CAREER TIPS OPTIONS

Veritas Elite GMAT Preparation

2008-03-08T00:06:00.000-08:00

The Veritas Elite GMAT Preparation courses offer:

Instructors who have scored above the 99th percentile on an actual GMAT and are dedicated to helping you duplicate that success
Veritas course lesson booklets that cover every topic of the GMAT
15 complete Computer Adaptive Tests (practice GMAT-CAT® exams)
Over 1000 practice problems, ranging from basic to advanced level in difficulty
Complete and detailed solutions to all problems
AWA scoring and personalized feedback from expert AWA graders
Personalized Veritas Prep student account, TrueTrack™, that includes additional practice drills and class summaries for those who miss a class or seek additional review
Unlimited online support through the student account

CAREER PROSPECTS IN SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2008-03-04T04:02:00.000-08:00

The total world market for seed is estimated to be around US$30 billion. If Indian seed industry is compared with the global scenario, the Indian seed programme is still in its nascent stage, because the estimated turn over (US$900 million) of India is less than 2 per cent of the global seed business of US$25 billion. With world trade expected to reach US$75 billion by 2020, India can easily walk away with a major portion of seed business by planning carefully and implementing at the right time.
The seed industry has now grown hugely in its size and performance after independence of India. The public sector and private companies are involved in production of quality seed. The public sector companies in seed production include National Seed Corporation (NSC), State Farm Corporation of India (SFCI) and 13 State Seed Corporations (SSC). Apart from this, there are 21 State Seed Certification Agency, 105 Seed Testing Lab (68 had been notified includes a central seed testing lab) & 36 Breeder Seed Unit (BSU). The private sector comprises of more than 200 organized seed companies include national, multinational and other seed selling companies. In addition to this many other cooperative organization involved in seed multiplication and distribution of certain crop seeds.
Agriculture and non-agriculture universities conduct entrance examinations for students in various disciplines in their colleges. There are two ways for the students to take admission in various agricultural colleges. The first is through all India ICAR entrance examination and the second is through the examination conducted by the State Agricultural Universities. The entrance examination conducted by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) provides scholarships to the students in the form of Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) and for Ph.D. in the form of Senior Research Fellowship (SRF). The number of seats in JRF and SRF varies according to the availability of seats in different universities during counseling and admission by time to time. There are 34 State Agricultural Universities (SAUs), 4 Deemed Universities and 3 Central Universities, which offer undergraduate programme in agriculture in our country. Most of the State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) and Deemed Universities don’t offer the Seed science and Technology at Masters level becomes a limiting factor for the students to pursue the course. However, it is important to note that there are some agricultural universities offering Seed Science and Technology at Masters and Ph.D. level in our country. So a Masters or Ph.D in Seed Science and Technology has bright prospects in Central Government, State Government and Private agencies of India and abroad.
Essential Educational Qualification
Only those candidates having passed their Bachelor’s degree or appearing in final examination in agriculture or in the biological sciences under 10 + 2 + 4 or 10 + 2 + 3 are eligible to apply for admission in the postgraduate programme of Seed Science and Technology. The universities, which have been offering the masters in Seed Science and technology are given below.
SL. NO NAME OF THE UNIVERSITY
1. Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad – 500 030 Andhra Pradesh Email : angrau@ap.nic.in, Website: http://www.angrau.net/
2. Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (BCKV), Haringhatta Post, Mohanpur, Nadia – 741 246 West Bengal Email : root@bckv.wb.nic.in
3. Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology (CSAUT), Kanpur – 208 002, Uttar Pradesh Email : csauknp@up.nic.in, Website: csauk.ac.in
4. Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (HAU), Hisar – 125 004 Haryana,
Email : root@hau.pnp.nic.in. Website: hau.nic.in
5. Dr. Punjab Rao Deshmukh Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (PKV), Krish Nagar, Akola – 444 104 Maharastra
Email : vc@pdkv. mah.nic.in Website: pdkv.mah.nic.in
6. Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pant nagar – 263 145 Uttaranchal Email : root@gbpuat.ernet.in, Website: http://www.gbpuat.ac.in
7. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV),
Jabalpur – 482 004 Madhya Pradesh
Email : root@jnau.mp.nic.in
8. Kerala Agricultural University (KAU), Vellanikara, Trichur- 680 654 Kerala, Email : kauhqr@hub.nic.in
Website: http://www.kau.org/
9. Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneshwar–751001 Orissa Email : root@uat.ori.nic.in Website: bhub.ori.nic.in/ouat
10. Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana – 141 004 Punjab Email : root@pau.chd.nic.in
11. Rajendra Agricultural University (RAU), Pusa, Samastipur– 848 125 Bihar Email : rau@bih.nic.in
12. Tamilnadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore– 641 003 Tamilnadu Email : root@tnau.tn.nic.in
Website: http://www.tnau.ac.in/
13. University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Bangalore – 560 065 Karnataka Website: uasbng.kav.nic.in
14. University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Krishi Nagar, Dharwad – 580 005 Karnataka Email : root@uasd.kar.nic.in aris@uasd.net Website:
http://www.uasd.net/
SL.NO DEEMED UNIVERSITY
1. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) Pusa Road, New Delhi -110 012 Website: http://www.iari.res.in
JOB OPPORTUNITIES
There are various avenues existing in Government and Private industry (Research & Marketing sections) for those who opt for Seed Science and Technology as a career. Some of the job opportunities offered for Seed Science and Technology are listed below.
Government Jobs
Ø Agricultural Research Service (ARS): Recruitment conducted by Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board, (ASRB), ICAR, New Delhi.
Ø Assistant Professor/Junior Research Officer/ Subject Matter Specialist/Lecturer in Agricultural Universities, Deemed Universities & other colleges.
Ø Training Associate/Subject Matter Specialist in Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) controlled by ICAR, State Agricultural Universities, Non–Governmental Organizations and other Voluntary Organizations.
Ø Seed Production Officer (SPO)/ Seed Testing Officer (STO)/ Seed Inspector (SI)/ Seed Certification Officer (SCO) in National Seed Corporation (NSC), State Seed Corporations (SSCs), Central Seed Testing Lab (CSTL), State Seed Testing Lab (SSTL) & Breeder Seed Units (BSUs).
II Private jobs
Ø Research and Development Section
Ø Production Director (Certified Seed)/Production Director (Foundation Seed)/Chief Production Officer (CPO)/ Zonal Officer (Seed Section) / Quality Control Officer/Production Manager/Production Coordinator/ Production Officer/Plant Supervisor/Farm Supervisor/ Production Assistant/Field Assistant
Ø Marketing Section
Ø Zonal Manager/Area Manager/ Marketing Manager/Sales Executive/Territory Sales Executive

