place in the heavens.

The Birth of the Minotaur

Upon the death of Asterius, the King of Cretans's absence of an heir to the throne, he created a power struggle among his people. Minos, the son of Europa and Zeus, rightfully claimed his father's throne but faced opposition from some. To prove his legitimacy, Minos prayed to the God Poseidon to summon a Bull from the sea depths, which he would sacrifice in honour of the deity. Poseidon answered Minos' prayer and sent the same Bull that had taken Europa to Crete. The appearance of the Bull before Minos solidified his claim to the throne, and he became the King of Crete.

Despite his victory, Minos struggled with the decision to sacrifice the magnificent creature and instead offered up another bull in its place. Unfortunately, this angered Poseidon, who cursed the Bull, making it savage and causing Mino's wife, Pasiphae, to fall in love with the creature. Desperate to fulfil her desires, Pasiphae enlisted the help of Daedalus, an exiled architect, to build a wooden cow on wheels. She climbed inside the structure and waited for the Bull to couple with her, ultimately resulting in the Minotaur's birth nine months later. The curse of Poseidon would continue to haunt Minos and his family for years to come as they struggled to contain the monstrous offspring of Pasiphae and the cursed Bull. - Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3.1.3

Hercules - The Seventh Labour

In the ancient land of Crete, the Bull was causing mayhem and destruction. Mino, the ruler of Crete, had promised to sacrifice the Bull but failed to do so and now regretted his decision. In desperation, he called upon King Eurystheus for assistance, who sent the renowned Hercules to bring the Bull back to him as part of his seventh labour.

Upon reaching Crete, Mino explained the dire situation to Hercules, who immediately set out to locate the Bull. However, in his search, Hercules became distracted by a divine aroma that reminded him of his beloved wife, Megara, who had tragically passed away. Unbeknownst to him, the Bull was charging towards him, ready to attack.

With lightning-fast reflexes, Hercules dodged the Bull's initial attack and quickly sprang into action. Using his impressive strength, he lassoed the Bull and engaged in a fierce struggle with the mighty beast. After a gruelling battle, Hercules emerged victorious and rode the Bull back to Eurystheus, fulfilling his labour.

Eurystheus, however, was not satisfied and ordered Hercules to set the Bull free. Unfortunately, the Bull went on to cause chaos in Marathon, Attica and terrorised the residents. It had wandered through Sparta and Arcadia, leaving a trail of destruction in its wake. Despite Hercules' best efforts, the Bull had become a menace to all those around it. - Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.57

Theseus and the Marathonian Bull

The story of the Marathonian Bull, formerly known as the Crete Bull, is one of legend and mythology. According to ancient Greek lore, the Bull was cursed by the mighty Poseidon and became a fierce and destructive force in the fields and hills of Marathon, a small town located northeast of Athens. Its reign of terror was marked by violent attacks on anyone who crossed its path, leaving a trail of devastation in its wake.

It was during this chaotic time that Theseus, the son of King Aegeus, arrived in Marathon under the guise of Aethra, unbeknownst to his father. Medea, the king's wife, recognised Theseus and saw him as a threat to her own son's claim to the throne. In an attempt to eliminate him, she instructed Theseus to confront and defeat the Bull.

With great bravery and determination, Theseus faced the Bull head-on and managed to subdue it, to everyone's surprise. He successfully wrestled the Bull to the ground, ending its reign of terror. Theseus then returned to Athens, where he sacrificed the Bull to the God Apollo, immortalising it as the constellation Taurus.

The legend of Theseus and the Marathonian Bull has endured throughout the ages, symbolising bravery and heroism in the face of adversity. This timeless tale serves as a reminder of the power of determination and courage and the ability of individuals to overcome even the most formidable challenges. - Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca E1.5

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Europa

In this tale, Europa, the daughter of King Agenor and Telephassa of Phoenicia, is depicted as a vulnerable and helpless abduction victim. Some even speculate that she might have been the mother of Europe. Following her abandonment by Zeus, Europa tied the knot with Asterius, the prince of Cretan, and raised her children together. Eventually, Europa emerged as the first queen of Cretan. However, very little is known about her life after the incident of her kidnapping. Agenor, her father, dispatched her brothers to search for her, but they eventually gave up and moved on. According to Lucian of Samosata, the temple of Astarte, located within Phoenician Sidon's territory, was considered sacred to Europa.

