tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63579893281947455872020-06-11T15:57:53.411+05:30Health Reviews regarding current scenario.www.vijtechblog.xyz write reviews about health conditions currently going on in all around the world. Will be giving information about diseases irrespective of gender.ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.comBlogger31125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-30401283147937215872020-06-11T15:25:00.000+05:302020-06-11T15:25:36.330+05:30Living with Alzheimer - Some Forgetfulness Is A Normal Part Of Aging<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;">Living with Alzheimer - Some Forgetfulness Is A Normal Part Of Aging</h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LXZH6uJtzgE/XuH7gQ1GeyI/AAAAAAAABDA/XznhA6gKG64pkx749bdgC6veAnBQB6IvQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Living%2Bwith%2BAlzheimer%2B-%2BSome%2BForgetfulness%2BIs%2BA%2BNormal%2BPart%2BOf%2BAging.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Living with Alzheimer - Some Forgetfulness Is A Normal Part Of Aging" border="0" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="320" height="528" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LXZH6uJtzgE/XuH7gQ1GeyI/AAAAAAAABDA/XznhA6gKG64pkx749bdgC6veAnBQB6IvQCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Living%2Bwith%2BAlzheimer%2B-%2BSome%2BForgetfulness%2BIs%2BA%2BNormal%2BPart%2BOf%2BAging.webp" title="Living with Alzheimer - Some Forgetfulness Is A Normal Part Of Aging" width="640" /></a></div><br />Attempts have been made to categorize Alzheimer's symptoms by stages. While staging does provide a quick way to gauge the progression of Alzheimer's disease, systems that stage Alzheimer's symptoms are only guidelines. For instance, memory loss may progress at a slower or faster rate, and some may not suffer from severe personality changes.<br /><br />Nevertheless, staging Alzheimer's symptoms gives some indication of how the disease is progressing in a patient. Alzheimer's symptoms can be ranked as mild, moderate or severe. Some medical professionals will use a simple three-tier system for staging Alzheimer's disease: early, mid and late-stage.<br /><br />The most detailed staging system divides Alzheimer's symptoms into seven stages:<br /><br />Stage 1: The person has no apparent cognitive impairment or memory loss and has normal decision-making ability.<br /><br />Stage 2: The person experiences slight cognitive decline and begins to forget small details, such as the location of car keys, glasses or a book.<br /><br />Stage 3: Cognitive decline may start to become noticeable. Other people notice memory loss. At this stage, Alzheimer's symptoms may be clinically identifiable.<br /><br />Stage 4: The person begins to forget recent events and personal details. Decision-making ability begins to become impaired. He or she may seem socially withdrawn.<br /><br />Stage 5: Memory loss continues. Decision-making ability worsens. The person requires assistance with some daily tasks.<br /><br />Stage 6: Decision-making ability is severely impaired. The person requires constant care. Personality changes may occur.<br /><br />Stage 7: The person cannot perform any decision making, does not respond to stimuli, and cannot control movement. The person is often mute.<br /><br />Regardless of stage, some Alzheimer's patients may have moments of clarity in which they recognize faces, can put names to those faces and have vivid memory recall. Oftentimes these moments of clarity are triggered by familiar smells, sounds, and voices.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Mid-Stage Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms</u></i></h3>Intermediate Alzheimer's disease symptoms may last between two to ten years before symptoms reach the final, most severe stage. Short term memory recall continues to deteriorate: retention of new facts, names, or news becomes increasingly difficult.<br /><br />Long term memory recall also starts to deteriorate. Long term memory difficulties include forgetting personal events, phone numbers that have been the same for years, and other long term facts.<br /><br />The deterioration of long term memory recall results in disorientation as memory retention of places and addresses diminishes. Mid-stage Alzheimer's disease patient may become lost in once-familiar surroundings. Long term memory is not completely lost, but it is apparent that long term retention is increasingly impaired.<br /><br />Cognitive functioning and the ability to think abstractly continue to decline during this period. Math, reading, and other skills are increasingly impaired. Language difficulties and word retention loss become more apparent thus restricting the person's ability to socialize.<br /><br />During this period mood swings may worsen. Mood swings may include periods of suspicion, anger, delusions, or paranoia. Some people will hallucinate or engage in compulsive behavior, such as wringing their hands.<br /><br />Assistance is required for daily activities. Although most people can still eat and perform many other activities in spite of advancing Alzheimer's symptoms, they may need assistance in dressing or bathing. Supervision to prevent individuals from "wandering off" or getting lost is also necessary.<br /><br />As Alzheimer's disease progresses, muscle control begins to deteriorate. This may present as muscle twitches but can also involve bowel or bladder incontinence. Caregivers can find advice and suggestions for dealing with bladder incontinence at Living with Urinary Incontinence.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Late Stage Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms and Complications</u></i></h3>Late stage Alzheimer's symptoms reflect the extensive deterioration of cognitive functions. Patients cannot survive without the assistance of a full-time caregiver. Not only must direct symptoms of Alzheimer's be considered at this stage, but the caregiver must also be aware of potential medication side effects, depression, and other complications.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Symptoms of Late Stage Alzheimer's</u></i></h4>Late stage Alzheimer's disease prevents the performing of even the simplest tasks. The affected person is completely dependant on a caregiver for eating, dressing, health care, and all other daily needs.<br /><br />Memory deterioration is almost complete by this point, and language skills may have deteriorated to the point that the person is mute. Sleep patterns may be disturbed, and muscle coordination will be so impaired that walking, sitting, or even keeping the head upright is too much for many people.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Incontinence, Constipation and Broken Bones</u></i></h4>Bladder incontinence is a common complication of late stage Alzheimer's disease. The caregiver can lessen incontinence accidents by scheduling regular bathroom trips. Further information about incontinence can be found at<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Living with Urinary Incontinence.</u></i></h4>Constipation may become a problem. Adequate nutrition is difficult to ensure for a person with Alzheimer's, and nutritional imbalances may trigger constipation. Bowel movements need to be monitored in order to catch and treat constipation early.<br /><br />Broken bones are a common complication. Muscle control is severely impaired, so falls, bruises and broken bones are common. Because the Alzheimer's patient may not be able to communicate the pain of a break caused by a fall the caregiver may have to physically inspect the person for signs of broken bones.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Medication Side Effects: Glaucoma and Seizures</u></i></h3>In addition to physical complications, such as broken bones, the caregiver should be aware of medication side effects. If Alzheimer's symptoms are being treated by medications such as antidepressants, caregivers should be observant about potential side effects such as glaucoma, seizures, constipation, or incontinence.<br /><br />Side effects such as glaucoma and seizures should be watched for carefully. Regular eye exams will reduce the chance of damage by glaucoma. Seizures may be difficult to detect, as muscle coordination is already severely impaired.<br /><br />Talk to your doctor about medication side effects so you know what to expect and report any side effects immediately.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Other Complications of Alzheimer's Disease</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SVoYVx1daWA/XuH7yUhWyaI/AAAAAAAABDI/xL-dkkHay_AZou8LMFPvYqk9bIgMvwAzgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Living%2Bwith%2BAlzheimer%2B-%2BSome%2BForgetfulness%2BIs%2BA%2BNormal%2BPart%2BOf%2BAgingA.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Living with Alzheimer - Some Forgetfulness Is A Normal Part Of Aging" border="0" data-original-height="189" data-original-width="267" height="452" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SVoYVx1daWA/XuH7yUhWyaI/AAAAAAAABDI/xL-dkkHay_AZou8LMFPvYqk9bIgMvwAzgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Living%2Bwith%2BAlzheimer%2B-%2BSome%2BForgetfulness%2BIs%2BA%2BNormal%2BPart%2BOf%2BAgingA.webp" title="Living with Alzheimer - Some Forgetfulness Is A Normal Part Of Aging" width="640" /></a></div><br />Late stage Alzheimer's disease patients may also develop bedsores (decubitus ulcers), urinary tract infections, recurrent fever that does not resolve with antibiotics and septicemia. Alzheimer's patients may have difficulty swallowing, which can result in aspiration pneumonia, and they may even refuse food entirely causing rapid weight loss.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Depression and Anxiety in the Caregiver</u></i></h4>Emotionally, the patient may become confused or hostile towards the caregiver. Depression and anxiety are common among caregivers. Because anxiety and depression can cause dementia symptoms in the elderly, and because most family caregivers of Alzheimer's patients are the patient's spouse, the caregiver may also display Alzheimer's-like symptoms.<br /><br />In addition to depression and anxiety, caregivers may feel angry, guilty, and overwhelmed by the stress of caregiving. Caregivers should have respite time: time to themselves while professional caregivers watch over their family members.<br /><br />Hospice can provide much-needed relief in late-stage Alzheimer's disease. If you are the caregiver of an Alzheimer's patient read more about caring for yourself at Caring for Caregivers.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-2502476241565844082020-05-25T14:30:00.000+05:302020-05-25T14:52:02.085+05:30Bawasir (Piles) explained with symptoms and piles operation 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>Bawasir (Piles) explained with symptoms and piles operation 2020</u></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>What are piles?</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4kKsQ1uctqQ/XsuNgZsxfBI/AAAAAAAAA9s/85vElgT2HqArM9umWrafhrAtg9ITBlwkgCPcBGAYYCw/s1600/Bawasir%2B%2528Piles%2529%2Bexplained%2Bwith%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Bpiles%2Boperation%2B2020.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bawasir (Piles) explained with symptoms and piles operation 2020" border="0" data-original-height="411" data-original-width="535" height="490" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4kKsQ1uctqQ/XsuNgZsxfBI/AAAAAAAAA9s/85vElgT2HqArM9umWrafhrAtg9ITBlwkgCPcBGAYYCw/s640/Bawasir%2B%2528Piles%2529%2Bexplained%2Bwith%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Bpiles%2Boperation%2B2020.webp" title="Bawasir (Piles) explained with symptoms and piles operation 2020" width="640" /></a></div><b><br /></b><b>Bawasir</b> ‘Piles’ refers to the condition of having dilated veins in the rectal area, inside of your anal canal. These are also called ‘hemorrhoids’. Veins are much weaker than arteries are, and have much thinner walls. As a result, excess pressure on these can injure and distend them. The rectal area has three main veins the inferior, middle and superior rectal veins. Piles form when any of these are blocked and endure increased pressure.<br /><br /><br />You may suffer from two different kinds of piles, dependent upon your condition – internal or external.<br /><br />External piles exist on the exterior of the anus, underneath your skin. They are usually brown or black, and because this area is full of nerves, they can be extremely painful.<br /><br />Internal piles exist at the interior of the anal canal. These are usually covered over by your mucous membranes and are painless. They are purplish or red in color.<br /><br />Occasionally, a person may suffer from both types of piles at once.<br /><br />Piles can be prevented by consuming lots of vegetables and fruits. Consume food which is fibrous, and limit how often you eat crab, shrimp, and other types of meat. Eat and drink regularly and on a schedule, and always drink enough water. Maintaining regular bowels is critical, so if you are experiencing constipation, seek treatment quickly.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>External piles</u></i></h4><b>Hemorrhoids</b> are most often caused by straining of the bowels due to difficult bowel movements, heredity, pregnancy, aging, persistent constipation, and diarrhea. Most people will have experienced hemorrhoids by the time they turn 50, and both sexes are likely to experience them.<br /><br />Your doctor will diagnose external hemorrhoids by asking a few questions and then giving you a check-up. Your doctor may suggest you undergo some tests to properly diagnose you with hemorrhoids. If you have bloody stool, then you need to visit your doctor for an examination and correct diagnosis. Bleeding may be a sign of other disorders of the digestive system like colon and rectal cancer.<br /><br />When external hemorrhoids bleed, the blood can buildup and create a painful lump. This lump is referred to as a clotted or thrombosed, hemorrhoid.<br /><br />Most hemorrhoid cases are treated by minimizing the symptoms, decreasing pressure by adding fiber and fluids to the diet and eliminating bad bowel habits.<br /><br />To treat external hemorrhoids, you can apply an ice pack to the affected area, soak in a warm bath a few times each day, use a stool softener, take medication to relieve the burning and itching, and add more fiber and fluids to your diet.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Internal Hermorrhoids</u></i></h4>Internal <b>hemorrhoids</b> seldom cause any pain or itching, nor can you feel them as they are usually deep inside the rectum. While internal hemorrhoids are mostly harmless, any bleeding from them might be covering up blood from a more dangerous problem such as colon cancer, so treatment of them is advised.<br /><br />Internal hemorrhoids usually occur from hard stool rubbing against them and causing a rupture, which results in blood on the stool, toilet paper, even red blood in the toilet bowl.<br /><br />There’s also the possibility of internal hemorrhoids “prolapsing,” or being pushed outside the anal opening. There are rare occasions when the sphincter muscle can start to spasm and end up trapping the prolapsed hemorrhoids outside the anus.<br /><br />This situation ends up cutting off the blood flow and circulation to the strangulated hemorrhoids. Both strangulated and prolapsed hemorrhoids are always considered to be serious, and require medical attention immediately.<br /><br />Any amount of bleeding from the anus needs to be checked by your doctor, as there’s always the possibility of cancer or other serious medical conditions.<br /><br />Waiting when “nature calls,” can end up causing your stool to harden or dry out, which causes difficulty in passing it. You also want to avoid having to strain, as well as spending time just sitting (and reading) on the toilet.<br /><br />Under normal circumstances it should only take 2 to 5 minutes for your stool to pass. After the urge is gone, wash the anus well, and leave the bathroom; try to maintain an active lifestyle as that will reduce pressure on those veins and keep you from being constipated.<br /><br />Remember that standing or sitting for long periods of time can also add to the pressure of hemorrhoidal veins. Remind yourself to get up and move around for regular breaks to prevent hemorrhoids from developing.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Warning signs and symptoms of piles:</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OwFWYU5LUCU/XsuOBMjawSI/AAAAAAAAA90/20QP90LgzPkPEM6rbFBLGJbRyBT2cZMTwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Bawasir%2B%2528Piles%2529%2Bexplained%2Bwith%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Bpiles%2Boperation%2B2020A.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Bawasir (Piles) explained with symptoms and piles operation 2020" border="0" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="416" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OwFWYU5LUCU/XsuOBMjawSI/AAAAAAAAA90/20QP90LgzPkPEM6rbFBLGJbRyBT2cZMTwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Bawasir%2B%2528Piles%2529%2Bexplained%2Bwith%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Bpiles%2Boperation%2B2020A.webp" title="Bawasir (Piles) explained with symptoms and piles operation 2020" width="630" /></a></div><br />The pain associated with straining for stool is a common symptom of external piles.<br /><br />There may even be some bleeding, possibly even profuse bleeding when the sufferer is pressing for stool.<br /><br />Swelling can be felt around the anal orifice in the case of external piles; with internal piles, swelling cannot initially be felt. Initially the piles will protrude during extrusion of stool and then retreat back into the anus. As the condition progresses, the piles which have protruded no longer retreat into the anus.<br /><br />There may also be mucus discharge and itching around the anus related to having piles.<br /><br />Pile is a familial disease that only occurs in animals who maintain an erect posture. This is due to gravity causing congestion in the veins of the rectum and anus. For those who suffer from chronic constipation, piles are very common. Those who have a frequent urge for stool and spend a lot of time visiting the toilet are also at risk for developing piles.<br /><br />Another way to get piles is to take in an excess of spicy food, prawns, chicken, or similar things. Because of the uterus causing compression of rectal veins during pregnancy, many ladies develop piles during pregnancy. Another reason for the development of piles is rectal cancerous lesions obstructing the flow of blood in the area.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Bleeding Piles</u></i></h4>Bleeding piles, also known as hemorrhoids, are blood vessels in the rectum that have expanded due to excessive pressure. This can be a hereditary condition, so there are some people who will have more of a propensity toward getting them than others.<br /><br />There are common causes of bleeding piles developing: sitting in one position without getting up for a long period of time, lifting things that are too heavy, constipation (having to strain to have a bowel movement while sitting too long on the toilet), and childbirth. Be aware if you are seeing blood, this can indicate a ruptured pile and an immediate remedy is required.<br /><br />There are several symptoms associated with bleeding piles. Itching is usually one of the first signs of piles. Additional symptoms might include discomfort, burning sensations, and extreme pain. You may not have any symptoms with internal piles until you notice bleeding. As soon as there is any bleeding the condition must have immediate treatment.<br /><br />One effective remedy for bleeding piles is mango seeds. During the mango season the seeds are collected and dried in the shade, then they are powdered and stored for use as a medicine. This powder is given in doses of one and a half to two grams twice daily, and can be taken with or without honey.<br /><br />Jambul fruit or blackberry fruit is also considered another effective remedy for bleeding piles. If using fresh fruit, it should be consumed along with salt each morning for two-three months while in season. Using the blackberry fruit this way during each season assures you of a complete cure as well as saving you from bleeding piles for the rest of your life.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><u>Piles operation</u></h3>Piles operation (Surgery) is always an option for treating hemorrhoids and might be done by laser or traditional means. While surgery offers a higher success rate than less invasive procedures, it also can be much more painful and often requires longer recovery time. Surgery usually requires a short time in the hospital, and you may deal with complications like fever, colonic bleeding, and possible infection and the formation of pus.<br /><br />You might be looking at six weeks of recovery and distress due to this process. However, there are other treatment options that are not as harsh, such as elastic band litigation (tying off the blood supply), as well as cauterization. While these particular procedures don’t stop piles from happening, they do cut off blood supply and cause them to wither and die off.<br /><br />Since the hemorrhoids are only an indication that your blood vessels in the rectum are weak, there is seldom a guarantee that they won’t develop again. Even though suppositories, surgery, and creams can relieve the symptoms, it might be better to work on strengthening the vascular circulation in that area with lifestyle changes and herbal remedies.<br /><br />An example of this would be if you eat a low fiber diet and consume a lot of alcohol, this situation would need to be addressed.<br /><br />There are some people who have a family history of vascular weakness, or a job where they have to stand a lot – this presents challenges.<br /><br />Don’t be in any hurry to choose just one treatment. Have a conversation with your doctor about referring you to a proctologist or other specialist so you can find out what your various options are. Be sure to ask which options they have performed most often, how many they’ve done, and have they been successful.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-38960355290486976572020-05-21T15:40:00.000+05:302020-05-21T15:40:08.788+05:30Lump behind ear and relation to Swollen lymph nodes behind ear 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>Lump behind ear and relation to Swollen lymph nodes behind ear 2020</u></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-212P7nLs86Q/XsZQAX_ckUI/AAAAAAAAA8s/8z5nEXFYSX0GTcVmzi1-3XKUur-WQjrpQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Lump%2Bbehind%2Bear%2Band%2Brelation%2Bto%2BSwollen%2Blymph%2Bnodes%2Bbehind%2Bear%2B2020.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Lump behind ear and relation to Swollen lymph nodes behind ear 2020" border="0" data-original-height="645" data-original-width="540" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-212P7nLs86Q/XsZQAX_ckUI/AAAAAAAAA8s/8z5nEXFYSX0GTcVmzi1-3XKUur-WQjrpQCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Lump%2Bbehind%2Bear%2Band%2Brelation%2Bto%2BSwollen%2Blymph%2Bnodes%2Bbehind%2Bear%2B2020.webp" title="Lump behind ear and relation to Swollen lymph nodes behind ear 2020" width="530" /></a></div><br /><b>Lump behind the ear</b> is a concern for people as there are many reasons that can be related to it. While lump can usually be quite alarming, some of the causes of lump behind the ear can be quite trivial and random. However, this doesn’t mean you don’t have to examine a lump behind your ear to see if there are any signs of serious problems.<br /><br />In order to explain to you the severity of the situation, we will look at the main causes of the lumps behind the ear. The diagnosis and symptoms of the problems associated with a lump behind ear would also be discussed, along with the associated treatment.<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>What leads to the formation of lumps behind the ear?</u></i></h3>There are several reasons that can lead to the formation of lumps behind the ear, some of which are quite dangerous. Before examining the various causes of swelling behind the ear, let’s discover the most common causes that can lead to the development of swelling behind the ear. Swollen lymph nodes behind the ear are considered to be the most common lumps that can occur under the ear at any time.<br /><br />These swollen lymph nodes are caused by an immune response to various types of simple diseases, such as colds, coughs and allergies. The swollen lymph nodes behind the ear do not need to worry in most cases, as they usually resolve on their own. However, it is important to evaluate the main causes of the lumps behind such an ear.<br /><br />In addition to swollen lymph nodes behind the ear, the lump behind the ear can develop due to problems such as thyroid, syphilis, leukemia, lymphoma, and other similar problems. Proper handling of the nodules behind the ear is necessary to ensure the health of the person.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Handling lumps behind ears</u></i></h4>To treat the lumps behind the ear, it is essential to review the root causes behind the problem and diagnose them correctly. If the lump behind the ear is persistent and painful, proper medical examination of the lump is required. With a medical evaluation, the doctor will be able to shed light on the cause of the problem and provide appropriate treatment. Treatment usually depends on the type of disease that has a lump behind the ear.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Swollen lymph nodes behind ear</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YwKbqvdnBkc/XsZQQWlNRcI/AAAAAAAAA8w/YnfehwJArvkw8p8KtlZHB9EMH1_LIYtQACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Lump%2Bbehind%2Bear%2Band%2Brelation%2Bto%2BSwollen%2Blymph%2Bnodes%2Bbehind%2Bear%2B2020A.