CAMBRIDGE IT COLLEGE

What are cookies exactly? What happens when you accept or reject them?

2026-02-10T18:06:00.001+05:45

Usually, we use cookies or biscuits as hospitality or lunch. But some of these computer files are also called cookies, which are very important in your life. A simple 'text file' on a computer is the basic version of cookies.

When you visit a website that uses cookies, a cookie file is saved on your computer, Mac, phone or tablet.

Includes the name of the website and a unique ID that identifies you. When you revisit the website, the website will know that you have logged in before.

This means that companies can customize their website because they already know some information about you.

What kind of information can cookies contain?

Each cookie contains a website name and an ID for you. But some websites also store other types of information on your computer. For example, cookies may not include the following information.

-The time you spend on the website.

-Links you clicked while using the website.

-Options, preferences and settings you have chosen.

- The account you logged in to.

-Pages you have visited in the past.

- Things in the shopping basket.

For example, a shopping site uses cookies to remember the contents of a virtual basket before you check out.

On the other hand, social networks may use cookies to store the links you click and may later use them to display more relevant and interesting links for you.

Cookies are commonly used to improve the user experience. But privacy advocates have argued that any information, including user browsing behaviour, should not be stored.

Why are cookies so necessary?

With the European Union's GDPR policy binding, cookie notifications have become regular. In short, companies need to have an explicit agreement with you before they can collect data about you.

If cookies identify you with your device's help (most cookies do), the company will need your consent. So many websites are asking for your permission before you can place cookies on your computer and mobile.

Do you need to accept cookies?

Certainly not necessary. If a cookie can identify you, you can reject such cookies altogether.

Websites ask you for permission to use cookies as there are significant fines under various laws. So if you don't want to store or store cookies that contain information about you, you can refuse.

What happens if cookies are not accepted?

Some companies may not use your website if you do not accept cookies. Some websites have stopped giving users access to cookies without permission, especially after implementing GDPR. This is because some websites cannot function as expected without cookies.

But even if you do not accept cookies, you can still use most websites and the Internet. Of course, there are a lot of benefits to getting cookies.

In it, you can get a customized experience with more relevant content. So generally, accepting cookies also makes sense if you are not worried about your privacy.

How to delete cookies?

Since cookies always are stored on your computer, you can delete them. Go to your internet browser settings and enter the history section to do this.

Typically there, you will find the option to delete cookies. You can delete all the cookies on your mobile or computer by freeing up some space.

Doing so will cause you to be logged out of most websites, and some web pages may look different than expected.

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Take Care of Following Things if You Store Data in Cloud?

2025-08-24T19:50:00.001+05:45

As technology develops, the use of the internet also increases. Internet is being used for different purposes. One of them is Cloud Storage. The use of cloud storage platforms for data storage has been increasing day by day. As demand grows, the world's largest companies are trying to provide the best cloud services.

The services provided by such giant companies are largely encrypted and secure. However, sometimes hackers can gain access to data centers in the cloud due to vulnerabilities made by users.

Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to the security of data in the cloud.

Today, we are discussing issues that need to be considered for the security of data stored in the cloud-based on the information prepared by the different largest Companies.

What is Cloud Data Security?

Cloud Data Security refers to measures or actions taken to protect the data stored in the cloud from getting unauthorized access by anyone, including hackers.

How to protect data stored in the cloud?

You can Take the following actions to keep your data safe in the cloud storage:

1. When you choose a cloud service provider, choose a reliable company that can provide reliable and quality service according to your needs and the volume of data that may increase in the future.

2. Always make sure that the data stored in the cloud is highly encrypted.

3. Ensure regular backup of data from cloud service providers. Also, keep a backup of important data locally in your storage device.

4. Always look at the security measures and put them into action which is given by cloud service providers to prevent unauthorized access of your data.

5. Let's use end-point security (Genuine OS, Anti-virus / Anti-malware) on our device (Computer / Laptop / Mobile) as data can be breached/leaked due to the weakness of the cloud user even if the cloud service provider adopts all the security-related standards.

6. Try to ensure the security of data by reading the documents that are available while using the cloud service.

7. Let's use SSL certificate websites and VPNs for secure data transfer.

8. Let's better configure the privacy of the cloud service you use. Also, keep in mind to add the recovery options.

9. Let's keep the cloud service password strong. Also, ensure to use the two-factor authentication feature enabled which is provided by the company.

108. Whenever possible you should not keep personal sensitive details in the cloud.

11. Avoid using public Wi-Fi as much as possible when using cloud services.

12. Try to attend regular training provided by the company on cloud data security and cyber security for the people concerned.

13. Try to formulate and implement a data security policy for every cloud user.

14. Always ensure to Use access features (such as View only, Edit Restriction) when sharing data stored in the cloud with others users.

15. Let's make sure that any data is not deleted when cloud service/provider changes or data migration.

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What are a CDN and its benefits on the Internet?

2025-03-23T18:32:00.001+05:45

The complete form of 'CDN' is 'Content Delivery Network', which plays a vital role in providing fast and easy access to online content away from the user.

It usually works to improve the performance of a website as well as its security and reliability. This is especially useful for managing high traffic websites.

CDN is used to make online content available faster to users on video streaming platforms like Netflix, YouTube, TikTok, Facebook, and e-commerce companies like Amazon and Daraj.

Suppose any website is made in the USA. But if we try to see the online content, such as photos, videos and text from other locations than the USA, it will take a long time for loading content. The main reason for that is the distance.

But if CDN is used in it, the distance will decrease. CDN stores online content at the local POP (Point of Presence).

As a result, online content from local POP near to the user location reaches the user's computer and mobile quickly and easily. Using CDN makes online content available speedily and efficiently and protects the website from a cyberattack like DDoS (Denial of Service Attack).

Another advantage of this is that the website owner can provide online content according to the users' needs scattered in different areas.

Users in one area of the website may need some online content. But it may also be unnecessary for other regions. Thus, CDNs play an essential role in controlling online content.

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Windows or Linux, Which is Best for You?

2024-03-01T18:34:00.001+05:45

Do you run Windows or Linux? If you run both, which one do you prefer? Today we will discuss which operating system, Windows or Linux is suitable for you.

What is an operating system?

An operating system is responsible for managing all the hardware and software resources of the computer. The operating system is the interface between the hardware component and the user.

It provides a graphical user interface (GUI), manages resource allocation, handles input/output, and converts programs into processes. It also collaborates with all programs running on the computer.

The operating system gives all computer programs access to the CPU, memory, and storage. Windows, Linux, Chrome OS, and Mac OS are some of the operating systems we have been using.

Windows is the most used, and Linux is the most popular operating system.

Windows operating system

Windows is a licensed operating system. It is designed to be easily operated by anyone. Windows user interface is straightforward. The terminal can be operated with a simple mouse click without any commands. Being user friendly, anyone can use it easily.

Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, and most computer games run only on Windows. Linux and Mac OS operating systems do not support these features.

Troubleshoot solves some of the problems by identifying itself. The Windows operating system is widely used as it is straightforward to operate for both tech and non-tech people.

Linux operating system

Linux is an open-source operating system. It is based on the Unix standard, which significantly supports programming. Being open-source allows the user to modify the original code. There are many Linux distributions available as the code changes.

Linux has been the first choice of many for server setup. Both Windows and Linux have their advantages and disadvantages.

This article will help you choose the operating system that suits your needs. We will compare these two operating systems based on different factors.

Freedom

Windows is a licensed operating system. It would be best to have a Windows license or product key to run Windows entirely. If you're using pirated Windows, you may have problems later.

Here Linux is completely 'free'. You can download and run any distribution from the Internet. There is no problem with the license and product key.

Booting is done only from the primary 'key' in Windows, but in Linux, you can boot from any disk.

Performance

Linux is lightweight and uses fewer resources than Windows. At the same time, the speed of Linux is higher than that of Windows. As it is open-source, Linux drivers are not readily available in the market, and Windows drivers are easily available.

distribution

On Windows, you don't get the same distribution as on Linux. Microsoft itself updates Windows from time to time and releases new versions. Windows 11 is the latest version of Windows.

Since Linux is open source, anyone can modify the code to create a new distribution. You can enjoy Linux by running all the distributions.

You can download and use any Linux distribution like Fedora, Arch Linux, Kubuntu, Ubuntu Mate, and Parrot OS from the Internet.

Security

Windows OS is much more likely to be attacked by malware than Linux. Because of the licensing software, only a limited number of people have access to the source code. Windows requires a separate antivirus to keep the device safe.

Being open-source, the code of Linux is open to all developers so that all developers can fix even the most minor security bug.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

When we talk about the user interface, Windows is far ahead of Linux. Easy UI so everyone can use it. No programming knowledge is required to run Windows.

You can make maximum use of Office products by quickly accessing all the files. Linux does not provide UI features like Windows. Since everything is done through the terminal, a little bit of coding concept is needed.

Ease of use

In terms of convenience, Windows is far ahead of Linux. Windows provides a good user experience. Navigation and layout are straightforward on Windows operating system. Most control panel tasks can be managed from Windows settings.

conclusion

Both operating systems have their target market. Windows is used everywhere for business and office purposes. Windows is ahead of all other operating systems for commercial purposes due to the convenience of the Office package.

On the other hand, the first choice of all programmers is the Linux operating system. Because of its security and reliability, many IT professionals prefer Linux. There is also a lot of flexibility in customization.

With the new LTS Ubuntu 2204, the UI has also improved. Programming enhances a lot once you learn how to use Linux's Wit, Grip.

Did you find your information in a Google search? Remove it this way

2023-12-26T17:59:00.001+05:45

Did you find your information in a Google search? Remove it this way.

Our information is scattered everywhere on the Internet. That is the case, and it is natural to see such details when searching Google. In this way, Google has provided the facility to remove some of the user's information in the search.

In April last year, the company mentioned what kind of information can be removed by request, including the user's phone number, location, and other important issues.

'Any user's personal information may be misused. It may even affect someone financially, "Michael Chang, Google's head of global policy, wrote in a blog post.

What information can You remove from Google search?

Google accepts your request to remove your information only in certain critical situations. This means that Google will not remove your information for any reason.

According to Google, these issues can be removed if the user submits a request.

1. Personal information required for contacts, such as email, phone number, and location.

2. Provide information, including your credit card, bank account number, and photo of your signature.

3. User login username and password

4. Images and videos related to deep fake / pornography

5. Other crucial medical information

6. Pornography content linked to your name but unrelated to you.

From the above, we can tell you what kind of information you can request from Google for removal.

We are now providing information on requesting Google to remove such information.

Google does not easily remove any information. For that, you need to send a ' request ' to Google. When sending such a request, you should also send the link from which URL (link) your information came out.

You may even need to send a screenshot of the information in some conditions. After submitting such information, Google will study your request to determine whether the information you have requested is publicly available or not. Or is it somewhere in the news/article that is not important? It studies the subject.

In that case, the request would not be approved, Chang said. Otherwise, Google will decide whether to remove the link or the search result only, which will be communicated to the user.

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What is digital legacy, why is it important?

2023-06-14T18:09:00.001+05:45

Generally, when our loved one dies, his/her belongings are taken care of. It's important to handle digital content as well as other content.

However, this would not be possible without the data we collected after our death, such as photos, recordings, documents, journals, calendars, our passwords, or our biometric passwords.

Many of us may not have thought about this. For example, after your death, you may have already nominated someone who will have the right to your property. This is the practice in banking and real estate.

But In today's world, your data is your asset. Giving your digital property to another person in this way is known as a digital legacy. This process is now being facilitated by the many companies concerned to transfer the legacy in the form of digital legacy.

Recently, Apple has also started the facility of taking digital legacy. Apple has a newly introduced 'Legacy Contact' feature in the latest update of iOS i.e. Version 15.2.

Under this feature, the person in the user's legacy contact can access those data like messages, photos, notes, and other important data on the user's iPhone after his/her death.

Google has also introduced a similar feature for every user. However, this feature is not as specific as Apple. For every user of Google Accounts, there is an 'Inactive Account Manager feature.

And this feature allows users to deactivate their account if the account has not been used for a long time. Users will also be able to choose who else can access their account and their google data according to their wish.

In the case of Facebook, after the death of the user, the user's account is changed to another page which is called 'memorize', in which the profile is locked so that no one else can use it.

Otherwise, you can manage the settings by going to the settings of Facebook and asking the user to delete his account in advance in case of his death. Also, in case of his death, Facebook has made an arrangement to keep 'legacy contact'.

In the case of other social media like LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram, the account can be removed. But other users do not have access to those data.

Similarly, Microsoft has not done any work related to a digital legacy so far.

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How to become a full-stack developer?

2023-04-15T16:06:00.004+05:45

Programming is an integral part of today's technological era. Different technical aspects are growing daily, and the demand for workers in those technologies is also increasing. One of the growing and the most demanded skill in programming is full-stack development.

A full-stack developer takes responsibility for both Client and server-side applications and is capable of working with both client-side applications, i.e. front-end and server-side applications, i.e. back-end.

Front-end development

The front end is generally understood as the user interface of any application. It is a part of the website that the User sees and interacts with.

The front-end developer always deals with how to present the Content on the website, how the User interacts with it, and how to display the webpage.

The front-end development includes all the components on the webpage required for user experience. The main objective of the front-end development is to provide a better website look to the User. As a front-end developer, HTML, CSS and JS (JavaScript) are the primary languages.

Back-end development

The development activities are done on the web server, and the User cannot see the back-end development. It works on the server side. At the back end, a server receives and processes user requests. The back end is where a web application's behind-the-scenes work happens. Data handling, manipulation, algorithms and other work are done in the back end.