"There is likewise in Phœnicia a temple of great size owned by the Sidonians. They call it the temple of Astarte. I hold this Astarte to be no other than the moon-goddess. But according to the story of one of the priests, this temple is sacred to Europa, the sister of Cadmus. She was the daughter of Agenor, and on her disappearance from Earth, the Phœnicians honoured her with a temple and told a sacred legend about her; how that Zeus was enamoured of her for her beauty, and changing his form into that of a bull carried her off into Crete. This legend I heard from other Phœnicians as well, and the coinage current among the Sidonians bears upon it the effigy of Europa sitting upon a bull, none other than Zeus. Thus they do not agree that the temple in question is sacred to Europa" - The Syrian Godness by Lucian of Samosata.

There are different versions of Europa's story. Some accounts claim that she was abducted by the Cretans rather than Zeus and brought to Crete. It's mentioned that this was done in retaliation for the kidnapping of Io, who is also connected to the Taurus constellation. Regardless of which story is accurate, the myth of Europa ultimately resulted in the creation of the Taurus constellation and a happily-ever-after ending for her.

Constellation Taurus

The constellation Taurus The Bull is visible facing the sunrise and comprises seven stars. However, only six of these stars can be seen forming the Bull's forehead and face. The stars are arranged with one on each horn, one on each eye, one on the middle of its forehead, and one at the base of its horns. Half of the Bull is visible as its knees sink into the Earth. The area between the Bull's body and its tail contains seven stars, collectively known as the Pleiades. These stars are called the Hyades and are believed to be the seven nurses of Dionysos, who were once nymphs of Dodona. According to some accounts, Zeus placed them in the stars to care for Ino.

The Glyph

I created the Glyph as a necklace to represent the connection between Taurus and the Bull. The Glyph consists of the Bull and its horns, which serve as antennas to enhance Taurus's five senses. The Bull was designed to appeal to all the senses, which is why the Glyph was made this way.

1. Touch - "Just then, Europa had a strange desire to want to touch and toy with The Bull, wiping away the foam from his mouth."

2. Sight - "Noticing the magnificent bull from afar, the maidens stood amazed, watching The Bull edging closer."

3. Hearing - "Suddenly, The Bull softly kneeled at Europa's feet, with every movement sounding like the sweet sounds of the flute of Mygdony."

4. Smell - Upon The Bulls' approach, the maidens, intoxicated with the divine fragrance, stood in awe until The Bull stopped and stood before Europa."

5. Taste - "Hang an arrangement of flowers around The Bulls' neck and even a kiss from the maidens."

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Ancient Greek Mythology - The Second Sign of the Zodiac - The Story of Taurus

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The first sign of the Zodiac is Aries, also known as the Ram, and includes those born between March 21 and April 19. This story explores themes of jealousy and a mother's love.

The story of Aries comes from Pseudo-Apollodorus' Bibliotheca. The search for the Golden Fleece of the Ram became famous thanks to Jason and the Argonauts. The Ram was an extraordinary animal given to Nephele by the God Hermes and had a golden fleece, could fly, and was thought to be immortal.

The Plot

Mighty Zeus, the king of the gods, fashioned a beautiful cloud nymph named Nephele. She was wedded to Athamas, the ruler of Athamantia, and they were blessed with two offspring, Phrixus and Helle. Unfortunately, Nephele vanished mysteriously, leaving Athamas to tie the knot with a woman named Ino. However, Ino was not fond of her stepchildren and yearned for them to go. Ino got her opportunity when a severe famine struck the land, and the annual crops failed to thrive. Athamas, being a responsible leader, dispatched his messengers to Delphi to seek guidance from the oracle. Ino intercepted the messengers without Athama's knowledge and coerced them to declare that the famine would end if Athamas made a sacrifice of his son, Phrixus.