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Lump behind ear and relation to Swollen lymph nodes behind ear 2020" border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="486" height="562" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YwKbqvdnBkc/XsZQQWlNRcI/AAAAAAAAA8w/YnfehwJArvkw8p8KtlZHB9EMH1_LIYtQACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Lump%2Bbehind%2Bear%2Band%2Brelation%2Bto%2BSwollen%2Blymph%2Bnodes%2Bbehind%2Bear%2B2020A.webp" title="Lump behind ear and relation to Swollen lymph nodes behind ear 2020" width="640" /></a></div><br />The problem of swollen lymph nodes is observed behind the ear with the formation of a lump behind the ear. If there is any problem that leads to swelling of the lymph nodes, a lot will develop behind the ear. In most cases, when there is a swelling behind the ear, the associated cause is swelling of the lymph nodes.<br /><br />Lymph nodes can swell for a variety of reasons, most of which are simple and trivial. However, there are cases where swelling of the lymph nodes is caused by a serious problem that could cause problems in the future.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Treatment of swollen lymph nodes behind ear</u></i></h4>To treat swollen lymph nodes behind the ear, the main causes of swollen lymph nodes should be examined. The lymph node behind the ear can swell due to various minor infections and allergies. Colds, sinus infections, ear infections, and allergies can lead to the problem of swollen lymph nodes behind the ear.<br /><br />They usually appear behind the ear as a lump that is difficult to touch. A swollen lymph node can be painful or painless and in most cases does not require any treatment. It is important not to irritate the swollen lymph node with repeated touch and treatment. The lymph nodes are extremely sensitive to touch and would swell even more if you continued to play with them.<br /><br />Such a swollen lymph node usually appears as a hard lump behind the ear and tends to dissolve on its own. If the lump behind the ear does not go away on its own, you should see an appropriate doctor at the earliest.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>What are the dangerous causes of the lump behind the ear?</u></i></h4>In addition to swollen lymph nodes, there are other dangerous causes of swelling behind the ear that can cause serious problems. A cyst behind the ear is a problem that can lead to serious consequences and poor prognosis.<br /><br />A cyst behind the ear can be a sign of cancer and needs to be examined first. To properly examine the nodule behind the ear, it should be checked that this is nothing more than a regular case of <b>swollen lymph nodes behind ear.</b></div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-63141069186241864022020-05-19T16:49:00.001+05:302020-05-19T16:49:19.907+05:30What is the best treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis and symptoms<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>What is the best treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis and symptoms</u></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MdLrksOR1bM/XsO8ApNwj_I/AAAAAAAAA7o/PeeCLt7LWFspQXAkxDcYegu10rLO7TdPgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bbest%2Btreatment%2Bfor%2BAnkylosing%2BSpondylitis%2Band%2Bsymptoms.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is the best treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis and symptoms" border="0" data-original-height="188" data-original-width="267" height="449" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MdLrksOR1bM/XsO8ApNwj_I/AAAAAAAAA7o/PeeCLt7LWFspQXAkxDcYegu10rLO7TdPgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/What%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bbest%2Btreatment%2Bfor%2BAnkylosing%2BSpondylitis%2Band%2Bsymptoms.webp" title="What is the best treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis and symptoms" width="640" /></a></div><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Ankylosing Spondylitis home treatment</u></i></h3><b>Ankylosing Spondylitis</b> is a form of arthritis in the spine. It usually comes with pain and stiffness in the low back area. Pain and stiffness usually are lessening during the day.<br /><br />Having ankylosing spondylitis does not mean that you will be fixed in the rehabilitation center all the time. You can do some steps as a home treatment for ankylosing spondylitis. These are:<br /><br />First, you need to educate yourself about ankylosing spondylitis and about your condition. You need to know what are the complications of ankylosing spondylitis and watch for them. Taking this first step will help you anticipate and control the symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis. You can be active and worry-free of guarding yourself from the attacks of ankylosing spondylitis' complications.<br /><br />Second, do not forget your medicine, the usual medication that medical practitioner gives are "nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs". You can also use healing modalities at home or some alternative heating modalities that you can find at home. The main point is that heat can reduce pain and stiffness. You can go for a warm bath or shower.<br /><br />You can even use an electric blanket for warming purposes. You can also buy some hot compress or pack where you can just heat it at home and use them on your back. However, be sure to regulate the temperature to avoid from burn.<br /><br />Third, do not forget to exercise every day. Ankylosing spondylitis usually is detected by its symptoms, which is having pain and stiffness early in the morning. Pain and stiffness are usually being relieved in the middle and end of the day where everyday activities are done. Exercise can help reduce pain and stiffness early in the morning.<br /><br />One great exercise that helps many who suffer from ankylosing spondylitis is yoga. It also helps maintain the spine, joints, and chest mobility. However, you need to ask first your medical practitioners on your exercise program.<br /><br />Swimming is another excellent activity as part of the exercise program of a patient having an ankylosing spondylitis. This sport exercise prevents the spine from jamming when chest expansion and movement is done. The best swimming exercise that is good for expanding the chest is "breaststroke".<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Ankylosing Spondylitis and Yoga</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zPdSWWIWkiQ/XsO8wLVHxpI/AAAAAAAAA70/RMEPVx_CefAfe9YDPSGR19d3anCaXy6-QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bbest%2Btreatment%2Bfor%2BAnkylosing%2BSpondylitis%2Band%2BsymptomsB.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is the best treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis and symptoms" border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="540" height="468" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zPdSWWIWkiQ/XsO8wLVHxpI/AAAAAAAAA70/RMEPVx_CefAfe9YDPSGR19d3anCaXy6-QCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/What%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bbest%2Btreatment%2Bfor%2BAnkylosing%2BSpondylitis%2Band%2BsymptomsB.webp" title="What is the best treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis and symptoms" width="640" /></a></div><br />One of the main goals of any treatment program for ankylosing spondylitis, a.k.a. Strumpell-Marie Arthritis, is relief from the pain, stiffness and discomfort associated with the condition. Yoga may prove beneficial in this pursuit for any ankylosing spondylitis patient.<br /><br />Research studies show that Yoga has many beneficial effects on the body. With its meditation and exercise program, patients with ankylosing spondylitis can help improve their breathing and flexibility. It can also help decrease stress and maintain the vigor of patients.<br /><br />Yoga's foundations are based on the concept where the body and mind are one. Yoga practitioners believe that yoga changes a patient's perspective of the world thus improving their health. It is believed to decrease the stress, which results in calming the spirit.<br /><br />Proper breathing and exercise are the two components of yoga. These two components are called "postures". "Posture" is defined as stretching the body while in standing, sitting, and lying down position. It is required that when practicing posture, breathing exercise is performed. This is the reason why muscles, relax.<br /><br />As with the different types of yoga, each shares the same goal that is to achieve oneness with a higher self, and some form of higher awareness of oneself.<br /><br />Most patients who suffer from long term or chronic diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis feel that there is an increase in flexibility. They also believe that yoga helps them reduce their stress. Medical practitioners encourage yoga to be combining with conventional medical treatment for additional healing.<br /><br />Studies show that yoga helps in improving a person's sense of well being, it helps in lowering blood pressure. It is also beneficial to patients who are asthmatic because they can practice on breathy properly and easily. Research studies have proven that a patient with ankylosing spondylitis improves fatigability within the six months program of yoga. The same result was also manifested in patients with multiple sclerosis.<br /><br />Yoga is very safe to use by patients with ankylosing spondylitis. However, it is always recommended that whatever training or conventional treatment, medical practitioners or doctors should be notified. In addition, like any other exercise program, patients with ankylosing spondylitis should perform stretching before the yoga session itself. This is to prevent muscle strains, sprains, or even further injuries.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Symptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis</u></i></h3><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NPfCdiTgE64/XsO8puZJNaI/AAAAAAAAA74/dU2Uc4wlV0IzotEKF1NQAA67ZzMona-DQCPcBGAYYCw/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bbest%2Btreatment%2Bfor%2BAnkylosing%2BSpondylitis%2Band%2BsymptomsA.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is the best treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis and symptoms" border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="540" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NPfCdiTgE64/XsO8puZJNaI/AAAAAAAAA74/dU2Uc4wlV0IzotEKF1NQAA67ZzMona-DQCPcBGAYYCw/s640/What%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bbest%2Btreatment%2Bfor%2BAnkylosing%2BSpondylitis%2Band%2BsymptomsA.webp" title="What is the best treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis and symptoms" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><b>"Ankylosing Spondylitis"</b> is a form of chronic arthritis that most commonly affects the spinal cord or in commonly known as the spine. Patients who have ankylosing spondylitis experience lower back pain and stiffness. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis usually experience swelling and limitation of motion at the lower and middle part of the spine, hips, heels and knees, shoulders, neck, and the jaw.</div><div><br /></div><div>Studies show that men are more prone of having ankylosing spondylitis as compared to women. In spite of our fast pace technology and advance science, only preventive measure to stop the condition from getting worst is known in medicine for ankylosing spondylitis. No cure has been found until now.</div><div><br /></div><div>Patients having ankylosing spondylitis may be able to continue normal life doing daily activities. If preventive measures are not done, the condition may be worsened and complications might arise. Iritis and breathing difficulty are some complication symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis.</div><div><br /></div><div>Here are the signs of symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. Sever middle and back pain that usually occurs even worsen early in the morning.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Pain is relieved by doing daily activities.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Signs and symptoms usually begin to manifest early teens and gradually develop until thirty years old.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. If complication worsens, there will be a fusion of the spine also known as “ankylose”; this is where ligaments, joint capsules, and tendons are fused because of inflammation.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. There is a limitation of motion in the neck and low back area because of the fixed kyphotic position of the spine. This complication can lead to permanent disability of the person.</div><div><br /></div><div>Ankylosing spondylitis is an unknown disease. Scientist believes that the disease is being triggered genetically, where parents pass it down from one child to another. Through research, it was found out that a certain gene from all patients is found.</div><div><br /></div><div>However, having this particular gene is not enough to develop ankylosing spondylitis. Studies show that bacterial infection, environment, and genetic contribution triggers ankylosing spondylitis.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. In worst cases, the affectation of ankylosing spondylitis is not only confined to joints and eyes. System complication such as the valves of the heart, aorta and lungs is affected.</div></div></div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-86638534953200082562020-05-16T18:47:00.000+05:302020-05-16T18:47:29.736+05:30Mesothelioma lung cancer vs. Adenocarcinoma lung cancer explained<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>Mesothelioma lung cancer vs. Adenocarcinoma lung cancer explained</u></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LvYL0fvLlD0/Xr_j8dL0BZI/AAAAAAAAA6Q/_gQ3ynC6maI0X3icEEyHkq_7j2szmOC6QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Mesothelioma%2Blung%2Bcancer%2Bvs.%2BAdenocarcinoma%2Blung%2Bcancer%2Bexplained.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Mesothelioma lung cancer vs. Adenocarcinoma lung cancer explained" border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="442" height="564" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LvYL0fvLlD0/Xr_j8dL0BZI/AAAAAAAAA6Q/_gQ3ynC6maI0X3icEEyHkq_7j2szmOC6QCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Mesothelioma%2Blung%2Bcancer%2Bvs.%2BAdenocarcinoma%2Blung%2Bcancer%2Bexplained.webp" title="Mesothelioma lung cancer vs. Adenocarcinoma lung cancer explained" width="640" /></a></div><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Mesothelioma Lung Cancer</u></i></h3>Mesothelioma is a form of cancer almost exclusively related to exposure to asbestos. It is the result of asbestos fibers becoming lodged in the pleura, which is the outer lining of the lungs. This causes an irritation to the mesothelium, a protective lining the covers the lungs, which then causes the mesothelial cells to proliferate, resulting in a cancerous growth commonly referred to as mesothelioma, or mesothelioma lung cancer.<br /><br />Mesothelioma is most commonly observed in those who have worked around asbestos for a prolonged period. Smoking dramatically increases the risk of developing mesothelioma, however, it is not the cause of mesothelioma.<br /><br />Mesothelioma is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, imaging technologies like x-rays, MRIs and CAT scans, and biopsy and tissue sampling. Anyone who experienced prolonged exposure to asbestos should have regular screenings for lung abnormalities, as the incubation period between exposure and development of lung cancer can be as long as 50 years.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Prevalence of Mesothelioma</u></i></h4>Mesothelioma is most prevalent among those who have had significant exposure to asbestos and other dusts. These include but at not limited to: brake mechanics, construction and sheet metal workers, plumbers, steamfitters, insulators, carpenters, plumbers, etc.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Symptoms of Mesothelioma</u></i></h4>An individual suffering from mesothelioma will often experience labored breathing, fever, coughing, shortness of breath and chest pain as the initial symptoms of the disease. Since most of the medical professionals are not experienced in this disease, these symptoms can be misinterpreted as indications of other diseases. Confirmation of mesothelioma is achieved by examining the pleural fluid or biopsy of the pleural membrane.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Diagnosis of Mesothelioma</u></i></h4>Recently, Australian researchers have developed a world-first non-invasive blood test for early recognition of mesothelioma. More commonly, however, the diagnosis of mesothelioma is a long process that includes blood tests, CT scans, drainage, biopsy, laboratory analysis of pleural fluid and chest X-rays. Once the disease is suspected through imaging tests, tissue is removed and examined by a pathologist, who will make a definitive diagnosis.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Treatment of Mesothelioma</u></i></h4>As with other cancers, the treatment for mesothelioma depends on factors such as the stage of the cancer, the location of the cancer and the extent to which it's spread, the patient's age, and the prognosis. Currently, the five-year survival rate is approaching approximately 12%.<br /><br />Traditional treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, or a combination of these. Upcoming treatments that are still in the experimental stages include photodynamic therapy (a treatment that uses a photosensitizer drug or photosensitizing agent that when are exposed to a specific wavelength of light, produce a form of oxygen that kills nearby cells) and immunotherapy (utilizing the body's natural tendency to defend itself against cancerous tumors).<br /><br />Although there treatment options available for mesothelioma, the overall success rate is not good. As with any cancer, the earlier it's caught, the better the chances for survival.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Adenocarcinoma lung cancer</u></i> </h3>Adenocarcinoma lung cancer is considered a complicated form of lung cancer because of its extensive presence in the pulmonary regions which inevitably affects the functions of the lungs. Any adenocarcinoma tumor is given clinical emphasis primarily because of its pathogenic effects. A vigorous clinical approach is vital to the potential recovery of the patient.<br /><br />Experienced medical experts in the field of oncology classify adenocarcinoma lung cancer as a metastatic cancer. This is why even when cancerous cells are encountered in a patient additional clinical work is often required to determine if the origin of the cancer was in the pulmonary regions. As a result, it's routine to investigate the status of such organs as the uterus, the ovary, and the thyroid to better determine the origin of the cancer.<br /><br />Most neoplasms (any new and abnormal growth in which the growth is uncontrolled and progressive) of the pulmonary regions, such as in the case of adenocarcinoma, reflect problematic metastatic processes. Thus the clinical approach (comprised of chemotherapy, supportive therapy, radiation therapy etc.) is considered complicated for those patients facing adenocarcinoma lung cancer.<br /><br />Further, it's noteworthy that cases of adenocarcinoma lung cancer are grouped under pulmonary neoplasms that have epithelial (layers of cells that provide protection for the body) origin, unlike hemangioma (abnormally dense collections of dilated small blood vessels that may occur in the skin or internal organs) etc. This adenocarcinoma is always considered as a malignant form of pulmonary neoplasm.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Symptoms of Adenocarcinoma Lung Cancer</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JsX5sAyRsAI/Xr_lWk386pI/AAAAAAAAA6c/slbMtTGr4igS4-3WbGgbJ_8EUGmeVJz9QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Mesothelioma%2Blung%2Bcancer%2Bvs.%2BAdenocarcinoma%2Blung%2Bcancer%2BexplainedA.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Mesothelioma lung cancer vs. Adenocarcinoma lung cancer explained" border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="441" height="564" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JsX5sAyRsAI/Xr_lWk386pI/AAAAAAAAA6c/slbMtTGr4igS4-3WbGgbJ_8EUGmeVJz9QCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Mesothelioma%2Blung%2Bcancer%2Bvs.%2BAdenocarcinoma%2Blung%2Bcancer%2BexplainedA.webp" title="Mesothelioma lung cancer vs. Adenocarcinoma lung cancer explained" width="640" /></a></div><br />Patients affected with adenocarcinoma lung cancer often experience intense bouts of pain and difficulties in respiratory activity called Dyspnea that may also produce a cough. This condition will generally not improve, even with therapy to counteract the generalized infection.<br /><br />Hence, if the treatment to ameliorate a respiratory infection proves ineffective, the patient should be referred to a clinical oncologist to rule out the possibility of any underlying conditions such as this form of lung cancer.<br /><br />Since adenocarcinoma lung cancer therapy may involve specific alternative pulmonary neoplasm treatment, affected patients may have to look into the advanced therapies such as nutritional approaches or laser beam based approaches. Remission of this<br /><br /> form of adenocarcinoma largely depends on how early the specialized therapy is initiated.It may also depend on the side effects of the medicament, as well as the toxic effects, and of course the overall safety of the medical approach. Both patient and doctor will likely be taking extreme measures in order to ameliorate the increasing signs of pain etc.<br /><br />Chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma lung cancer often involves a combination of multiple drugs and additional supportive therapies with drugs such as prednisolone, flunixin, meglumine etc. However, one needs to understand the pharmacological effects of such drugs on the lungs. These medications require clinical precautions.<br /><br />Patients need to be well informed of the potential impact they may have on any anti-cancer therapy treatments in dealing with adenocarcinoma lung cancer.<br /><div><br /></div></div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-87403009566106149602020-05-13T18:40:00.000+05:302020-05-13T18:40:50.920+05:30What is leukemia type, causes, symptoms and treatment explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>What is leukemia type, causes, symptoms and treatment explained 2020</u></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-h2sY9n6EnAc/XrvpDoi4tsI/AAAAAAAAA5A/Je1a49vvVLwT__Bo2d9kOSeCzBp-i63_gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bleukemia%2Btype%252C%2Bcauses%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020B.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is leukemia type, causes, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="540" height="468" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-h2sY9n6EnAc/XrvpDoi4tsI/AAAAAAAAA5A/Je1a49vvVLwT__Bo2d9kOSeCzBp-i63_gCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/What%2Bis%2Bleukemia%2Btype%252C%2Bcauses%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020B.webp" title="What is leukemia type, causes, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" width="640" /></a></div><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Introduction</u></i></h3>Leukemia or blood cancer is commonly found in people, who are exposed to high levels of radiation and chemicals. This disease includes the generation of the abnormal production of white blood cells.<br />These cells are referred to as leukemia cells. Initially, they behave normally, but gradually they begin to overpower normal white blood cells that fight infections, red blood cells that carry oxygen to body organs and the platelets that enable blood clotting. The disease may be acute or chronic and may affect the lymphoid cells or myeloid cells.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Types of Leukemia</u></i></h3>Leukemia has a wide spectrum of its general nature. It is continued to be classified and subdivided into more specific types. The types of leukemia are further classified into the overproduction rate of abnormal cells in the bone marrow and secondly, the type of cells the leukemia cells target.<br /><br />Leukemia or blood cancer mainly affects the bone marrow where the blood cells are generated. The abnormal increase in white blood cells is responsible for the emergence of leukemia cells. Leukemia cells, moreover generate from the bone marrow to the bloodstream and circulatory system.<br /><br />When the leukemia cells disperse, he other blood cells, which are the red blood cells and platelets are clogged to perform their normal functions, thus allowing the white blood cells to outrageously and abnormally activate and reproduce to harm the whole body system.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Two Main Types of Leukemia</u></i></h4>The two main types of leukemia are acute and chronic leukemia. Acute is a leukemia type which occurs or onsets suddenly with or without known causes. The production of affecting factors grows in a fast- pacing basis.<br /><br />The onset of acute leukemia is brought about by the speedy production of immature blood cells and multiplying further into to more dangerous leukemia cells. Chronic leukemia on the other hand appears gradually.<br /><br />The illness worsens at a long- term basis, thus characterized by the onset of more matured cells than that of acute leukemia. However, these cells are not capable of fighting infections, though they can exhibit some of their functions as compared to the blood cells of acute leukemia.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Lymphocytic and Myelogenous Leukemia</u></i></h4>Classifying leukemia further, lymphocytic leukemia and myelogenous leukemia are also regarded as main types. Lymphocytic leukemia target solely the white blood cells. Lymphocytic is derived from lymphocytes which are active in the production of leukemia cells.<br /><br />On the other hand, myelogenous leukemia affects other discrete types of blood cells which are called the granulocytes or monocytes. Monocytes function to protect the body from infection.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>The Four Types Of Leukemia</u></i></h4>The four main types were modified to create more specific patterns and distinctions in ruling out leukemia. The four types of leukemia include leukemia type ALL (Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia), leukemia type AML (Acute Myelogenous Leukemia), leukemia type CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) and leukemia type CML (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.)