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN

2008-03-04T03:51:00.000-08:00

There are host of new Opportunities at the work-place. Obsolescence and change have a significant effect on both decline of some professions and emergence of others.
We live in a knowledge society. Arriving at our best career option is possible, only if we gather as much information as possible on diverse professions and educational opportunities. We should break the shackles of prejudices such as attaching unqualified superiority for professions like medicine, engineering, and the civil services. There is tremendous diversity in the matter of careers covering conventional as well as emerging fields.
Economic liberalization and the new freedom mantra has thrown open a new world of market opportunities for women. There is virtually no field of enterprise that women cannot enter, and fewer restrictions and pressures.
This roller-coaster environment in the job market makes it both exciting and confusing for young women, many of whom are the first generation of working women. Never before have there been as many career options as there are today, nor as much information as there is available today. In this dynamic work scene, you need to get a clear focus on the direction of your career, figure out the skills you need to develop so as to be ready for the jobs - areas that are in demand today, and will hold good for the future.
Changing scenario for women workforce in India
At IBM “The idea is to create an environment that is more welcoming to women.” The results are starting to show: the percentage of women in IBM’s 43,000 strong India workforce has steadily climbed up to 26%.
Contrast this with the figures revealed by a recent Cll survey: in large companies, the ratio of women is barely 4% of the total workforce, whereas in medium-scale companies, the figure stands at 18%.
Top 10 States with the Highest Number of Women Job Seekers
States In ‘000 (2003)
1. Kerala 20,75.7
2. Tamil Nadu 18,54.8
3. West Bengal 17,37.8
4. Maharashtra 8,97.8
5. Andhra Pradesh 6,50.9
6. Karnataka 4,35.7
7. Madhya Pradesh 3,62.3
8. Assam 3,24.6
9. Delhi 3,07.9
10. Himachal Pradesh 2,86.3
India 1,07,52.3
The career path of any individual has to be Chosen, taking into account factors such as aptitude and learning ability of the student, financial position of the family, opportunities for higher studies, duration of the course, the gender factor, proximity of the educational institution from home, and prospects for early employment.
1. Animation & Multimedia: Courses in animation and multimedia offer opportunities to those who are blessed with artistic talents and imagination, and have a passion for computer-based studies. The programs are of short duration. Anyone with a ‘plus two’ qualification can go in for this kind of training.
Multimedia may involve a fine mixture of text, graphics, photographs, animation, video, sound, and interactivity, offering boundless possibilities in effectively conveying a message.
Job opportunities are in the fields of video production, publishing, fashion designing, textile designing, interior design, and criminal investigation as well. Freelancing is a posibility in big industrial cities - jobs in CD writing, graphic design, and web design.
2. Architecture: Architecture is a happy union of art and technology. It merges gift of imagination, sense of aesthetics, and sharp precision.
In universities conducting the 5-year B.Arch, (Bachelor of Architecture) courses, -selection is usually made through an aptitude test. Acquiring membership of the Indian Institute of Architects, Mumbai is another path of entry to the profession.
3. Biotechnology: Biotechnology may be considered as any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. It makes tremendous strides perhaps faster than electronics or computer technology. It is sure to play a vital role in our life in the coming years.
There are many universities that conduct programs at different levels. Public as well as private sector organizations offer facilities for research.
As India has made a name for itself in the IT sector, so it will be in biotechnology. This is a sector that already has a woman breaking all records of success. Kiran Majumdar Shaw started Biocon, a small biotechnology unit in her garage in Bangalore about ten years ago. Today she is the richest and most successful woman in India.
4. Bioinformatics: The nascent field of bioinformatics represents the marriage of biotechnology and information technology. It deals with computational management of all kinds of biological information. Sometimes it is referred to as in-silico biology indicating that it is performed on computer.
Proficiency in IT, biology, and mathematics is necessary for work in biotechnology. Those who come from anyone of these disciplines can enter the field and master the other areas as required.
5. Civil Services: Entry into services such as the IFS, lAS, and IPS offers remarkable -opportunities for ‘crucial decision-making and other forms of significant service to society. This career path takes you to positions of authority and prestige. The Union Service Commission conducts the Civil Services Examination to select candidates for appointment to nearly 23 services.
Those who hold a University degree or equivalent can apply for admission. Age 21-30 years, with usual relaxation.
6. Defence Services: Although women have been traditionally recruited in the armed forces only in the medical and nursing corps, today the Army offers a satisfying career for women in most non-combatant areas including the Army Service Corps, Ordinance Corps, Education Corps, Signals, Electrical & Mechanical Engineers, the Judge Advocate General’s branch and the Army Intelligence Corps. Women are selected after graduation and through the SSB and medical tests. The recent announcement of raising the short service commission for women to 14 years, and allowing them to rise upto the rank of Lt Col. has been introduced to encourage more women into the defence services. The Navy recruits women in the logistics, air traffic and law branches, while the Air Force has openings for women even in the flying branch. Another ‘high-flying’ career for women is as a commercial pilot with a civil airline. In recent years, with the so many new private airlines taking to the skies, there is a crying need for trained pilots, and cabin crew, both men and women.
7. Disaster Environment Management: The following organizations play important role in training and imple-menting programs in this area.
 National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM), New Delhi.
 The Disaster Management Institute, Bhopal.
 National Civil Defence College, Nagpur;
 Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi.
 Pune University
 Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment, New Delhi;
 Disaster Mitigation Institute, Ahmedabad
 The Centre for Disaster Management, Yashada, Pune
 Environment Protection Training and Research Institute, Hyderabad
 National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Kanpur
8. Finance Professions
Chartered Accountant: The training programs of the three disciplines are similar. After ‘plus two’, you pass a foundation test, and then intermediate and final examinations. The institute of chartered accountants has renamed the foundation and the intermediate as professional education (PE) I & II. If you are a graduate, you can skip the foundation.
After PE I & PE II and the prescribed 250-hour computer training, you should work for three years as an articled clerk with a practicing chartered accountant.
Can work as an accredited accountant, authorized auditor, corporate caretaker, financial consultant, or tax specialist, or go for corporate jobs. Details: HYPERLINK ‘’http://www.icai. org’’ www.ical.org (Enterprising youngsters may go for “CPA” ¬Certified Public Accountant - popular in many countries including the US or “ACCA” - ¬Association of Chartered Certified Accountants - prevalent in the UK and other countries).
Cost & Works Accountant: Cost reduction is vital in any manufacturing industry. Computation of costs and identifying methods of cost reduction are done by cost and works accountants. They give the right prescriptions enabling the best possible management decisions.
Their functions include statutory maintenance of cost accounting records, evaluation of worth in investments, critical analysis of financial performance of organizations, internal co-ordination in industrial or commercial undertakings, budgeting, monitoring and analysis of data, and auditing. Details: http://myicwai.com
Company Secretary: She/he is not a secretary to the CEO or MD, but a top-notch professional in the corporate sector. If you are endowed with legal aptitude, analytical skills, tact, ability to keep official secrets, and sheer will to win through hard work, this is your line.
Apart from passing the Final Examination, a candidate has to undergo practical training for 15 months in a company / under a practicing CS.
Details: www.icsi.edu
9. Humanities: Economists have openings in business journals, banking industry, planning cells, etc. where economic analysis is required. The Indian Economic Service recruits competent economists through UPSC examination.
Those who take up Psychology have wide options as experimental/educational / industrial/clinical psychologists, counselors, psychometrists (experts in determining aptitude, intelligence, etc.).
Learning languages has its own charms. Proficiency in foreign languages will open opportunities to work as specialists in the diplomatic service, interpreters, translators, and tourist guides.
Graduates in any discipline after a course in journalism and communication join the challenging career covering print and electronic media. Advertising and Public Relations are two disciplines close to journalism.
Law, fashion design, film and TV, management, teaching, special education, library & information science, and sports coaching, are some of the areas open to university graduates in any subject, but gifted with the appropriate aptitude. Graduates with poise and skills can contemplate the job of an airhostess / flight
purser.