The back end is also called the logical part or brain of the web application. It mainly focuses on scripting, website architecture and working with different databases and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces). The Logic used in the back end helps the User to communicate with the information of the database. Programming Languages like NodeJs, Java, Python, PHP, ASP etc. (of Them) are used as back-end languages.

Everything has its pros and cons. Something has more props and fewer cons, whereas something has fewer props and more cons. In the same way, Becoming a full-stack developer also has some pros and cons, as listed below:

Props:

- You know the techniques required for project development.

- You can make the prototype of the project quickly.

- You can help the team with the project development.

- According to your needs, you can switch between front-end and back-end development.

- You can understand all the aspects of the project, and learning new technologies will be easier.

Cons:

- The Back-end technology you have chosen may not be used in every project.

- As a full-stack developer, you must work on both sides (front-end and back-end), which may increase complexity.

- Developing a project as a single may increase the project risk.

To become a full-stack web application Developer, you need to know both front-end and back-end technology.

How to become a full-stack Web developer?

Learn about Internet Protocol:

Before creating a web application, it is essential to understand how the internet works. Knowing about HTTP, HTTPS, IP address, Domain Name, DNS, OSI Model etc., is necessary. Learn How the domain name works, How the Domain name is Connected to the Server, How the DNS is configured, Differences in HTTP and HTTPS requests, etc. It provides information about Internet Protocol and helps develop better and more secure web applications. We will also request you learn Linux because most websites are hosted on Linux Servers.

Learn HTML and CSS:

Learning HTML and CSS is the first phase in Web Development. If you want to become a Web Developer, learning HTML and CSS is mandatory. There is not any excuses or alternatives to skip it.

HTML, Stands for HyperText Markup Language that gives the basic layout of any website. It displays the webpage's Content, such as Headings, Pictures, Lists, Paragraphs, Links, Buttons, etc. It helps to structure the website.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) teaches how to display the website layout and which components should be placed where. CSS helps style the website and provides a better look at the structure designed using HTML. It includes colours, animations, transitions, layouts, fonts, etc., of the website. You can also learn CSS frameworks like bootstrap, tailwind CSS, Bulma, Materialize etc., but learning is not mandatory. You can also learn CSS Preprocessor like Sass and Scss, which helps to add additional functionality.

HTML and CSS are essential foundations in front-end development. So, it is the first step of a full-stack developer.

JavaScript:

JavaScript makes the website designed in HTML and CSS functional and provides additional power to HTML and CSS. JS (JavaScript) is a scripting language in the web browser.

Using JavaScript with CSS brings versatility and interactivity to the website. JavaScript works in both server-side and client-side areas. So after HTML CSS, it is automatically the next step to learn JavaScript. You can also learn JavaScript libraries and Frameworks like jQuery, React JS, Next JS, Vue etc.

If you are not interested in learning JS, then there is an alternative to JavaScript, i.e. Pyscript. But We highly recommend you retain JavaScript rather than Pyscript.

Back-end

As we already discuss Back-end. It is all about working with the Server.

You can learn Node JS and Angular JS or continue in JavaScript for the back end.

In addition, you can also learn languages such as Python, PHP, ASP, C++, C#, Java, Node.js, Ruby etc.

You need to learn and master one of the back-end programming languages. You can also learn more than one programming language and use those languages according to your needs.

Database:

Databases are mainly used to store, organize and retrieve data when necessary. Relational and Non-Relational (SQL and NoSQL) are the two types of databases. As a FullStack Developer, You need to be familiar with both database technology.

There are many database languages, but the current popular language is SQL, MySQL, PostgreSQL and MongoDB. You can learn any of them, which is used to store and retrieve the data according to the User's need from the database.

Code Editor:

Code Editor is the tool that provides you with the facilities to write your Code. You will need to learn how to use a code editor and be familiar with the shortcut key, increasing your working speed. You can know text editors like Visual Studio Code, Sublime Text, Atom, PyCharm, IntelliJ, Brackets etc.

This is your coding platform and Your Code in those code editors.

Git and GitHub:

Git and GitHub are the technology you need to know as a developer. Git is a Version Control System for Tracing Code Changes, Who Made Changes, and Code Collaboration. It is also used for managing repositories, cloning projects, Staging and Committing changes, Branching and Merge projects, Pulling and Pushing projects, etc.

GitHub is the largest open-source community of Coders, Programmers and Engineers. It is an online hosting service for Git Repositories. In GitHub, you can create a repository of your projects, collaborate with other programmers and create an application. GitHub is an essential tool for a programmer, mainly used to host Code and projects.

According to my experience and research, this is the way to become a full-stack developer with constant practice and effort. We wish you the Best of Luck.

BIOS: Your Computer will not Start without it

2023-02-23T15:13:00.002+05:45

Today is the age of computers and the internet. Computers are being rapidly used in each and every field in one form or another. Computers have become so important in some of the areas, where no work can be possible without them.

In the present time, Computers and the Internet are being used for various purposes such as banking and financial institutions, agriculture, hospitals, factories, other business areas, schools, campuses, government offices, different IT Sectors, etc. From Small to Giant Industries is using the computer system to make their work faster and easier.

Computers and the Internet may have played a significant role in the lives of every one of us. If nothing else, we are using computers and the Internet to get information and News.

When We start any Computer or Phone, it is going to start with 'BIOS' which is a very important aspect of the computer system.

In the absence of a commuter or phone, we can easily start our day, we will search for an alternative to performing the task but in the absence of BIOS, it is not possible to start a computer or phone.

Why is BIOS very important? What is BIOS exactly? How does it work?

First of all, Let's know about BIOS which stands for BIOS - Basic Input Output System. It is a very important part of our computer system that has become such an important aspect of our lives.

When you open your computer system, a page or some display appears on the screen. In fact, it is known as BIOS. Like other kinds of software, BIOS is also a type of software. This is the most important part of our computer.

BIOS is a complete 'Basic Input Output System'. Which means the basic system of input and output. It is software installed in the ROM (Read Only Memory) which is attached to the motherboard.

BIOS is the first software that starts working after opening the computer. If this failed to run then the computer system will not start. BIOS runs POST (Power On Self Test) operation when we start our computer system Which ensures that all computer hardware is connected to the system such as RAM, processor, keyboard, mouse, hard drive, USB port, sound card, video card, etc. are all in working condition.

Configures it after making sure it is OK with the help of POST operation. Then Windows or any other operating system loads into the computer memory. After loading OS (Operating System), our computer starts.

Once the computer started, other software or programs can be run according to our needs. If something goes wrong during the POST operation, the BIOS sends a code to the computer to fix it.

Such code is often heard as a beep when running a computer, Which helps the computer to run the system easily by automatically resolving it.

Where is the BIOS located? BIOS ROM (ROM-Read only memory) is in memory.

Every Computer user can easily identify all the hardware. BIOS is especially responsible for booting computer operating systems. The BIOS is already installed on the computer by the manufacturer.

After that only, other hardware can be installed on the CPU. This is the stable memory of the computer system, Which is installed inside the ROM as well as placed on the motherboard of our computer.

We as normal computer users cannot delete BIOS even if we want to or try to delete it. It can be updated and installed from time to time when the manufacturer provides the latest version of BIOS. It is also known as EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory). Which can be electronically deleted or programmed.

The motherboard is always connected to a chip called CMOS battery (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) in which all the settings and changes made of the BIOS are stored. CMOS is a battery that protects all settings in the BIOS. With the help of the CMOS battery, the BIOS facilitates the booting process of the commuter.

CMOS is a small cell or battery which preserves basic computer information such as date and time, Location, Booting Sequence, etc. If the CMOS battery runs out or is removed, all BIOS settings are reset as default.

We have noticed that even when we turn off and restart the computer, there is no change in the basic information like time, date, location, etc. because all the settings are saved in the BIOS which is always powered by the battery of CMOS.

What could be the function of BIOS?

The BIOS is responsible for performing a variety of tasks, from simple to complex. Some working styles of BIOS can be changed manually while some systems are edited. Here are some of the functions we found to be interesting:

1. When the computer starts, then first of all the BIOS checks all the settings in the CMOS, so that the other rest of the thing can work perfectly.

2. The BIOS then loads the device driver, which acts as a bridge between the operating system and the device. That is the way by which entire hardware interacts with the software.

3. The BIOS then prepares various registers to make it useful.

4. Once the register is ready, the BIOS tests all hardware devices such as keyboards, mice, mouse, RAM, Hard Disk Drive, etc. This process is called POST (Power On Self Test).

5. After the test is completed, the BIOS finds a bootable medium to load Operating System, then reads the medium and loads the required file in RAM. The operating system opens only after this process is completed.

Thus, the BIOS controls the entire computer system. This means that all the activities in the system run through it. Without the BIOS, the computer cannot start. Maybe in the future, some new technology may introduce.

Most Useful 61 computer shortcut keys Every Computer User need to know

2022-11-23T17:13:00.001+05:45

Microsoft has released the latest version of Windows, which is Windows 11. However, if you are using Windows 10, you will be able to use this version until 2025, according to Microsoft. After that, there will be no new updates for windows 10.

The good news is that the shortcut keys used in almost all versions of Windows are the same. Here we will discuss the essential shortcut keys that make your daily work in Windows more straightforward and faster.

Common keys

Ctrl + A: To select any picture, letters, document, etc.

Ctrl + C: Copy any selected image, word, document, or other content.

Ctrl + V: To paste copied items or content anywhere you want.

Ctrl + X: To copy any selected items and delete selected items from the present location

Ctrl + Z: To return to your previous work or to undo any changes you made or to return deleted words, pictures, videos to their original location immediately if they are not deleted permanently.

Ctrl + Y: To retrieve the changes you have made by using ctrl + z or delete retrieved content or perform the reverse task of Ctrl + z.

Ctrl + N: To Open a new file explorer or open the concerned file of the software you are using.

Windows key + F1: To Get Help in Windows related to your problems.

Alt + F4: To close the Current application or window you are using.

Alt + Tab: To switch between the applications or windows running in your foreground or background.

Shift + Delete: To delete any selected content or items permanently (Without sending the file to recycle bin)

For Start Menu and Taskbar

Windows key or Ctrl + Esc: Open the Start menu or Start button.

Windows key + T: To select the software or application pinned in the taskbar.

Windows key + [Number]: To open the window or application which are pinned in the taskbar that corresponds to the Number of their position.

Windows key + Alt + [Number]: To open the right-click menu of the application, which are pinned in the taskbar that is corresponding to the Number of their position.

Windows key + D: To Maximize and Minimize the running software from your desktop.

Keys used on the desktop

Windows key + M: To minimize all open windows on your desktop.

Windows key + Shift + M: To restore minimized windows or maximize the minimized windows.

Windows key + Up arrow: To maximize the selected window (to open the minimized software).

Windows key + Shift + Up arrow: To maximize the horizontally window you are currently using.

Windows key + Down arrow: To minimize the selected window (Currently Running Windows).

Windows key + Left arrow or Right arrow: Place the selected window (Currently Running in Foreground) on the right, left, or center of the screen.

Windows key + Tab: To open Task View.

Windows key + Ctrl + D: To add a new virtual desktop (Open the New desktop that doesn't have any opened application).

Windows key + Ctrl + Right arrow: Move the virtual desktop to the right of the screen (If Virtual desktop is added).

Windows key + Ctrl + Left arrow: Move the virtual desktop to the left of the screen (If Virtual desktop is added).

Windows key + Ctrl + F4: To turn off the virtual desktop if there is any virtual desktop opened.

Window keys

Windows key + A: Open the Action Center of the computer.

Windows key + S: To search for anything you like by opening Cortana (Windows Virtual Assistant) in text mode.

Windows key + C: To open Cortana in listening mode.

Windows key + E: To open File Explorer.

Windows key + F: To open Feedback Hub of Windows.

Windows key + Ctrl + F: To search other computers on the network if you are connected to the network.

Windows key + G: To open the Xbox Game Bar.

Windows key + H: To Open Windows Speech Recognition of setting.

Windows key + I: Open the Settings menu of the Computer system.

Windows key + K: Open the sidebar to connect new Bluetooth devices.

Windows key + L: To lock the computer immediately.

Windows key + O: To lock the current screen orientation

Windows key + P: To open the projection sidebar or presentation to connect the concerned display.

Windows key + R: To open the 'Run' window.

Windows key + U: To open 'Ease of Access' of the setting.

Windows key + W: To open a Windows Ink workspace on a tablet or touchscreen.

Windows key + Print Screen (PrtScr SysRq): To take a screenshot of the desktop.

Windows key + (+) or (-): To Perform zoom in and out on the magnifier.

Windows key + Esc: To close off the magnifier if opened.

Give commands in Windows

Ctrl + C: To copy the selected text to the clipboard.

Ctrl + V: To paste copied text.

Ctrl + A: To select all text.

Ctrl + Up or Down: To Move the screen one line up or down.

Ctrl + F: To find any content in the window.

Ctrl + M: To Increase Indent.

Shift + Up or Down: To select a text from the cursor to one Line Up or Down.

Shift + Left or Right: To select text from the cursor to left and right.

Ctrl + Shift + Left or Right: To Move the cursor to the right or left and Select the Text.

Shift + Page Up or Page Down: To Move the cursor up or down the screen and make a selection.

Shift + Home or End: Move the cursor to the front or back of the paragraph and make the selection.

Ctrl + Shift + Home / End: To Move the cursor to the Top or Bottom of the document and select the text.

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Windows 11, How different from Windows 10?

2022-03-07T15:30:00.000+05:45

Windows is one of the Popular GUI (Graphical User Interface) based Operating systems developed by Microsoft Corporation. Nowadays, Windows Operating System is used in a personal computer, including Home and Business Desktops, Laptops, Notebooks, Media Centers. There are many versions of Windows developed and the recently launched Windows version is Windows 11.