<br /><br />These four types of more specific distinctions in leukemia are fused with the characteristics of their root types. Blast cells are called the immature cells that often contribute to the improper accumulation and function of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow.<br /><br />Whatever types of leukemia present in a person, the primary cause is the so-called blasts or lymphoblasts. The duration of onset and peak of the types of leukemia may differ depending on the gravity of the WBC production.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Leukemia Type T</u></i></h4>There is also a special type of leukemia that affects other blood cells apart from the major blood cells. There is a T-cell virus that primarily attacks the T-cells that are produced by the leukocytes or white blood cells. Leukemia type T is characterized by a viral transmission often acquired through the sharing of needles, blood transfusion and sexual intercourse.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Causes of Leukemia</u></i></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>The Nature of Leukemia and Blood Cells</u></i></h4>One of the top lethal diseases in the world today is Cancer. Cancer is known to be an undefeated illness, with no known specific medication or treatment to combat it. Moreover, cancer attacks almost all organs of the body, resulting to the system’s deterioration.<br /><br />One of the most common types of cancer is blood cancer or leukemia. Leukemia is a carcinoma of the blood that is characterized by the overproduction of white blood cells in the circulatory system. The blood is composed of three components: white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Formation Of Blood Cells</u></i></h4>These three components of the blood accumulated in the bone marrow, a soft hollow tissue found at the center of major bones in the body. The three blood cells form from being stem cells or immature cells.<br /><br />Normal growth of blood cells takes place in the bone marrow, whereas, the production of leukemia cells occur when each of their growth cycles goes abnormally wrong. A major leukemia cause is the overproduction of the leukocytes, which is way too weighty than what the other blood cells produce.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>The White Blood Cells</u></i></h4>The white blood cells or leukocytes function as “antibodies” which help the system fight infections and protect it further from foreign invasion such as bacteria and viruses. Erythrocytes or red blood cells are equally important in carrying oxygen in the bloodstream, thus being distributed in all parts of the body. Platelets function for blood clotting, which is also an important process in the proper functioning of the circulatory system.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Main Causes Of Leukemia</u></i></h4>Leukemia causes may vary from different sources, may it be known or idiopathic in nature. As stated above, the main cause of leukemia is the abnormal production of white blood cells, which overshadows the performance of other blood cells.<br /><br />When white blood cells overflow and outshine the balance of the proper functioning of the circulatory system, leukemia cells are produced. At the onset of those leukemia cells, direct diagnosis may be unidentifiable.<br /><br />However, as the number of leukemia cells increase in number, signs and manifestations start to show up. The causes of leukemia may also include viral infection, hereditary factors, the environment and immune system deficiencies.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Acute Leukemia And Lymphocytic Leukemia</u></i></h4>There are two main types of leukemia that include acute and chronic leukemia. Acute leukemia causes may include an acquired damage of the DNA from other sources but not genetically inherited. The possible cause of acute leukemia is the exposure to carcinogens or substances that trigger the overproduction of white blood cells.<br /><br />Constant exposure to benzene was ruled out to be one of the main causes. However, as studies for leukemia further flourished, there are more types of leukemia that are distinctive in their own clinical manifestations. One of these distinctions is between lymphocytic and myelogenous types of leukemia.<br /><br />Lymphocytic leukemia causes include exposure to radiation, carcinogens, existing chronic leukemia or other blood diseases that weakened the immune system. Lymphocytic leukemia cells target the lymphocytes or white blood cells alone, while myelogenous types are fastened by the overproduction of white blood cells, thus affecting the bone marrows.<br /><br />Leukemia is a cancerous condition that causes an unregulated abnormal formation of white blood cells in the blood. Leukemia cells crowd out the normal blood cells making it difficult for the blood to work properly. Leukemia originates in the bone marrow and spreads to the blood. Radiation exposure and smoking are causes of leukemia. It has no known preventions.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Symptoms of leukemia</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_qzir4i5_ag/XrvrfP6AmdI/AAAAAAAAA5M/c8KR2L9CklEOcUMnr-D3njSNhL3xhBQxgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bleukemia%2Btype%252C%2Bcauses%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is leukemia type, causes, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="184" data-original-width="540" height="214" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_qzir4i5_ag/XrvrfP6AmdI/AAAAAAAAA5M/c8KR2L9CklEOcUMnr-D3njSNhL3xhBQxgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/What%2Bis%2Bleukemia%2Btype%252C%2Bcauses%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" title="What is leukemia type, causes, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" width="640" /></a></div><br />Symptoms of leukemia can be classified as early leukemia symptoms that show up with the onset of the disease and symptoms of feline leukemia which are also found in cats affected by this disease.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Early Symptoms of leukemia</u></i></h4><b><u>Bone and Joint Pain</u></b><br />The pain arises because the bone marrow and joint marrow becomes overcrowded with cancerous leukemia cells.<br /><br /><b><u>Fevers</u></b><br /><b><u><br /></u></b>In a person with leukemia chemicals that direct the brain to raise body temperature to fight infections are released excessively causing recurring fevers.<br /><br /><b><u>Recurring infections</u></b><br /><b><u><br /></u></b>Although leukemia causes excessive proliferation of white blood cells, these leukemia cells are abnormal and are hence unable to fight diseases like normal white blood cells do. This adversely affects the patient’s immunity system. The patient catches infections frequently and experiences recurring bouts of running nose, and cough, bacterial and viral infections.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Symptoms of Feline leukemia</u></i></h4><b><u>Anemia</u></b><br /><br />It is a condition where there is a deficiency of red blood cells and platelets to carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Anemia causes paleness, weakness and fatigue. People with anemia bruise and bleed easily too. Abnormal bleeding can manifest as bleeding gums, nose bleeding and red spots on the skin which are caused when small blood vessels below the skin bleed.<br /><br /><b><u>Swollen Lymph Nodes</u></b><br /><b><u><br /></u></b>Lymph nodes that perform the function of filtering blood are located in the armpits, chest, groin and neck. They swell in leukemia patients because leukemia cells usually collect at these places. MRI and CT scans are used to confirm swellings even when they can be felt externally.<br /><br /><b><u>Dyspnea</u></b><br /><br />It refers to difficult breathing. It happens when the patient suffers from an acute form of lymphocytic leukemia. The leukemia cells collect around the thymus gland in the center of the chest causing pain while breathing.<br /><br /><b><u>Abdominal discomfiture</u></b><br /><b><u><br /></u></b>When leukemia cells accumulate in the spleen, liver and kidney these organs become swollen. This leads to abdominal pain. The patient feels full after eating small quantities of food. He faces an appetite loss and consequently suffers unexplained loss of weight. Weight loss is also caused by certain chemicals released by leukemia cells and as a result of frequent attack of infections.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Other leukemia symptoms</u></i></h4>Acute Leukemia affects the brain and spinal cord which are part of the central nervous system. This causes headaches, nausea, giddiness, lack of control over muscles, seizures and weakness in arms and legs.<br /><br />Leukemia may also be found in the testicles, eyes, kidneys, skin, digestive tract, lungs and other body parts.<br /><br />As soon as leukemia signs symptoms become evident it is necessary to seek medical attention promptly. The symptoms of Chronic leukemia especially is vague in the beginning. They become evident only after many years. Diagnosis and treatment at an early stage of leukemia can ensure a complete cure for the disease.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Leukemia Treatment</u></i></h3>Cancer treatments may have existed but the record of successful administration is still under cancer death rates. Clinical treatments for cancer often expend success during the early stages of the disease and the nature of cancer cell onset.<br /><br />Probably, one of the most common types of cancer is blood cancer or leukemia. Leukemia treatments may also subdue as for the general cancer treatments. Leukemia may start its onset on an acute or chronic basis.<br /><br />Acute leukemia may spring up suddenly and gets worse at a faster rate. In chronic leukemia, the cells grow more maturely than the blood cells in acute leukemia. However, the blood cells worsening chronically also are incapable of producing antibodies that could really protect the body from infections.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;">Variations in Leukemia Treatments</h4>Leukemia treatments may or may not vary depending on what type of leukemia a patient has. The patient might have acute or chronic, myelogenous or lymphocytic leukemias, which each exhibit different signs and symptoms. In some aspects, they may also differ in methods of treatment.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Acute and Chronic Leukemia Treatments</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-D9Ju8kVNRMg/XrvtFiDQXaI/AAAAAAAAA5Y/HiwBHnIWG00AXcjLpjGhfZJSkYONBrTyQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bleukemia%2Btype%252C%2Bcauses%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is leukemia type, causes, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="328" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-D9Ju8kVNRMg/XrvtFiDQXaI/AAAAAAAAA5Y/HiwBHnIWG00AXcjLpjGhfZJSkYONBrTyQCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/What%2Bis%2Bleukemia%2Btype%252C%2Bcauses%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" title="What is leukemia type, causes, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" width="540" /></a></div><br />Acute leukemia treatments and chronic leukemia treatments may vary depending on the condition of the patient. He will be prior subjected to several tests if he is eligible or not to undergo such treatments:<br /><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Chemotherapy is the most common form of cancer treatment. This is a radiation- bases treatment used to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy is also accompanied by the induction of drugs, specifically anti-cancer drugs.</li><li>Catheterization is the process wherein a surgeon places tubing, creating a pathway of venous drugs from the collar bone to the chest region. This catheter is also used to access blood samples during transfusions and induction of anti-cancer drugs.</li><li>Bone marrow transplant is the surgical treatment that functions to replace the damaged bone marrow through the outburst of white blood cells. The patient can use his autologous cells which are extracted from his own bones or better yet, the patient can use bone marrow from another person’s bones depending on matching and screening procedure results.</li></ul><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Stem Cell Transplantation</u></i></h4>These are the three general treatments of leukemia. In some cases stem cell transplantation is used to modify chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantations. The surgeons use high doses of radiation therapy in this case.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Success of Treatment Administration</u></i></h4>Oncologists or specialists for cancer often combine these procedures to ensure the elimination of cancer cells in the system. Some operations might be successful and some might only be make-believe. But these treatments have proven successful prevention of immature blood cell growths and abnormal performance of white blood cells.<br /><br />However, these treatments can be more successful with the patient’s cooperation. Moreover, prevention is better than cure. The risk factors involved in the onset of leukemia are a must to be known aware by the public.<br /><br />Awareness of agents that can cause leukemia must be properly researched. Immediately consult a professional or your oncologist if you feel symptoms from the above list. Always make sure that you attend your monthly physical check-up to ensure a healthy body.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-19398658509635785612020-05-04T13:59:00.000+05:302020-05-07T19:23:36.858+05:30Thalassemia and pregnancy with risk factors explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>Thalassemia and pregnancy with risk factors explained 2020</u></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yLPOLKFtFbg/Xq_M3L-hdjI/AAAAAAAAA0U/QZQ0k3qI5QATl1ShL2L7oxaWZuu_6wl4wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Thalassemia%2Band%2Bpregnancy%2Bwith%2Brisk%2Bfactors%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Thalassemia and pregnancy with risk factors explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="400" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yLPOLKFtFbg/Xq_M3L-hdjI/AAAAAAAAA0U/QZQ0k3qI5QATl1ShL2L7oxaWZuu_6wl4wCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Thalassemia%2Band%2Bpregnancy%2Bwith%2Brisk%2Bfactors%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" title="Thalassemia and pregnancy with risk factors explained 2020" width="640" /></a></div><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Thalassemia and pregnancy</u></i></h3>Although female fertility is reduced in transfusion-dependent thalassemia, pregnancy is possible in some cases. Some women have been reported in the medical literature, most of whom have beta-thalassemia intermedia and some of whom have severe beta-thalassemia.<br /><br />With the availability of assisted reproductive techniques and as advances in medicine further increase the quality of life and life expectancy of women with beta-thalassemia, the number of successful pregnancies in these women continues to increase. Given the condition of the mother, there are important considerations for both maternal and fetal health during pregnancy.<br /><br />This section focuses on women with beta-thalassemia, with a particular focus on transfusion-dependent women. Some of the aspects listed below may also be important in women with alpha-thalassemia, especially those with hemoglobin H-permanent spring disease and requiring transfusion.<br />A woman with transfusion-dependent thalassemia who becomes pregnant should consult a doctor, including her hematologist, perinatologist, genetic counselor, and other professionals.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i>General considerations</i></h4>Medical care for patients with beta-thalassemia will further improve over time, as will the approach to assisted reproduction. As these trends continue, more and more women with this condition will be able to consider getting pregnant. Maternal and fetal health issues should be considered and discussed prior to conception.<br /><br />Other important aspects for some families included the availability of a support system for caring for the infant, given their mother’s medical needs. The life expectancy of mothers with potential thalassemia is also an important consideration for some families in deciding whether or not they want a child.<br /><br />This is also related to the availability of social benefits for some families. Overall, with the support of the family and the comprehensive medical team, an increasing number of women with thalassemia will continue to have healthy pregnancies and babies.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Thalassemia and pregnancy: Maternal Health</u></i></h3>It is important to note that physiological stress in pregnancy can potentially exacerbate thalassemia symptoms in pregnant mothers. The heart, liver, and endocrine system are particularly vulnerable in pregnant women with thalassemia. It is important to evaluate the functioning of each system before and during pregnancy.<br /><br />Therefore, continuous care by a hematologist is required. A hematologist is essential to monitor the transfusion schedule, which tends to increase pregnancy, and the administration and administration of iron chelating agents and other drugs. A very vulnerable midwife or perinatologist also needs to check the health of the pregnant mother and her fetus.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Iron chelation</u></i></h4>Removal of excess iron using chelating drugs is critical to the health and longevity of a thalassemic woman. The increased need for transfusion during pregnancy may increase the need for chelation therapy. However, the safety of desferrioxamine (Desferal) has not been established during pregnancy; it is not clear whether this drug poses a risk to the developing fetus.<br /><br />Depending in part on the amount of iron loaded in the liver, temporary discontinuation of desferrioxamine during pregnancy may be considered. Some suggest that pregnancy itself may also serve as a chelating agent for iron, as the developing fetus uses free iron uptake.<br /><br /> Although data on the use of Desferal during pregnancy are minimal, CHO has experienced two successful pregnancies in one major patient with beta-thalassemia. Because she had a severe iron burden, she received a heavy pregnancy Desferal through one port during both pregnancies.<br />Both infants have not previously experienced adverse effects as a result of chelation therapy.<br /><br />Pregnant women with thalassemia should discuss the benefits and potential risks of continuing or discontinuing desferrioxamine during pregnancy with their physicians.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i>Organ function and transfusion requirements</i></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Cardiac function and transfusion requirements</u></i></h4>During pregnancy, the fluid component of the blood usually increases. This can increase the degree of anemia, leading to a more frequent need for blood transfusions. Increased anemia can also result in the heart having to work harder to deliver adequate oxygen to all tissues in the body.<br /><br />Increased blood volume can also cause stress in the heart. In thalassemia, the heart may already be under stress due to the harmful effects of iron overload. Therefore, it is important to monitor heart function before and during pregnancy. Regular attendance at scheduled transfusion meetings is also critical to reduce anemia and reduce the work to be done by the heart.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Liver function</u></i></h4>Before pregnancy, liver biopsy may be performed to determine the extent of iron overload. This information can be useful in deciding whether to stop chelating iron. A liver biopsy may help determine if there has been damage due to iron deposits or previous hepatitis infection. Blood tests during pregnancy can also assess liver function.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Endocrine function</u></i></h4>Patients with thalassemia have an increased chance of developing insulin-dependent diabetes due to iron overload. Pregnancy stress can worsen this condition, which can be detrimental to the health of the mother and the developing baby. It is important to stabilize diabetes before pregnancy and to maintain appropriate treatment during pregnancy. Thyroid function can be detrimental due to iron burden in women with thalassemia.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Splenic function</u></i></h4>The spleen expels anomalous red platelets from the circulation and performs significant immune functions. People with thalassemia have an unusual amount of red blood cells. The spleen makes these cells very active. This activity increases the spleen and makes the removal of even more cells even more effective and can cause hemolytic anemia.<br /><br />During pregnancy, there is a greater need for hemoglobin for the normal growth and development of the fetus and due to the fact that the mother's blood volume increases dramatically. During this time, the need for a transfusion for a pregnant woman increases, especially during the last trimester of pregnancy.<br /><br />If the transfusion is adequate, the bone marrow will be suppressed and the work of the spleen may be reduced. Sometimes this leads to some reduction in spleen size and activity.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Nutritional needs</u></i></h4>Pregnant women regularly receive prenatal vitamin supplements with OB / GYN. Many of these accessories contain iron. Pregnant women with thalassemia should avoid iron-containing prenatal vitamins for which iron overload is a concern.<br /><br /><b>Folate:</b> Folate (folic acid) is important for cell growth and division. Therefore, the demand for folic acid increases during pregnancy. Folate supplementation is recommended within one month of conception and at least 8 weeks of pregnancy. It is thought to help prevent megaloblastic anemia (anemia marked by immature red blood cells) in women with thalassemia.<br /><br /><b>Vitamin C:</b> Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is given during iron chelation (usually 100 to 250 mg at each stage of chelation) to increase iron removal. High doses of ascorbic acid can release large amounts of ionized iron and can actually cause tissue damage, especially in the heart. Ascorbic acid should be continued by chelation during therapy. Higher doses should be avoided.<br /><br />The health of a mother with thalassemia is related to the health of the developing baby. Therefore, the importance of comprehensive thalassemia treatment during pregnancy cannot be emphasized. In addition, a perinatologist and genetic counselor are available to address issues specifically related to the baby’s health.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Fetal risk due to thalassemia</u></i></h4>Women with beta-thalassemia or hemoglobin E / beta-thalassemia may be at risk of inheriting thalassemia or other inherited blood diseases due to the hereditary nature of the fetus. This depends on the type of hemoglobin in the baby's father. The fetus can be endangered if the father himself suffers from thalassemia or sickle cell disease. More generally, the fetus is at risk if the father is a carrier of the beta-globin property.<br /><br />These properties may include the beta-thalassemia property, the hemoglobin E property, the sickle cell property, or others. The genetic counselor can arrange for the baby’s father to be examined and explain the inheritance of hemoglobin types.<br /><br />If a couple is found to have a child with thalassemia or other inherited blood disorders, a genetic counselor can explain this risk as well as try out the options before the baby is born. The tests are available as early as 10 weeks of pregnancy. These tests can often show with high accuracy whether an infant has thalassemia. Because these tests are invasive in nature, they are not risk-free.<br /><br />The genetic counselor can explain the risks and benefits of the above tests. Rejecting or rejecting prenatal testing is a very personal decision that depends on each couple’s beliefs and values. A genetic counselor can help a couple identify their own issues that may be important in the decision-making process both before and after prenatal tests.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Risks associated with maternal thalassemia</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xiU6txQp-ME/Xq_QEM_DVHI/AAAAAAAAA0g/jqhVmewQkvQo3PK8Me5HqZqTzWlpCS_PgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Thalassemia%2Band%2Bpregnancy%2Bwith%2Brisk%2Bfactors%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Thalassemia and pregnancy" border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="264" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xiU6txQp-ME/Xq_QEM_DVHI/AAAAAAAAA0g/jqhVmewQkvQo3PK8Me5HqZqTzWlpCS_PgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Thalassemia%2Band%2Bpregnancy%2Bwith%2Brisk%2Bfactors%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" title="Thalassemia and pregnancy" width="426" /></a></div><br />According to some studies, maternal chronic anemia can lead to a lack of oxygen supply to the fetus. Such hypoxia may be associated with an increased incidence of fetal slow growth in the uterus, loss of pregnancy, and preterm birth and childbirth.<br /><br />Other studies in which maternal anemia was well treated have not provided evidence of an increased risk of these complications. This again emphasizes the importance of continuous thalassemia treatment during pregnancy.<br /><br />Women with thalassemia tend to be smaller in stature than their siblings who do not have thalassemia. In women with thalassemia, adequate pelvic bones may contribute to an increased chance of imperial childbirth, which was considered the only labor complication in these women.<br /><br />Although any woman can develop diabetes, women with thalassemia are more likely to do so due to iron overload. Maternal diabetes, especially the insulin-dependent type, is known to increase the risk of birth defects.