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

2008-03-04T03:46:00.000-08:00

Courses in industrial engineering and industrial management offers a blend of theory, modeling and application, drawing from traditional as well as modern areas of operations research. The areas covering industrial engineering include Work-Study, Operations and Maintenance, Production Planning & Control, Materials Management, Value Engineering, P.E.R.T./C.P.M., Operations Research, Computer Science, Financial Management, Statistical Quality Control, etc.
Institutions Offering Industrial Engineering (IE) Courses
Some of the institutions offering courses in industrial engineering/ industrial management are: -1) Industrial Engineering and Operations Research (Inter Disciplinary Programme)
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai offering PG Courses and Ph.D. courses.
2) NITIE, Vihar Lake, Mumbai - 400 087. Offering PG Courses and Ph.D. courses
3) The Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering (IIIE), Navi Mumbai (MS) , a National Body for the profession of the Industrial Engineering, offers an opportunity for acquiring Graduateship in Industrial Engineering - A professional qualification. The Graduate-ship of the IIIE is recognized by the Government of India at par with a Bachelor’s Degree in Industrial Engineering from a recognized Indian University for the purpose of recruitment to superior posts and service under the Central Government. It is also recognized for admission to Master’s Degree course in Industrial Engineering through the entrance Examination known as GATE.
Most of Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Technology (NITs) are also offering various PG & Ph.D. courses in Industrial Engineering
Eligibility
For admission to PG courses in Industrial Engineering / Management, applicants should have a Bachelor’s Degree in any branch of Engineering/Technology or equivalent with First Division. Also some institutions are offering admission based on CAT /GATE score basis. These qualifying requirements are changing from time to time. Hence, the interested applicants are advised to contact the institute before taking admission.
Career Opportunities For Industrial Engineers
Industrial engineers work in a variety of research labs and industries, including: manufacturing, communications, transportation, banking, pharmaceuticals, finance, travel, semiconductor,
e-business, sports, health, and information technology.
Research activities of the group includes a breadth of techniques and application areas:
l Deterministic methods of optimization and analysis
l Stochastic methods of analysis, optimization and control
l Simulation Modeling and Analysis
l Artificial Intelligence based methods
l Logistics and Transportation
l Supply Chain Analysis and Inventory Planning
l Financial Engineering
l Optimization, Planning and Control in Manufacturing and Robotics
l Scheduling and ERP