Microsoft is still working to make Windows 11 available on all suitable computers and laptops by end of 2022. However, At the Present time, you are not able to download and install Windows 11 on all computer systems. Some of us are using Windows 11 in the supported Systems and most of us are waiting for Windows 11 available for the Unsupported System.

It is very important to know about the Windows you are using and the new Windows that is coming on the market before or after using it. In other words, you may be interested to know about the main differences between Windows 10 and Windows 11. This is what we are discussing here.

Microsoft's recently launched operating system includes the features like Mac that enhance beauty and productivity. If you have Windows 11 on your computer, you can run Android apps on it without installing third-party applications.

Other improvements have also been added. Now, let's know about how Microsoft has made significant changes in Windows 11.

Design and Interface

In Windows 11, the Start menu is placed in the middle, followed by the Taskbar. Windows 11 brings a new Mac-like interface to the operating system. Also, round corners and pastel shades make the design attractive.

The Start menu can be moved to the center of the screen along with the taskbar. If you want to have a start menu like Windows 10 on the left side, you can also make it.

Use of Android app

Users have been trying to use Android apps on their computers for many years. To address this, Microsoft has made the Android app available on Windows 11 through the Microsoft Store and Amazon App Store.

If you have Windows 11 on your computer, you can enjoy the Android app from your computer.

Better Virtual Desktop Supported

Like Mac, Windows 11 makes it easy to set up virtual desktops. This allows you to toggle between multiple desktops. Which is going to increase working capacity.

Setting up and using a virtual desktop in Windows 10 was very difficult. Windows 11 has brought this feature to make it easier.

Microsoft Teams in the taskbar

For those who use Microsoft Teams to make video calls on the internet, Windows 11 has added Microsoft Teams to the taskbar. Which makes it easier to make calls on Windows 11 than on Windows 10 where you need to install the Microsoft Teams.

Attractive Widget Design

Using Windows 11, you can access widgets from the taskbar. This feature is also included in the latest update of Windows 10. Through it, you can go to the taskbar and get information about weather, stocks, news, and many more.

Touchscreen, Voice, and Pen support preferred

Microsoft aims to make Windows 11 easier to run on tablets than Windows 10. Microsoft will improve the touch experience for tablets, added a little more distance between icons in the taskbar, and add some gestures.

Xbox to improve gaming

Microsoft has introduced some of the features of the Xbox, such as Auto HDR and Direct Storage, to improve gaming in Windows 11. This makes it very easy for gamers.

This is all about the main update made by Microsoft in Windows 11. If you want to install Windows 11 on your Unsupported System, Checkout this Article.

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How Would Be the World of Metaverse?

2022-02-21T07:38:00.026+05:45

Metaverse is currently being discussed around the world. Recently, the trend of buying virtual plots has started in Metaverse. Many large companies have entered the meta-real estate sector.

On the other hand, the practice of getting married in the Metaverse is also starting. Many are curious as to what the Metaverse is. Metaverse is a kind of entire world.

It is a virtual but real-looking world, using virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), blockchain, and various social networking concepts. Metaverse will find the way for a new economy, creating accumulated wealth.

It will be traded, and digital currency will be used. Some people think it will take a long time to get to Metaverse. But that is not the case. This is much closer than you expected. The 5G network will soon be a reality.

Internet speed will be very high in this fifth-generation mobile technology. In this way, the wires of 5G and Metavars are connected to each other. Metaverse is not associated with any one person. Instead, it is a digital reality World, Which will require as much information as possible. It will require a very fast Wi-Fi or internet connection to access Metaverse today.

On the other hand, We aren't getting much-needed bandwidth support. So you can't enjoy Metaverse like this.

A huge amount of information needs to be downloaded to the local device before entering Metaverse. For this, you need a super-fast internet connection.

It would be best if you had an Internet connection of at least 100 Mbps to connect directly to Metaverse, which will be possible only after the arrival of 5G.

That is why various companies and governments are constantly working on the 5G Network. As the name suggests, it is a fifth-generation mobile technology.

The new generation network will probably be the fastest and will be able to handle many connected devices. It is specifically designed to solve all three types of things, including speed, latency, and utility.

Which the old and current generation of mobile technology is not able to address. The fifth-generation network will mainly work in three bands. That is Low, Mid, and High frequency. All of these bands will have their limits of usage.

How about Metaverse?

American author Neil Stephen first used 'METAVERSE' in his 1992 novel. In this virtual world, avatars talk to each other.

This thing has come out of the novel and has come a long way. Today, billions of dollars are spent on Metaverse, and giant technology companies are actively involved.

A giant company Facebook has changed its name to Meta. At the renaming event, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg announced that he would work to make his company Metaverse a reality.

According to him, it will help to stay in touch with each other, build community and move the business forward. You will also be able to enter this virtual world using a VR headset or a console like PlayStation. Whether you like the concept or not, the reality is that the physical distance between people is constantly increasing.

With the help of the internet and smart devices, people are moving towards doing most of the work at home. Due to the Covid 19 epidemic, remote work, food delivery apps, social media, online dating, video calls, and e-commerce are rising.

People are watching movies and web series from OTT at home. In the world of Metaverse, you will be able to be a part of the video yourself instead of watching the video. You can walk around the Metaverse for the best angle and look and interact with the help of your hands.

You can participate in an art exhibition or meeting in another city with the help of Metaverse. The experience will be very different from the online discussion, and you will feel that you are present at that place.

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The New Age of Internet 'WEB 3.0", Upcoming Version of Future Internet

2022-02-03T18:35:00.005+05:45

Web 3.0 has been the talk of the town lately. Which is the next generation of WWW (World Wide Web). Which will replace the current Web 2.0. It is said that control over data in Web 3.0 will be personal rather than corporate or governmental.

In addition, users will be able to access Internet media, e-mail, shopping sites, etc. through a single account.

As soon as Facebook deleted the name of its company, there was a lot of talk about Metaverse. Then there is the discussion of Web 3.0. This new word has excited the internet world. You may be wondering, what exactly is Web 3.0? This is an evolution of the current Web 2.0.

In this future age of the internet, you will not need to have a separate account for different platforms. Instead, it will be the same internet account. With the help of which you can use Facebook, Twitter, Google, online shopping, etc.

Your online activity will also be listed on the same digital backbone, which supports cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Blockchain. On the positive side, no centralized power can control it.

Instead, the person concerned will have the right to control their own data. Web 3.0 applications are often based on a technology called Ethereum.

Understand the difference between Web 2.0 and 3.0

Since the Corona epidemic began in March 2020, online services have become an integral part of daily life. People shop, order food, watch movies, use the Internet, and buy and sell goods online.

All sites, from e-mail to the Internet to online shopping, operate in the cloud. It provides remote data storage and processing services over the Internet. Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure, and other cloud services are available in the market.

This means that any information shared by any user on such platforms is stored on the cloud service provider's server and data center. This version of the Internet is called Web 2.0.

Which we are currently using. Now let's talk about Web 3.0, which is the next generation of the Web. Where services will operate on blockchain technology. Let's compare Web 2.0 and 3.0 here.

Where cloud platforms or built-in infrastructure build the foundation for Web 2.0, all services in Web 3.0 are built on blockchain. The main difference between the two is that the cloud is controlled by companies like Amazon, Google, and Microsoft.

Which tends to be centralized. But in Web 3.0, the Internet is decentralized through blockchain technology. Which tends to operate on public blockchains. Which is currently used for cryptocurrency transactions.

It will be different from centralized internet i.e. web 2.0. Where top companies like Meta, Google, Amazon, Apple are keeping a lot of user data. Web 3.0 is important for cryptocurrency.

But Web 3.0 is not limited to this. The best example of this is NFT (non-fungible token). Which is purchased using crypto coins.

How is the change?

Before understanding why Web 3.0 is important, it is important to remember the purpose of the current version of the Internet, Web 2.0. Which has been running since 1990. Web 1.0 started with a static personal web page.

At the beginning of the last decade of the last century, the Internet was new to all people. During that time there were many static pages on the Internet. There was not much possibility of conversation and interaction.

Then after 2000 came Web 2.0 and with it came big companies like Meta (Facebook), YouTube, Amazon. This is the period when users create Internet content.

Users unknowingly search for videos and pictures. Buy or sell or upload any content online. This way a lot of internet content and data is created.

All of this data is stored on the servers of companies that help people interact with each other. This means that the middlemen themselves became the custodians of the user's data and began to use it to their advantage through advertising.

According to State Counter, Meta's (Facebook) market share on the Internet is 72 percent. The more time it takes to create content, the more data companies can collect. This will help them strengthen their AI algorithms and Ad engines.

This is the main source of income for such companies. Web 2.0 has caused problems such as privacy and intellectual property theft. But now with Web 3.0, this kind of problem is expected to be solved.

In today's world of the internet copying and posting content is commonplace. When Casey Newton, an American technology journalist, analyzed the top 19 most viewed posts, only four were found to be original.

While the rest of the intellectual theft was proven. Web 3.0 is said to help solve this problem. Some limited companies now control the Internet. But now the new Web 3.0 will have new Internet networks, search engines, etc., which will not be controlled by such companies.

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Blockchain Technology - The Upcoming Future

2022-01-06T20:43:00.003+05:45

Nowadays, there is a lot of discussion in the field of technology regarding the topic of blockchain technology. You must have heard that word. Not many people really know what blockchain technology is and how it works. Today we are explaining it in an easy way.

What is a blockchain?
Blockchain is a new technology. With this technology, we can collect not only money but everything by converting it to digital form. This platform is like a laser in the office. According to experts, this is a kind of exchange process, which works on data blocks.

Each block is connected to each other and cannot be hacked easily. The purpose of this technology is to preserve digital copies of documents. It is worth mentioning that in 1991, Stuart and W. Scott Stornet first used blockchain technology.

These are the advantage of Blockchain technology:-

1. Complete data security:
Blockchain-based systems are considered very secure. Which is a very important feature of this technology. When it comes to how blockchains work, this technology creates an unalterable record of transactions, including end-to-end encryption. Which helps prevent fraud and unauthorized activity.

In addition, blockchain data is stored on a network of computers, making it almost impossible to hack it.

2. Price will be cheaper
The nature of the blockchain can cut costs for the organization. It provides efficiency to make the transaction effective. This technology can be used to collect and process data as well as simplify the reporting and auditing process. Overall, blockchain technology helps reduce costs by eliminating middlemen or third parties in the business.

3. Easy to track
Walmart has used blockchain not only in terms of speed but also in terms of tracing the origin of mangoes and other products. It also allows retailers like Walmart to better manage their inventory. It also allows you to answer questions or verify the history of your belongings.

If there is a need to take back the produce due to pollution of a field, a retailer using blockchain can detect and remove the crop and produce coming from that particular field by stopping the sale of the remaining produce.

4. The transaction process becomes transparent,
Eliminating speed intermediaries and making blockchain faster by changing the manual processing of transactions. So much so that the transaction can be completed in a few seconds.

Of course, the time involved may vary depending on the situation. How fast a blockchain-based system can complete a transaction depends on a number of factors.

For example, how big each block of data is and how much network traffic there is. Despite this, blockchain tends to be faster than other processes and technologies.

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Wireshark One The Tool Used by Hacker for Sniffing the Data

2021-12-24T17:18:00.014+05:45

Wireshark is a free open source tool that analyzes network traffic in real-time for Windows, Mac, Unix, and Linux systems. It captures data packets passing through a network interface (such as Ethernet, LAN, or SDRs) and translates that data into valuable information for IT professionals and cybersecurity teams.

Wireshark is a type of packet sniffer (also known as a network protocol analyzer, protocol analyzer, and network analyzer). Packet sniffers intercept network traffic to understand the activity being processed and harvest useful insights.

Wireshark (formerly known as ethereal) offers a series of different display filters to transform each captured packet into a readable format. This allows users to identify the cause of network security issues and even discover potential cybercriminal activity.

When a packet sniffer is used in 'promiscuous mode' users can analyze network traffic regardless of its destination - like a fly on a wall watching office activity. While this empowers IT professionals to perform a quick and thorough diagnosis of network security, in the wrong hands, Wireshark could be used for cyberattack reconnaissance campaigns.

Because you can download Wireshark for free, cybercriminals have liberal access to it, so it's best security practice to assume the software is currently being used with hostile intentions. Luckily, there are some security measures you can implement to protect against network sniffing.

What is Wireshark Used For?

Packet analysis software like Wireshark is used by entities that must remain informed about the state of security of their network, as such, the software is commonly used by governments, schools, and technology businesses.

Common Wireshark use cases include:

Identify the cause of a slow internet connection
Investigating lost data packets
Troubleshooting latency issues
Detecting malicious network activity
Identify unauthorized data exfiltration
Analyzing bandwidth usage
Tracing voice over Internet (VoIP) calls over the network
Intercepting Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks

Wireshark makes all of the above use cases possible by rendering and translating traffic into readable formats - saving users the frustrations of having to translate binary information manually. All of this is done in real-time so that detected issues can be rapidly addressed before they develop into a service outage, or worse, a data breach.

How to Use Wireshark

Before following a Wireshark tutorial, it's important to understand how networking systems work.

The OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a framework that represents how network traffic is transferred and displayed to an end-user. It's comprised of 7 layers

Application (Layer 7) - Displays the graphical User Interface (UI) - what the end-user sees
Presentation (Layer 6) - Formats data to achieve effective communication between networked applications
Session Layer (Layer 5) - Ensures connections between end-points are continuous and uninterrupted.
Transports Layer (Layer 4) - Proxy servers and firewalls reside on this layer. Ensures error-free data transfer between each endpoint by processing TCP and UDP protocols. At this layer, Wireshark can be used to analyze TCP traffic between two IP addresses
Network Layer (Layer 3) - Ensures routing data for routers residing on this network are error-free.
Data Link Layer (Layer 2) - Identifies physical servers through two sub-layers, Media Access Control (MAC), and Logical Link Control (LLC).
Physical Layer (Layer 1) - Comprised of all the physical hardware that processes network activity

To use correctly use Wireshark, you must be aware of the different proctors being processed at each OSI layer. This will help you decide which layer should be analyzed for each specific diagnostic requirement.

Here's a run-through of the protocols being processed at each OSI layer:

Application (Layer 7) - SMTP, HTTP, FTP, POP3, SNMP
Presentation (Layer 6) - MPEG, ASCH, SSL, TLS
Session Layer (Layer 5) - NetBIOS, SAP
Transports Layer (Layer 4) - TCP, UDP
Network Layer (Layer 3) - IPV5, IPV6, ICMP, IPSEC, ARP, MPLS.
Data Link Layer (Layer 2) - RAPA, PPP, Frame Relay, ATM, Fiber Cable, etc.
Physical Layer (Layer 1) - RS232, 100BaseTX, ISDN, 11.

Each layer is stacked on top of the other and information flows between each layer during network activity.

Even with just a surface-level understanding of the different functions of each layer, you can perform a high-level assessment of networking issues.

For example, if you're having issues browsing the internet, you can assume that there's likely an error on the Network Layer (layer 3) since it processes router data.

Wireshark can then be used to further investigate such an assumption. It can confirm which layer is failing and the specific protocols that contain errors.

If you're struggling to understand any of the above concepts, you will need to develop some essential skills before using Wireshark.

A thorough understanding of each of the following concepts is a prerequisite to using Wireshark. Each item on the list links out to an article offering more information should you wish to fill any essential knowledge gaps.

Networking basics
Mechanics of network packets
Three-way TCP handshakes
TCP/IP stack
TCP protocols
UDP protocols
DHCP protocols
ICMP protocols
How to read and interpret captured packet headers
How routing works
How to port forwarding works

Additional Wireshark E-Resources

Wireshark offers a wealth of free resources to help you master network analysis with its product.

They can be accessed from the Wireshark website.

How to Protect Against Network Sniffing

The probability of an organization suffering a data breach is rising, and from this, we can infer that network sniffing is also on the rise since they facilitate cyberattacks.

The following security controls could prevent network sniffing.

Keep Antivirus Software Updated

Network sniffers are usually delivered through trojans, worms, viruses, and malware. Antivirus software could block such hostile payloads before they have a chance to deploy a sniffing campaign.

To increase the chances of successful protection, it's important to keep antivirus software updated so that it's configured to detect the latest cyber threats.

Encrypt All Network Data

When network data is encrypted, it's difficult for cybercriminals to glean sensitive information from it in a sniffing campaign.

There are different types of encryption methods available, but for the highest degree of obfuscation, the Advanced Encryption Standards (AES) should be used.

This encryption algorithm is impervious to almost all forms of cyberattacks (except brute force attacks), this is why it's the preferred encryption method of the United States government.

Use a VPN

Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) secure all internal traffic in an encrypted tunnel. They also secure remote connections to sensitive internal networks, so that businesses can maintain a remote workforce without compromising on security.

For the best results, choose a VPN that uses AES encryption and couple it with antivirus software that's always kept updated.

Disable UPnP

Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) could allow cybercriminals to connect to your router and deploy network sniffing software. These connections could occur autonomously, outside of your control, because that's what UPnP is designed to do

Most new routers come with UPnP already enabled, so you could currently be exposing your network to sniffing attacks without knowing it.

Only Interact with Secure Websites

Protected websites encrypt all of the data that's submitted to them. Submissions occur through any website element that accepts user input. This includes contact forms, login fields, and even payment information fields.

A secure website can be identified in two ways:

The URL of a secure website begins with HTTPS. The insecure websites don't include an "s", they begin with just HTTP.
Secure websites display a tiny locked padlock before their URL. Insecure websites display an unlocked padlock.

Do Not Connect to Public Wi-Fi

The security of public Wi-Fi can never be confirmed. You can never be certain that they even encrypt their data. Cybercriminals often set up malicious free Wi-Fi hotspots so that they can monitor the activity of connected devices.

Discovering a Wi-Fi hotspot that doesn't require a password may seem like a life-saver, but their potential security risks greatly outweigh any of the benefits they might offer. Best to avoid all public Wi-Fi hotspots.

Use a Third-Party Attack Surface Monitoring Solution

The chances of network sniffing attacks are high if operating systems and third-party software are not updated with the latest patches. A vendor attack surface monitoring solution will alert you if any of your vendors are exposed to security vulnerabilities, including unpatched software.

Cybercriminals can access your internal network, through a compromised vendor. This is a very real and very dangerous threat. By remediating vendor vulnerabilities before they're exploited by cyber attackers, the chances of your vendors becoming attack vectors for networking sniffing campaigns are diminished.

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Make You Computer to Support Windows 11. Here's how to install?

2021-10-11T13:13:00.011+05:45

Microsoft has released the latest version of Windows, Windows 11. Trying to install Windows Eleven may not be installed on a very old computer. However, it can be easily installed on older computers.

We are telling you how to do Windows 11 even if it says 'Windows 11 does not support this computer. Follow the procedure below:

1. Download the Windows 11 operating system on your computer:

To download the Windows 11 operating system, go to Microsoft's website and go to the Download Windows 11 option. Click on the download button by clicking on the download option. Choose your language and click on confirm option and go to the 64-bit download option and download.

After downloading Windows 11 operating system, now you have to follow another process.

2. Let's correct the Windows registry to bypass the CPU check

To do this, go to the keyboard and press Windows and R. Then type Regedit in the open run window and press Enter.

In the window that opens now, paste Computer \ HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SYSTEM \ Setup \ MoSetup, or click on HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE and click on System and Setup and then MoSetup.

Then go to New> DWORD (32-bit) Value on the right and tick “ AllowUpgradesWithUnsupportedTPMOrCPU” minus.

Double-click on the new value you created and enter '1' in the value data.

Now close the window by pressing an OK button.

3. Now install the previously downloaded operating system.

Initially install the Windows 11 operating system that we downloaded to the computer. To do this, right-click on the downloaded file and open Open with> Windows Explorer. And, double click on the file and click on the setup option.

After doing so, Windows 11 is also installed on your old computer.

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Different Levels of Web || Which Level Of Web We Use?

2021-08-26T12:22:00.037+05:45

Internet, interconnection of the network is used in everything nowadays. We use the internet whether it is to find nearby restaurants, get entertained, communicate, or find flight timings, and so on. The use of the internet has grown rapidly and it is known that the graph will never go down. Many people think that everything we have seen on Google, Bing, Facebook, YouTube, etc is the internet. But these parts of the internet we access normally is known as Surface Web which is said to be only 4% of the information on the internet.

That means there is much more on the internet that we don’t even bother to check out. As a matter of fact, we cannot access them the way we access the surface web. The Internet has different layers, but we only access the first layer which is called Surface Web. Then comes, Bergie web, Deep web, Charter web, and then Mariana’s web. Even after Mariana's web there are other three layers Level 6, The Fog/Virus Soup, and the Primarch System.

Levels of Web

Surface Web
Bergie Web
Deep Web
Charter web
Mariana’s Web
Level 6
The Fog / Virus Soup
The Primarch System

Surface Web

The 1st level is the Surface Web also called the Visible Web, Indexed Web, Indexable Web, or Lightnet which we use every day for our general use. It is accessible through normal means i.e., using a web browser as such Google Chrome, Firefox, etc. It is the home of popular websites like YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Wikipedia, etc. This part is crawled and indexed by search engines like Google, Ask, Bing, etc.

Bergie Web

The second level is the last normally accessible level of the internet i.e., the bergie web. All levels that follow this one must be accessed with a proxy, Tor, or by modifying your hardware. In this level, you can find some “underground” but still indexed websites, such as 4chan. 4chan is an imageboard website where users post anonymously.

Deep Web

On Deep Web, no search engines can index sites. The first part of it can be accessed by using a proxy. It contains CP, core, hacking websites. Meanwhile, the second part contains sensible information. It is accessible only through Tor (The Onion Router). Tor is basically a browser using which you can connect to a website in such a manner that your connection is bounced off (like a bouncer ball) of relays in the Tor network.

Charter web

The fourth level, Charter web is also divided into two parts. The first can be accessed through Tor. It is the most accessed part of the deep web. Things like human trafficking and drugs, banned movies and books, and black markets exist there. surprised huh…? The first website you visit trying to get into the deep web is hidden Wikis links. The further you start going at it, the more restrictive and private the sites become.

The second part is the Dark web and can be accessed through a hardware modification: a “Closed Shell System”. Here, shit becomes serious. This is a part of the Charter Web that contains hardcore CP, Child Pornography, experimental hardware information (“Gadolinium Gallium Garnet Quantum Electronic Processors”), but also darker information, like the “Law of 13”, World War 2 experiments, and even the location of Atlantis.

In this level, you can buy guns, drugs, and things that you can’t find in the local market around you.

Level 6

Level 6 acts as an intermediatory between Marianas Web and therefore Level 7 is also called THE FOG/VIRUS SOUP. At this point you really start getting the attention you don’t need i.e., people come to kill you. It might sound terrifying, but it is the truth. There are certain things in the world that only some people can know like human trafficking and drug lords. So, if they get aware that you know about them then my friend your life is at risk.

The Fog / Virus Soup

This level is like a warzone. Every other person is trying to reach level 8. This is basically a sort of a fight between people trying to overthrow the other for having the sole power of the internet in the world. Whoever has reached this level will try to reach level 8 or stop others from reaching the 8th level because so much valuable information is in there.

This layer is named “The Fog” or “Virus Soup” because the entire thing is full of so many infinite codes, codes, and codes, to try and ruin other people poking around in there.

The Primarch System

The last level: the Primarch System is impossible to access directly. the Primarch System is literally the thing controlling the internet. No government has control of it. In fact, nobody even knows what it is. It’s an anomaly that basically was discovered by super deep web scans within the early 2000s. The 8th layer is assumed to be separated by a level 17 quantum t.r.001 level function lock. Hence, nobody knows what’s in there.

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Roadmap For becoming an Ethical Hacker? A complete guide

2021-05-29T17:36:00.010+05:45

A complete guide to becoming an ethical hacker

This guide is all about how to become an ethical hacker. It includes detailed information on the role an ethical hacker plays, some of the skills and experience necessary to become an ethical hacker, and strategies for landing a job as an ethical hacker.

Historically, defensive and offensive cybersecurity pursuits have been described using the monikers of whitehat hackers and blackhat hackers respectively. These nicknames were used to distinguish the good guys from the bad guys. While both of these terms are still commonly used, at least one of them may not be adequately descriptive of the various roles found in today’s modern cybersecurity ecosystem.

Although a blackhat hacker is still just the bad guy, the good guys are now better described using expressions such as red team, blue team, purple team, ethical hacker, and penetration tester. More specifically, red teams provide offensive security services and blue teams provide defensive services. Purple, being the combination of red and blue, identifies those teams that provide some of each flavor of security service.

The term ethical hacker includes all security professionals that provide offensive services, whether red team, pentester, or freelance offensive consultant.

Security analysts or engineers are also job titles that may include offensive elements. Often these offensive security services will be rolled up under a threat and vulnerability management group within a company.

While there are some subtle technical differences, say between the services provided by an independent offensive cybersecurity consultant and an in-house pentester, for this guide these various names for ethical hackers are used interchangeably.

An ethical hacker’s primary purpose is to view security from the adversary’s perspective in an effort to find vulnerabilities that could be exploited by bad actors. This provides defensive teams the opportunity to mitigate by devising a patch before a real attack can occur. This objective is served by executing simulated cyberattacks in a controlled environment.

While much of the value that an ethical hacker provides is related to testing security controls and devices for perimeter penetration vulnerabilities, they also look more broadly for weaknesses that can be exploited deep within a network or application such as data exfiltration vulnerabilities.

Role of an ethical hacker

Ethical hackers can be independent freelance consultants, employed by a firm that specializes in simulated offensive cybersecurity services, or they can be in-house employees protecting a company’s website or apps.

Knowledge of current attack methods and tools is a requirement across these employment options, however, the in-house ethical hacker may be required to have an intimate knowledge of only a single software or digital asset type.

While relatively new to the security industry, one advantage that an in-house red team may provide is that the team will necessarily have a more intimate understanding of how their own systems and applications are constructed than would an independent consultant. This insider knowledge provides the red team an advantage, as long as they can avoid becoming myopic in their view. It would take real attackers years to replicate this advantage. In-house teams are largely thought to be less expensive than the continuous use of a consulting firm as well.

Conversely, a benefit that an external ethical hacker may provide is a fresh set of eyes to identify vulnerabilities that may be overlooked by the internal team. Even organizations that employ an internal red team may occasionally contract an external ethical hacker to provide this fresh look at their defenses.

For any external offensive security service provider, it is especially important to obtain written permission from the client before beginning any offensive activities. This permission should detail the systems, networks, applications, and websites that will be included in the simulated attack. Do not increase the scope of the service without additional written permission to do so.

In keeping with the industry’s use of colors to delineate between various cybersecurity roles and functions, there are white-box, black-box, and gray-box ethical hacker engagements. A white-box engagement is when the security professional is given as much information about the target system and application as is possible. This allows the simulated attack to go wide and deep very quickly looking for vulnerabilities that it would take a real bad actor a very long time to uncover.