<br /><br />Maternal diabetes increases the risk of prenatal and neonatal complications, including perinatal loss. Proper blood sugar control, especially in early pregnancy, and close monitoring by a perinatologist during pregnancy are known to help reduce these risks.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Risks associated with medicines</u></i></h4>Genetic counseling is an important source of information about the harmful effects of maternal medications on the developing fetus. It is important that all pregnant women consult their doctor before taking any medication.<br /><br />The potential risks to the fetus depend on the type of medicine, the dose and the period of pregnancy in which the exposure occurs. Certain medications may also be present in breast milk and pose a risk to the newborn. A genetic counselor or perinatologist can provide information about the risks to each woman.<br /><br />A woman with thalassemia may also take one or more medications, including iron chelating agents or antiviral medications, to treat previous infections. The known or theoretical risks of these drugs should be taken into account when determining whether to continue them during pregnancy or to change the dose.<br /><br />Desferal is the most commonly used drug among these women because it plays an important role in reducing iron overload and its consequences. The potential for adverse effects is suggested by animal studies in which skeletal abnormalities are observed at doses comparable to human doses.<br /><br />Less than 40 cases have been published among pregnant women describing the outcome of pregnancy in women receiving chronic desferal treatment. None of the women who were pregnant took Desferal after the first trimester.<br /><br />There was no evidence in these infants to suggest adverse effects of Desferal. Other cases have been reported in which treatment with Desferal was initiated in late pregnancy after iron overdose. At least one of the infants has been reported to have iron deficiency due to maternal Desferal treatment. Overall, the number of cases reported in women is insufficient to establish the safety of Desferal during pregnancy.<br /><br />As far as the safety of breast-feeding is concerned, Desferal is unlikely to have any adverse effects as it is poorly absorbed in the adult gut. However, no information is available on the use of Desferal during breast-feeding. Therefore, the expected benefits and risks of therapy during pregnancy or lactation should be discussed with your doctor for each woman. This is true of any additional medication given to pregnant women with thalassemia.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Risks related to infectious agents</u></i></h4>Screening for infectious pathogens is an important part of prenatal care for all pregnant women. Certain types of maternal infection carry the risk of spreading to the fetus or may have other adverse health effects on the fetus.<br /><br />These effects, as well as the chance of fetal or perinatal infection, depend on a number of factors: the type of pathogen, the severity of the maternal infection, the amount of virus or other infectious substance, the stage of pregnancy, and the method of delivery. Information on the special risks for women may be sought from a genetic counselor and / or perinatologist.<br /><br />Although the safety of our nation’s blood supply has increased dramatically in recent years, blood transfusions remain a risk factor in acquiring certain infections. Women with thalassemia who are planning to become pregnant should be tested for all forms of hepatitis and HIV infection before conception.<br /><br />If one of these infections is identified, specific information is available on the health risks and chances of transmission to the developing fetus. In some cases, preventive treatment or alternatives to childbirth may be considered to reduce the risk of the baby spreading.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-18393981242572425162020-05-01T18:20:00.000+05:302020-05-07T19:11:55.651+05:30Different types of thalassemia, symptoms and treatment explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>Different types of thalassemia, symptoms and treatment explained 2020</u></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Introduction:</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_FrexEKDMD0/XqwTpUQgFrI/AAAAAAAAAwY/t0JSRjGBs7ccJidinEn1tjiDh6fgBkxfwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Different%2Btypes%2Bof%2Bthalassemia%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020C.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Different types of thalassemia, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="540" height="353" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_FrexEKDMD0/XqwTpUQgFrI/AAAAAAAAAwY/t0JSRjGBs7ccJidinEn1tjiDh6fgBkxfwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Different%2Btypes%2Bof%2Bthalassemia%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020C.webp" title="Different types of thalassemia, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" width="640" /></a></div><br /><b>Thalassemia</b> (Mediterranean anemia) is the most common, inherited single gene disorder in the world. The treatment of thalassemias has improved significantly in recent years. People with moderate to severe thalassemia now live longer and have a better quality of life than before.<br /><br />To understand the effect of thalassemia on the human body, you must first have a little understanding of how blood is made.<br /><br />Hemoglobin is an oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells. It consists of two different proteins, one alpha and beta. In the event that the body doesn't deliver enough of one of the two proteins, red blood cells do not form appropriately and can't carry enough oxygen. The result is anemia that begins in early childhood and lasts a lifetime.<br /><br />You may not need treatment for mild thalassemia. But if you have a more severe form of thalassemia, regular blood transfusions may be needed. You can also take steps alone, such as eating the right diet to increase your energy.<br /><br />Because thalassemia is not a single disorder, but a group of related disorders that affect the human body in a similar way, it is important to understand the differences between <b>different types of thalassemia</b>.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Alpha Thalassemia</u></i></h4>People whose hemoglobin does not produce enough alpha protein have alpha-ischemia. It is often found in Africa, the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, South China and occasionally in the Mediterranean.<br /><br />There are four types of alpha-thalassemia that have mild and severe bodily effects.<br /><br /><b>Quiet carrier state.</b> This condition usually does not cause health problems because the lack of alpha protein is so small that hemoglobin works normally. It is called a “silent carrier” because it is difficult to recognize. The silent carrier state can be diagnosed if a seemingly normal individual has a child with hemoglobin H disease or alpha-thalassemia.<br /><br /><b>Hemoglobin constant spring.</b> This is an unusual form of the Quiet Carrier state caused by a mutation in alpha globin. After the Jamaica region in which it was discovered, it is called the permanent spring. As in the quiet carrier state, an individual in such a state usually does not experience any associated health problems.<br /><br /><b>Alpha Thalassemia property or mild alpha Thalassemia.</b> In this condition, the lack of alpha protein is slightly greater. Patients with this condition have lower red blood cell counts and mild anemia, although many patients do not have symptoms. However, doctors often mistake mild alpha-thalassemia for iron deficiency anemia and prescribe iron supplements that have no effect on anemia.<br /><br /><b>Hemoglobin H disease</b>. In this condition, the absence of alpha protein is sufficiently huge to cause extreme anemia and severe health problems such as enlarged spleen, bone deformities, and fatigue. Abnormal hemoglobin H (the name created by the remaining beta-globin), which kills red blood cells, is referred to.<br /><br /><b>Hemoglobin H-Constant spring.</b> This disease is more severe than hemoglobin H disease. Individuals with this condition tend to have more severe anemia and are more likely to suffer from increased and viral infections of the spleen.<br /><br /><b>Homozygous permanent spring.</b> This condition is a change in hemoglobin H-Constant Spring that occurs when two Constant Spring carriers transfer their genes to their child (as opposed to the H Constant Spring hemoglobin carrier, in which one parent is a constant spring carrier and the other is a carrier alpha) thalassemia trait) . This condition is usually less severe than hemoglobin H Constant Spring and is similar to hemoglobin H disease.<br /><br /><b>Hydrops Fetalis or Alpha Thalassemia Major.</b> In this condition, there is no alpha gene in an individual's DNA, which causes fetal gamma globins to produce abnormal hemoglobin called Barts hemoglobin. Most people with this condition die before or shortly after birth.<br /><br />In extremely rare cases, when the disease was discovered before birth, intrauterine blood transfusions allowed the birth of children with hydropetic fetuses who needed lifelong blood transfusions and medical care.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Beta Thalassemia</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3mHDbruqK9s/XqwVe5GO8kI/AAAAAAAAAwk/jnXutismMJMLnctLRgTyPs7kZAKeNeINQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Different%2Btypes%2Bof%2Bthalassemia%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Different types of thalassemia, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="494" data-original-width="540" height="365" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3mHDbruqK9s/XqwVe5GO8kI/AAAAAAAAAwk/jnXutismMJMLnctLRgTyPs7kZAKeNeINQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Different%2Btypes%2Bof%2Bthalassemia%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" title="Different types of thalassemia, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" width="400" /></a></div><br />Most familiar form of thalassemia is beta-thalassemia. This includes reducing the production of normal adult hemoglobin (Hb A), which is the dominant type of hemoglobin shortly from birth to death. (All hemoglobin comprises of two sections: heme and globin). The globin portion of Hb A has 4 protein segments, called polypeptide chains.<br /><br />Two of these chains are identical and alpha chains. The other two chains are also the same, but different from the alpha chains and are called beta chains. In patients with beta-thalassemia, the production of beta-globin chains is reduced or absent.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Beta Thalassemia At A Glance</u></i></h3><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders.</li><li>Patients with thalassemia produce defective hemoglobin.</li><li>There are two forms of beta-thalassemia: minor thalassemia and thalassemia major (also known as Cooley anemia).</li><li>Beta-thalassemia is more common in people of Italian and Greek descent.</li></ul><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Risk factors</u></i></h4>Risk factors for Thalassemia are factors that do not appear to be the direct cause of the disease, but appear to be related in some way. Due to the risk factor for Thalassemia, the disease is exacerbated, but this does not always lead to the development of Thalassemia. Lack of risk factors or lack of protective factor does not necessarily protect against the development of thalassemia.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Factors that increase the risk of thalassemia include:</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UOpS11pjDKc/XqwWTb2Tm4I/AAAAAAAAAws/pf05vdcnptMKgbQixZRhreGxhE2bzWfWwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Different%2Btypes%2Bof%2Bthalassemia%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020B.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Different types of thalassemia, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="529" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UOpS11pjDKc/XqwWTb2Tm4I/AAAAAAAAAws/pf05vdcnptMKgbQixZRhreGxhE2bzWfWwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Different%2Btypes%2Bof%2Bthalassemia%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020B.webp" title="Different types of thalassemia, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" width="640" /></a></div><br /><b>Family history.</b> Thalassemia is transmitted to parents and children through defective hemoglobin genes.<br /><br /><b>Origin.</b> Thalassemia is most common in Indigenous peoples in Italy, Greece, the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. Alpha ischemia mainly affects people of Southeast Asian, Chinese, and Filipino descent.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><u>Signs & Symptoms of thalassemia</u></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PWxwyUo7618/XqwW4HNrFDI/AAAAAAAAAw4/G2PBv-dUJmApm4Ja0P65QKXOal3Ca3ZdwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Different%2Btypes%2Bof%2Bthalassemia%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Different types of thalassemia, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="540" height="354" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PWxwyUo7618/XqwW4HNrFDI/AAAAAAAAAw4/G2PBv-dUJmApm4Ja0P65QKXOal3Ca3ZdwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Different%2Btypes%2Bof%2Bthalassemia%252C%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" title="Different types of thalassemia, symptoms and treatment explained 2020" width="640" /></a></div><br />The signs and symptoms of thalassemias are due to a lack of oxygen in the bloodstream. This is because the body does not produce enough healthy red blood cells and hemoglobin. The gravity of the symptoms depends on the gravity of the disorder.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>No symptoms</u></i></h4>Silent carriers of alpha-thalassemia usually show no signs or symptoms of the disorder. This is because the lack of alpha-globin protein is so small that hemoglobin functions normally.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Mild anemia</u></i></h4>Those with alpha- or beta-thalassemia may have mild anemia. However, many of these types of thalassemia have no signs or symptoms.<br />Mild anemia can cause fatigue. It is often confused with iron deficiency anemia.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Other signs and symptoms</u></i></h4>Beta-thalassemia intermediates have mild to moderate anemia. There may be other health problems, such as:<br /><br /><b>Slow growth and delayed puberty.</b> Anemia can affect a child's growth and development.<br />Bone problems. Thalassemia can dilate the bone marrow (the spongy substance in the bones that makes blood cells). This causes wider bones than normal. Bones can also be brittle and break easily.<br />Enlarged spleen. The spleen is an organ that enables your body to battle disease and evacuate undesirable material.<br /><br />When a person suffers from thalassemia, the spleen has to work very hard. As a result, the spleen will be larger than normal. This makes anemia even worse. If the spleen becomes too large, it should be removed.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Severe anemia and other signs and symptoms</u></i></h4>Severe thalassemia is present in hemoglobin H disease or severe symptoms of beta-thalassemia (also known as Cooley anemia). Signs and symptoms occur in the first 2 years of life. These may include severe anemia and other serious health problems, such as:<br /><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Pale and unusual appearance</li><li>Bad appetite</li><li>Dark urine</li><li>Slow growth and delayed puberty</li><li>Jaundice</li><li>Enlarged spleen, liver and heart</li><li>Bone problems (especially of the cheekbones)</li></ul><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Possible complications of thalassemia include:</u></i></h3>Iron overload: People with thalassemia may get too much iron in their body, either due to the disease itself or frequent blood transfusions. Too much iron can damage the heart, liver, and endocrine system, including the glands that produce hormones that regulate a process throughout the body.<br />Infection: Thalassemia increases the risk of developing blood-borne infections such as hepatitis, which can damage the liver.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>In severe thalassemia, the following complications may occur:</u></i></h4><b>Bone deformities:</b> Thalassemia enlarges the bone marrow, causing the bones to dilate. This can result in abnormal bone structure, especially on your face and skull. Bone marrow dilation makes bones thin and fragile, increasing the chances of broken bones, especially on the spine. The spinal surface can cause compression of the spinal cord.<br /><br /><b>Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly):</b> The spleen helps your body fight infection and filter out unwanted material such as old or damaged blood cells. Thalassemia often destroys the number of red blood cells, making it harder for your spleen to work harder than normal and causing it to enlarge.<br /><br />Splenomegaly can exacerbate anemia and reduce the life of transfused red blood cells. The spleen may need to be removed if it grows too large.<br /><br /><b>Slow growth rate:</b> Anemia can slow a child's growth. Children with severe thalassemia rarely reach normal adult height. Because of endocrine issues, pubescence may likewise be deferred in these children.<br /><br /><b>Heart issues:</b> Heart issues, for example, congestive cardiovascular failure and unusual heart rhythms (arrhythmias) might be related with serious thalassemia.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Tests & Diagnosis</u></i></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Laboratory tests</u></i></h4>Complete blood count (CBC). CBC is a depiction of the cells and liquid in the circulatory system. The CBC tells the doctor, among other things, how many red blood cells are present and how much hemoglobin it contains. This gives the doctor an assessment of the size and shape of the red blood cells present, also known as red blood cell indices.<br /><br />These include the measurement of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the size of red blood cells. Low MCV is often the first sign of thalassemia. If MCV is low and iron deficiency is ruled out, that person may be a carrier of the thalassemia trait.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Blood smear (also known as peripheral smear and manual differentiation).</u></i></h4>In this test, a trained laboratory laboratory person examines a thin layer of blood that is treated with a special spot on the slide under a microscope. The number and type of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets can be evaluated to check that they are normal and mature. Many disorders affect normal blood cell production. In thalassemia, red blood cells are often microcytes (low MCV). Red blood cells also:<br /><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Be hypochromic</li><li>Variable size (anisocytosis) and shape (poikilocytosis)</li><li>Be nuclear - normal, mature red blood cells have no nucleus.</li><li>It has an uneven hemoglobin distribution (“they create target cells that look like bull’s eye under a microscope)”.</li><li>The higher the percentage of abnormal red blood cells, the more likely it is that the residual disorder and oxygen-carrying capacity are reduced.</li><li>Iron studies.</li><li>These may be: iron, ferritin, unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and percentage of transferrin saturation. These tests measure various aspects of the body’s storage and use of iron.</li></ul><br /><br />They are instructed to help determine if iron deficiency causes and / or aggravates the patient’s anemia. One or more of these may also be prescribed to monitor the extent of iron overload in patients with thalassemia.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Evaluation of hemoglobinopathy (Hb).</u></i></h4>This test measures the type and relative amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Hemoglobin A, consisting of alpha- and beta-globin, is a normal type of hemoglobin found in adults. A higher percentage of Hb A2 and / or F usually occurs in the property of beta-thalassemia. Hb H may occur in alpha-thalassemia due to Hb H disease.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>DNA analysis.</u></i></h4>This test is used to examine deletions and mutations in alpha- and beta-globin-producing genes. Family tests can be performed to assess carrier status and the type of mutations in other members of the family. DNA testing is not performed routinely but can be used to diagnose thalassemia and determine the condition of the carrier.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Treatments of thalassemia</u></i></h3>Treatment of thalassemias depends on the type and severity of the disorder. Carriers who have alpha- or beta-thalassemia properties have mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. There is little or no treatment required.<br /><br />Doctors use three standard treatments for moderate to severe forms of thalassemia. These incorporate blood transfusions, iron chelation (ke-LAY-shun) treatment, and folic acid supplements. Other treatments have been developed or tested, but are much less commonly used.<br /><br />Standard treatments<br />Blood transfusion<br />Iron chelation therapy<br />Blood and bone marrow stem cell transplantation<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Possible future treatments</u></i></h4>Scientists are attempting to discover new medications for thalassemias. For example, one day, the normal hemoglobin gene may be inserted into bone marrow stem cells. This allows people to make their own healthy red blood cells and hemoglobin.<br /><br />Specialists are additionally concentrating how to trigger an individual's capacity to make fetal hemoglobin after birth. This kind of hemoglobin is found in fetuses and infants. After birth, the body became an adult to produce hemoglobin. Increasing fetal hemoglobin may compensate for the lack of healthy adult hemoglobin.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i>Treatment of complications</i></h4>Better treatments allow people with moderate to severe thalassemia to live much longer. As a result, these people have to cope with complications over time.<br /><br />An important part of treating thalassemias is the treatment of complications. It may be necessary to treat heart or liver disease, infections, osteoporosis and other problems.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-87217222135483107602020-04-29T17:00:00.000+05:302020-05-07T18:58:07.519+05:30Brain tumor symptoms and types of treatment method explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>Brain tumor symptoms and types of treatment method explained 2020</u></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YCkZsfJtucI/XqlbDDd2e_I/AAAAAAAAAuU/HcU9ZQ9LOhcxxX-TgGgRdp9DoxFh-hKsgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Brain%2Btumor%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btypes%2Bof%2Btreatment%2Bmethod%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Brain tumor symptoms and types of treatment method explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="540" height="468" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YCkZsfJtucI/XqlbDDd2e_I/AAAAAAAAAuU/HcU9ZQ9LOhcxxX-TgGgRdp9DoxFh-hKsgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Brain%2Btumor%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btypes%2Bof%2Btreatment%2Bmethod%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" title="Brain tumor symptoms and types of treatment method explained 2020" width="640" /></a></div><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Brain tumors: understanding this situation</u></i></h4>Brain tumors are life-threatening conditions that affect many people. A tumor is a piece or mass located in or on the outside of the brain. They start out very small, but the cells that make them up multiply quickly and cause the tumor to grow.<br /><br />These cells are abnormal, which means that they do not behave like other cells in the body. Sometimes these cells are also cancerous. It is important in any situation to get help for these tumors as soon as possible as this will help improve the survival rate and help you return to life happily.<br /><br /><b>The brain tumor symptoms</b> vary from person to person, but there is always a clear indication that a doctor should be consulted. There are many conditions that can be the cause of some of these symptoms and ruling out potentially fatal conditions such as tumors is what your doctor will do. Before you know what the symptoms of a brain tumor are, you need to understand what a brain tumor is and how it affects your body.<br /><br />There are over 120 different brain tumors you can experience. Moreover, each of them offers different subtypes. This can cause a large number and a growing number of problems that can cause your condition. Brain tumors are often classified or given a number based on their risk potential. Grade 1 lowest grade cancer is the least malignant form.<br /><br />The highest is in IV. Grade that is the most malicious. The process of understanding a brain tumor gets even worse: the same tumor can be called multiple things, and doctors often call them by different names! This results in an extremely complicated diagnostic process for the average physician.<br /><br />Many people first want to know if a brain tumor is malignant, which means they have cancer. Although this will be determined by doctors as quickly as possible, it is important to recognize that even non-malignant tumors are difficult to treat and understand.