The Rescue of Phrixus

Athamas was deeply troubled upon hearing the news and was relentlessly pressured by the people of Boeotia to carry out the sacrifice of Phrixus. Summoning Phrixus, Athamas disclosed the foretold fate. Before Athamas could complete his sentence, Phrixus displayed great nobility and willingly offered himself up for sacrifice if it meant it would alleviate the famine and suffering of others. A tearful Athamas gave the order to send Phrixus to his death.

As Phrixus approached the altar, Nephele suddenly appeared out of nowhere, accompanied by a majestic Golden-Fleece Ram. Halting the sacrifice, Nephele placed Phrixus and his sister, Helle, on the back of the Ram and flew them away from harm's reach. Athamas was left bewildered and frustrated by what had just happened but was eventually informed of the turn of events. Nephele then vanished as mysteriously as she had appeared. Ino, disappointed by the outcome, retreated to her chambers, only to later face the wrath of Hera.

Sorrow

Phrixus and Helle tightly clutched the Golden Ram's fleece as it gracefully soared through the vast, blue skies, carrying them towards their intended destination in the land of Colchis. As they traversed a narrow strip of water that separated the continents of Europe and Asia, Helle's grip suddenly faltered, and she tragically plummeted into the sea below. Despite the Ram's heroic efforts to rescue her, he was unable to save her, and Phrixus was left to mourn the loss of his beloved sister's untimely fate. Some say that the depths of the sea swallowed up Helle, while others believe that the mighty Poseidon intervened and saved her from certain doom. Regardless of the truth, the waters where Helle fell were forever remembered as the Hellespontos, a poignant tribute to her memory that still echoes throughout time.

After experiencing the heartbreak of losing his sister during their journey, Phrixus finally reached Colchis. Upon arrival, he received a divine command from the Golden Fleece Ram to offer a sacrifice to the almighty Zeus. Obediently following the instructions, Phrixus proceeded with the sacred gift. The highly coveted Golden Fleece was then bestowed upon King Aeetes of Colchis, who, in turn, had it nailed onto an Oak Tree in a hallowed grove dedicated to Ares. This precious treasure was fiercely guarded by a vigilant Serpent that always remained awake, ensuring the safety of this revered artefact.

The Birth of Aries, The Ram

According to legend, Nephele bestowed a great honour upon the Ram by placing it among the stars as a constellation. This celestial recognition signifies the time of year when farmers sow their grains; spring's arrival is forever associated with Aries the Ram.

Story Behind The Artwork ‘Sorrow’

I wanted to capture the moment The Ram ordered Phrixus to sacrifice him, as the story took a cruel turn. Having lost his sister and being tasked with killing the creature that had previously saved him, I can only imagine the overwhelming dread and sorrow that Phrixus must have felt.

The Ram with The Golden-Fleece

The Ram, also known as Chrysomallus, is a mythical creature that has captured the imagination of many generations. Its origins can be traced back to a union between the God Poseidon and Theophane, the daughter of King Bisaltes. According to the legend, Theophane was renowned for her beauty, and suitors from all over the world sought her hand in marriage.

However, Poseidon was smitten with Theophane, and he abducted her and took her to the island of Crumissa. The suitors, who had been pursuing Theophane, learned of her whereabouts and set out to rescue her. But aware of their intentions, Poseidon transformed himself into a ram, Theophane into a ewe and the people of Crumissa into cattle.

When the suitors arrived on the island, they were surprised to find no trace of Theophane or any of its inhabitants. Instead, they encountered only cattle. Confused, the suitors decided to camp on the island for the night and feast on the local livestock.

Poseidon was angered by the suitors' actions, turning them into wolves. He then mated with Theophane, and Chrysomallus, the Ram with the Golden Fleece, was born from their union. This magnificent creature would go on to play a significant role in many other tales, capturing the hearts and minds of storytellers and listeners alike.

Phrixus, The Prince of Boeotia

Phrixus, the son of King Athamas of Boeotia, and Nephele, a cloud nymph, had a tragic past. He had an older sister named Hella, who died during an escape attempt. The Story of Aries, however, begins and ends with Phrixus, as he is the central figure of the tale.

After sacrificing The Ram with the Golden Fleece, Phrixus found himself in the royal court of Aeetes, The King of Colchis. There, he presented Aeetes with the Golden Fleece as a gift.