Conversely, a black-box engagement is when no insider information is given to the ethical hacker. This more closely reflects the circumstances of a real attack and can provide valuable insight into what a real attack vector may look like. As the name implies, a gray-box engagement then denotes the simulation of an attack where the attacker has already penetrated the perimeter and may have spent some time inside the system or application.

Many firms enlist the help of all three engagement types in conjunction with both in-house and external ethical hackers. This variation of applied knowledge can provide the best view of what protections must be deployed but is also much more expensive to undertake.

Possessing ethical hacker skills and knowledge is helpful for many other security roles.

These skills are vital to network security analysts and network engineers. Purple teams need people with offensive skills. Application security developers benefit from an understanding of offensive methods and tools. Security researchers, commonly known as bug hunters, depend highly on their knowledge of offensive tactics. Many successful bug hunters display an understanding that reaches deeper than the application layer to the network layer and other areas that can be exploited.

The skills required to become an ethical hacker

While there are plenty of anecdotal stories of blackhat hackers being converted to be whitehats in a bygone era, the most important requirement for becoming a successful ethical hacker today is to have, as is found in the name, high ethical standards. Ethics are what separate the good guys from the bad guys. There are plenty of blackhat hackers that have adequate technical skills to be an ethical hacker, but they lack the discipline of character to do the right thing regardless of the perceived benefits of doing otherwise.

A history of cybercrime poses an unacceptable risk for a member of a cybersecurity team. For a large organization with an astute legal team, this type of risk would represent a nonstarter. A word to the wise then is, when looking for work as an ethical hacker, a resume that includes any work that even smells of unauthorized work or unethical behavior is a fast way to be disqualified. While people can certainly change over time, most employers accept that developing a set of ethical life-guiding standards is much more involved than just desiring a career change.

Second to having the “ethical” part of this colloquial nickname covered is the need to have the “hacker” part covered as well. A candidate for an ethical hacker job must be able to demonstrate advanced cybersecurity technical skills. The ability to recommend mitigation and remediation strategies are a part of the desired experience.

To become an ethical hacker a candidate must understand networks, both wired and wireless. They must be proficient with operating systems, especially Windows and Linux. They need to understand firewalls and file systems. They must know how file permissions work and are familiar with servers, workstations, and computer science generally.

Strong coding skills are essential and direct, manual, and hands-on attack methods must be clearly understood and demonstrated. In short, an ethical hacker should have defended so many assets over their career that imitating and then thinking a few steps ahead of the adversary comes almost as second nature.

Above and beyond good ethics and strong technical skills is a special mix of creative and analytical thinking. Ethica hackers need to be able to think like the adversary. They must understand what motivates the bad actors and be able to estimate how much time and effort the blackhat may be willing to apply toward any specific target. To do this, the pentester must understand the value of the data and systems they protect.

Ethical hacker certifications and education

The two certifications that are specific to ethical hacking are Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) and Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP).

EC-Council describes their CEH certification in these terms: “A Certified Ethical Hacker is a skilled professional who understands and knows how to look for weaknesses and vulnerabilities in target systems and uses the same knowledge and tools as a malicious hacker, but in a lawful and legitimate manner to assess the security posture of a target system(s). The CEH credential certifies individuals in the specific network security discipline of Ethical Hacking from a vendor-neutral perspective.”

Any number of other cybersecurity professional certifications offered by EC-Council will lend themselves toward becoming more hireable as an ethical hacker.

Offensive Security describes their OSCP certification, saying “The OSCP examination consists of a virtual network containing targets of varying configurations and operating systems. At the start of the exam, the student receives the exam and connectivity instructions for an isolated exam network that they have no prior knowledge or exposure to.

The successful examinee will demonstrate their ability to research the network (information gathering), identify any vulnerabilities, and successfully execute attacks. This often includes modifying exploit code with the goal to compromise the systems and gain administrative access.

The candidate is expected to submit a comprehensive penetration test report, containing in-depth notes and screenshots detailing their findings. Points are awarded for each compromised host, based on their difficulty and level of access obtained.”

A bachelor’s degree in a computer-related field is a good place to start your career. Computer science or network engineering education provides a recommended foundation for work in the security field. When considering a bachelor’s program in the field of cybersecurity give priority to programs with a strong interdisciplinary focus.

Good programs will emphasize computer engineering, computer science, and business management skills. Look for programs that include courses in technical writing and legal issues surrounding technology and ethics. The best cybersecurity professionals are well-rounded individuals who can see their field through a wide-angle lens.

Even with a degree and a professional certification or two, self-study is needed to keep up with current attack methods and offensive strategies. A home lab can be very useful. Youtube videos, internet groups and forums, and social media posts and exchanges are all methods used by successful ethical hackers to keep their edge over blackhat hackers.

How to get experience as an ethical hacker

Experience with vulnerability testing tools, such as Metasploit, Netsparker, and OpenVAS, is very helpful for ethical hackers. These tools and there are many more of them, are designed to save time when searching for known vulnerabilities. These or similar tools may provide a useful framework for vulnerability scanning and management but should represent only the starting point for an experienced ethical hacker. Manual simulated attacks must be directed toward the target as well. Knowledge and experience related to how these attacks are performed are essential.

The path to finding work as an ethical hacker will almost invariably pass through many years as a member of a security team providing defensive security services.

Assignment to an elite offensive team is most commonly a progression through the ranks of the department. Often beginning with work as a security specialist, security administrator, or security software developer, additional experience and education will qualify a candidate for a place on one of the security specialty teams or work as a freelance consultant.

Helpful experience extends beyond past IT security work. Social engineering and physical penetration tests are also applicable skills. Many attacks begin with intel gathered using an extended social engineering campaign. Knowledge of social engineering strategies and tactics can be very helpful in understanding the entire threatscape.

Physical breaches to a server room or data center will also sometimes precede a digital attack. An understanding of what physical assets are vulnerable will help an ethical hacker identify the types and methods that are likely to be used in a real event.

Cybercriminals must become ever more innovative as security professionals deny them the use of their previous methods and tactics. Physical attacks, including the use of drones to sniff out unprotected networks, are becoming more frequently employed to gather intel and initiate cyberattacks. An ethical hacker must anticipate and simulate the use of traditional and non-traditional attack vectors to provide the most comprehensive threat analysis possible.

Typical assignments

Typical work assignments for an ethical hacker include threat modeling, security assessments, vulnerability threat assessments (VTA), and report writing. Assuredly the responsibilities of this role will vary from company to company but these staples will nearly always be included in the job description.

Threat modeling

Threat modeling is a process used to optimize network security by identifying vulnerabilities and then determining countermeasures to prevent an attack or mitigate the effects of an attack against the system. In the context of threat modeling, a threat is a potential or actual adverse event that may be malicious (such as a denial-of-service attack) or incidental (such as the failure of computer hardware), and that can compromise the assets of the enterprise. An ethical hacker would contribute to this process by providing a comprehensive view of the possible malicious attacks and their resultant consequences for the organization.

The objective of effective threat modeling is to conclude where the greatest focus should be to keep a system secure. This can change as new circumstances develop and become known, applications are added, removed, or improved, and user demands unfold. Threat modeling is an iterative process that consists of defining assets, recognizing what each application does with respect to these assets, creating a security profile for each application, identifying potential threats, prioritizing potential threats, and documenting adverse events and the actions taken in each case.

The ethical hacker’s role is imperative in that it allows the threat modeling to remain theoretical rather than post mortem after an actual attack.

Security assessment

An ethical hacker, whether a pentester or a red team leader, will often be assigned the task of providing a security assessment. Simply put, an information security assessment is a risk-based measurement of the security posture of a system or enterprise. Security assessments are periodic exercises that test an organization’s security preparedness. They include checks for vulnerabilities related to the IT systems and business processes, as well as recommending steps to lower the risk of future attacks.

Security assessments are also useful for determining how well security-related policies are adhered to. They help to shore up policies designed to prevent social engineering and can identify the need for additional or enhanced security training. Culminating in a report that identifies weaknesses and makes recommendations, the security assessment is an invaluable risk management tool.

Vulnerability threat assessment

A vulnerability threat assessment is a process used to identify, quantify, and rank the vulnerabilities relevant to a system along with the threats that could possibly exploit those vulnerabilities. While closely related to a security assessment, the VTA is conducted to identify and correlate specific threats and vulnerabilities. The basic security assessment, described above, is used to identify vulnerabilities and evaluate the security posture of the enterprise independent of any specific threat. The VTA is a more threat-based assessment.

Examples of systems for which vulnerability threat assessments should be performed include, but are not limited to, information technology systems, energy supply systems, water supply systems, transportation systems, and communication systems. Such assessments may be conducted on behalf of a range of different organizations, from small businesses up to large regional or national infrastructure entities. Each of these system types and/or enterprises will require someone in an ethical hacker role to perform the VTA.

Report writing

A crucial element for carrying out the assignments of an ethical hacker is the ability to write clear and concise professional reports. Gathering data, identifying vulnerabilities, and correlating threats are of little value if the appropriate information can not be articulated to risk management leaders. Reports submitted from the red team are often the impetus for significant security resource expenditures. Risk management professionals need to have total confidence in the findings of ethical hackers in their organization. In some cases, an ethical hacker will be an outside consultant retained by a firm to provide the information needed to justify security expenditures for upper management or board of directors. In the world of security consulting, the report is the primary deliverable and is of the utmost importance.

When considering possible professional certifications and educational opportunities to elevate a career to include ethical hacking, do not underestimate the importance of business writing expertise. The ability to produce a well-written report will boost an individual’s career over an otherwise equally qualified peer.

Ethical hacking in review

Being a member of an in-house red team or working as a freelance whitehat hacker are exciting vocations. As far as operations level positions go, they are highly sought after positions that can engender a level of respect and provide a degree of prestige within the cybersecurity community. Ethical hacker jobs are necessary for the effective protection of networks, systems, and applications. This expertise is required throughout national infrastructure entities to secure critical or sensitive data across all industries.

For many, the term ethical hacker is an oxymoron. It indicates two opposing notions. One is that of high ethical standards and the other that of “hacking” which is usually associated with nefarious activity.

An offensive security professional may be a better description, but the ethical hacker is often used to describe this genre of security professionals because let’s face it, an ethical hacker is more mysterious sounding.

Regardless of whether or not the word hacker is used in the job description, these jobs are not for the morally questionable and certainly not for anyone who has a history of being a bad actor. Ethical hackers are necessarily privy to sensitive information, the divulging of which could be catastrophic for the enterprise. A security clearance is often required for government employees and government contractors. Obtaining a security clearance will include a background investigation and an examination of financial and social media data.

With the relatively rare exception of the independent freelance offensive cybersecurity consultant, ethical hackers normally work as part of a team. If on a red team the other team members will be like-skilled ethical hackers or pen-testers and the team will be part of the overall security department. In a smaller organization, the ethical hacker may be the only person with an offensive role, but will invariably be a part of a larger security team. The ability to work well with other team members and to communicate effectively is critical to success. An ethical hacker is not the stereotypical hoodie-wearing young person working out of his parent’s basement – that decided to trade their black hat in for a white one. She is more often an educated, experienced, skilled, and articulate professional that is dedicated to making the world a safer place to live and work.

While history may provide examples of self-taught gritty individualists pulling themselves up by their digital bootstraps to the pinnacle of cybersecurity ops, an education with a minimum of a bachelor’s degree, combined with one or more specialized professional certifications, is the standard for ethical hackers. Years of mettle-proving experience in software development and/or more traditional defensive security roles is not at all unusual for successful ethical hackers.

#cambridgeitcollege #cybersecurity #Ethical_hacker #Guide_for_Becoming_hacker

What Exactly is Hacking? Types of Hackers | Introduction to Cybercrime

2021-04-23T16:44:00.012+05:45

What is Hacking?

Hacking is the activity of identifying weaknesses in a computer system or a network to exploit the security to gain access to personal data or business data. An example of computer hacking can be: using a password cracking algorithm to gain access to a computer system.

Computers have become mandatory to run successful businesses. It is not enough to have isolated computers systems; they need to be networked to facilitate communication with external businesses. This exposes them to the outside world and hacking. System hacking means using computers to commit fraudulent acts such as fraud, privacy invasion, stealing corporate/personal data, etc. Cybercrimes cost many organizations millions of dollars every year. Businesses need to protect themselves against such attacks.

In this hacking tutorial, we will learn-

Common Hacking Terminologies
What is Cyber Crime?
Types of Cyber Crime
What is Ethical Hacking?
Why Ethical Hacking?
The legality of Ethical Hacking
Summary

Before we learn hacking, let’s look at the introduction of hacking and some of the most commonly used terminologies in the world of hacking.

Who is a Hacker?

A Hacker is a person who finds and exploits the weakness in computer systems and/or networks to gain access. Hackers are usually skilled computer programmers with knowledge of computer security.

Types of Hackers

Hackers are classified according to the intent of their actions. The following list classifies types of hackers according to their intent:

Symbol	Description
	Ethical Hacker (White hat): A security hacker who gains access to systems with a view to fixing the identified weaknesses. They may also perform Penetration Testing and vulnerability assessments.
	Cracker (Black hat): A hacker who gains unauthorized access to computer systems for personal gain. The intent is usually to steal corporate data, violate privacy rights, transfer funds from bank accounts, etc.
	Grey hat: A hacker who is in between ethical and black hat hackers. He/she breaks into computer systems without authority with a view to identify weaknesses and reveal them to the system owner.
	Script kiddies: A non-skilled person who gains access to computer systems using already made tools.
	Hacktivist: A hacker who uses hacking to send social, religious, political, etc. messages. This is usually done by hijacking websites and leaving a message on the hijacked website.
	Phreaker: A hacker who identifies and exploits weaknesses in telephones instead of computers.