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Brain tumor symptoms and signs</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M0ZnWLjOa7s/Xqlc57Npu4I/AAAAAAAAAug/bMAZMkKpkh8yUkhyR_AcaBUJ-QDpvmdYACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Brain%2Btumor%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btypes%2Bof%2Btreatment%2Bmethod%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Brain tumor symptoms and types of treatment method explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="449" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M0ZnWLjOa7s/Xqlc57Npu4I/AAAAAAAAAug/bMAZMkKpkh8yUkhyR_AcaBUJ-QDpvmdYACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Brain%2Btumor%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btypes%2Bof%2Btreatment%2Bmethod%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" title="Brain tumor symptoms and types of treatment method explained 2020" /></a></div><br />Knowledge of the growth of brain tumors is one of the most important considerations for those who are. To find out that you have a brain tumor, you need to be able to notice some changes in your daily life and how your body responds. One of the most common symptoms and symptoms of brain tumors is headache.<br /><br />Headaches with brain tumors are unique in that they start very gradually and then accumulate over time. In most cases, the pain is more severe and often has a different pattern than the usual headaches that may have been used in the past.<br /><br />It is also important to consider the various signs of brain tumor growth. For example, depending on the location of the tumor, you may have symptoms that include clear speech, hearing problems, vision problems, including blurred vision, double vision, or loss of peripheral vision. Seizures are also possible, often caused by the location of the tumor on the nerves. In all of these situations, the location of the tumor determines the type of symptoms that appear.<br /><br />As expected, if a tumor is found in children, it is difficult to notice these symptoms.When children face a brain tumor, they may experience developmental problems or problems that have already been learned, such as speech problems.<br /><br />The cause of a brain tumor is not always clear. In some patients, the cause is obvious because the cancer has spread to other cancerous areas of the body that are usually already known to the doctor. In other cases, there can be no other source of brain tumor. In these situations, there is usually no known cause of the tumor. This is very difficult to understand, but doctors usually do not know what causes a brain tumor.<br /><br />When a brain tumor is found in a patient, doctors closely examine the tumor in the hopes of determining whether it is cancerous or not. Hey it will test and reduce swelling, inflammation or any fluid around the brain due to the tumor. From here, the most common treatment is removal. Removing a brain tumor is perhaps the only way to cure a patient.<br /><br />In some situations, this cannot be done. Physicians will use a variety of treatments whenever possible to help them resolve the condition. However, the brain can be damaged. However, each case is unique and should be treated as a unique problem.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Immediate Brain Tumor Symptoms</u></i></h4><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Some symptoms are instant considerations for tests to determine if a brain tumor is behind them. In the event that you have any of these symptoms, tell your primary care physician at the earliest opportunity:</li><li>An adult that has a seizure that is new and not something they have had previously. If it happens differently, to a different degree or if this is the first time they have had a seizure, this could be a potential symptom.</li><li>If the individual has a gradual loss of movement in their arm or their leg, or both, this could be a symptom. In addition, if there is a gradual loss of sensation or the feeling of being touched in the arm or the leg, this too can be a symptom.</li><li>Individuals may experience a feeling of being unsteady or unable to balance themselves. This often happens with the combination of a headache. </li><li>Vision loss can also be a sign of a brain tumor . In this case, it could be partial or whole vision loss, brought on suddenly or rapidly over a period of time. What’s more, it is especially of concern if it is peripheral vision loss specifically.</li><li>If the individual has had an eating disorder as a child, this could be a symptom of a brain tumor.</li><li>Speech difficulties can be brain tumor symptoms , but usually only when this happens as a gradual onset rather than all at once. This could be a sign of another condition, such as a stroke, if the speech difficulties such as slurring happen suddenly.</li><li>A loss of hearing that is unexplained can also be a symptom.</li><li>Double vision is another symptom of a brain tumor. This is especially true when double vision happens along with a headache.</li></ul><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Other considerations for brain tumor symptoms</u></i></h4>In addition to those symptoms, there are other symptoms that can be considered a symptom of a brain tumor, but are not necessarily the case.<br /><br />For example, a headache is almost always associated with a brain tumor, but only a specific type. Some that are considered important to monitor are those that are a steady headache that is worse in the morning hours over the evening. Or, one that is persistent and is associated with vomiting or the feeling of needing to vomit. Headaches that accompany any of the symptoms above are also considered worrisome <b>brain tumor symptoms</b>.<br /><br />Another condition that can by a symptom of a brain tumor is that of behavior changes. For example, in some cases, individuals develop a negative attitude or even memory loss. They may be unable to concentrate or may appear to be confused frequently.<br /><br />Another change is amenorrhea, which is the sudden stopping of menstruation as well as infertility. In addition, there are some cases where people will be treated for other, more common and more likely conditions with the underlying problem being the brain tumor.<br /><br />For example, a stroke may appear to be a stroke on a CT scan when in fact it is a brain tumor that is causing these symptoms.<br /><br />Because it is so difficult to understand what could be a brain tumor, it is very essential that anyone that thinks that they are suffering from these brain tumor symptoms get the assistance they need at the earliest opportunity.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Brain Tumors In Children: Understanding Risks</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GSHE7xYdF8E/XqlfNXEYZ7I/AAAAAAAAAus/xW1WTCfi3o0Y8UqQBly4hZ8m6pRLer84gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Brain%2Btumor%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btypes%2Bof%2Btreatment%2Bmethod%2Bexplained%2B2020B.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Brain tumor symptoms and types of treatment method explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="263" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GSHE7xYdF8E/XqlfNXEYZ7I/AAAAAAAAAus/xW1WTCfi3o0Y8UqQBly4hZ8m6pRLer84gCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Brain%2Btumor%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btypes%2Bof%2Btreatment%2Bmethod%2Bexplained%2B2020B.webp" title="Brain tumor symptoms and types of treatment method explained 2020" width="561" /></a></div><br />For parents, hearing that there are brain tumors in children can be one of the most difficult things a parent has to learn. Brain tumors are masses of tissue and cells that are abnormal. They can be benign brain tumors, which are non cancerous tumors, or they can be malignant brain tumors, which are cancerous brain tumors.<br /><br />Both types of tumors require attention by a doctor as soon as possible to improve their overall situation. In many cases, children can recovery from tumors just as well as adults can, and sometimes even more so.<br /><br />There are many types of tumors that can affect children. Here are some of the most common tumors affecting children.<br /><br /><b>Astrocytomas</b> are a type of brain tumor in children. This is a non cancerous type that grows very slowly. Children between the ages of five and eight generally are the most at risk for this type of tumor. The best treatment for it is brain tumor surgery to remove the tumor fully.<br /><br /><b>Brainstem Gliomas</b> is another type of tumor that is only found (most of the time) in children. This type of tumor develops in the child around the age of six years old. They grow very large, but do not have many symptoms in their early growth. This type of tumor is very deadly as only a five year survival rate is common. The problem is the location of this tumor in that it can not be removed from the child's brain and chemotherapy and radiation can only slow down its progress.<br /><br /><b>Ependymomas</b> is another type of child brain tumor that happens in a small group of patients. These are located in the ventricles of the brain and will block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid to the brain. This type of tumor can be operated on and chemotherapy and radiation also help.<br /><br /><b>Medulloblastomas</b> are the most common type of brain tumor in children. Boys are more likely to get this type of cancer and it usually happens around the age of five, nearly always before the age of ten. Chemotherapy and radiation are necessary parts of treatment, along with surgery.<br /><br />In each of these types of brain tumors in children, there are risks to face including damage to the brain, infection and the inability for operation. Yet, doctors have developed many technologically advanced methods to overcome these conditions. While not all situations allow for surgery to be effective, many times the tumor can be fully removed and the patient can get back to a normal state of living. Sometimes, the tumor can cause developmental problems as well as do permanent damage to the brain, especially if the child's tumor is not caught soon enough.<br /><br />Treatment for brain tumor situations in children will be based on the size of the tumor, the type of the tumor, the health of the child before surgery as well as the location of the tumor. Based on these factors, doctors will determine the best overall outcome possible.<br /><br />If you see any signs of symptoms of a brain tumor in your child, even beyond the age of ten, it is necessary to talk to your doctor about the condition as soon as possible. Many things can be symptoms but most often these include headaches, slurred speech, developmental problems, as well as vision problems. Some children will face seizures as well.<br /><br />In nearly all situations, the sooner that the tumor is treated the better the outcome will be. This often means noticing any symptoms that are happening and seeing a physical specializing in brain tumors as soon as possible. Treatment for brain tumors is successful in many cases.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Benign Brain Tumors: Understanding What They Are</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OkA0SFZQmL8/XqlhXbFIylI/AAAAAAAAAu4/0ndVv_8kolcEH0basgL3bjlhuG1yDb5DwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Brain%2Btumor%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btypes%2Bof%2Btreatment%2Bmethod%2Bexplained%2B2020C.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Brain tumor symptoms and types of treatment method explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="483" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OkA0SFZQmL8/XqlhXbFIylI/AAAAAAAAAu4/0ndVv_8kolcEH0basgL3bjlhuG1yDb5DwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Brain%2Btumor%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Btypes%2Bof%2Btreatment%2Bmethod%2Bexplained%2B2020C.webp" title="Brain tumor symptoms and types of treatment method explained 2020" /></a></div><br />Benign brain tumors are a type of brain tumor that is noncancerous. This type of tumor is made up similar to that of malignant tumors in that they are a mass or growth of cells within your brain that are abnormal. When you first are told that you may have this type of growth, usually through a scan of the brain, your doctor may be unsure if it is malignant or benign. Yet, through various tests and methods, your doctor will be able to determine this.<br /><br />Those that have a brain tumor that is benign often experience the same symptoms of those with other tumors. Generally, there are two main types. Primary tumors are those that start in your brain and can be cancerous or non cancerous.<br /><br />Secondary tumors found here are from cancers located in other locations of your body that spread to the brain and there form tumors. It is less common to have a primary brain tumor than a secondary tumor. In some situations, you may not realize which type you have.<br /><br />This is less important in comparison to the treatment options that you have with tumors.<br />A benign brain tumor will usually start growing in the brain much slower than cancerous tumors. These tumors are easier for doctors to remove as well. Location does play an important role in helping your doctor to remove the tumor (some locations are very difficult due to the overall risk factors involved in those locations.)<br /><br />Another benefit of a benign tumor is that they are less likely to reoccur than cancerous tumors. These are all beneficial things when you find out that you have this type of tumor.<br /><br />It is also important to point out that benign brain tumors do not attack and kill off the surrounding brain tissue. Rather, they just grow in size and put pressure on the area of your brain that they are near. Malignant tumors will do this. They will invade the surrounding tissue as well as other structures nearby. While those tumors do cause permanent damage to the brain, benign tumors are less likely to do so simply because they do not invade the brain. Yet, they can cause damage to the brain if they are not handled soon enough and put too much pressure on an important area of your brain.<br /><br />There are several options available to doctors to help them treat benign brain tumors. No decision is an easy one, though and all brain tumor treatment options can be difficult. In some situations, doctors will determine that a tumor can not be operated on, which can be a long term problem for the patient. For others, the process can be much less invasive and overall offer a good prognosis.<br /><br />Each case must be handled, though, on a one on one basis. Your doctor must consider the location, the size, the intensity and whether or not the tumor is benign or malignant to make the right decision on how to treat brain tumors.<br /><br />The brain tumor cause may never be known. Your doctor may not ever be able to say if the tumor was caused by outside forces or something else. What is important is not so much the cause, though, but the treatment options for benign brain tumors. Malignant brain tumor situations are similar in treatment, but are more worrisome because of their cancerous tendency.<br /><br />More, so those tumors are more likely to reoccur and often can become life threatening conditions for those suffering from them. If you are looking for help on understanding your particular case, talk to a specialty, who can work to understand your overall situation clearly.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Brain Tumor Treatment Methods Used</u></i></h4>Brain tumor treatment often starts with an effective diagnosis of the condition. Because each person is different in the amount, type and intensity of the symptoms that they have, doctors need to do full tests to determine if the patient is suffering from a brain tumor or if there is another underlying cause.<br /><br />In most situations, treatment of a brain tumor will involve several steps. Each step helps to insurance that the brain tumor recovery is met. Talk to your doctor about the individual steps that you will need to take.<br /><br />One of the first things that doctors need to do when treating a brain tumor is to reduce the inflammation as well as the swelling in the brain and the region surrounding the tumor. This is very important because infections or complications of brain surgery can occur if the swelling and inflammation do not reduce enough. It is also important for you to consider the fact that there may also be fluid surrounding the brain.<br /><br />As part of the brain tumor treatment, doctors will need to drain any fluid around the brain effectively before they can do brain surgery. To do this, they often add a stint to the brain that attaches to a tube that runs inside the body and exits near the abdomen. After the swelling, inflammation and the fluid is removed from the condition, doctors can then begin the next step which would be to remove the tumor.<br /><br />Brain tumor surgery works by allowing the doctor to remove the tumor itself. This is not always available to the doctor, though and whenever possible the most possible will be removed. Removing the tumor is necessary because it helps the brain to restore the necessary function available to them. In addition to removing the tumor, doctors will also need to remove any damaged tissue from the brain.<br /><br />This is very important when the tumor is cancerous because it will help to stop the cancer from spreading and coming back in the form of another tumor.<br /><br />From here, brain tumor recovery takes place. This often includes several days in the hospital to ensure that no infections are found and that the patient is healing well. Many times doctors look to ensure that you have gained back all of your necessary functions. Additionally, doctors are likely to require additional treatment for brain tumors that are cancerous.<br /><br />This includes radiation therapy as well as chemotherapy treatment. These will help to stop any of the other cancerous cells from multiplying and therefore causing another tumor or worse. This usually happens fairly quickly after surgery, in as short as two to three weeks.<br /><br />While it is not likely that your doctor will know what the brain tumor causes you have are, most doctors are able to provide a good estimate of the likelihood that the cancer will return. For those patients that have a benign brain tumor surgery, the goal will be to ensure that all function has been restored. No radiation is necessary in these cases.<br /><br />Brain tumor conditions in patients often do cause a need for careful monitoring in the future. As part of your brain tumor treatment, doctors will require tests and follow up exams throughout your life to ensure that no further tumors are found.<br /><br />This will help to safeguard your life and help doctors to catch any new growths quickly so that they can be stopped and improved upon as soon as possible. It is also important that you monitor your condition after surgery so that you can spot any potential symptoms of brain tumors as soon as they happen. This improves your ability to get them sooner rather than later.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Brain Tumor Surgery And Treatment</u></i></h4>Brain tumor surgery is usually one of the treatment options available for patients that are suffering from brain tumors. Yet, not all patients are able to obtain this type of treatment. The surgery eligibility will be determined based on your tumor's type, the location it is in as well as your overall health and ability to withstand surgery.<br /><br />Many times, these same things determine the survival odds of a patient with a brain tumor as well. With the help of a skilled doctor you will be able to find out more about your particular case. Ask questions about surgery and know why doctors are choosing the types of treatments for brain tumors that they are selecting.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Where To Get Help</u></i></h4>When you begin experiencing brain tumor symptoms, you will first want to talk to your family doctor, who will consider the symptoms and the possibility of a brain tumor. They may recommend additional doctors to offer a firm diagnosis. From there, you will need a team of doctors to help with your condition.<br /><br />Because brain tumors are such a delicate situation, having more help by more doctors is very important. You will likely need an oncologist who will specialize in cancer treatment, if the tumor is cancerous. You will need a neurosurgeon who will hand the brain surgery.<br /><br />Additionally, most doctors will prescribe additional treatment such as radiology therapy and chemotherapy treatment. This requires a team of doctors including a radiation oncologist, a radiologist and others specializing in chemotherapy. Finally, you may also need a doctor who specializes in brain and nervous symptoms called a neurologist to handle the entire process.<br />Once your doctors are assembled, the diagnosing of your condition will continue.<br /><br />Doctors need to know, if at all possible, if the tumors are malignant brain tumors. These are cancerous and will need specialized treatment. They will also provide you with a type of steroid medication that works to help reduce the swelling in the brain tissue surrounding the tumor and helps to improve inflammation. Then, they can move ahead with brain surgery.<br /><br />Brain tumor surgery is the most important part of your brain surgery treatment plan. That is because it is often necessary to remove the tumor if at all possible, to give the patient the best opportunity for overcoming their condition. The goal of surgery will be to remove the brain tumor as much as possible without doing any damage to the brain tissue that is surrounding the tumor.<br /><br />In some situations, it may not be possible to remove the entire thing, though doctors do their best to do so whenever possible. In some cases, there is no way for the tumor to be fully removed.<br /><br />Brain tumor recovery often depends on the extent to which the tumor was removed as well as your overall condition before and after surgery. During brain tumor surgery, as with all types of surgery, risks are there. Therefore, after surgery, doctors will take time to determine if the patient has improved as well as the level of improvement they have seen.<br /><br />Any complications of brain surgery will be dealt with before you can leave the hospital. Doctors may monitor your interactions to ensure that you have gained back full use of your body's functions.<br />When it comes to brain tumor surgery realize that while there are risks involved, doctors with experience help to minimize those risks.<br /><br />Additionally, because of advances in technology fewer mistakes are made. Work with a trusted physician that you have confidence in and be sure that they provide you with the attention that you are looking for. With all brain tumor recovery, the outcome of surgery is dependent on your body's abilities to overcome the condition.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Brain Tumor Chemotherapy: What Happens?</u></i></h4>Brain tumor chemotherapy is one of several options your doctor will use to treat your brain tumor. A tumor is a lump of tissue that is made up of cells that are abnormal. These cells can be cancerous (malignant) or non cancerous (benign) and will be treated as such.<br /><br />In those cases when brain tumors are determined to be cancerous or cancer like, the doctor will likely develop a treatment option that includes chemotherapy. While very difficult and often times painful, this method of treating cancer is effective when used as part of an overall plan.<br /><div><br /></div></div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-21608134024834528262020-04-27T16:45:00.000+05:302020-05-07T18:33:13.905+05:30Signs of osteoporosis with diagnosis and treatment explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>Signs of osteoporosis with diagnosis and treatment explained 2020</u></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--JQ88m5rcJg/Xqa2jORkrkI/AAAAAAAAAsY/OQFP0w8MqgkOaO2H8TVh_rU3s2w19whPQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Signs%2Bof%2Bosteoporosis%2Bwith%2Bdiagnosis%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020D.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Signs of osteoporosis with diagnosis and treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--JQ88m5rcJg/Xqa2jORkrkI/AAAAAAAAAsY/OQFP0w8MqgkOaO2H8TVh_rU3s2w19whPQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Signs%2Bof%2Bosteoporosis%2Bwith%2Bdiagnosis%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020D.webp" title="Signs of osteoporosis with diagnosis and treatment explained 2020" /></a></div><br /><b>Signs of osteoporosis</b> is a condition in which there is a significant decrease in bone mass as well as structural deterioration of bone tissue that is more prone to fracture over time. Because bones support our bodies, protect our internal organs, and store vital nutrients and blood-producing cells, building and maintaining bone mass is essential to our overall health and overall well-being.<br /><br />The most important years of bone mass accumulation range from pre-adolescence to 30 years of age. Diet, sedentary lifestyle or full immobilization, special illnesses or diseases, insufficient bone formation depending on youth, age, widespread or prolonged use of certain drugs, excessive use of alcohol, use of tobacco products, ethnicity, hormones, gender osteoporosis is four times more likely to develop) and genetics all contribute to the development of osteoporosis.<br /><br />Boneless, thin women are also at particular risk, especially Caucasian and Asian women. Even if you’re a man, you’re not off the hook! More than 2 million men in the United States are diagnosed with osteoporosis. Although this number appears small compared to the number of women with the disease, unsatisfactory research can contribute to incomplete or inaccurate diagnoses and lead to an underestimation of the problem among health professionals.<br /><br />Bones affected by osteoporosis can break even with mild trauma. Normal bones are slightly porous but still dense; The bones showing symptoms of advanced osteoporosis are sponge-shaped and very fragile. In some extreme cases, only a blow to the arm or leg can cause a fracture! However, in most people, osteoporosis begins gradually and can go unnoticed for years without special testing until the problem becomes severe enough to warrant a trip to the doctor’s office.<br /><br />This wrist or ankle can be a sign of a larger disease for people at risk for the disease. Therefore, it is crucial to know what osteoporosis is, what its symptoms are, how to prevent it, and - if you already have osteoporosis - how to treat it.