There are two different accounts of what happened next. One story claims that Aeetes was warned by a prophecy that a stranger bearing a Golden Fleece would end his reign. Fearing the prophecy, Aeetes decided to send Phrixus to his death. Unfortunately, this is a very anti-climatic ending, as Phrixus escaped death only to die shortly after.

The other story, however, has a much happier ending. After receiving the Golden Fleece, Aeetes welcomed Phrixus with open arms. He then sent the Golden Fleece to be placed on an oak tree in the Grove of Ares, where it would be protected by a serpent that never sleeps. However, just like before, it was foretold that Aeetes would lose his kingdom if the Golden Fleece were to leave his kingdom.

Aeetes was so grateful for the gift that he presented Phrixus to his daughter Chalciope. Phrixus and Chalciope then married, had four children, Argus, Cytisorus, Melas, and Phrontis (who later appeared with Jason and the Argonauts), and lived happily ever after.

However, the arrival of Phrixus and the Golden Fleece marked the beginning of the downfall of Aeetes. After the marriage of Phrixus and Chalciope, Aeetes descended into madness. Once he was friendly and welcoming to strangers who entered his kingdom, he began to fear losing his kingdom. This fear ultimately came to pass in the tale of Jason and the Argonauts.

Reference: Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca book 1.

The Constellation Aries

As per the accounts in Hyginus Astronomica, the constellation Aries is composed of a total of seventeen stars, which are positioned along the equator. The Ram, the most prominent feature of Aries, is depicted gazing towards Taurus.

Historically, the Babylonians first mentioned Aries, who originally referred to it as the agrarian worker. Later, the name was changed to the Ram, which is used today. During the Babylonian era, Aries was situated in close proximity to the vernal equinox, which was a significant position on the zodiac chart. This was due to the Sun's movement from North to South. However, due to the Earth's axis movement, Aries is no longer located in the vernal equinox.

Currently, Aries comprises six primary stars, although most individuals only notice four of them, as they are the brightest. These stars include Hamal (Alpha Arietis), Sheratan (Beta Arietis), Mesarthim (Gamma Arietis), and Bharani - 41 Arietis (c Arietis)—several other constellations, including Cetus, Perseus, Pisces, Taurus, and Triangulum neighbour Aries.

The Glyph

I chose the renowned sacred oak tree, known for bearing the fleece, as the ideal glyph representing strength and endurance. The glyph features large curving horns that seamlessly merge into a sharp point, embodying the convergence and materialization of the Rams head (the right horn) and heart (the left horn). Consequently, this iconic symbol of power communicates an unwavering determination and unrelenting fiery energy. It goes without saying that encountering a charging ram would be a daunting and intimidating experience.

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• Bright Star Entertainments

• Mermaid Merchelle - The Professional Mermaid

• Silhouette - The Sensational Vocal Group

• Siren Serenade - The Singing Mermaids Trio

• The Sound of Julie - Tribute to Julie Andrews

Over the years, I’ve contributed with a professional entertainer, Michelle Roberts, with several projects; some successful and some not. With permission from Michelle, I’ve shared some of the work we have collaborated on together over the years.

Bright Star Entertainments

Bright Star Entertainments is Michelle’s newest adventure it’s a collaboration of all the hard work and experience, Michelle, as done as a professional children entertainer.  

The idea project had been floating around and been put on the back-burner for a few years and had many designs and concepts, but the main thing that kept coming back was the smiley star.  

The final design didn’t take long to approval, the draft copy was approved, and put into action before any final alterations made.  

Visit www.brightstarentertainments.com to see the logo in it full also visit my Behance account for the full collection or click on the picture.

Mermaid Merchelle - The Professional Mermaid

Mermaid Merchelle is where it all began, and I asked to design a logo for the Professional Mermaid, Mermaid Merchelle.   

The Mermaid Merchelle logo is the most fun and convoluted graphic design to date. It was one of the first ones I made, so there was a lot of experimenting, especially around the tail, trying to blend more than one colour for an iridescent effect the main icon itself designed around Michelle as Mermaid Merchelle. You can see the full collection on my Behance account.