Introduction of Cybercrime

Cybercrime is the activity of using computers and networks to perform illegal activities like spreading computer viruses, online bullying, performing unauthorized electronic fund transfers, etc. Most cybercrime hacks are committed through the internet, and some cybercrimes are performed using Mobile phones via SMS and online chatting applications.

Type of Cybercrime

The following list presents the common types of cybercrimes:
Computer Fraud: Intentional deception for personal gain via the use of computer systems.
Privacy violation: Exposing personal information such as email addresses, phone numbers, account details, etc. on social media, hacking websites, etc.
Identity Theft: Stealing personal information from somebody and impersonating that person.
Sharing copyrighted files/information: This involves distributing copyright-protected files such as eBooks and computer programs etc.
Electronic funds transfer: This involves gaining unauthorized access to bank computer networks and making illegal fund transfers.
Electronic money laundering: This involves the use of the computer to launder money.
ATM Fraud: This involves intercepting ATM card details such as account numbers and PIN numbers. These details are then used to withdraw funds from the intercepted accounts.
Denial of Service Attacks: This involves the use of computers in multiple locations to attack servers with a view of shutting them down.
Spam: Sending unauthorized emails. These emails usually contain advertisements.

What is Ethical Hacking?

Ethical Hacking is identifying weaknesses in computer systems and/or computer networks and coming up with countermeasures that protect the weaknesses. Ethical hackers must abide by the following rules.

Get written permission from the owner of the computer system and/or computer network before hacking.
Protect the privacy of the organization been hacked.
Transparently report all the identified weaknesses in the computer system to the organization.
Inform hardware and software vendors of the identified weaknesses.

Why Ethical Hacking?

Information is one of the most valuable assets of an organization. Keeping information secure can protect an organization’s image and save an organization a lot of money.
Fake hacking can lead to loss of business for organizations that deal in finance such as PayPal. Ethical hacking puts them a step ahead of the cybercriminals who would otherwise lead to loss of business.

The legality of Ethical Hacking

Ethical Hacking is legal if the hacker abides by the rules stipulated in the above section on the definition of ethical hacking. The International Council of E-Commerce Consultants (EC-Council) provides a certification program that tests an individual’s skills. Those who pass the examination are awarded certificates. The certificates are supposed to be renewed after some time.

Summary

Hacking is identifying and exploiting weaknesses in computer systems and/or computer networks.
Cybercrime is committing a crime with the aid of computers and information technology infrastructure.
Ethical Hacking is about improving the security of computer systems and/or computer networks.
Ethical Hacking is legal.
Potential Security Threats To Your Computer Systems
A computer system threat is anything that leads to loss or corruption of data or physical damage to the hardware and/or infrastructure. Knowing how to identify computer security threats is the first step in protecting computer systems. The threats could be intentional, accidental or caused by natural disasters.
In this article, we will introduce you to the common computer system threats and how you can protect systems against them.
Topics covered in this tutorial
- What is a Security Threat?
- What are Physical Threats?
- What are Non-physical Threats?
What is a Security Threat?
Security Threat is defined as a risk that can potentially harm computer systems and organizations. The cause could be physical such as someone stealing a computer that contains vital data. The cause could also be non-physical such as a virus attack. In this tutorial series, we will define a threat as a potential attack from a hacker that can allow them to gain unauthorized access to a computer system.
What are Physical Threats?
A physical threat is a potential cause of an incident that may result in loss or physical damage to the computer systems.
The following list classifies the physical threats into three (3) main categories;
- Internal: The threats include fire, unstable power supply, humidity in the rooms housing the hardware, etc.
- External: These threats include Lightning, floods, earthquakes, etc.
- Human: These threats include theft, vandalism of the infrastructure and/or hardware, disruption, accidental or intentional errors.
To protect computer systems from the above-mentioned physical threats, an organization must have physical security control measures.
The following list shows some of the possible measures that can be taken:
- Internal: Fire threats could be prevented by the use of automatic fire detectors and extinguishers that do not use water to put out a fire. The unstable power supply can be prevented by the use of voltage controllers. An air conditioner can be used to control the humidity in the computer room.
- External: Lightning protection systems can be used to protect computer systems against such attacks. Lightning protection systems are not 100% perfect, but to a certain extent, they reduce the chances of Lightning causing damage. Housing computer systems in high lands are one of the possible ways of protecting systems against floods.
- Humans: Threats such as theft can be prevented by the use of locked doors and restricted access to computer rooms.
What are Non-physical threats?
A non-physical threat is a potential cause of an incident that may result in;
- Loss or corruption of system data
- Disrupt business operations that rely on computer systems
- Loss of sensitive information
- Illegal monitoring of activities on computer systems
- Cyber Security Breaches
- Others
The non-physical threats are also known as logical threats. The following list is the common types of non-physical threats;
- Virus
- Trojans
- Worms
- Spyware
- Key loggers
- Adware
- Denial of Service Attacks
- Distributed Denial of Service Attacks
- Unauthorized access to computer systems resources such as data
- Phishing
- Other Computer Security Risks
To protect computer systems from the above-mentioned threats, an organization must have logical security measures in place. The following list shows some of the possible measures that can be taken to protect against cyber security threats
To protect against viruses, Trojans, worms, etc. an organization can use anti-virus software. In addition to the anti-virus software, an organization can also have control measures on the usage of external storage devices and visiting the website that is most likely to download unauthorized programs onto the user’s computer.
Unauthorized access to computer system resources can be prevented by the use of authentication methods. The authentication methods can be, in the form of user ids and strong passwords, smart cards or biometrics, etc.
Intrusion-detection/prevention systems can be used to protect against denial of service attacks. There are other measures too that can be put in place to avoid denial of service attacks.
Summary

A threat is any activity that can lead to data loss/corruption through to disruption of normal business operations.
There are physical and non-physical threats
Physical threats cause damage to computer systems hardware and infrastructure. Examples include theft, vandalism through to natural disasters.
Non-physical threats target the software and data on the computer systems.

CAMBRIDGE IT COLLEGE

What is Cyber Security? What it really is? How It work?

2021-03-15T13:02:00.003+05:45

Cybersecurity is the protection of internet-connected systems such as hardware, software and data from cyberthreats. The practice is used by individuals and enterprises to protect against unauthorized access to data centers and other computerized systems.

A strong cybersecurity strategy can provide a good security posture against malicious attacks designed to access, alter, delete, destroy or extort an organization's or user's systems and sensitive data. Cybersecurity is also instrumental in preventing attacks that aim to disable or disrupt a system's or device's operations.

Why is cybersecurity important?

With an increasing number of users, devices and programs in the modern enterprise, combined with the increased deluge of data - much of which is sensitive or confidential - the importance of cybersecurity continues to grow. The growing volume and sophistication of cyber attackers and attack techniques compound the problem even further.

What are the elements of cybersecurity and how does it work?

The cybersecurity field can be broken down into several different sections, the coordination of which within the organization is crucial to the success of a cybersecurity program. These sections include the following:

Application security
Information or data security
Network security
Disaster recovery / business continuity planning
Operational security
Cloud security
Critical infrastructure security
Physical security
End-user education

Maintaining cybersecurity in a constantly evolving threat landscape is a challenge for all organizations. Traditional reactive approaches, in which resources were put toward protecting systems against the biggest known threats, while lesser known threats were undefended, is no longer a sufficient tactic. To keep up with changing security risks , a more proactive and adaptive approach is necessary. Several key cybersecurity advisory organizations offer guidance. For example, the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) recommends adopting continuous monitoring and real-time assessments as part of a risk assessment framework to defend against known and unknown threats.

What are the benefits of cybersecurity?

The benefits of implementing and maintaining cybersecurity practices include:

Business protection against cyberattacks and data breaches.
Protection for data and networks.
Prevention of unauthorized user access.
Improved recovery time after a breach .
Protection for end users and endpoint devices.
Regulatory compliance .
Business continuity.
Improved confidence in the company's reputation and trust for developers, partners, customers, stakeholders and employees.

What are the different types of cybersecurity threats?

The process of keeping up with new technologies, security trends and threat intelligence is a challenging task. It is necessary in order to protect information and other assets from cyberthreats, which take many forms . Types of cyberthreats include:

Malware is a form of malicious software in which any file or program can be used to harm a computer user. This includes worms, viruses, Trojans and spyware.
Ransomware is another type of malware. It involves an attacker locking the victim's computer system files - typically through encryption - and demanding a payment to decrypt and unlock them.
Social engineering is an attack that relies on human interaction to trick users into breaking security procedures to gain sensitive information that is typically protected.
Phishing is a form of social engineering where fraudulent email or text messages that resemble those from reputable or known sources are sent. Often random attacks, the intent of these messages is to steal sensitive data, such as credit card or login information.
Spear phishing is a type of phishing attack that has an intended target user, organization or business.
Insider threats are security breaches or losses caused by humans - for example, employees, contractors or customers. Insider threats can be malicious or negligent in nature.
Distributed denial-of-service ( DDoS ) attacks are those in which multiple systems disrupt the traffic of a targeted system, such as a server, website or other network resource. By flooding the target with messages, connection requests or packets, the attackers can slow the system or crash it, preventing legitimate traffic from using it.
Advanced persistent threats ( APTs ) are prolonged targeted attacks in which an attacker infiltrates a network and remains undetected for long periods of time with the aim to steal data.
Man-in-the-middle ( MitM ) attacks are eavesdropping attacks that involve an attacker intercepting and relaying messages between two parties who believe they are communicating with each other.

Other common attacks include botnets, drive-by-download attacks, exploit kits, malvertising, vishing, credential stuffing attacks, cross-site scripting ( XSS ) attacks, SQL injection attacks, business email compromise (BEC) and zero-day exploits.

What are the top cybersecurity challenges?

Cybersecurity is continually challenged by hackers, data loss, privacy, risk management and changing cybersecurity strategies. The number of cyberattacks is not expected to decrease in the near future. Moreover, increased entry points for attacks, such as with the arrival of the internet of things ( IoT ), increase the need to secure networks and devices.

One of the most problematic elements of cybersecurity is the evolving nature of security risks. As new technologies emerge, and as technology is used in new or different ways, new attack avenues are developed. Keeping up with these frequent changes and advances in attacks, as well as updating practices to protect against them, can be challenging. Issues include ensuring all elements of cybersecurity are continuously updated to protect against potential vulnerabilities. This can be especially difficult for smaller organizations without the staff or in-house resources.

Additionally, organizations can gather a lot of potential data on individuals who use one or more of their services. With more data being collected, the likelihood of a cybercriminal who wants to steal personally identifiable information ( PII ) is another concern. For example, an organization that stores PII in the cloud may be subject to a ransomware attack. Organizations should do what they can to prevent a cloud breach.

Cybersecurity programs should also address end-user education , as employees may accidentally bring viruses into the workplace on their laptops or mobile devices. Regular security awareness training will help employees do their part in keeping their company safe from cyberthreats.

Another challenge to cybersecurity includes a shortage of qualified cybersecurity personnel. As the amount of data collected and used by businesses grows, the need for cybersecurity staff to analyze, manage and respond to incidents also increases. (ISC) 2 estimated the workplace gap between needed cybersecurity jobs and security professionals at 3.1 million.

How is automation used in cybersecurity?

Automation has become an integral component to keep companies protected from the growing number and sophistication of cyberthreats. Using artificial intelligence ( AI ) and machine learning in areas with high-volume data streams can help improve cybersecurity in three main categories:

Threat detection. AI platforms can analyze data and recognize known threats, as well as predict novel threats.
Threat response. AI platforms also create and automatically enable security protections.
Human augmentation. Security pros are often overloaded with alerts and repetitive tasks. AI can help eliminate alert fatigue by automatically triaging low-risk alarms and automating big data analysis and other repetitive tasks, freeing humans for more sophisticated tasks.

Other benefits of automation in cybersecurity include attack classification, malware classification, traffic analysis, compliance analysis and more.

Cybersecurity vendors and tools

Vendors in the cybersecurity field typically offer a variety of security products and services. Common security tools and systems include:

Identity and access management ( IAM )
Firewalls
Endpoint protection
Antimalware
Intrusion prevention / detection systems (IPS / IDS)
Data loss prevention ( DLP )
Endpoint detection and response
Security information and event management (SIEM)
Encryption tools
Vulnerability scanners
Virtual private networks ( VPNs )
Cloud workload protection platform ( CWPP )
Cloud access security broker ( CASB )

Well-known cybersecurity vendors include Check Point, Cisco, Code42, CrowdStrike, FireEye, Fortinet, IBM, Imperva, KnowBe4, McAfee, Microsoft, Palo Alto Networks, Rapid7, Splunk, Symantec, Trend Micro and Trustwave.

What are the career opportunities in cybersecurity?

As the cyberthreat landscape continues to grow and new threats emerge - such as IoT threats - individuals are needed with cybersecurity awareness and hardware and software skills. IT professionals and other computer specialists are needed in security roles, such as:

The chief information security officer ( CISO ) is the individual who implements the security program across the organization and oversees the IT security department's operations.
Chief security office ( CSO ) is the executive responsible for the physical and / or cybersecurity of a company.
Security engineers protect company assets from threats with a focus on quality control within the IT infrastructure.
Security architects are responsible for planning, analyzing, designing, testing, maintaining and supporting an enterprise's critical infrastructure.
Security analysts have several responsibilities that include planning security measures and controls, protecting digital files, and conducting both internal and external security audits.
Testers Penetration are ethical hackers who test the security of systems, networks and applications, seeking vulnerabilities that could be exploited by malicious actors.
Threat hunters are threat analysts who aim to uncover vulnerabilities and attacks and mitigate them before they compromise a business.