CAREER IN VETERINARY, DAIRY AND FISHERY SCIENCES

2008-03-04T03:40:00.000-08:00

DAIRY TECHNOLOGY
India ranks second in the world in terms of milk production. Dairying plays a dynamic role in india's agro-based economy. A decade ago only 5% of the milk produced came into the dairies. Today it is 15% and this figure is continuously increasing. Dairy technology deals with all methods of handling milk from production and includes processing, packaging, storage, transport and physical distribution. Based on the sciences of biochemistry, bacteriology, and nutrition, dairy technology employs the principles of engineering. Its objectives are to prevent spoilage, improve quality, increase shelf-life, and make milk palatable and safe for human consumption.
Career prospects
The candidates to be eligible for admission to b. Tech. (dairy tech.) Degree programme should have passed the higher secondary school certificate examination or its equivalent examination in science stream with physics, chemistry and mathematics. After successful graduation students can opt for further studies and specialization in the master's degree programme there is scope for specialization in dairy microbio-logy, dairy chemistry, dairy technology, dairy engineering, animal genetics and breeding, physiology, biochemistry, dairy economics, dairy extension education, animal biotechnology and allied fields. Admission to master's degree programmes in dairying is open not just to bachelor's degree holders in dairy technology/science but is also to graduates in pure sciences/agriculture/veterinary science/animal sciences/food technology/engineering/home science.
Graduates in dairy technol-ogy/veterinary science/agriculture or any related field are also eligible to join the indian institute of management, ahmedabad and lucknow for a post-graduate programme in agri-business management. The postgraduate programme in rural management offered by the institute of rural manager (irma), which seeks to equip personnel to manage modern processing units and market consumer goods for producer cooperatives, is popular with dairy science/technology graduates.
Indicative institutions
1. Dairy technology colleges in andhra pradesh
2. Dairy technology colleges in bihar
3. Dairy technology colleges in chattisgarh
4. Dairy technology colleges in gujarat
5. Dairy technology colleges in haryana
6. Dairy technology colleges in karnataka
7. Dairy technology colleges in madhya pradesh
8. Dairy technology colleges in rajasthan
9. Dairy technology colleges in west bengal
10. Dairy technology colleges in maharashtra
Specialized training progra-mmes are available at certain institutes such as the national dairy research institute, kamal; sheth m.c. college of dairy science as well as in some of the agricultural universities. Apart from the four-year degree programme in dairy science technology, the indian dairy diploma in dairy technology/husbandry is offered as a two-year programme by the dairy science institute, mumbai and its regional centers at bangalore, nadia district (west bengal) and allahabad. Eligibility for admission is the same as for the four-year graduate programme.
Placement options for dairy graduates are very good. They are placed in milk production scheme. Dairy technologists/scientists/managers find placements in public sector organizations such as the national dairy development board (nddb), dairy cooperative societies and dairy plants manufacturing milk products in different states. There are now more than 400 dairy plants in the country making various types of milk products. They need good qualified and well trained personnel to run the plants efficiently. The dairy technologists can also undertake consultancy work. A successful consultant, however, needs several years of working experience in dairy firms to understand the nitty gritty of the work. Besides opportunities for teaching and research, dairy technologists can start their own enterprises such as small-scale milk plants, creamery, ice-cream units, dairy india.
FisheriesFisheries sector covers both capture and culture including inland and sea, aquaculture, gears, navigation, oceanography, aquarium management, breeding, processing, export and import of seafood, special products and by-products, research and related activities. Fisheries, as an emerging and rapidly growing sector, assure nutritional security and provide a cheap source of animal protein. The contribution of fisheries to the gdp is around 1.4% and gdp contribution of agriculture sector as a whole is at 4.6%. It is the primary source of protein for over one billion people in the world. Aquaculture can expand fishery development with propagation of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans, and plants in controlled or selected aquatic environments for any commercial, recreational, or public use and is the fastest growing agri-industry worldwide and offers great scope for increasing the productivity and economy of the country.
India is having vast and varied aquatic resources endowed with a long coastline of 8129 km, a continental shell of 0.5 million sq. Km. The exclusive economic zone (eez) of the country covers an area of 2.02 million sq. Km and a distance of 200 nautical miles from the coastline and offering richest potential, both in marine and inland sector in sustainable aquatic production. However, oceans are largely unexplored. At present, the total export value from marine sector has reached around rs. 6500 crore. Huge production, consumption and export has made this sector an important part of the indian economy.
Fishing is also the main source of income for over 100 million people who are directly involved in fishing. In india, it is estimated that around 8 million people directly or indirectly depend on the fisheries sector. India is the fourth largest producer of fish in the world. It is also the second largest producer of inland fish. Development of brackish water and freshwater aquaculture has tremendous scope in india. Out of a total area available for culture, only 30% of fresh water area and 10% of brackish water area is utilized.
Job opportunities
There are large number of opportunities in the aquaculture and marine sector to work as a marine biologist/marine scientist, fish farm hand like hatchery/farm operator, fisheries extension officer/technical officer, feed mill manager, processing and production manager, fish export inspector, export manager, r&d professional, aquaculture entrepre-neur, consultant in management of fish farms, both in private and govt. Sector, business establishments etc. At present, there is great paucity of scientifically trained, skilled manpower in the area of designing, construction, management of fish farms. This can be fulfilled with skilled farm and hatchery operator.
Every state government is having fisheries department in which fisheries graduate can apply for the post of assistant fisheries development officer (afdo)/ fisheries extension officer (feo) and district fisheries development officer (dfdo). Apart from the state fisheries department, fisheries graduate can get job in central agencies like marine product export development authority (mpeda), fisheries survey of india (fsi) etc.
In academic institutes, candidates having pg degree can apply in the saus against the advertisement of the post of assistant professor in the faculty of fisheries. For the recruitment of scientist in various agricultural and fisheries institutions under the icar, asrb conducts an all india competitive exam, agricultural research service (ars) followed by viva voce.
The candidates with academic background having b.f.sc., can apply for the post of research assistant, biochemist, biologist, technicians, etc. Candidates having postgraduate degree (m.f.sc.) Can apply for the post of assistant professor in the faculty of fisheries. For the recruitment as scientists in various agricultural and fisheries institutions under the icar, asrb conducts an all india competitive exam, agricultural research service (ars) followed by viva voce.
In corporate sector, fisheries graduates can get jobs as a banks officer, managers in agriculture loan section in nationalized as well as private banks. As an entrepre-neur, b.f.sc., candidate can start their own enterprise by seeking financial support from nabard or through other nationalized banks. The main area in which fisheries enterprise can be developed are : feed manufacturing, feed sales, ornamental fish culture and breeding, aquaculture, hatchery and seed production, commercial pearl production, fish processing and marketing, net making, fish disease diagnostic centre, consultancy services and establish-ment of agri-clinics. Private sector candidates can work as a manager or officers in seafood processing and export units, aquafeed plants, fishing gear industries and in pharmaceutical companies.
Opportunities in research and development
The emerging field of fisheries, aquaculture and aquatic sciences offers great opportunity for the researchers and scientists to undertake research in upstream areas. Molecular biology aspects can be used to identify the presence of a specific organism in a water sample through the use of molecular probes. This is very useful when the organism in question is microscopic or similar to other organisms. New molecular techniques help scientists in identifying whether or not an animal has been exposed to pollutants and, in some cases, can determine the source of those pollutants. The field of molecular biology is growing and will continue to see significant advances through applied research.
Research projects are supported through indian council of agricultural research (icar) at various research organizations and universities all over india by utilizing natural resources to improve the quality and quantity of fish production, which creates many job opportunities in the field of aquaculture and fisheries. Department of biotechnology (dbt), council of scientific and industrial research (csir) and ministry of earth sciences (mes) are promoting the research on marine sciences, through which large opportunities are existing in the field of aquaculture, marine sciences and oceanography. Huge opportunities also exist for scientists to pursue research in aquaculture and marine biotech-nology.
Qualifications
For admission to various branches of fisheries science at state agricultural universities, eligibility is to become a fisheries graduate and pass 4 year degree from fisheries colleges of state agriculture universities for admission in b.f.sc. (bachelor of fisheries science) course one can apply after 10(+)2 having pcb group. The course curriculum involves inland aquaculture, freshwater aqua-culture, mariculture, industrial fisheries, fish processing and post harvest technology, fish nutrition, pathology, environment, ecology and extension etc. Fourth year syllabus contains practical experience like on sea cruise on fishing vessels for data collection & fishing, in processing plants and on aqua farms.
After completion of b.f.sc., candidates can become m.f.sc. (masters of fisheries science). For taking admission in central institutes, one has to appear for all india level common entrance test conducted by icar, new delhi.
In advance education at the doctoral and post-doctoral level, students can develop expertise in the advanced biology of cultivable marine organisms, including a diverse range of areas in marine biotechnology like genomics, microbial biotechnology, marine natural products, coral reef ecology and geology, marine botany and marine biotechnology. The program integrates the study of a range of disciplines relevant to understanding, researching and managing the marine environment. Once the essential educational qualifications are attained, employment opportunities depend on the sector of interest.
The study of oceanography is offered at the post graduate (pg) level, where many aspects related to it are taught. The subjects available at the pg level are marine biology, zoology, geology, chemistry and physical oceano-graphy. Science graduate with the related subject background can be enrolled for the pg programmes at various universities.
Educational institutions
Different fisheries colleges under state agriculture universi-ties in india:
1. College of fisheries, shirgaon; ratnagiri-415629
2. College of fishery science, telangkhedi, nagpur-01, m.s.
3. College of fisheries, manga-lore-575002, karnataka.
4. College of fisheries, tuticorin-628008, t.n.
5. College of fisheries, panan-gad, kochi-682506, kerala.
6. College of fisheries science, pantnagar-263145, up.
7. College of fisheries science, nellore-524004, ap.
8. College of fisheries science, kulia, w.b.
9. College of fisheries, rangailuna, beharampur.
10. College of fisheries, veraval-362 001, gujarat.
11. Punjab agriculture university, ludhiana-141004.
12. College of fisheries, rangai-lunda, ouat, orissa.
13. Rajasthan agriculture university, rajasthan.
14. College of fisheries, raha, aau, assam.
15. College of fisheries, dholi, rau, bihar.
16. College of fisheries, cau, agartala, tripura.
Apart from these, institutes offering degree & higher education include icar open krishi vigyan kendras and trainers training centers at cife, cifa, ciba, cift, nbfgr, nrc, cmfri and cicfri. State government introduced fisheries as a vocational course at 10(+)2 level with active assistance from ncert in regard developing circular & books. Also some of coastal states have fisheries schools at fishermen's dominating villages.
There are many special institutions, which offer various short term courses, training in various fields such as hatchery management, fish processing and fish farm implement manufacturing. Some of the important institutes offering special training in this field are: marine products export development authority (mpeda), tasparc and ossparc prawn hatcheries in andhra pradesh and orissa, central institute of fisheries research, nautical and engi-neering training - cochin and integrated fisheries project - cochin etc.
Apart from these, fourteen fisheries colleges are offering
b.f.sc. And m.f.sc. In inland aquaculture, freshwater aqua-culture, mariculture, industrial fisheries, fish processing and post harvest technology, fish nutrition, pathology, environment, ecology and extension etc.