Silhouette - The Sensational Vocal Group

This project, unfortunately, didn’t get past the first phase. The design was for a trio of singers called Silhouette, and I was requested to come up with a logo that integrates a silhouette of the band.   

One of the ideas was to have the group shadow forming into word ‘silhouette’, which sadly I didn’t get the chance to do. The was to have a silhouette of the group, standing in front of a spotlight with a 1950’s feel.  

The logo was the first draft waiting for approval and improvements which didn’t come to past. Maybe one day I will revisit it and create it the way it should have been.  

For the full collection visit my Behance account or click on the picture above.

Siren Serenade - The Singing Mermaids Trio

A trio group of singers who are also professional mermaids decided to set up a singing group called Siren Serenade. I enjoyed this project, and I enjoy creating mermaids I love the curves and the sleekness of the design. This project wasn’t as convoluted as The Mermaid Merchelle design; infact, I liked it for its simplicity.  

The original was to have a singing siren/mermaid sitting on the wording which can found on my Behance account. But I wanted to turn the mermaid into an ‘S’ to become the Siren Serenade; I feel the design looks incredible as a stand-alone without the text. It was a shame that the group Siren Serenade and the design didn’t get the green light for the world to see. 

For the full collection visit my Behance account or click on the picture.

The Sound of Julie - Tribute to Julie Andrews

Michelle is a huge fan of Julie Andrews, so it seems fitting that being a fantastic vocalist that Michelle would want to do a tribute for Julie Andrews. 

The design was a no brainer; I took the concept from The Sound of Music and replaced the word ‘sound’ with ‘Julie’. This design created from scratch, and I didn’t use any font to recreate the logo. The Julie text was the trickest part as there was no text to compare, overall I think it turned out well.

For the full collection visit my Behance account or click on the picture above.

Thank you for reading and a big thanks to Michelle Roberts, for letting me revisit some of the stuff I’ve worked on and being able to share to everyone.

SHARE YOUR THOUGHTS ON The Michelle Roberts Collaboration

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Every year I look back on my work to reflect on the art produced that year and see how much I have improved, and I came across some logos I made back in 2014. 

The logos were commissioned for a skateboarding, bicycle and scooter shop near East London Brick Lane called Trixstar. The clients wanted a design that was a play of words with 'Trixstar', the shop's name, and the mythology tale of the Trickster that is commonly used by the Jester.

The original idea was, of course, a Jester inspired by Jan Matejko 'Stańczyk'; from there, the design became more comical and a little gothic. As the logo started to form, it slowly became a mascot for the company, and the clients wanted it to become more merchandise than a logo.

Unfortunately, the company didn't manage to lift off, and the plans for The Trixster were put on the shelves to be forgotten. Six years later, I felt it was time to share to the world these forgotten designs and, hopefully, turn them into something useful.

Thank you for reading, to view the full collection in the series, please visit my Behance account or click on one of the pictures above.

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]]>Trixster - The Forgotten LogosMinimalism PhotographyGavin GallivanThu, 24 Oct 2019 14:15:01 +0000https://www.ggdigitalcreations.com/blog/calm-before-the-storm-minimalism-art-in-rain-drops5d418f6eca99980001f39ba5:5d41f38cc2c2ac0001ff09f5:5dada603aa1e3231b4dcbe7eBritain is famous for its rain, so I tend to spend a lot of time looking at grey clouds and watching the rain. I find it relaxing, just watching the raindrops and listening to the rain tapping.

This particular day I was sitting at the member’s bar at Tate Modern with my partner and daughter, and I was watching the rain, waiting for it to stop so we could make our way back home. Then I noticed the raindrops on the window forming different shapes and sizes, creating art.

God’s Tear

Saul Leiter (Photographer and Painter) once said, ‘A window covered with raindrops interests me more than a photograph of a famous person.’ I agree with Saul Letier; the distortion from the raindrops can really change your perspective of reality and take you into another dimension. A beautiful view can quickly transform into a dystopian world in a matter of seconds, and it all starts with a single drop of rain.