Other cybersecurity careers include security consultants, data protection officer , cloud security architects, security operations manager (SOC) managers and analysts , security investigators, cryptographers and security administrators.

Top 10 Programming Language for 2022 || Select One of These

2021-01-22T15:04:00.010+05:45

Pretty much sure, almost everyone knows that in today’s digitally advanced world how technology is changing at a rapid pace. It has become quite normal to watch alternative technologies surpassing each other frequently with regular updates & advancements. Amidst all this, there comes a domain that gets affected a lot with such a volatile nature of the tech world – and that is Programming Language!

Yes, Programming Language is the most important prerequisite for almost every discipline whether it be Web Development, Machine Learning, Data Science, or any other. And, every year, we see how the ranking of these Programming Languages fluctuates in accordance with their demand & popularity among the developers. Meanwhile, you’re required to be updated with all these latest trends and indices of Programming Language to stay relevant in the tech market. In particular, beginners are strongly required to consider several crucial aspects such as demand & popularity, job opportunities, applications, etc. before opting out for a particular programming language.

But wait… as there are hundreds of Programming Languages available across the world; don’t you think picking out the relevant one after considering all these aspects is quite a daunting task?

No worries, we’ve somehow made it easier for you as based on several standard reports and analysis, we’ve compiled a list of top 10 Programming Languages that are going to rule in 2022 – let’s take a look at these programming languages:

1. JavaScript

Many languages came and disappear but JavaScript is one of those few renowned languages that is enjoying a high run and demand in the programming world. In the TIOBE ranking report, JavaScript has been ranked under the top 10 programming languages for several years consistently. In fact, the Stack Overflow survey depicts that JavaScript is the most popular language among developers. At Octoverse also, JavaScript is enjoying the top position among all programming languages. Meanwhile, some of the renowned companies in the tech world that are using JavaScript are Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Uber, etc.

Though the language is primarily known for adding responsive elements on web pages it has a wide range of applications such as in web development, game development, mobile application development, and many more. Moreover, the language is being used for both – Front End Development and Back End Development. Also, its compatibility with some prominent frameworks like React, Vue, Node, etc. makes it more preferable among the developers. As there are millions of websites already existing over the web that are heavily relying on JavaScript and on top of that, looking at the demand & dominance of the language, it won’t be wrong to say that JavaScript will rule in 2022 as well!

2. Python

As per the RedMonk Ranking report for the year 2020, Python outranks JAVA to become the second most popular programming language. The language has experienced tremendous growth of around 18-19% in the last 5 years. At the PYPL index, Python is ranking at the #1 position for December 2020 index. The language ranks among the most popular programming languages in several other renowned platforms also such as Stack Overflow, Github, etc. Also, the compatibility of Python with trending technologies like AI & ML makes it more preferable among the developers.

Python has been the favorite language of almost every individual who is just starting with the programming domain for the last many years. The primary reason behind this is a quite simple syntax that makes it easy to read, learn, and use. The language is extensively used for web development, software development, etc., and with several trending technologies such as Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, etc. The language offers some enriching features such as rich library support, automatic garbage collection, easier integration with other languages, GUI Programming support, and many more. Several popular Python frameworks that make things more efficient & convenient are Django, Flask, Pyramid, etc.

3. C / C++

They are much like old wine as their demand is increasing significantly with time!

Both C and C++ are occupying a considerable portion of the tech world and currently ranking at the top positions on various indexes. At the TIOBE index of 2020, C and C++ are ranking under the top 5 programming languages at first and fourth position respectively. At the PYPL index, C/C++ has seen an upward trend of around 0.1 % and is ranking at the #5 position. There are numerous big tech companies that hire C/C++ developers with some decent salary packages such as Adobe, Oracle, Microsoft, Nvidia, etc. And to learn C/C++ in 2022 is not only beneficial from the career perspectives but it also somehow makes it easier for you to learn other programming languages afterward.

If we particularly talk about C language, the general-purpose procedural programming language is majorly used in the development of low-level systems like operating systems, kernel development, and others. And many other programming languages inherit the properties of this particular language. On the other hand, C++ is an object-oriented programming language (primarily developed as an extension of C). The language is widely used in Game Development, GUI & Desktop applications, and Competitive Programming along with several other fields.

4. JAVA

Many times it seems out that JAVA is losing its charm but when we look at the actual stats – every year JAVA ends up with a really good ranking that proves the particular language is still doing well and in-demand in the tech world. There are around 8 million JAVA developers across the world – maybe this number can help you to assess the demand & popularity of this particular language. Also, the language is enjoying a top-second position among all the programming languages in the ranking of TIOBE and PYPL. As per the RedMonk reports, JAVA is ranking at 3rd position below JavaScript and Python only.

The object-oriented programming language comes up with a much-celebrated principle of Write Once Run Anywhere that allows the Java code to be executed on other platforms, that supports JAVA, without doing recompilation. The language is widely used in Android development along with Web Applications, Desktop Applications, Scientific Applications, etc. Also, top-notch companies like Adobe, Amazon, Flipkart, and many others are using JAVA and offering ravishing career opportunities to Java developers. Its significant demand in the tech world, huge community support, popular frameworks such as Spring & Hibernate and several enriching features like multithreading, automatic memory allocation & garbage collection, platform independency, etc. ensures that JAVA will provide you with a lot of worthwhile career opportunities in the upcoming years as well.

5. R Language

R has seen an exponential rise in its ranking on various reputed indexes for programming languages. Particularly on TIOBE ranking, it has jumped to 9th position from 16th position within a span of less than 1 year. Various big tech companies like Facebook, Google, Uber, etc are using the R language for their businesses, and considering the rapidly increasing demand for data science and machine learning trends, learning the R programming language is surely worthwhile for your future career endeavors.

R is another emerging name in the Programming world! It is an open-source programming language that is widely used in the area of Data Science, Statistical Analysis, and Machine Learning and provides you with a huge set of libraries and frameworks. The language is very much suitable for GNU/Linux and Microsoft Windows. Also, it can be easily integrated with several data processing technologies like Hadoop & Spark. Some of the other prominent features of this particular language such as cross-platform compatibility, highly extensible, strong graphical capabilities, distributed computing, etc. make it a more preferred language among the developers.

6. Kotlin

In the present day scenario, whenever there is a talk of android app development – the name of ‘Kotlin’ undoubtedly comes first! Though, a huge inclination of developers towards Kotlin is noticed after Google declared it as its preferred language for Android application development. The Stack Overflow survey states that Kotlin ranks 4th among the most loved programming languages. Also, the number of Kotlin users in the Github community is increasing significantly.

In brief, Kotlin is a statically typed general-purpose programming language that supports object-oriented as well as functional programming features. The best thing about the language is that it is completely interoperable with Java and supports all Java libraries. Also, the language is quite easier to learn, and alongside Android development, it can be used for web development and desktop application development as well. Javalin, KTor, and Vert.x are some of the popular frameworks for Kotlin, and companies like Pinterest, Uber, Netflix, etc. are giving various job opportunities for the Kotlin developers. As known to everyone that the market of Android is not heading for retirement anytime soon hence you can opt to learn Kotlin in 2021 for some worthwhile career opportunities in the future.

7. C#

For the last many years, C# is holding a good position in the list of top programming languages of almost every index. The language is ranked at 4th and 5th position at TIOBE and PYPL index respectively. On GitHub Language Rankings, it holds a place at the #5 position consistently for the last two years. Also, alongside India, there are enormous career opportunities for C# developers in other countries.

The general-purpose programming language is developed by Microsoft primarily for its .Net framework. The language is extensively used for game development along with the development of Windows applications, server-side applications, etc. Moreover, C# comes up with a rich set of libraries that makes it a faster and efficient programming language. Some of the remarkable features of the language that are often appreciated by the developers are – structured language, faster compilation, updateable & scalable, component-oriented, complete integration with .NET library, and many more.

The language is being used in Unity game engine software consistently by the developers and companies like Intellectsoft, Capgemini, etc. are also using C# for the businesses – it signifies that job opportunities for C# developers in the market are also satisfactory. So, if you’re looking forward to learning C# in 2022, you can go for it without giving a second thought!

8. PHP

Like many others, if you’re also considering that PHP is not worth it to learn in 2022 then you must know that the language is still doing very well in the tech world and is being preferred by the developers. As per the TIOBE Index for December 2020, the language secured a place under the top 10 programming languages at the #8 ranking. Infact, at RedMonk Ranking reports, the language is ranking at 4th position surpassing other prominent languages like C++, Kotlin, etc. Even, various renowned websites like Facebook, Wikipedia, WordPress, etc. are heavily relying on PHP and are providing numerous career opportunities for PHP developers regularly.

The open-source server-side scripting language is used for the website development and comes up with some prominent features like cross-platform compatibility, object-oriented programming features, easy integration with HTML, CSS, JavaScript, etc, huge community support, and many more. The language is strongly recommended to beginners as it is quite easier to learn. Some of the popular PHP frameworks that you can take into consideration are Laravel, Symfony, CodeIgniter, etc. So, if you’re particularly looking forward to getting into the web development domain, PHP would be a great choice for you!

9. Go

Though Go is not that much-hyped programming language, in the last few years it has witnessed a considerable increase in its demand & popularity among the developers. According to the Stack Overflow reports, Go falls under the list of top 5 most loved language by developers for the year 2020. Companies like Uber, Google, etc. are working with the Go language and you can choose to learn Go as it seems that the language is going to bigger & bigger in the coming years.

Go is a statically typed programming language, developed by Google, and having a syntax similar to C. It provides you with numerous enriching features such as garbage collection, dynamic-typing, type safety, high performance & efficiency, and many more. The language supports multithreading and can be used in the Distributed system, Cloud Computing, etc. The best thing about the language is that it resolves several major issues like slow compilation & execution, unavailability of the rich standard library, etc.

10. Scala

Several tech giants like Netflix, LinkedIn, eBay, Twitter, etc. are using Scala for their respective platforms & products. Beginners are strongly recommended to opt for Scala because of its easy to learn nature. As many other companies are looking forward to incorporating Scala into their businesses and considering its significantly growing demand among the developers, it can become one of the most sought after programming languages in 2022.

The language was primarily designed to resolve the issues that developers face with another language, Java. Over time, it has cemented a strong position among the developers. Scala is a general-purpose programming language that supports both – object-oriented and functional programming paradigms. It provides you with some distinguishing features such as lazy computation, string interpolation, type inference, great scalability, and many others. Also, the Scala code can be converted to byte codes and can be executed on Java Virtual Machine. The language is being widely used in the area of Web Development, Data Science, and Machine Learning.

CAMBRIDGE IT COLLEGE

What is Computer Networking and Different types of Topologies?

2020-10-12T08:11:00.006+05:45

1. NETWORKING

Networking is the interconnection of two or more computer for the purpose of communicating, sharing information, and other hardware resources. Networking is also known as a Computer network. Computer Network enables devices and endpoints to be connected to each other on a Local Area Network.

NETWORKING BLOCK DIAGRAM

Advantages:-

a. To share data, information, and programs.

b. To share hardware like printer, scanner, etc.

c. Data backup and recovery.

d. Easy access to files from any computer.

Disadvantages:-

a. Computer virus spreads mostly through the Network.

b. Skill manpower is required to operate Computer Network.

c. It is expensive to set up.

2. TYPES OF NETWORK

The network can be classified on the basis of Network Architecture and Geographical Coverage.

a. Network Architecture

On the basis of Network Architecture, the computer networks are classified in two:-

i. Peer-To-Peer Architecture

In this Architecture, there is no server that manages and controls other computers in the Network. It is also known as Workgroup Architecture. Each computer functions as both a client and a server. There is no dedicated server.

Peer-To-Peer Block Diagram

ii. Client-Server Architecture

In this Architecture, there is at least one server computer and one or more workstations. It is also known as Domain Architecture. All the workstations are connected to the server and communication is done through it. The server always provides services to clients and the client always receives services from the server.

CLIENT-SERVER BLOCK DIAGRAM

b. Geographical Area Coverage

On the basis of Geographical Area Coverage, the computer networks are classified into three types. They are:-

i. Local Area Network(LAN)

LAN is the interconnection of computers in a limited area like in a single room, rooms within a building, or buildings on one site. It is smaller, simpler and cheaper than other Networks. Most local area networks are built with relatively cheap hardware such as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs.

ii. Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

MAN is the network that extends up to a city or a larger geographical area than LAN. A MAN can connect several LANs. It can use wired or wireless transmission media. This network mostly uses bridges, repeaters, routers, switches etc. Example:- Cable TV Network.

iii. Wide Area Network(WAN)

WAN is the network that is extended to a large area throughout the world or even more. It is also known as Long Haul Networks (LHNs). It is the combination of many types of LAN and MAN Networks. The Internet is an example of WAN.

3. LAN TOPOLOGIES

The physical or logical layout of cabling for connecting computers on the network is known as LAN Topologies. It is also known as Network Topology. Generally, it is the cabling system in the network.

Types of Network Topologies

a. Bus Topology

In this topology, all computers are connected directly to the common cable with the help of T-connectors. It is also known as Linear Topology. It consists of the main cable with terminators at both ends.

BUS TOPOLOGY BLOCK DIAGRAM

Advantages:-

i. It is simple, reliable, and easy to use.

ii. It is the cheapest topology to implement.

iii. The failure of one computer doesn’t affect others.

Disadvantages:-

i. If the network bus has a problem, then the entire network fails.

ii. It is difficult to troubleshoot.

iii. It has limited cable length and number of nodes.

b. Ring Topology

In this topology, all the computers are arranged in the shape of a circle. It is also known as loop topology. In this topology, data is transmitted in only one direction (Either clockwise or Anti-clockwise at a time).