CAREER FIELDS IN BIOINFORMATICS

2008-03-04T03:28:00.000-08:00

Bio-career : sciweb biotechnology career center
Biochemist : biochemist online
Bio exchange : biopharmaceutical career, information and resources
Bio info employers : bioinformatics employers
Bioinform employers : bio lnfor-matics career forum
Biolinsk : search or post jobs
Biology jobs. Com : for job seekers and employers who are specifically interested in the life sciences.
Bio mednet : sciencejobs. Com- the discussion forum
Bioplanet : bioinformatics positions
Bioportfolio : global bio-employ-ment opportunities
Biospace : biospace career center-biotechnology and pharmacutical jobs.
Bioview : career in the biotech-nology or pharmaceutical industry
Biology careers : biology- careers and jobs
Dna jobs.com : directory of internet and web based biotechno-logy and genomics career resources
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CAREER IN PLASTIC ENGINEERING

2008-03-04T03:23:00.000-08:00

Introduction
There has been significant development and acceptance of synthetic plastic goods in last few decades, mainly due to advances in organic chemistry. Uses of Moldable plastics are in today's day-to-day life is incredible, through extension of its use in all spheres of changing lifestyle. Since there is no competition material, the future of moldable plastic and professio-nal opportunities is becoming unlimited.
What is Modern Plastic?
The word "Plastic" is derived from Greek word "Plastikos" means "to form". Mostly in today's modern plastic era, the word plastic refers to groups of synthetic components of high molecular weight, which carries the moldable characteristic by heating and pressure which gives finished products by retaining its shape, dimension, and quality under normal usable condition.
What Plastic Industry Do?
The modern plastic industry predominantly addresses the Moldable Materials, Processing, Applications, Tooling and Plant and Equipment related to plastics. The professionals in plastics industries convert plastic granules (raw material) into finished products by different kind processing methods like Extrusion, Injection, Blow, Transfer, Compression, Thermo forming and thermo setting, based on part shape, size and its use, by using precision mould made up of high grade Die Metals. A typical Plastic industry includes different department like Plastic Product Design and Mould Design, Tool Room that fabricate moulds using high level CNC and EDM Machines to get perfect finish and intricate shape. Processing depart-ment converts raw materials into ready to use finished part or to fit in an assembly. Quality control tests the part mostly performs Distractive testing. The process differs based on the Shape, Use and Materials. To say few examples PET Jars are the Hollow components that normally uses Blow molding technique, and Industrial/house hold part are done by Injection molding methods. So the professionals differ from process to process like Designers, Mould maker, Processing and testing technicians.
Role of Plastics:
There is dispute in use of all plastics as understands by common people and even well informed man understand in this way is really painful. The restriction is only applicable to 20 Micron thickness polyethylene bags and some of the non-recyclable, thus used/wasted bags/cups becoming pollution due to non- biodegradable. All thermoplastic materials are re-moldable thus no harm to human society. Simply to say what ever you touch in day to day life there may be almost 99% of plastic parts. It includes unimaginable Human body spare parts, Functional Artificial Limbs, Shelters, Robots, Seating system of all kind from locomotive to air capsules, All Automobile interior assemblies, Clothing and Foot wears and all except to be specific eatables.
SNo. Parts Methods Material Use
01 PET Jars/Hollow Blow Molding PET Jars, Packing, Water Bottels
02 Pipe, Cable Insulation Extrusion PVC, PP Water Pipe, Electrical cable
03 Electronic, Automobile Injection ABC, PC, PP, PE, TV, Moniter, Chair, CD, AC,
parts, Industrial and Nylon Fridge, Auto parts, Locomotive,
House hold goods Toys, Artificial Limps
05 Switch gear Compression Thermo-sets Switch, MCB
06 Large Hollow Roto-mould LLDPE, LDPE Water Tank
07 Once use Parts Thermo forms LDPE Tea Cups, trays
Plastic Professional:
Working in plastic industry needs high grade skill, to convert the knowledge into reality and confidant to accommodate the fast changing design methods. Based on the process the performing professional varies, mainly Designer and Processing Technologist are the specialized key players. Other professionals include Plastic Testing Technologist, Plastic Mould Makers and the Mould designers. The Plastic Part designers who design Industrial and Consumer parts by using high end CAD System. Mould Designer plays a vital role who extras Core and cavity of the Part Design and Build Automatic Mould Design adding Runner, Ejection system etc. Before releasing drawing he finalizes the design by doing mould flow analysis which addresses Solidification, Mould temperature, Gating, Clamping and Injection pressure, Shrinkage and Draft analysis. He is a professional who knows the entire process of Know-how of plastic industry and perform his duties on CAD/CAE/CAM System. Plastic Mould Maker converts the Mould design into reality; it is a highly skilled and honored job in Tool Room, a set-up with team of professional who makes all kinds of Moulds and Dies in CAM and CNC. Mould maker is on-hand Professional who converts Know-how to Do-how and is one of the important factor in Indian industries. After mounting the mould on machine, The Processing technician take care of the production normally done in lots. He sets the requires injection and claming pressure, cycle time, Mould temperature so that perfect finished part comes out at regular intervals. The finished part goes to the Quality control where a team of Plastic Testing Technicians works and uses UTM for Mechanical testing like tensile test, Flexural Testing, Compressive testing etc. They also perform Thermal tests like Specific heat, Thermal conductivity; linear coefficient expansion etc and also they perform Electrical Testing as per requirement. Testing is a kind of scientific job and enjoys the most privileged certifying authority for most critical products. This is the final stage which eligible the part for the shipment. The Polymers Professional studies and work on the science of polymer, more specifically raw material research and developments.
Institutions offering courses:
Though there are ample of varied unknown exciting opportu-nities across the country, but very few institutes offer course in Plastics Engineering and its related fields. CIPET, SIDO TRs, NTTF, Tamil Nadu State owned Institutions and few among others offers related courses in this field. These institutions's course curriculum mostly addresses Do-How along with know how. One can understand by visiting "Plast India" a largest organized industrial Expo of this kind, which exhibits the tremendous capability of Indian plastic market.
The Chart Gives Fare informtion about Institutions that offers course in Related Fields :
S.No Institution Course Duration
Central Institution Plastic Engineering and Technology M.Tech (PE) Select Centre 2Yrs
(CIPET), Chenni and Select centre across the country, PGD-PE 1 Yr
01 Autonomous Society under Department of Chemical PD-Plastic Mould Design 3 Yrs
and Petro-Chemicals Dip Mould Making Tech 1 Yrs
PG- Plastic Processing Tech 1 Yrs
PG- Plastic Testing Tech
02 Central Institute of Tool Design (CITD), SIDO TR ME- Tool Design 2 Yrs
Hydrabad, PD Tool Design 1 Yr
03 Central Tool Room and Training Centre (CITC), SIDO PD- Tool Design and Manuf. 1 Yr
TR, Bhubaneshwar Plastic Processing-Need Base
Central Polytechnic, Chennai PD Tool Design (PT) 2 Yrs
04 Govt. Technical Training Centre, Gindy, Chennai PD Tool Design 18 Months
IDTR, IGTR and Select SIDO TRs across Country PD Tool Design 1 Yr
Govt. Tool Room & Trg. Centre (GTTC), Bangalore and
Select centre Across Karnataka. PD Tool Design 1 Yr
05 TRTC, Delhi-Both Indo-Danish Project Respective PG in Tool Engineering 2 Yrs
State Owned Institute
NTTF- Select Centres across the country
06 Govt. Institute of Tool Engineering, Dindigul
TN Dept. Ind. & Commerce Diploma in Tool Engineering 3 Yrs
Arulmigu Chandikeswari Polytechnic, Covai, TN VSV
Nadar Polytechnic, Virudhu Nagar, TN Chhotu Ram
Polytechnic, Rodhak, Hariyana GND Co-Ed. Plytechnic,
New Delhi
07 Nirma Institute of Technology, Ahamadabad, Gujarat, Diploma in Plastic Engineering 3 Yrs
Shree Baghubai Mofatal Polytechnic, Mumbai, MS
State owned Government Polytechic,
Ahamadabad (Also PT), Vadadora, Valsat-Gujarat,
Ambala City-Hariyana, Nasik-MS,
IF
University college of Science & Tech, Calcutta Integrated M.Tech PE Post B.Sc
3 Yrs
Harcourt Bulter Technological Institute, Kanpur, UP B.Tech, M.Tech (Plastic) Lateral Entry
3 Yrs
08 LD College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, Gujarat BE Plastic Tech Regualr 4 Yr
SSE College of Engg & Tech., AKola, MS BE Poymer Plastic Tech Integrated
PG 5-6 Yrs
North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, MS BE Plastic Technology
MIT, Anna University, Chennai B. Tech Rubber
Institute Diploma (PT) 1 Yr
Indian Plastic Institute (IPI)- Mumbai 1) Polymer Sc & Tech Each 225
Theory
09 A leading national professional institutes 2) Processing of Plastics 75 Hrs Prac-
tical
3) Product Design & Design of 5 Industrial
Mould Dies-All Short Course Visit
10 Govt. ITI/ATI/CTI in all States Select centre Plastic Processing Operator 2 Yrs
Rewards and Opportunity :
There are colorful reward waiting in the manufacturing and Design related industries mainly of non-government sectors. Due to the today's Government polices regarding the direct investment of MNCs, many manufactures made their global Design centre in India which gives perfect recognizes to the rightly trained plastic Professionals. The salary starts from minimum 5000 INR for ver average kind of fresh passing out trainees/students and varies to 2000 INR per month depends upon the candidate career profile and level of qualification.