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Diagnosis of Osteoporosis</u></i></h3>There are several ways to diagnose osteoporosis. The most accurate and essentially painless method for determining an individual’s osteoporosis is to perform a special X-ray method called densitometry. Densitometry allows the measurement of bone volume or bone mineral density (BMD).<br /><br />The patient's BMD is compared to that of a young adult of the same sex, with their peak peak (often referred to as the "average young adult.") According to the World Health Organization, if BMD is scientifically significantly lower, then the 2.5 adult variance is below the young adult average - then the patient has been diagnosed with osteoporosis.<br /><br />There are currently four diagnostic categories for bone loss. Ideally, an individual’s BMD is normal or close to that of a young adult with peak bone mass. If bone mass is associated with some loss but is not sufficient to diagnose an osteoporotic patient, the next category would be osteopenia or “low bone mass”. Osteoporosis is the next category.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>The most extreme case is severe osteoporosis.</u></i></h4>The diagnosis seems simple enough and doesn’t take long. However, osteoporosis is often referred to as a “silent” disease; most people with osteoporosis are diagnosed only if the disease has been going on for years and has been broken by a wrist, hip, ribs, or vertebrae to see a doctor or hospital.<br /><br /> Unfortunately, most X-ray technology is not able to detect osteoporosis until there is 30 percent bone loss. So entering a hospital with broken bones with x-rays does not necessarily indicate the onset or progression of osteoporosis. If you are at risk for the disease (see list below), you may want to consider consulting your healthcare provider about osteoporosis testing options.<br /><br /><b>Risk factors:</b><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Caucasian or Asian</li><li>older age</li><li>use tobacco products</li><li>you consume excessive amounts of alcohol</li><li>sitting or motionless</li><li>boned and / or thin</li><li>family history of osteoporosis</li><li>calcium intake is unsatisfactory in the long run</li><li>low testosterone (men)</li><li>estrogen deficiency</li><li>history of anorexia nervosa</li><li>use of certain medications (such as corticosteroids and antispasmodics)</li></ul><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Prevention of Osteoporosis</u></i></h3>Because osteoporosis is not curable, prevention is critical. Fortunately, prevention is easy for most people because it simply requires discipline. And the younger you start, the better!<br /><br />A healthy, balanced diet with a lot of calcium and vitamin D is a decent beginning. Nutrition surveys show that many women and girls receive less than 50% of the calcium needed to form and maintain bone peaks; Depending on your age, most people need 1000 to 1300 mg of calcium a day. Vitamin D helps in the absorption of calcium, so even if you are taking calcium supplements, you need to check that your diet contains enough vitamin D; the recommended daily amount of vitamin D is 400-800 IU per day.<br /><br />Consistent weight-bearing exercise is another preventative measure. Walking, jogging, tennis, basketball, soccer, climbing stairs and even bowling are good ways to keep your bones healthy (sorry, fishing doesn’t matter!). You can get into habit of walking by parking your car away from the grocery store entrance, or even asking some friends to go on a routine trip in the area or at the local mall.<br /><br />Team sports are common among children and adolescents, but many adults find it difficult to obtain information about the league in their area. If you’ve looked online, checked the newspaper and other local news, and still can’t find a sports team in the area, why not start your own team? Involving others is a great way to stay motivated and keep others healthy around you.<br /><br />Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption adversely affect your bone mass, so if you currently smoke daily or consume too many drinks, you may want to re-evaluate your lifestyle if only to protect your bones. If you compile a list of the pros and cons of smoking and alcohol consumption, there are plenty of incentives to quit.<br /><br />And with current medical developments designed to help people who are trying to break a habit (patches, gum, etc.), it may be “clean” easier than you think.<br /><br />Finally, if you think there is a risk of osteoporosis, you may want to get an early diagnosis and consult a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis can help take preventative measures, look for <b>signs of osteoporosis</b>, and facilitate treatment. By densitometric measurement of bone density, you can get an idea of whether bones are healthy and, if not, how exposed you are to the risk of fractures.<br /><br />Your health care provider provides the best information and counseling services for preventing, diagnosing, and treating osteoporosis, but educating through books, articles, and online resources will help you better understand what the disease is and how it can affect you and those around you.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Treatment of Osteoporosis</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6XY6-IH5lyU/Xqa8Gb-R4sI/AAAAAAAAAsk/F_MCh6zXoMo4EtWDam6bmom3aHYSEr8DwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Signs%2Bof%2Bosteoporosis%2Bwith%2Bdiagnosis%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020C.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Signs of osteoporosis with diagnosis and treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6XY6-IH5lyU/Xqa8Gb-R4sI/AAAAAAAAAsk/F_MCh6zXoMo4EtWDam6bmom3aHYSEr8DwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Signs%2Bof%2Bosteoporosis%2Bwith%2Bdiagnosis%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020C.webp" title="Signs of osteoporosis with diagnosis and treatment explained 2020" /></a></div><br />Although research is ongoing, there is currently no complete cure for osteoporosis. The best way to curb the disease is to quit smoking, quit drinking, and exercise regularly (not tiringly, just consistently). Incorporating adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D into a balanced diet is also a good way to "shape" bones.<br /><br />There are several recommended drugs to treat the effects of osteoporosis. FDA-approved bisphosphonates and calcitonin are generally prescribed to stop bone loss and increase bone strength. Hormone replacement therapy (administration of estrogens and progesterones) has also been suggested, but current debates about the possible increased risk of each cancer have led to a general reassessment of the benefits against the potential risks.<br /><br />For most people with osteoporosis, osteoporotic pain has a significant impact on their quality of life. Low back pain caused by deteriorating spine can be relieved with ice packs and heating pads; be careful not to overheat or freeze the area (usually 20 minutes is a good thumb rule). Warming helps to relax the surrounding muscles, and cooling the area helps reduce inflammation.<br /><br />Physiotherapy and exercise can be a huge help: continuous exercise increases endorphin levels, which relieves pain. The combination of physiotherapy and exercise can result in increased flexibility, strength, better posture and more energy.<br /><br />Alternative therapies such as massage, acupuncture, and acupressure are also often used to treat osteoporotic pain. Massage for those suffering from the disease is usually gentle; the practitioner often uses oil or powder to facilitate a smooth massage. Although a stronger touch can be used to develop muscle nodules, a deep massage should never be performed on the spine of a person with spinal osteoporosis.<br /><br />Acupuncture, in which extremely thin, sharp needles are inserted through the skin in certain places, which doctors call “energy lines,” activates nerve endings and releases endorphins. It may take several times to feel a noticeable difference, but because acupuncture does not require medication, many people do not mind the delayed benefits.<br /><br />For those who suffer from osteoporosis and live alone, acupressure is an excellent option. Direct pressure with your fingertips helps treat pain in certain areas and can be used on its own with a little exercise.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-28774278429479545492020-04-25T15:37:00.000+05:302020-05-07T18:29:03.754+05:30What is influenza and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WXN1AO-5cAU/XqQJ8NtiE0I/AAAAAAAAApo/OQCtYf5dRT8UXOAlWundbXHAFXb4tYlZwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Binfluenza%2Band%2Bits%2Bsymptoms%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is influenza and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="472" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WXN1AO-5cAU/XqQJ8NtiE0I/AAAAAAAAApo/OQCtYf5dRT8UXOAlWundbXHAFXb4tYlZwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Binfluenza%2Band%2Bits%2Bsymptoms%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" title="What is influenza and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020" /></a></div><br /><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>What is influenza and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020</u></h2>The time of the flu is usually associated with the holidays and is usually the peak of the New Year. This respiratory disease, also known as influenza, is caused by influenza bacilli and spreads from person to person. Most infected adults are contagious one day before the disorder begins, so you can start spreading the flu before you find out you are sick. Because viruses hardly change from sequence to sequence, getting the flu one winter doesn’t mean you’re immune the next month. The only way to prevent infection with the virus is to get vaccinated every year.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>What are the symptoms?</u></i></h3>The flu problem mimics the cold virus to some extent. The main difference between the two is that the flu usually means high fever, severe muscle aches and fatigue. Other symptoms may include headache, dry cough, sore throat and nasal congestion. Occasionally, an infected body may also experience stomach ailments such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.<br /><br />These symptoms are much rarer anyway. The idea of “stomach flu” is a bit false, as gastrointestinal diseases are usually caused by microorganisms other than influenza viruses. People with the flu can develop complications of the virus, such as ear and sinus infections and dehydration. People with a chronic illness, such as asthma or insulin-dependent diabetes, can cause additional flu problems.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Analysis and complications of influenza</u></i></h3>Most people recover from the flu on their own with home remedies such as bedding and over-the-counter medications to treat their symptoms. Others, who are considered high risk, can develop serious complications that can lead to hospitalization or even death. The high-risk group includes the population over 65 and young children, as well as those with chronic illness.<br /><br />It is strongly recommended that high-risk populations be vaccinated against influenza annually to prevent serious problems. Vaccinations have been extremely effective in reducing influenza outbreaks. For the small percentage who are ill despite receiving the vaccine, the symptoms are usually much milder and the complications are less frequent.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>The changing faces of the flu virus</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gHZzk3wVsKI/XqQLMlFPKrI/AAAAAAAAAp0/RM5pmKDizvkFfoUha570Tq1rzFpFYrckQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Binfluenza%2Band%2Bits%2Bsymptoms%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is influenza and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gHZzk3wVsKI/XqQLMlFPKrI/AAAAAAAAAp0/RM5pmKDizvkFfoUha570Tq1rzFpFYrckQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Binfluenza%2Band%2Bits%2Bsymptoms%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" title="What is influenza and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020" /></a></div><br />Since the flu phase is already underway, now is the time to find out what you could do to keep the flu virus away from your home and children. Although the flu problem can be similar to a nasty cold, the flu virus can cause more severe respiratory problems that can lead to complications that may require hospitalization.<br /><br />Because there are serious and even life-threatening complications, it is to your advantage to look at how to prevent a flu bug before it becomes a complication. Especially if you have a family member who is considered a high risk due to age or chronic conditions, prevention is extremely beneficial than treatment after the flu virus has appeared at home.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Keeping the flu outside your household</u></i></h4>Unfortunately, influenza viruses change endlessly throughout the season. This constant change or mutation allows the virus to overcome the immune system, as the immunities built up during one flu period are not enough to overcome new strains in the next period. This is why a person continues to suffer and the flu is declining year by year. The most effective way to protect yourself against the flu is to get a flu shot every year.<br /><br />Vaccinations are updated annually to include the latest influenza virus strains. If you get a flu shot every year, you can be sure that even if a particular strain of flu virus continues to move through the immune complex, your body would be much better prepared to fight. The result is milder symptoms and a lower risk of complications if you carry a strain of the flu virus.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>What is avian enfluenza?</u></i></h3>Avian influenza, commonly known as “bird flu,” is a highly contagious viral disease that affects all categories of birds. It usually spreads through contaminated feces and can spread from birds to other wildlife - and even humans. The current outbreak of bird flu is a subtype known as H5N1. This virus first appeared in a South Korean chick in 2003.<br /><br />Since the first crop production, many countries have been affected and some citizens have become infected. At this point, the only way for humans to fight bird flu is through direct contact with infected birds. There is a company in which the virus can mutate, and this allows contact between people, but there is no clear evidence that this has happened with the current virus.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>How severe is bird flu?</u></i></h4>Avian influenza can appear in birds in a variety of ways - from mild symptoms to nearly 100% mortality. The H5N1 strain is highly pathogenic, meaning it is terribly contagious, and most infected birds die. This strain of avian influenza can be transmitted from herd to herd through migratory birds that may be infected but show no status.<br /><br />To curb the epidemic, farmers were forced to destroy most of their current poultry. The World Health Organization (WHO) maintains the current list of non-matching nations affected by the current H5N1 strain. This list can be found on the WHO website. To prevent the spread of bird flu, inspections have also been carried out in countries that were not yet infected.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>What are the dangers to humans?</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ynsEF3mxEZQ/XqQLjhiGD1I/AAAAAAAAAp8/HKMHmJBilowA9wIsxfHlfftZassptvjSQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Binfluenza%2Band%2Bits%2Bsymptoms%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020B.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is influenza and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ynsEF3mxEZQ/XqQLjhiGD1I/AAAAAAAAAp8/HKMHmJBilowA9wIsxfHlfftZassptvjSQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Binfluenza%2Band%2Bits%2Bsymptoms%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020B.webp" title="What is influenza and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020" /></a></div><br />Because H5N1 can pass from bird to other species, some human species have been infected with this strain. Some who have been transmitted to bird flu due to direct contact with infected birds have contracted severe respiratory infections and others have died. At this point, the World Health<br /><br />Organization is proposing some simple precautions for overseas travelers, such as avoiding chicken farms and the markets of countries where the virus has been discovered. migrants should also avoid undercooked chicken products. In order to reduce the risk of the spread of avian influenza, there are strict restrictions on the return of birds or bird products from these countries.<br /><br />If you have been in contact with chickens in any of the countries concerned, the World Health Organization recommends that you see a doctor as soon as possible, especially if flu-like symptoms appear within seven days of leaving the country concerned.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Should we be worried about the bird flu virus?</u></i></h4>Avian Influenza The virus causes avian influenza or avian influenza in birds. It can cause many different types of bird flu injuries, which can cause many indications and diseases from mild to highly contagious and cruel. There are at least 15 different bird flu viruses. The virus is usually spread by secretions and feces in birds.<br /><br />Wild birds often carry the disease without the disease, but because these species migrate, they are responsible for spreading avian influenza viruses to other communities and infecting domestic cats. chicken flocks are often more sensitive to more cruel and deadly strains of the virus. As long as avian influenza viruses are limited to birds, there is little or no threat to citizens.<br /><br />It is a concern when virus strains bounce from groups, allowing other animals and even humans to get sick from the virus. these diseases are consistently mild in nature, but in other cases can become quite dangerous.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Avian influenza is an H5N1 virus</u></i></h4>In 2004, an outbreak of the H5N1 bird flu virus spread to parts of Asia, affecting millions of birds, especially chickens. intact chicken farms were almost destroyed to control the disease. Some ordinary people have also been infected with this bird flu virus. Some died of the virus. Those who ordered this disease did so through open contact with infected birds or their feces.<br /><br />No personal handover was discovered at this point. The concern with this bird flu virus is that it can change or mutate. Every flu virus changes, which is one of the criteria for getting the flu done every year. A slightly different strain of influenza virus appears each year.<br /><br />If the H5N1 strain changes, it can pass from person to person more easily. If this happens, we may be able to observe the onset of the epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) is closely monitoring the H5N1 bird flu virus and has made recommendations for controlling and treating the disease.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>What you can do?</u></i></h4>If you are concerned about the potential dangers of developing the H5N1 bird flu virus, there are a few things you can do to take it for granted. Get a flu shot first every year. Although common influenza vaccination does not specifically grow in avian influenza strains, it can help relieve the severity of symptoms of certain types of avian influenza viruses. secondary, wash hands constantly.<br /><br />As this step sounds, it is very important in controlling the spread of many infectious diseases. definitely if you are sick, stay home and enjoy plenty of bedding, fluids and symptom healing without a prescription.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Cure for flu: Use of four antiviral drugs</u></i></h3>The majority of the healthy population has no flu for more than a week to ten days, and the worst case usually lasts three to four days. In such cases, only home treatment is needed to prevent complications and alleviate the problem.<br /><br />Influenza treatment can be used to reduce the duration of symptoms and the severity of the consequences of influenza A or B virus, as well as to break the duration of the disease. Influenza treatment is also needed in nursing homes to curb influenza outbreaks and to reduce the risk of the virus spreading to the general public, who are at high risk for serious complications.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Avoid infection by taking flu shots or taking Flumine</u></i></h4>Influenza treatment, such as annual immunizations with influenza prevention or Flumine, may be required to avoid influenza infection and its complications, and the annual vaccination rate is low in the average person under 65 years of age who is at high risk of developing influenza. Clearly, many communities have an influenza management schedule that offers influenza admission at a lower cost in October and November.<br /><br />A visit by a healthcare professional these months is also a new opportunity for flu treatment in the form of flu prevention. Four antiviral drugs, amantadine, rimantadine, canamavir, and oseltamivir, can be used to analyze influenza. You should take these medications within two days of becoming ill, and if taken in time, these medications can significantly relieve symptoms and reduce the duration of one of the illnesses by a day or two, and also help make the illness less contagious.<br /><br />These medications can be prescribed by a doctor and used for three to five consecutive days and are believed to be 70-90% successful in preventing influenza infection in healthy adults.<br /><br />Although all four drugs can be used to treat influenza, especially influenza A virus, only oseltamivir and zanamivir can be used to treat influenza B virus. The strength of these drugs, also known as neuraminidase inhibitors, is that they do not allow viral neuraminidase to function, and these drugs are only available by prescription.<br /><br />Testing for influenza viruses using antiviral drugs is most commonly used to control influenza in the event of an outbreak in nursing homes or hospital wards, where ordinary people are at greater risk of complications from influenza, by the nearest contact.<br /><br />Antiviral drugs are also used on seagoing merchant ships, and similar to settings for treating the flu to control an outbreak of the flu. People who are at high risk for serious complications from the flu should use antiviral drugs to cure the flu.<br /><div><br /></div></div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-73777839511255657562020-04-23T16:03:00.000+05:302020-05-07T18:24:33.060+05:30How do you treat melanoma, its types with risk factors explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EnjAyJ1kfV0/XqFqFOmMR1I/AAAAAAAAAoo/_XmcRWnTKqcTXaByoySwxCi_NRcmqyAJQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/How%2Bdo%2Byou%2Btreat%2Bmelanoma%252C%2Bits%2Btypes%2Bwith%2Brisk%2Bfactors%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How do you treat melanoma, its types with risk factors explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EnjAyJ1kfV0/XqFqFOmMR1I/AAAAAAAAAoo/_XmcRWnTKqcTXaByoySwxCi_NRcmqyAJQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/How%2Bdo%2Byou%2Btreat%2Bmelanoma%252C%2Bits%2Btypes%2Bwith%2Brisk%2Bfactors%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" title="How do you treat melanoma, its types with risk factors explained 2020" /></a></div><br /><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>How do you treat melanoma, its types with risk factors explained 2020</u></h2>Melanoma is a form of skin cancer. Like other skin cancers (squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma), melanoma is easy to treat if the tumor is in its early stages. If not, the cancer cells can spread to the lymph nodes and other organs, after which melanoma is much more difficult to treat. Without treatment, melanoma can be fatal.<br /><br />Every year, about 100,000 Americans are diagnosed with melanoma and more than 7,500 die from cancer. The overall rate of melanoma is increasing, although education about the risk of sunlight is recognized for the sudden decline in younger adults between the ages of 21 and 45.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Are you at risk for melanoma?</u></i></h3>Melanoma is the least common of the various types of skin cancer. Left untreated, melanoma is also the most dangerous. Most skin cancer deaths are caused by melanoma. Although ultraviolet radiation and repeated sunburn are associated with melanoma, these are not the only risk factors: ethnicity, presence of moles, and family history may increase the chances of developing cancer.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Ethnicity, skin pigmentation and melanin levels</u></i></h4>Caucasian men are twenty times more likely to develop melanoma than those of African descent. This is because people with darker skin contain more melanin in their skin. Melanin helps protect the skin from ultraviolet light (UVA and UVB). High melanin levels do not make a person immune to melanoma. No one is immune to skin cancer, but people with clean skin are at greater risk.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i>Melanocytes, melanin and skin pigmentation</i></h4>The external layer of the skin is known as the epidermis. Cells called melanocytes are responsible for pigmentation of the skin. These cells are found at the base of the epidermis and produce melanin. It is a substance that helps protect the body from sun damage. The ultraviolet rays of sunlight stimulate melanin production, so sunlight results in tanned or darker skin.<br /><br />Different melanin levels are responsible for changes in skin color. However, the number of melanocytes in the body does not change with ethnicity: everyone has the same number of such melanin-producing cells. If tumors develop in the melanocytes, melanoma may be the result.<br />Other physical properties increase a person’s risk of developing skin cancer.