RING TOPOLOGY BLOCK DIAGRAM

Advantages:-

i. It is easy to set up.

ii. It supports a high data transmission rate.

iii. Data traffic is reduced as data flows in only one direction.

Disadvantages:-

i. More expensive than bus topology because of the cost of the MAU (Media Access Unit).

ii. Failure of a computer affects the entire network.

iii. Difficulty in adding and removing the computers from the ring.

c. Star Topology

Star topology is the most popular topology used to connect computers and other network devices on the network. In a star topology, all nodes are connected through a central device in the form of a star by cable. Data on the star topology passes through the central device before reaching its destination.

STAR TOPOLOGY BLOCK DIAGRAM

Advantages:-

i. It is easier to add or remove computers.

ii. The failure of one computer doesn’t affect the entire network.

iii. Easy to troubleshoot the failure.

Disadvantages:-

i. The entire network fails if there is any problem on the central devices.

ii. It is expensive than bus topology

iii. Data traffic, data collision rate, and data The error rate will be high.

d. Tree Topology

In computer networks, tree topology is also known as a star bus topology. It contains elements of both a bus topology and a star topology.

TREE TOPOLOGY BLOCK DIAGRAM

Advantages:-

i. It is easy to extend.

ii. Easy to troubleshoot compare to bus topology.

iii. Easy to connecting and removing devices.

Disadvantages:-

i. The failure of the main root affects the entire network.

ii. It is complex to configure.

iii. It requires more cables and central devices.

e. Mesh Topology

In this topology, each computer is connected to all other computers of the forming a mesh. It requires more cable for each and every connection.

MESH TOPOLOGY BLOCK DIAGRAM

Advantages:-

i. Failure of a device does not affect the data transmission to the destination device.

ii. Data transmission is faster.

iii. Less data collision and data error rate.

Disadvantages:-

i. It is very complex.

ii. More cables are required

iii. It is difficult to manage.

f. Hybrid Topology

Hybrid Topology is a combination of two or more topology. Networks are widely designed by using this topology. Some of the commonly used hybrid topologies are a Star-Bus topology, Star-Ring topology, Bus-Ring topology.

4. Transmission Media

Transmission media refers to the wires, cables, and other means through which data travels from its source to destination.

There are two types of transmission media. They are:-

a. Guided/Bounded/ Wired Media

The transmission media which use cables are called guided or bounded or wired media. There are three types of cables used in the wired network:-

i. Twisted pair cable

Twisted pair cable is the oldest and still most common transmission media. It contains a pair of cables, twisted each other. It is cheaper, lighter, thinner, more flexible, and easier to install. A twisted pair cable is connected with the help of an RJ-45 connector. Unshielded and shielded twisted pair cables are the types of twisted pair cable. Unshielded Twisted Pair cable does not contain extra covering but Shielded Twisted Pair Cable contains an extra metal covering.

ii. Coaxial Cable (Coax)

The coaxial cable carries data signals for higher frequency and at a faster speed than twisted pair cable. It is common to use for the transmission of signals in cable television systems and broadband transmission. Coaxial Cable has a large bandwidth, which can handle plenty of traffic at high speeds. The BNC (Bayonet-Neil-Concelman) connector is used to connecting this cable.

iii. Fiber-Optics Cable(Optical Fiber Cable)

Fiber-Optics Cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the form of light. It contains single or multiple hairs of glass fibers wrapped by a protective jacket. Fiber-Optic cable can carry voice, video, and data. It has very high bandwidth and can carry signals for extremely long distances. S-T connector is used to connect this cable.

b. Unguided/Unbounded/Wireless Media

The transmission media without cables are called unguided or unbounded or wireless media. In this media data or signals flow through the air. They do not flow through the wire or cables. There are three medium used in wireless media:-

i. Microwave System

The microwave system uses very high-frequency radio signals to transmit data through the air. The transmitter and receiver of a microwave system should be in life-of-sight because the radio signal cannot bend. With microwave, the very long-distance transmission is not possible. In order to overcome the problem of the line of sight and shorter distance, repeaters are used at intervals of 25 to 30 kilometers apart.

ii. Satellite Communication

Satellite communication is the most common worldwide communication system at present. It uses a satellite as a repeater. The satellite is the repeater that orbits in space. Satellite communication systems have receivers and transmitters located in ground stations. In this communication, the microwave signal is transmitted from a transmitter on earth to the satellite in space. The satellite amplifies the weak signal and transmits it back to the receiver. To make communication possible in the even longer distance, multiple satellites are used.

iii. Infrared Technology

Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight communication. As infrared signals have a high frequency, it cannot penetrate the wall. It is mainly used in wireless remote control, wireless LAN (WLAN), wireless mouse, and keyboard. It cannot be used outside the building because sun rays contain infrared waves that can interface with communication.

5. Network Connecting Devices

a. NIC

NIC stands for Network Interface Card. It is the device that connects computers and network cable. The cards are installed in an expansion slot on each computer or built into the system. NIC has a unique MAC or Physical address, which is stored in ROM. It helps to control the flow of data between the computer and the cabling system.

b. HUB

HUB is a device with multiple ports for connecting different computers on the network. It accepts data, amplifies them, and then broadcasts. It cannot filter network traffic and it can connect limited computers only.

c. Switch

Switch is a computer networking device that connects computers and other network devices. it is also known as an intelligent hub. When the switch receives data, it creates a direct connection between sender and receiver and forwards the data packet to the destination computer only.

d. Router

A router is a device that connects multiple networks having the same protocol. Its main job is to find out the best path that can be used for data transmission. Routers are responsible for getting traffic from here to there.

e. Repeater

Repeater is a network device that accepts weak signals and regenerates or amplifies them. It is used to increase the length of the transmission media, in which data can be transmitted. It receives signals, amplifies them, and retransmits towards the receiver.

f. Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi refers to Wireless Fidelity. It enables devices such as laptops, mobile phones, smart-phone, etc can connect to the network or internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the internet.

6. Some Basic Terms Used in Computer Network

a. IP Addresses

IP Addresses (Internet Protocol Address) is a unique identifying number assigned to each computing devices connected in a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. Example:-216.27.61.137. An IP addresses have two main functions: identification of network and identification of a particular host (computer). IPv4 has a 32-bit number and IPv6 has 128-bits number. IPv4 uses the decimal number and IPv6 uses a hexadecimal number system.

b. MAC Addresses

MAC (Media Control Access) is a unique number associated with a network adapter. It also known as physical or hardware addresses. It is used to uniquely identify each computer. MAC address is usually assigned by the manufacturer of a network interface card and is stored in its ROM.

c. Internet

Internet is the largest computer network system in the world. It is a global network of computer networks. Millions of computers around the world can share information at the same time by using this worldwide network system.

d. Intranet

An an intranet is a private network that can only be accessed by authorized users. It is under the control of a single administrative entity. The internet is the internal network of an organization.

e. Extranet

An extranet is a private intranet that can be accessed by outside users over the internet using the dedicated and secure channel. To gain entrance to the extranet's resource, an external user typically must log on to the networks by providing a valid user ID and Password.

f. WWW

WWW refers to the World Wide Web. It is also commonly known as 'The Web'. WWW consists of pages that can be accessed using a Web browser. It helps to serve the webpage to the internet user.

g. VPN

VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. A virtual private network (VPN) gives you online privacy and anonymity by creating a private network from a public internet connection. VPN services establish secure and encrypted connections to provide greater privacy

CAMBRIDGE IT INSTITUTE,SURUNGA

Ram Upgrade – Why, How and How Much?

2020-09-17T10:44:00.004+05:45

Ram Upgrade – Why, How, and How Much?

Everything You Need to Know About Computer’s Memory Upgradation

You people heard about this a lot, that a RAM up-gradation can speed up our computer’s performance and make it faster. But did you really know, what the actual truth is?

The answer is No!! or Maybe; and sadly yes, but that’s the answer.

Actually, there was a time when people having slow computers in their home and offices and some new heavy software came out in the market and that software require more RAM to run itself and due to lack of low amount of RAM memory in those old computers, it won’t able work properly.

So, at that old-time, people do add new RAMs into their computers and feel like the real-time difference while working on heavy software.

But that time was long gone from now, and presently, if you having a decent computer with a decent amount of RAM in it, then the low amount of RAM won’t be an issue for slow performance and lagging of your computer.

In case if you don’t know, RAM is a type of computer memory that remembers which program is running by saving some current process data files in their free space of memory. Every RAM having a defined amount of memory storage to store the process data in, and it’s like 2GB, 4GB, 8GB, or 16GB’s of memory like something;

So, that does clarify we’ll only need a high amount of RAM when we wanted to run heavy software on our computer. A normal amount of RAM memory like 2GB or 4GB can only handle the workload of running OS, listening to music, and light internet browsing at the same time, and that’s all.

If you have 8 or 16 Gigs of RAM installed on your computer desktop, then I don’t think you really need to have worry about anything, because according to me, 16 is enough for most of the hardcore gaming or a big running project on some heavy software.

#Why Do We Upgrade Our Memory?

Normally we have only two main reasons to upgrade our PC’s RAM and those are:

Upgrade to improve the computer’s speed, when it gets slow.
Upgrade to run some heavy games or software on our computer.

Let’s check out some clarification before starts to doing some up-gradation.

#Upgrading Memory for Slow Speed;

If your computer is having some problems related to slowness or lagging, then maybe it’s quite possible that it might something else. Which means does your computer really need RAM upgradations or it’s just an operating system problem?

For this condition, Windows Task Manager is the great windows tool to check your computer’s RAM performance;

It can highlight all the real-time performance & usage of your computer system’s RAM by displaying a graph type data with all the necessary information.

You’ll just need to press the Ctrl + Alt + Del key on your keyboard and select Windows Task Manager to open it.

Here down below you can see a picture of my computer’s task manager and as you can see, I’m only having 8 Gigs of RAM installed on my motherboard and my OS is only using 3.9 GB even after working on different software and browsing on multi-tab;

Free 4 GB means I have plenty of RAM space to use when I needed, but I do need an up-gradation if I wanted to play some heavy games or software on my computer who only perform with the high amount of memory like 12 or maybe 16 gigs.

Story: “A friend of mine is having only 1 Gigs of RAM in his computer and the minimum usage what his computers takes around 800 MB – 850MB while without any running application. So, when every time he tries to do some work on their computer, its computer just start to lag and freeze the whole system’s performance.
This problem only occurs when you’re running a computer with low amount of RAM, which means my friend has to upgrade some gigs of RAM in their computer if he wants to do some work on it.”

So, check your RAM usage in the Task Manager and if your computer uses only about 20 or 30% of RAM without any running application on your computer that means you really don’t have to do anything with your system’s memory.

What to do when our RAM usage is in good condition but our computer is still running too slow? In that case, you should need to check the CPU usage graph in the task manager too, and if the usage is high, then it’s not a RAM problem and now you’ll need to upgrade your processor to get the extra performance.

“If you can’t find any high usage problem with your RAM and processor both, then it’s possible that your OS got corrupted and need a clean reinstall. If the problem still exists even after trying the OS reinstallation, then it’s 100% a hardware related problem of your system and can be anything; Like BIOS, Motherboard, CPU, etc.”

#Upgrading Memory for Heavy Software or Game;

The second main reason for the RAM up-gradation is when you wanted to run some heavy software or may be wondering about to play some high-end graphics game on your PC. If that’s the case with you then this up-gradation would be very beneficial for you.

So now the main question is, how much RAM do I really need for that?

The answer is on the pack of your software or game CD’s disk, and yes, right under the system requirements column;

That’s the trick that I actually use for myself and also recommend to everybody. Now you’ll just need to find which Operating System is your computer is operating and what program did you want to run on it.

And by combining the requirements for both, you’ll get your answer;

So, check the memory requirements for both of your OS and software and find the correct amount of RAM memory for your computer system.

It’s like, deciding our RAM usage by combining the OS’s, Game’s/Software’s Memory recommendation on their product system requirements page.

Example: Windows 10 needs 2 GB’s of RAM to run properly, and some heavy software like AutoCAD 2016 need at least 4 GB. So it means, if we install 2+4=6 gigs of memory in our computer, we’ll do experience some great performance while using our computer.

#Some Memory Buying Tips;

Here’s the list of those 3 important tips which you might want to know, before purchasing any memory for the up-gradation:

First, you’ll have to find that did you have any free RAM Slot on your computer’s motherboard or not, if not, then remove the old RAM and now make sure you purchase the higher amount of memory sticks this time.
There are actually different types of RAM are available in the market according to the different motherboards. So, make sure you do buy a compatible RAM for your computer.
At last, buy a RAM whose bandwidth is compatible with your old installed RAM. If your old RAM having 600 or 800 MHZ like something clock speed written on it, then you’ll only need to buy your new RAM with the same amount of bandwidth specs. I’m only saying this because different bandwidth does conflict with each other.

#Now Let’s See, How to Upgrade RAM in Desktop;

Installing RAM in your laptop or desktop is actually an easy task to do, and believe it or not, but a single Right Size Screw Driver is the only tool you need to do this whole memory installing the thing

Upgrading RAM in Desktop: Open your computer’s case by removing the screws that hold the side panels of your desktop’s casing, and then lift it away from the case. Then insert the RAM into the RAM slot on your motherboard by pressing it from upwards.
Upgrading RAM in Laptop: Flip your laptop upside-down, remove the battery, find the memory module slot cover and open it. Slide the RAM module into the socket according to the socket key and then press the RAM downward.

“And that’s all for now, thanks for sticking with the article, and you know it will always good to let me know about the tutorial, in the comments down below.” 🙂

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2. Python

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4. JAVA

5. R Language

6. Kotlin

7. C#