CAREER IN SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

2008-03-04T03:14:00.000-08:00

CAREER IN SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Seismology (the word is derived from the Greek seismos which means earthquake and logos means science) is the scientific study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the earth. The field also includes studies of variants such as seaquakes, volcanoes and plate tectonics in general and consequential pheno-mena such as tsunamis.
An earthquake occurs due to the sudden, sometimes violent movement of the earth's surface, caused by release of energy in the earth's crust. The crust of the earth when subjected to tectonic forces bends slightly. When the stress or pressure exceeds the strength of the rocks, then it breaks and snaps into a new position. Vibrations called seismic waves are thus generated and that travel both within the earth and along its surface.
Earthquakes produce different types of seismic waves. These waves travel through rock, and provide an effective way to see events and structures deep inside the earth. The process of mapping sub-surface features is a speciality, called seismography. Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. They are recorded on seismo-graphs. Seismic waves produced by explosions have been used to map salt domes and other oil-bearing rocks, faults (cracks in deep rock), rock types, and long-buried giant meteor craters.
In India, due to ongoing tectonic activities the hilly tracts of Himalaya are prone to earthquake. The seismic events can cause ground acceleration which in turn can activate mass movement processes, especially in high relief areas of Himalaya, aggravating the slope stability problem. Uttarkashi, Chamoli, Latur, Bhuj and recently Kashmir-Muzzafarabad earth-quake, devastated the cities, are grim reminders of the severe hazards that may strike any time, anywhere without warning. There is no way of predicting their occurrence. Many of the grim events remain in the memories of men, but soon get lost if not recorded.
Even earthquake has certain lessons to teach, not only to those who are living in the neighbour-hood, but to the very large section of people living in earthquake prone areas to be affected by such disasters. It is, therefore, necessary to record all relevant details of the quake and its effects. A correct record has to be kept of all the observations made and inferences drawn.
The Objectives of Seismology
As we know that the earthquake is a natural event which sometimes produces disastrous effects, causes great loss to mankind, people who have been suffering in the grip of poverty. To get rid of these problems one must know the natural phenomenon with the technological means of protecting people from harm.
Earthquake hazards are related to soil conditions, geological structure and tectonic activity, which must be studied on a regional basis. In between, the seismologist and the people who need protection from the effects of earthquakes, we find an earthquake engineer, who has the responsibility of ensuring that new structures have the proper degree of resistance to the earthquake hazards of their environment. His interests unite with those of the seismologist in the estimation of the size and frequency of earthquakes in various parts of the world, and with architects, planners and insurance companies at the other end of the scale.
In view of the essential continuity of interest until quite recently, it is a remarkable fact that interaction between the major groups remained at a comparatively low level. Interestingly, the situation is now improving, and numerous meetings are now taking place with the object of improving the understanding of the overall problem. The Report of the Intergovernmental Meeting on the Assessment and Mitigation of Earthquake Risk (UNESCO, 1976) makes an important contribution in this respect.
How Do I Become A Seismologist?
Research seismologists come into the field with a wide variety of undergraduate majors. Only a few universities offer undergraduate degrees in geophysics, of which seismology is a part. Because seismology is an applied field, most graduate departments prefer students to have solid under-graduate training in more basic disciplines, particularly mathe-matics or physics. Course work in basic geology is also very helpful.
The computer is the primary tool of the trade for most research seismologists, so a high degree of computer expertise is essential.
Preparation for a research career in this field whether in a university, private industry, or with the government, requires the completion of a Ph.D. degree. However, rewarding careers in observational and operational seismology, especially in the petroleum industry, are open to a Bachelor degree holder. Many have found that a Master of Science degree in geophysics, providing a year or two of advanced specialized study before beginning an industrial career, is a valuable asset.
A student's choice of under-graduate major and graduate school program should be geared to particular interests within the field. A great deal of information is now available via the World Wide Web(www), including general information (see links below) as well as information about specific university departments. Under-graduate students who are interested to pursue a graduate degree in seismology are also encouraged. In many cases, professors will be aware of opportunities such as under-graduate internships that can provide invaluable experience and training.
INSTITUTES OFFERING COURSES
SI. Address of the Institute
No.
1. Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (lIT), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, offers M. Tech degree in Seismology
(www.iitr.ernetin)
2. Indian Institute of Technology (lIT), Kharagpur, West Bengal, offers an M. Tech. degree in Computation Seismology
(www.iitkgp.ernet.in)
3. National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (lIT), Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
( www.iitk.ac.in )
4. Department of Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (www.bhu.ac.in)
5. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand)
(http://himgeology.com)
6. Mumbai University, Mumbai, Maharashtra (www.mu.ac.in)
7. Kurukhestra University, Haryana (www.kuk.ernet.in)
8. Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
(www.annauniv.edu)
9. Osmania University, Hydera-bad, Andhra Pradesh
(www.osmania.ac.in)
10. IRIS (Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology), USA (http://www.iris.edu )
Admission Eligibility for Seismology and Earthquake Engineering
The Seismology and Earth-quake Engineering course come from combined Geography and Physics . Geophysics as a field is in high demand in several areas like Oil explorations and ground water. Since it is a very much a scientific field, anyone who desires to become a seismologist has to have the basic background in science (PCM) right from Class XI onwards. Admission is given as per merit test of candidates (written test followed by interview). Later, all those having a degree in geology, geophysics, physics or applied science can opt for a specialization in seismology. There are several universities and institutions across the country offering an M. Tech course in geophysics, which covers seismology. Considering the vast application of seismology in structural engineering, students having a basic degree in engineering are also specializing in the study of earthquakes and their effects. Careers in Seismology
Seismology is a young science. Although people have been interested in earthquakes for hundreds of years, the roots of modern seismology date back only about 100 years to the develop-ment of the first instruments capable of recording earthquake (seismic) waves. The scientists who developed the first seismometers were initially interested in studying earthquakes. During the twentieth century the scope of seismology broadened to include the investi-gation of the Earth's interior using waves from earthquakes as well as other sources.
Modern seismology has become a multifaceted discipline that focuses on issues of both scientific and societal concern. Investigation of earthquakes as a physical process has yielded many important insights about the phenomenon. However, many very fundamental questions about earthquakes remain unanswered: How do earthquakes start? What controls their timing? How do they stop? Although most seismologists are pessimistic about the possibility of predicting earthquakes, a better understanding of fundamental processes ("earthquake physics") will allow us to improve our assessment of earthquake hazard.
The science deals with study of earthquakes and broadly comes under geology or geophysical science. A seismologist's job is to locate the source the nature and size of seismic events for the use of various agencies. The Seismology and Earthquake Engineering is a multidisciplinary field comprising Earthquake scientists as well as technicians and professionals, specializing in computers, physics electronics, telecommunications and civil and structural engineering.
Besides these recent opportunities for seismologists in the process of micro-zoning, where government agencies will collaborate with a large number of private agencies for providing information about various components, there is a vast scope for professionals in petroleum exploration as well. Of course, research opportunities are always available in the government organizations/agencies, industry or universities. However, there are ample opportunities if one decides to go in or research, both in the government as well as the private sector. There are central governments institutions like National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Weather Forecasting Department, Geological Survey of India (GSI) advertise for the post of Earthquake Scientist, Geologist, Scientific Assistant etc.
Overseas Organization/Agencies where Seismologist Can Start their Career
1. U.S. Geological Survey
http://www.usgs.gov/
2. Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty Organization
http://www.ctbto.org/
3. Society of Petroleum Engineers
http://www.spe.org/
4. American Geological Institute
http://www.agiweb.org/
5. American Geophysical Union
http://www.agu.org/