<br /><br />In general, red or blonde hair, like blue eyes, increases the risk. People who are prone to freckles are also at greater risk than others. Often, these characteristics are perceived together: red-haired people usually have clean facial skin and are more likely to experience sunburn than others.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Moles and skin cancer</u></i></h4>A high number of moles builds the danger of creating melanoma. A person with more than fifty moles is considered a higher risk. However, their shape and size may be more important than their number.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Moles</u></i></h4>Moles are growths that occur when melanocytes contract. The clinical term for mole is nevus (plural: nevi). Moles are most often harmless and completely normal. Everyone has moles: the average person usually has ten to forty moles.<br /><br />Moles are usually small and symmetrical and can be flat or tall. They are available in a variety of colors, including black, brown, brown and pink. Some moles are only slightly darker than the pigmentation of the surrounding skin. If the moles increase in size, change color (including changing to red or white), bleed, or change shape, your doctor should evaluate these. Any change in the mole may indicate that the group of melanocytes has become cancerous.<br /><br />Irregular-looking or dysplastic nevus are more likely to get cancer than a normal-looking mole. One in ten people has a dysplastic name. Irregularities may include dimensional or deformation, discoloration, or raised areas of previously flat moles. Dermatologists recommend monthly self-tests to detect changes in moles.<br /><br />An unusual mole indicates an increased risk of melanoma, which should be checked by your doctor. Fifty percent of cases of melanoma are associated with dysplastic nevi, but in other cases they appear to have no association with abnormal moles.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Mole removal</u></i></h4>Removing the mole seems to be one way to avoid melanoma, but studies suggest that removing the mole will not be beneficial for most people. Out of every 200,000 moles, only one is diagnosed as cancer in people under the age of forty.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Are you at risk for melanoma?</u></i></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Ultraviolet light, sunburn and solarium</u></i></h4>Sunlight or exposure to tanning lamps and tanning beds to ultraviolet light increases the risk of skin cancer. The two forms of ultraviolet light are UVA and UVB. Of the two, UVA infiltrates further into the body. UVB is associated with DNA mutations in skin cells.<br /><br />Although there has been an association between melanoma and exposure to UVA and UVB rays, cancer can develop in parts of the body that are not exposed to the sun. Nevertheless, the disease has been linked to solariums, sun exposure, and a history of childhood sunburn. People with clean skin living in the tropics also have higher average incidence rates.<br /><br />Sunscreen is one of the best ways to protect against UV rays. Look for a sunscreen with an SPF (sun protection factor) of at least thirty. Thirty minutes before going outdoors, carefully pick up all open areas.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Sunlight and solarium</u></i></h4>Melanoma is associated with the stimulation of melanin production by ultraviolet rays. Such rays are, of course, found in sunlight, but can also be found in the artificial lights used in solariums. Excessive exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light, or tanning beds, puts you at greater risk of developing melanoma or other skin cancers.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Age, gender and family history</u></i></h4>Fifty percent of all melanoma cases occur after the age of fifty. However, melanoma is also the most common cancer before the age of thirty, so age plays only a partial role in susceptibility.<br />Gender seems to play a greater role: men are at greater risk than women.<br /><br />The lifetime incidence rate for men is increasing from 57. Men are more likely to develop tumors on the torso - the area between the shoulders and hips - or on the neck or head. The lower legs and arms are more common among women.<br /><br />Although not generally affected by family history, ten percent of people with melanoma have at least one close relative in this form of skin cancer.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Immunosuppression</u></i></h4>People with a suppressed immune system are more prone to melanoma than others. This has been demonstrated in studies on the incidence of long-term cancer in organ transplant patients. Transplant patients should use immunosuppressive drugs to prevent organ rejection.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Diagnosis and staging of melanoma and skin cancer</u></i></h3>Melanoma is often asymptomatic: that is, it does not cause noticeable symptoms. Most diagnoses of skin cancer occur when patients notice an unusual birthmark or lesion and report it to their doctor. From time to time, you should check for new moles or moles that have grown or changed in color or shape. Monthly self-monitoring (or up to twice a month if there is a risk of developing skin cancer) allows you to track changes in moles or other skin lesions. If a mole appears suspicious, your doctor will likely order a biopsy.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;">ABCDE rule for melanoma</h4>Self-monitoring for skin cancer is fairly easy to do. A full-length mirror, hand mirror, or family member can help inspect hard-to-see parts of the body. Observe the ABCDE rule for skin cancer: check for changes in asymmetry, border, color, diameter, or height.<br /><br /><b>Asymmetry:</b> Does the mole have the same shape on one side as the other? If you split the mole in half, are the two sides the same? Odd-shaped moles should be reported to your doctor.<br /><br /><b>Boundary:</b> The edges of the mole are usually smooth and clearly defined compared to the surrounding skin. "Combed" or "stained" edges can indicate a problem, as can a pigment that "bleeds" into the surrounding skin.<br /><br /><b>Color:</b> Moles are usually solid in color. Multicolor growth or a change in color tone should be considered suspicious.<br /><br /><b>Diameter:</b> A sudden increase in the size of the mole should be examined, especially if the increase is greater than six millimeters (around the pencil eraser).<br /><br /><b>Height:</b> If a previously flat mole suddenly rises (lifts from the surrounding area), tell your doctor.<br /><br />In addition to the ABCDE rule for skin cancer, report any moles that bleed, cause itching or pain, or become ulcerated (destroy epidermal tissue, causing pit-like pain). Keep in mind that the earlier melanoma is detected, the more likely it is to be cured.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Biopsies: Confirmation of diagnosis</u></i></h4>No matter how suspicious the mole looks, only a biopsy can tell if the growth is cancerous. If the mole is small enough, the doctor will attempt to remove the entire growth using a procedure known as an excuse biopsy. If the growth is large, only the tissue sample should be removed. The biopsy specimen is then examined for microscopic signs of cancer.<br /><br />Once melanoma has been diagnosed, it should be adjusted. The stage of skin cancer measures factors such as tumor thickness, lymph node involvement, and whether or not melanoma cells have affected other organs. Spread to other sites or organs is called metastasis.<br /><br />The American Joint Committee on Cancer publishes cancer classification systems used by many medical organizations, including the American Cancer Society. The AJCC uses the TNM grading to classify melanoma by stages. The higher the stage, the more advanced the disease and the worse the prognosis. Melanoma's stages are divided as follows:<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XtKYx7Nyx38/XqFqoeLHfQI/AAAAAAAAAow/y84QSXAFWx8ZdvkyzwHaee7IpOoiTTUiACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/How%2Bdo%2Byou%2Btreat%2Bmelanoma%252C%2Bits%2Btypes%2Bwith%2Brisk%2Bfactors%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How do you treat melanoma, its types with risk factors explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XtKYx7Nyx38/XqFqoeLHfQI/AAAAAAAAAow/y84QSXAFWx8ZdvkyzwHaee7IpOoiTTUiACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/How%2Bdo%2Byou%2Btreat%2Bmelanoma%252C%2Bits%2Btypes%2Bwith%2Brisk%2Bfactors%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" title="How do you treat melanoma, its types with risk factors explained 2020" /></a></div><br /><br /><b>Stage 0:</b> The melanoma is present only in the epidermis – the top layer of the skin – and has not spread.<br /><br /><b>Stage IA (T1a, N0, M0):</b> The melanoma is still localized and is less them 0.75 millimeters thick. The tumor has spread to the upper level of the dermis – the second layer of skin.<br /><br /><b>Stage IB (T1b-2a, N0, M0):</b> The tumor is between 0.75 mm and 1.5 millimeters thick, and has penetrated further into the dermis.<br /><br /><b>Stage IIA (T2b-3a, N0, M0):</b> The tumor is now between 1.5 to 4 millimeters in depth, and has reached the lower dermis.<br /><br /><b>Stage IIB (T3b-4a, N0, M0):</b> At a thickness of more then four millimeters, the cancer has penetrated deeper than the dermis. The melanoma is, however, still localized.<br /><br /><b>Stage III (T4, any N, M0):</b> Lymph nodes have been infiltrated with melanoma cells. This may occur at any thickness.<br /><br /><b>Stage IV (any T, any N, any M1):</b> The cancer has spread to other organs, or other areas of the skin.<br /><br /> Metastasis may occur at any thickness level, and with or without lymph node involvement. This stage offers the worst prognosis.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Clark method</u></i></h4>The Clark method is a slightly different method for treating melanoma. Instead of measuring the total thickness of the tumors, the Clark stage only measures how deeply the tumor has penetrated the skin. In general, the AJCC transition system is preferred. If your doctor used the Clark methods, their levels are approximately equivalent to your AJCC scores:<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Mza21mi7P-s/XqFssOYnPAI/AAAAAAAAAo8/BXxLBe6cUzcX1pzbNJTYC_YVwnQq6NNPACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/How%2Bdo%2Byou%2Btreat%2Bmelanoma%252C%2Bits%2Btypes%2Bwith%2Brisk%2Bfactors%2Bexplained%2B2020B.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How do you treat melanoma, its types with risk factors explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Mza21mi7P-s/XqFssOYnPAI/AAAAAAAAAo8/BXxLBe6cUzcX1pzbNJTYC_YVwnQq6NNPACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/How%2Bdo%2Byou%2Btreat%2Bmelanoma%252C%2Bits%2Btypes%2Bwith%2Brisk%2Bfactors%2Bexplained%2B2020B.webp" title="How do you treat melanoma, its types with risk factors explained 2020" /></a></div><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Other prognostic factors</u></i></h4>In addition to TNM factors, the presence of tumor ulcers is also important in the prognosis. Tests may reveal high levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood. LDH levels indicate possible tissue damage. Like ulcers, high LDH levels are a negative prognostic factor.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Types of melanoma and prognosis of skin cancer</u></i></h3>While all melanoma develops from a single cell type, melanocyte, melanoma, is further divided into four subtypes, each with its own prognosis and metastatic rate. The four subtypes are classified based on their radial and vertical growth patterns. Radial growth indicates how aggressively skin cancer has spread to the skin. Vertical growth indicates how far the cancer spreads to the skin.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Superficial melanoma (SSM)</u></i></h4>Superficial melanoma is the most common type, accounting for more than two-thirds of all cases diagnosed. Skin cancer first spreads radially and slowly. As SSM increases vertically (a process lasting one to five years), the chance of metastasis increases.<br /><br />Superficial melanoma can affect any part of the body and affects people between the ages of forty and fifty on average. The disease can occur at any age and is the most common form diagnosed after puberty. Growth changes shape as the disease progresses and usually manifests as dark growth, whether flat or only slightly elevated. Superficial melanoma can appear in a variety of colors.<br />Because it tends to grow slowly, SSM has a good prognosis.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Nodular melanoma (NM)</u></i></h4>Nodular melanoma is the second most common subtype after SSM, accounting for fifteen to twenty percent of cases. It has very little radial growth, but its vertical growth rate is aggressive. As a result, NM has a high rate of early metastases. It can appear in any part of the body, although areas exposed to sunlight are the most common places.<br /><br />Unlike other subtypes, nodular melanoma does not usually begin with the mother; instead, the tumor appears on normal skin. The tumor itself is small (usually less than one or two centimeters). It is often black or reddish-brown in color and may be mistaken for blood film. The surface is raised and round, the edges are usually smooth. Nodular melanoma is usually diagnosed between the ages of forty and fifty and is often advanced at the time of diagnosis.<br /><br />Due to its rapid growth rate and frequent metastasis, the prognosis of NM is very poor.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Acral Lentigenic Melanoma (ALM)</u></i></h4>Acral lentigenic melanoma is the most common subtype in dark-skinned people: sixty percent of melanomas diagnosed in darker-skinned people are ALM. The rate is much lower in people with light skin, accounting for two to eight percent of cases.<br /><br />Acral lentigenic melanoma has a radial growth pattern and is most commonly found on the palms, soles, and under the nails. It is also found in the mucous membranes. Tumors can be quite large, often more than three inches in diameter.<br /><br />An ALM injury looks like a brown or black "spot," a blood bubble, or a bruise that doesn't heal. The disease slowly spreads radially to the skin and then begins to grow vertically. The average age at diagnosis is sixty. Like NM, acral lentiginous melanoma is often well advanced at diagnosis.<br />The prognosis of ALM is between SMM and NM. When ALM occurs on the mucosa, the prognosis is unfavorable.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Lentigo Maligna Melanoma (LMM)</u></i></h4>Lentigo maligna melanoma is the least common of the various types of melanoma, accounting for only four to ten% of cases. It most commonly occurs in areas exposed to the sun. The tumor spreads radially, rarely grows into the skin, and is usually flat. The edges of the mole are often irregular and can grow up to three to six inches.<br /><br />Lentigo maligna melanoma usually occurs after the age of seventy and is the least aggressive form of melanoma. The disease is rarely metastatic. Although LMM generally has an excellent prognosis, neglected or untreated lesions can eventually result in an unfavorable prognosis.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Eye melanoma</u></i></h4>Cancer melanocytes can also affect the eye, a condition known as ophthalmic melanoma. The cancer can spread to the eye from other locations, but the eye canoma can also be a primary tumor that originates in the eyelid or pigment layers of the eye. The symptoms are not necessarily obvious, although people may experience painful red eyes, swollen eyes, discoloration of the eyes, and vision problems in the affected area.<br /><br />Ophthalmoma is treated with laser surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Without treatment, vision can be permanently affected and cancer can spread to the brain. If metastasis is possible, the eye should be removed to prevent the cancer from spreading to other organs.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><u><i>Skin cancer surgery: Mohs surgery, node necropsy and biopsy</i></u></h3>95% of all melanoma cases are treated surgically. Surgery for skin cancer can be as simple as removing a suspicious molecule for a biopsy, or as complex as removing local lymph nodes. If the cancer has not shown metastasis, skin cancer surgery can completely cure the disease.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Easy excision and biopsy</u></i></h4>Biopsy is the main sure approach to analyze melanoma. During the biopsy, the tissue sample is cut from the body and examined for evidence of cancer microscopically. Small tumors can be completely removed by biopsy, a procedure called simple excision. Simple excision removes the tumor and the layer of normal surrounding tissue. A scar remains to remove the tumor. If the tumor is large, it is not completely emptied during the biopsy: instead, only the tissue sample is taken.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Rejection of the tumor</u></i></h4>On the off chance that the biopsy results demonstrate malignancy, re-extraction expels extra tissue from the tumor territory. The strategy endeavors to evacuate all hints of the tumor. Once the tumor has been completely removed for biopsy, the second layer of healthy tissue is removed if cancer cells have invaded the lower layers.<br /><br />The area of surrounding healthy tissue removed is determined by how deep the melanoma has penetrated the skin. Usually a millimeter deep tumor requires the removal of an inch of surrounding tissue. For tumors one millimeter thicker, two centimeters should be removed. To close the resulting wound, the surgeon can use a skin graft - a piece of skin taken from a healthy area of the body.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Mohs surgery</u></i></h4>Mohs surgery is a special form of discharge. The procedure is often used in areas of the body where normal emptying is difficult or distorting, such as the eyelids, ears and nose. Surgeons performing Mohs surgery require special training in the procedure.<br /><br />Melanoma is removed from the layer. Each layer is examined microscopically for signs of cancer. The operation continues until a layer shows a malignancy. This allows the surgeon to remove as many cancers as possible while preserving the surrounding skin tissue.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Amputation</u></i></h4>Melanoma of the toe or toe may require amputation of that number. Amputation was also once used to treat melanoma in the arms and legs, but advances in medicine offer less dramatic alternatives to such extreme measures.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Skin Laser surgery</u></i></h4>With laser skin surgery, tumors can be removed with minimal scarring. Thin melanoma growth can be removed with a carbon dioxide laser. For deeper tumors, laser skin surgery called photodynamic therapy can be used.<br /><br />Photodynamic treatment utilizes unique synthetic compounds that respond to laser light. The chemicals are injected into the tumors and then exposed to laser light. This triggers a chemical reaction that kills the tumor cells.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Sentinel lymph node biopsy</u></i></h4>If melanoma spreads, it first attacks the nearby lymph nodes. A sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) can be performed to determine if proliferation has begun. For melanoma every millimeter thicker, SLNB is recommended.<br /><br />Either dye or slightly radioactive material is injected into the tumors. This material then flows through the lymphatics and into the lymph nodes. The node closest to the tumor is indicated by a signaling node, and this will be the first to absorb the dye or radioactive material. The marker nodule is then removed for biopsy. If no cancer is found at the sentinel node, it is generally assumed that the disease has not spread further in the body.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Autopsy of the lymph nodes</u></i></h4>Because cancer is sometimes found in local lymph nodes, therapeutic lymph node dissection or TLND may be required. In TLND, suspicious or abnormal lymph nodes are removed from the cancerous area.<br /><br />Optional lymph node dissection removes all lymph nodes surrounding the tumor. ELND is more invasive than TLND and may have additional side effects. Studies have not shown that ELND improves long-term survival rates, so treatment remains controversial.<br /><br />Both therapeutic and optional lymph node dissection can result in lymphedema or fluid accumulation. Lymph nodes under the arms and in the lumbar region help fluid leak out of the body. If this ability is compromised, fluid retention may occur in certain areas of the body.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i>Adjuvant treatment for melanoma: Radiation therapy and interferon</i></h3>Most melanoma skin cancers are treated with surgery. Adjuvant treatment is a drug or therapy that is provided after surgical removal of a tumor. Adjuvant treatment is used to prevent the recurrence of melanoma and to kill cancer cells that may have avoided surgical removal.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Interferon-Alpha 2b</u></i></h4>Interferon alfa-2b is a modulator of the immune system: it stimulates the immune system and makes it more effective against cancer. Interferons are naturally occurring proteins that bind to cells and produce specific immune responses. Proteins suppress the ability of cells to replicate, slowing the growth of cancer.<br /><br />Interferon also enhances phagocytic immune cells - also white blood cells such as macrophages that surround and absorb foreign bodies. In addition, interferon increases the anti-cancer properties of lymphocytes, another form of white blood cells.<br /><br />Interferon is the only adjuvant treatment that has been shown in clinical trials to increase melanoma survival and prevent cancer recurrence. The FDA has approved interferon for use in patients at high risk of recurrent melanoma.<br /><br />Interferon treatment lasts for one year and carries a high risk of side effects. Almost all people who take interferon experience flu-like symptoms. Twenty to thirty percent experience chronic fatigue, sometimes so debilitating that you will be forced to stop taking the drug. Another two to ten percent develop psychological difficulties, most commonly depression and anxiety.<br /><br />However, the side effects can be treated. Influenza-like symptoms can be treated by altering drug levels of interferon. Antidepressants may be needed for associated psychological difficulties. Chronic fatigue is perhaps the most problematic side effect. Methylphenidate is used in clinical trials to treat fatigue.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Radiation therapy, lymph nodes and metastases</u></i></h4>Radiation therapy is not usually used as an adjuvant treatment for melanoma, although it is occasionally used when metastases have been detected in the lymph nodes. Nevertheless, its ability to prevent the recurrence of melanoma and the spread of cancer in the lymph nodes remains unproven.<br />Clinical trials are investigating the use of radiation therapy to treat metastases.<br /><br />Studies are ongoing to evaluate the safety and efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery. Stereotactic radiological surgery uses a narrow-focus beam to kill tumors. The method can be used to treat melanoma that has been transmitted to the brain.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Palliative care in patients with melanoma</u></i></h3>Palliative care does not cure melanoma. Instead, treatments reduce symptoms and reduce disease progression. Palliative care is most commonly used for advanced or metastatic skin cancer, although treatment to reduce symptoms can be used at any stage of the disease.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Surgical care</u></i></h4>Once melanoma shows metastasis, surgery is no longer able to cure skin cancer. However, surgical removal of the original tumor can help slow the disease and relieve advanced symptoms such as bleeding, pain, and tumor ulcers.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Radiotherapy</u></i></h4>Although radiation therapy is rarely used for the direct treatment of melanoma, it is often used in palliative care. When melanoma shows metastasis to other parts of the body, radiation therapy can be used to reduce symptoms and relieve pain. Melanoma tends to cause breakthroughs in the lymph nodes, brain and bones, although the cancer can spread anywhere on the body.<br /><br />External radiation therapy delivers a highly focused beam of skin to the tumors, destroying the cancer cells. Another method, internal radiation therapy, works by placing small radioactive materials called radioactive isotopes as close to the tumors as possible. The proximity of radioisotopes to cancer cells allows them to deliver higher doses of radiation for extended periods of time while reducing the exposure of healthy tissues to radiation exposure.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Chemotherapy and isolated limb perfusion</u></i></h4>Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill fast-growing cells. Drugs are systemic, meaning they affect the whole body, not just cancer cells. As a result, fast-growing cells are damaged during chemotherapy and can lead to side effects such as hair loss, fatigue, and nausea.<br /><br />If the melanoma is limited to a single limb, an experimental procedure called hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion is possible. A tower is applied to the limb to temporarily stop blood flow. The chemotherapeutic drug is then delivered to the limb. Theoretically, this allows the maximum effect of chemotherapy on cancer cells while minimizing exposure of the rest of the body to the drug. Isolated limb perfusion is under clinical investigation and is currently only available in clinical trials.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Clinical trials: Dacarbazine and MDX-010</u></i></h4>Dacarbazine is a drug that can slow or stop the growth of cancer cells, making it a possible treatment for melanoma in metastomosis. The efficacy of dacarbazine in combination with other drugs is being investigated in clinical trials.