That one raindrop changes everything. Your senses come alive you feel the raindrop touches your skin as the feeling of dread runs down your skin. The smell of Petrichor in the air and the angry clouds above moving closer and closer, wondering how long you got before you are soaking wet. People’s moods change after the second raindrop, and the race begins, trying to escape the downpour before it’s too late.

Raindrops Art

This section is a selection of photos that popped out the most for me. The photographs were photographed from the window against the grey rain cloud. With a bit of help from photoshop, I took out the mess and the distractions and focused on what I saw through my eyes.

For the full set of Calm Before and After the Storm series please visit my Behance account.

July 27th 2018 - Was the day of the ‘blood moon’ total lunar eclipse and because of the rarity of the blood moon I wanted to stay up and capture this celestial event, and with good fortune the skies were clear. The total phase lasted 1 hour and 43 minutes from start to finish.

What is a Blood Moon?

A ‘blood moon’ is, in short, a total lunar eclipse; where the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon rather than the Moon in-between the Sun and the Earth.

Why does the Moon turn red?

So why does the Moon turn red,? I hear you say! When the Moon passes the Earth, the Earth blocks all sunlight from reaching the Moon’s surface. However, some sunlight reflects onto the Earth atmosphere, covering the Moon in a reddish glow.

7 Stages of the Eclipse

This begins when the penumbral part of Earth's shadow starts moving over the Moon. This phase is not easily seen by the naked eye.

Earth's umbra starts covering the Moon, making the eclipse more visible.

Earth's umbra completely covers the Moon and the Moon is red, brown, or yellow in color.

This is the middle of the total eclipse.

At this stage, Earth's umbra starts moving away from the Moon's surface.

Earth's umbra completely leaves the Moon's surface.

At this point, the eclipse ends and Earth's shadow completely moves away from the Moon.

Jumilla, Spain, is a delightful destination known for its exquisite wines, friendly locals, and breathtaking views. Nestled among scenic mountains and lush vineyards, this charming town left a lasting impression on me. The most memorable sight was Castillo de Jumilla, a castle perched atop a hill that commands attention from afar.

History of the Castle of Jumilla

The Castle of Jumilla has a rich and fascinating history spanning centuries. Fortifications were first constructed during the Bronze Age (between 2000 and 1000 BC) and were later fortified by the Romans in 190 BC. Today, the defensive wall built by the Romans remains. However, after the Romans left, the settlement fell into ruins and was taken over by the Iberian Peninsula. In 713, the Muslims conquered the area. While travelling across Spain, they built a fortress, Yumilla, on top of the ancient Roman and Iberian remains.

Juan Pacheco, also known as the Marquis of Villena and the Master Order of Santiago, ordered the castle's reconstruction in 1462 to protect the town from attacks by the Moors and other invaders and turned it into the fortress we see today. Fortunately for Juan Pacheco, the Moors' uprising receded, and the castle was made redundant.

During the War of the Spanish Succession in 1702, Cardinal Luis Antonio Belluga utilised the Castle of Jumilla as a gathering point for his soldiers to support the House Borbon in the Battle of Almansa (1707). The French used the castle as a barracks during the Peninsular War from 1808 to 1814, where British, Spanish, and Portuguese forces fought against them. After its use as a prison, the castle gradually deteriorated and was eventually abandoned. 

In 1971, during the end of Francisco Franco's dictatorship, restoration work began to bring the castle back to its former glory. 

What Does The Castle Look Like?

The castle was initially designed to use the lower floors for dungeons and storage for food and water, with a cistern to collect rainwater. Alongside the inner ward, two cisterns are built, dating back to the Moors' time and a wooden patrol path.

The eastern side of the castle is rounded and built with no windows to minimise the effect of cannonball attacks. The first floor stored weapons and armour, while the second floor was used for the nobles living quarters fitted with a fireplace and a large hearth. The third floor held the mechanisms for the drawbridge operations, and the rooftop battlements had space for three cannons and four apertures for the cannons to fire from.

Today, visitors to the Castle of Jumilla can explore its many rooms and halls, climb its ancient towers, and learn about the fascinating history of this important landmark. Whether you're interested in history, architecture or just looking for a unique and memorable experience, the Castle of Jumilla is worth a visit.