CARRIER OPTIONS IN DENTAL SCIENCES

2008-03-04T03:09:00.000-08:00

Gone are the days when Indian dentistry was thought to be mere pulling out of troubled teeth & placement of removable prosthesis in the edentulous areas that too in rare cases. As compared to the dentistry of yesteryears, modern dentistry is totally different. It has now been changed tremendously specially in the last twenty five years. Today, with the advent of novel equipments & technologies like computers, lasers & MRI, Indian dentistry is galloping and getting a new edge with state-of-the art equipments & multispeciality centers. It presents a vast scope for clinical and research based experience. The very fact that it is a specialization right from the very beginning makes it a good carrier option for young generations.

HOW TO START CARRIER AS A DENTIST

To be a dentist, the first thing you need to have is average scientific and logical reasoning skills and the ability to memorize and recall scientific facts. But above all, you need lot of patience and a cool temperament. You would have to qualify premedical test (PMT) at national or state level. But qualifying the exam is not an easy job. Perseverance is necessary since thousands of aspirants appear in the exam. The papers basically consist of Zoology, Botany, Physics, & Chemistry. In some PMTs, English & General Knowledge of the candidates are also checked. The minimum qualification is 10+2 standard whereas minimum age of the candidate should be 17 years but no upper age limit is fixed till date for most of the PMTs. Apart from government colleges, there are many colleges that offer seats for a capitation fee between Rs. 9-15 lakhs for B.D.S. and 20-40 lakhs for M.D.S. depending upon the specialization. Anyway, once you secure a seat, you’ll undergo four years of pre-clinical (theoretical) and clinical (working in clinics) training followed by one year of rotatory internship so as to make BDS a 5-years course. Rotatory internship means you will be posted for 1-2 months in each of the specializations (refer to career overview). After BDS you can either directly start working or prepare for PG Entrance Examination. There are about 450 PG seats in India contested by thousands of candidates each year. MDS (Masters of Dental Surgery) is a 3 yrs. course, which obviously improves your carrier prospects manifolds. There are about 200 dental colleges in India and according to latest estimates, nearly 12,000 people graduate with a BDS degree every year. Apart from graduate and post graduate courses, some institutes also offer diploma courses of 2 years in dental hygiene and dental mechanics. The work of the dental hygienist is to assist the dentist during his clinical work and to cleanse the teeth and give oral hygiene instructions to the patients while work of the dental mechanic is to fabricate dentures and appliances etc. in laboratory.

CAREER OVERVIEW

The dentist assumes an important position in the health-care system because he alone can diagnose, intercept, treat, cure or prevent any disease or abnormality of the oral cavity. The primary job of dentist is to educate and motivate the patients to maintain oral hygiene because most of the dental & periodontal diseases are caused by poor oral hygiene.

There are various branches of dentistry in developed nations. The prominent ones are - Orthodontics, Periodontics, Pedodontics, Prosthodontics, Endodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cosmetic & Esthetic Dentistry, Oral Pathology, Forensic Dentistry, Oral Medicine, Crown & Bridge Dentistry, Preventive Dentistry, Operative Dentistry, Implant Dentistry, Community Dentistry. But in India one may specialize only in the following branches by doing MDS after BDS:

Orthodontics: A specialized branch of dentistry that corrects malocclusion and restores the teeth to proper alignment and function with the help of different types of appliances which may be removable or fixed. The correction enhances the beauty of face.

Periodontics: The branch of dentistry that deals with diseases of supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums, and bones.

Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry: is concerned with dentistry related to dental problems in children with their prevention. It involves application of all measures which can effectively be used to prevent, intercept, control the progressive advance of already existing dental abnormalities, and to promote optimum oral & general health through education.

Prosthodontics: A specialty of dentistry that involves diagnosis, treatment planning, and fabrication of artificial parts to replace missing teeth and their associated structures.

Operative Dentistry and Endodontics: Operative Dentistry deals with the defects of teeth such as abrasion, erosion, attrition, dental caries, hypoplasia, and discoloration. It is estimated that today’s general dentist spends 60-80% of his time dealing with such defects. Endodontics deals with injuries or diseases of the pulp or nerves of the tooth by treating them with Root Canal Therapy (RCT).

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: is concerned with the extraction of the teeth, surgery of the oral structures, injuries, deformities of the teeth, jaws, and associated structures.

Oral Pathology: deals with the pathology of the oral cavity. It analyzes the oral tissue samples, salivary secretions, and other related structures to identify causes of oral diseases.

Oral medicine: deals with the medicines used in dental practice.

Community Dentistry: The science & art of preventing and controlling dental diseases and promoting dental health through organized community effects. It is concerned with dental health education of public with the help of dental health programs & researches.

Dentist can also be involved in researches like finding out the correlation between oral diseases and heart problems, diabetes, and respiratory ailments, causes of oral cancer, etc. Another area of research could be the synthesis and analysis of new dental materials for oral applications or electrical stimulation of the muscles of mastication. One of the most important requirements of the dental profession is that as a dentist, you keep yourself constantly updated with the latest technologies, treatment methods and materials. It will be must for you to read the latest journals, books, scientific updates etc. and attend CDE (Continuing Dental Education) programme, seminars, workshops and conferences through out your life.

JOB OPPORTUNITIES IN INDIA

Due to sudden outburst of private dental colleges in India especially in northern states like UP, a large no. of dentists are being produced every year. With that, the demand of MDS has shot up sharply. Till early 1990s, there was only one Faculty of Dental Sciences, K.G.M.C. in UP, which was producing around fifty BDS and twenty four MDS per year only. But after 2000 the no. of colleges has gone up to around 30 in UP alone. Therefore, demand of MDS has increased manifolds to teach graduates. The colleges are paying as much as Rs. 25,000 to 45,000 to the freshers & Rs. 60,000 to over 1,00000 or more/month to the experienced faculties having MDS degree. Almost all the colleges are producing as many as 100 BDS graduates every year. Some colleges have also started postgraduate courses in different specialties producing 10-15 postgraduates every year with a capitation fee of around Rs. 20-40 lakhs. Till date Ph.D. in dentistry is not recognized by DCI (Dental Council of India) nor is NET qualification required for lectureship. After becoming dentist you can choose any one of the following fields: You can

• Set up a private clinic.

• Work in a government hospital or a private institution.

• Work as a lecturer in any reputed dental college.

▪ Start a dental lab.

• Work in the research and advisory departments of a pharmaceutical or any other company

producing oral care products and medicines like toothpastes, mouth washes, gum paints etc.

• Solve great mysteries by entering the realm of forensic dentistry.

• Work as dental consultant to models, film actors, artists and prominent figures etc.

• Carry out research on subjects like Oral cancer.

• Can go abroad

COLLEGES OFFERING DENTAL COURSES: As I have already mentioned there are around 200 colleges in India. Some offer both B.D.S. and M.D.S. courses while other only either of the two. The premier government dental institutes that offer both B.D.S. and M.D.S. courses are Govt. Dental College-Amritsar, Dental College & Hospital- Patiala, K.G.’S Dental University-Lucknow, Nair Dental College and Govt. Dental College- Mumbai, Dental College-Goa, Dental College-Ahmadabad, Government Dental College-Bangalore, Dental College- Kozhikode, Denta Wing, Govt. Medical College-Thiruvananthapuram, Dental College & Hospital -Nagpur, Dental College & Hospital-Aurangabad, MG Dental College and Hospital-Pondicherry, Dr. R.A. Dental College & Hospital-Kolkatta, Dental College- Chennai. Some private colleges also offer both the courses. AIIMS, New Delhi, I.M.S., BHU and PGI, Chandigarh offer only M.D.S. course, while most colleges offer only B.D.S.courses. Diploma courses in dental mechanics and dental hygiene are also offered by some dental institutes.

FINANCIAL CONCERNS

If you think that you will start earning heavy amount right from the very beginning, you are wrong. Dentistry in one of the fields in which experience matters. As a fresh dentist, you’ll be able to earn Rs. 5,000 - Rs 10,000 only. You’ll be held a trainee and will get the basic or easy cases to handle. Now it all depends on you how far and how fast you go from being apprentice to a master. An experienced dentist can earn between Rs. 20,000-1, 00,000 per month or more in private practice. If your idea is minimum work and maximum profit, then you would have to do MDS in any specializations. The best way to prepare your self for life dedicated to dentistry is to prepare yourself for a lot of hard work, slow dividends in the beginning and a life long hunger for new, latest knowledge. If you are able to do that, then you can not only make financial gains but also produce good citizens of tomorrow giving them healthy dentition and better smile. The dental mechanics can set up their labs and can earn thousands to lakhs per month.

DENTISTRY ABROAD

Dentistry is a highly respected profession in all countries of the world. In many developed countries, dentists are one of the richest professionals. In some places, patient waits up to 2-3 months for a dental appointment and pay as much as ten- hundred times the cost of the same treatment in India. However, most nations do not recognize the Indian degree i.e. BDS. To practice in such countries for example the USA one has to qualify few basic exams and then do another two years of undergraduate course. In some countries, for example Australia and New Zealand, all you have to do is give a licentiating exam, on passing that; you can practice in that country. However, these exams include your entire four-year’s course. But they are tough to crack and have a very high exam fees.

FUTURE OF INDIAN DESTISRY

The future of Indian dentistry is very bright because it has emerged as a sophisticated profession in the recent past. An increasing number of foreigners from different shores even like USA and UK flock to India in search of dental treatment as ever rising cost of keeping dental health is not easy there. Along with their treatment, they enjoy leisure & sight seeing during their journey and are ultimately benefited on the basis of pros and cons. Therefore, India is emerging as a new terminus for the foreigners with different dental afflictions and for those who want specialized & expensive dental treatments like root canal, crown and bridge fabrication, dental implants and treatment for oro-facial defects. Few years back an elderly couple settled in London flew down to India to get a set of brand new dentures at Govt. Dental College here. They got the treatment done in just Rs. 700 flat. The same, they said would have costed them nothing less than 5000 UK ponds (roughly Rs. 4 lakhs). Likewise, every dental treatment is very costly in foreign nations. On an average every year, Americans spend about $ 70 billion on dental services which ranges from basic checkups to advance treatment like implants & new cosmetic whitening. This has widened the area of dental tourism as coming to India just for dental treatment works out much cheaper.

Therefore, government should establish multi specialty centers at different places to create dental awareness among Indian population and to promote and encourage dental tourism so that more and more foreigners flock to India in search of dental nirvana. This will not only draw foreign currency but also open new horizons and carrier options in dental sciences for youngsters.