<br /><br />An antibody called MDX-010 is currently being studied for its effect in the treatment of melanoma that is metastatic in combination with dacarbazine. MDX-010 targets a molecule called CTLA-4, which is found on T cells. CTLA-4 suppresses the immune system. MDX-010 targets and blocks CTLA-4, stimulates the immune system and strengthens the body's natural defenses.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Upcoming skin cancer and melanoma treatments</u></i></h3>Clinical trials are exploring exciting new treatments for skin cancer and melanoma. Gene therapy research in melanoma is a particularly important and stimulating branch of ongoing clinical trials.<br />Gene therapy research attempts to introduce genetic material into cancer melanocytes to make them more "visible" to the immune system. Alternatively, genetic material can be added to a tumor that makes skin cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy or other drugs.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Search for a melanoma vaccine</u></i></h4>Most people are familiar with vaccines. Vaccines against measles, meningitis and chickenpox protect people from diseases. Melanoma vaccination would not be preventive. Instead, the treatment is used to prevent the disease from happening again after surgery, or to help the immune system recognize a pre-existing but unnoticed tumor.<br /><br />The human immune system is not good enough to tell the difference between cancerous and healthy tissues. For the cancer vaccine to work, the treatment must make it easier for the immune system to separate the two types of tissue.<br /><br />Four major cancer vaccines are currently being studied in clinical trials. The researchers hope that these studies will result in an FDA-approved melanoma vaccine in the near future.<br />Antigen Vaccination: An antigen vaccine obtains proteins from melanoma cells or healthy melanocytes. These proteins or antigens can elicit immune responses. Antigens are combined with substances that also trigger the immune system.<br /><br />Once reintroduced into the body, the modified antigens are targeted and destroyed by the immune system. Theoretically, this teaches the immune system to target the same antigens in cancerous tissues.<br /><br />Proteins tested for antigen vaccines include tyrosinase, gp100, MART-1 peptides, and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2).<br /><br /><b>Dendritic Cell Vaccine:</b> Dendritic cells are white blood cells (WBCs) that play an important role in the immune system. Melanoma antigens are collected from the tumor and tested for the patient's own dendritic cells in Petri dishes. As soon as dendritic cells "learn" to detect antigens as a threat, they re-enter the bloodstream. Here, WBCs activate immune T cells, which proliferate and kill cancer cells that contain antigens.<br /><br /><b>DNA inoculation:</b> DNA strands from melanoma cells are reproduced in the laboratory and serve as antigens for antigen presenting cells (APCs). Antigen-infected APCs are then reintroduced into the body, where the DNA antigens present them to the immune system. In this way, the immune system recognizes the DNA as "bad" and can then attack melanoma cells that contain the same "bad" DNA.<br /><br />Whole cell vaccines: Whole cell vaccines were the first type of cancer vaccine evaluated in clinical trials, and more vaccines could receive FDA approval over the next few years. Dead tumor cells are also removed from another person’s patient and provide a number of different antigens that can be used to train the immune system.<br /><br />Clinical studies have shown that some people live longer when treated with modified whole cells. Material from the patient’s own tumor gives the best response, but such “individualized” treatment is quite expensive.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Current gene therapy research: Allovectin-7</u></i></h4>Allovectin-7 is an experimental drug that stimulates the immune system in a way that is slightly different from the vaccines discussed above. Allovectin-7 is injected directly into the tumor, where melanoma tumors express a gene known as HLA-B7. Because HLA-B7 does not usually occur in humans, research suggests that due to its presence, tumor cells can trigger the immune system, virtually <a href="https://informationweek.com/profile.asp" target="_blank">resulting</a> in its own <a href="https://www.ted.com/profiles/20773915" target="_blank">destruction</a>.<br /><div><br /></div></div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-39714055544307965702020-04-22T17:08:00.000+05:302020-05-07T18:06:47.445+05:30Information on thrush, symptoms, causes and treatment explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Csf25gxUtnc/XqAqFphdmRI/AAAAAAAAAoE/8R-E_5GjLWo6GtJsSY9FLtOLhO4qUMniQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Information%2Bon%2Bthrush%252C%2Bsymptoms%252C%2Bcauses%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Information on thrush, symptoms, causes and treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Csf25gxUtnc/XqAqFphdmRI/AAAAAAAAAoE/8R-E_5GjLWo6GtJsSY9FLtOLhO4qUMniQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Information%2Bon%2Bthrush%252C%2Bsymptoms%252C%2Bcauses%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" title="Information on thrush, symptoms, causes and treatment explained 2020" /></a></div><br /><h3 style="text-align: center;"><u>Information on thrush, symptoms, causes and treatment explained 2020</u></h3>Thrush, also known as candidiasis, is a yeast infection that most commonly occurs in the mouth. This is caused by a fungus called Candida albicans ("Candida"), which occurs naturally in the intestines, vagina and even the skin. Bacteria living in the wet environment of the body are usually controlled by Candida.<br /><br />Candida is often referred to as an "opportunistic" microorganism. This means that it does not usually cause disease, but under special conditions, such as a weakened immune system, it becomes a pathogen - it can cause disease.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Common oral thrush symptoms</u></i></h4>Symptoms of thrush most commonly occur in the mouth and sometimes in the throat. Candidiasis often causes painful, mildly discovered ulcers or skin lesions that usually appear creamy white. Cottage cheese-like, crisp white "cottage cheese" in the mouth and dry mouth are common symptoms of oral rigosis.<br /><br />Candidiasis in the mouth can spread to the esophagus, making swallowing painful or difficult.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><u>Symptoms of thrush</u></h3>Candida albicans thrives in humid environments such as wrinkles on wet skin and mucous membranes. Symptoms of skin rash are usually red itchy patches of skin, redness around the nails or around the nails, and in some cases hair loss.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Vaginal thrush: symptoms of yeast infection</u></i></h4>Most women experience vaginal thrush symptoms at least once in their lives, and some women have a chronic version that often recurs. Symptoms of vaginal thrush include itching and a burning sensation in the vagina and vulva, especially when urinating. Thrush can also cause pain and swelling. Symptoms are accompanied by a thick white or clear discharge with a characteristic yeast odor.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Thrush infections in the mouth</u></i></h4>Oral thrush is the most common type of Candidiasis. This oral infection is caused by Candida albicans, the same microorganism that causes vaginal yeast infections in women.<br />Typical symptoms of the oral cavities are jaws and white patches or plaques inside the tongue. People with oral cavities often feel they have a barrier that causes “difficulty” in the throat area. On the other hand, oral candidiasis may become undetectable without symptoms or signs.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><u>Diagnosis of oral thrush</u></h4>Candida can multiply in the mouth for several reasons, including damage to the immune system or taking antibiotics. If oral thrush is suspected, your doctor will follow specific procedures to diagnose the oral infection.<br /><br />To diagnose Candidiasis, the doctor simply picks up a scratch of skin to see it under a microscope. Candida albicans is easily identifiable, especially when the sample is used to grow a culture. The latter procedure confirms the diagnosis of oral thrush.<br /><br /><b><i><u>Who gets oral thrush?</u></i></b><br /><br />Persistent illness and stress are factors that seem to reduce disease resistance. Conditions and medications that reduce the effectiveness of the immune system generally allow the spread of fungi that cause oral thrush.<br /><br />People taking corticosteroids, people with HIV or AIDS, and the elderly usually get oral thrush. In addition, patients with uncontrolled diabetes and pregnant women are at increased risk for oral thrush.<br /><br />In denture wearers, the area under the discs provides a great environment for Candida albicans. Oral candidiasis is common in the elderly, especially those who wear dentures.<br /><br />Infants and young children receive oral thrush. See our baby thrush page for more information on identifying and treating the disease. Oral thrush in young children usually does not indicate the development of any other disease or condition.<br /><br />However, oral thrush in normal healthy adolescents and adults may be a sign of an undiagnosed disease such as HIV or diabetes. See your primary care physician if family members of any age have oral thrush that doesn't seem to react to treatment.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Prevention of oral thrush</u></i></h4>With proper oral hygiene, you can prevent mouth sores, which include brushing your mouth and brushing your teeth regularly. If you are wearing dentures, clean them daily, rinse after a meal, and clean any remaining teeth and gums with a soft brush.<br />Avoid taking antibiotics without your doctor's supervision and follow the instructions carefully. Excessive use of antibacterial diamonds can cause oral thrush.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Complications of oral thrush</u></i></h4>Because an oral thrush infection can be painful and make it difficult to eat, untreated (or unnoticed in infants) infections can result in inadequate food intake. Untreated candidiasis can lead to make swallowing more difficult as it spread to the esophagus. Candida can also spread to the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and skin.<br /><br />Angular chelitis is another complication of oral thrush. People with deep wrinkles in the corner of their mouth or poorly fitting dentures can build up excess saliva in the corner of their mouth. Oral thrush blooms in these wet folds, causing cracking and pain, especially when smiling, eating or talking.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Thrush in infants and breastfeeding mothers</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l_JLdR2yqdk/XqAqY8rcxMI/AAAAAAAAAoM/c7V3r-dfKv04PZ_NsBWMBk6rRuWD5h2oACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Information%2Bon%2Bthrush%252C%2Bsymptoms%252C%2Bcauses%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Information on thrush, symptoms, causes and treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="673" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l_JLdR2yqdk/XqAqY8rcxMI/AAAAAAAAAoM/c7V3r-dfKv04PZ_NsBWMBk6rRuWD5h2oACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Information%2Bon%2Bthrush%252C%2Bsymptoms%252C%2Bcauses%2Band%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" title="Information on thrush, symptoms, causes and treatment explained 2020" /></a></div><br />The baby thrush is especially annoying because it can be transferred from the baby to the mother and back. Thrush, or candidiasis, is caused by the spread of the fungus Candida albicans. New mothers, whether breastfeeding or not, should breastfeed to identify the symptoms of the stroller and seek treatment immediately.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Signs of baby Thrush</u></i></h4>The baby thrush is usually seen on the baby’s lips and face. It is seen on both the gums and the tongue. While the milk leaves a thick white coating on the baby’s tongue, the thrush will look even thicker. If you wipe your baby’s tongue or other parts of your mouth on your white body and these are easy to remove, it’s likely it’s just milk. If they don’t come out easily, your baby may have oral thrush or candidiasis.<br /><br />Another way to differentiate between the baby thrush and the milk residue is for the milk spots to come and go, while the thrushes do not.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Baby thrush and breastfeeding</u></i></h4>Candidiasis can infect the nipple area for a breastfeeding mother. Once the mother is infected, the fungus can return to the baby during breastfeeding, leading to a chronic stroller.<br /><br />Candida infection of the nipples can be very painful. Cracks and redness may develop around the nipple and the mother may feel burning and itching. Thrush can cause flaking or dry skin. The thrush can spread inside the breast and infect the milk ducts. The mother may experience severe shooting pains in the breast during or after breastfeeding.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><u>The diaper rash connection</u></h4>The baby also gets thrush in the form of a diaper rash. Remember that candida blooms in wet and warm areas. In particular, the diaper area and the folds in the skin of the legs and groin are the most sensitive. Baby thrush rarely occurs on the baby’s buttocks.<br /><br />A baby thrush that appears as a diaper rash looks like a rash of tiny red spots or may form larger red spots with transparent edges. The affected area can be quite painful.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Treatment of oral thrush and vaginal yeast infection</u></i></h3>The thrush can be prevented with a few fairly simple measures. Women who are prone to vaginal yeast infection should notify their doctor, especially if they are prescribed antibiotics. Killing the bacteria that cause infection also kills the beneficial bacteria that control Candida albicans, the fungus that causes yeast infections.<br /><br />Because the mucous membranes and other warm, wet areas of the body provide a great environment for thrush, it is essential to treat the skin surface to reduce moisture and have good oral hygiene conditions for prevention.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Topical and oral thrush treatment</u></i></h4>Oral thrush can be treated with nystatin rinse or diamonds. Nystatin is the gold standard in thrush treatment. The idea is to keep in contact with nystatin for as long as possible. Nistatin mouthwash should be circulated in the mouth four times a day, kept in the mouth for as long as possible. Nystatin candies should be sucked slowly and should not be chewed or swallowed too quickly.<br /><br />Vaginal thrush is treated with oral tablets, vaginal creams or suppositories. Some branded products are Fungizone®, Gyne-Lotrimin®, Monistat® and Mycostatin®. Mycostatin is a brand name for nystatin.<br /><br />Thrush infections of the nails and skin can be treated with similar creams and ointments. They work well in the affected areas, including the genitals, corners of the mouth and skin folds. The treatment is most effective when the cream or ointment is rubbed gently and thoroughly.<br /><br />The over-the-counter treatment for the siren includes products that lighten the athlete’s foot and relieve itching.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Oral antifungal agents for the treatment of thrush</u></i></h4>Some doctors prescribe a single oral dose of fluconazole to treat a vaginal yeast infection. Other "azole" drugs used to treat candidiasis include itraconazole and ketoconazole.<br /><br />These oral treatments are not recommended for pregnant women. In fact, doctors who prescribe these insist that women use contraceptives to avoid the occurrence of pregnancy in the treatment of vaginal thrush, as these substances have been linked to birth defects in animal experiments. Topical treatment of vaginal yeast infections occurs during pregnancy.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i>Systemic thrush treatments</i></h4>Patients with a compromised immune system, such as those with HIV or AIDS or receiving anticancer drugs, may need cancer treatment. Treatments include azole drugs: ketoconazole (brand name Nizoral®), fluconazole (brand name Diflucan®) and itroconazole (brand name Sporanox®). Following your pharmacist’s instructions is critical: some of these should be taken with meals to help your stomach acids be absorbed.<br /><br />If these treatments are not effective against systemic thrush, your doctor may give you an intravenous injection of Fungizone (also known as amphotericin B). <a href="https://sites.duke.edu/english390-5_01_s2013/#comment-168230" target="_blank">Treatment</a> is usually limited to about two weeks due to serious possible side effects such as <a href="https://informationweek.com/profile.asp" target="_blank">anemia</a> and kidney disease.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Frequently asked questions about thrush treatment</u></i></h3><b>Question: Do I need a prescription for thrush creams and suppositories?</b><br /><br />A. No, many treatments for thrush are not prescription drugs. However, a yeast infection can indicate a sign of an underlying disease, so you should discuss treatment options with your doctor to avoid the risk of other infections or infertility.<br /><br /><b>Question: Can thrush spread among sexual partners?</b><br /><br />A. Because thrush can pass between an infant and a mother, you will of course assume that both sexual partners need to be treated if there is a thrush in one of them. However, clinical trials in which the treatment of the male partner coincided with the treatment of vaginal yeast infection did not yield significant results.<br /><br /><b>Question: Do thrush treatments have side effects?</b><br /><br />A. Yes, some people feel a burning sensation when they are very sensitive to the creams and ointments used in treatment. Other side effects are rare, but you should read the insert that came with the medicine to be aware of any unusual symptoms that need to be reported to your doctor.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-49222979962126283102020-04-21T16:16:00.000+05:302020-05-07T18:02:22.925+05:30Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma symptoms and its causes with treatment 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma symptoms and its causes with treatment 2020</u></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fAtYB72L--Q/Xp7KRVl9DLI/AAAAAAAAAnc/9hGZJa_IFIgnZiSO5mT3W3ah2-2WXGOiQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Non%2BHodgkin%2527s%2BLymphoma%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Bits%2Bcauses%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2B2020A.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma symptoms and its causes with treatment 2020" border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fAtYB72L--Q/Xp7KRVl9DLI/AAAAAAAAAnc/9hGZJa_IFIgnZiSO5mT3W3ah2-2WXGOiQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Non%2BHodgkin%2527s%2BLymphoma%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Bits%2Bcauses%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2B2020A.webp" title="Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma symptoms and its causes with treatment 2020" /></a></div><br /><b><u>Introduction</u></b><br /><br />Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) refers to a group of closely related cancers that affect white blood cells in the lymphatic system.<br /><br />All types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are divided into two main groups: B-cell lymphomas derived from abnormal B lymphocytes and T-cell lymphomas derived from abnormal T lymphocytes. The disease most often presents as a malignancy of the lymph nodes, but the cancer can also affect other organs, such as the central nervous system or the skin.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Common non-Hodgkin's lymphoma symptoms</u></i></h3>Symptoms may vary from individual to individual. It is very dependent on the location of the tumor in the body. Sometimes, in the early stages, NHL is asymptomatic (asymptomatic).<br />The most common symptom can usually be painless swelling of the lymph nodes, usually in the neck, above the collar bone or in the chest area, underarms, loins, legs or ankles. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can begin anywhere in the lymphatic framework or in organs, for example, the spleen or digestive organs.<br /><br />Although some lymphomas are localized, the disease can spread to distant parts of the body outside of the lymphatic system.<br /><br />Other symptoms associated with NHL may include fever, night sweats, difficulty breathing, cough, nausea, persistent itching, poor appetite, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i>Overview of lymphoma symptoms</i></h3>Symptoms of lymphoma can range from non-existent to severe. In extreme cases, such as when the disease affects the central nervous system, the patient may suffer from confusion and / or seizures and acute neurological disorders. However, most patients do not experience pain or discomfort, especially in the early stages.<br /><br />Unfortunately, many of the symptoms of the disease are not specific, and the disease is often confused with other common diseases such as colds, flu, or respiratory infections. Of course, most people who report non-specific symptoms do not have lymphoma, but anyone who experiences persistent symptoms should see a doctor to rule out the possibility of lymphoma.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Non-specific lymphoma symptoms:</u></i></h4><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>fever</li><li>perspiration</li><li>chills</li><li>unexplained weight loss</li><li>itching</li><li>fatigue</li><li>lack of energy.</li></ul><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Physical examination of lymphoma</u></i></h4>If lymphoma is suspected, a complete physical examination should be performed. The doctor feels (feels) the lumps in the neck, under the chin, around the tonsils, shoulders, elbows, under the arms, and in the groin area. Other parts of the body are also examined to see if there is swelling in the chest or abdomen, especially in the spleen and liver.<br /><br />Any signs of the presence of lymphoma seen on physical examination will be followed by additional diagnostic tests, such as biopsy, blood test, x-ray, scan, and possibly bone marrow and cerebrospinal fluid.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><u>Common lymphoma symptoms</u></h4>The most common symptom is usually painless, swollen lymph nodes or underarms. Some people may also experience enlarged lymph nodes in other parts of the body, such as the spleen, groin, legs, or ankles. In addition, swelling may occur in the abdomen, where enlarged lymph nodes may cause discomfort or swelling.<br /><br />Other common symptoms may include fever, fatigue and anemia, the latter due to low red blood cells. The patient may also have an increase in infection, which can be caused by a lower number of functioning white blood cells and damage to the immune system.<br />In most cases, however, the patient does not suffer pain in the early stages of the disease.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Less common lymphoma symptoms</u></i></h4>In some cases, swollen lymph nodes can cause compression of the blood vessels, where expanding lymphoma can cause edema (swollen tissue) or thrombosis (blood clots).<br />Very rarely, lymphoma can be found in the eye, testicles, skeleton, or central nervous system.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Typical symptoms associated with lymphoma:</u></i></h4><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>painless swollen lymph nodes in the neck, chest, armpits, groin or spleen</li><li>sweating and / or fever, especially at night</li><li>abnormal fatigue</li><li>losing weight</li><li>anorexia</li><li>persistent itching</li><li>persistent cough</li><li>persistent shortness of breath (especially if the chest is affected)</li><li>pain in the lymph nodes after drinking alcohol.</li></ul><br /><br />The physician may use the categories "systemic" or "A" and "B" if he refers to the stage or location of the disease.<br /><br />"Systemic" means that the symptoms affect the whole body. Such symptoms may include sweating, fever or weight loss. The systemic symptoms are "B." also called a category. Category "A", on the other hand, is used to describe a patient without systemic symptoms.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Causes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma</u></i></h3>Like HD, the causes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are not known. However, the risk factors are similar to those of Hodgkin’s disease. Possible factors include:<br /><br />The majority of people diagnosed with NHL are over the age of fifty: About ninety percent of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas occur in adults, and the risk increases with age. The majority of people diagnosed with the disease are fifty years old. NHL is more common in men than women. However, research has also shown that young children are slightly more at risk for developing NHL if they are born with an immune deficiency.<br /><br />Defective immune system: People with immune system disorders or immunocompromised individuals are at greater risk.<br /><br />HIV / AIDS: People with HIV-infected or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are more likely to develop NHL.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3GUm7tlaSuM/Xp7KuQ4iW1I/AAAAAAAAAnk/lk4wMfjNFiIA0Axy77mgUM0icKwSgZXdACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Non%2BHodgkin%2527s%2BLymphoma%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Bits%2Bcauses%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2B2020.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma symptoms and its causes with treatment 2020" border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3GUm7tlaSuM/Xp7KuQ4iW1I/AAAAAAAAAnk/lk4wMfjNFiIA0Axy77mgUM0icKwSgZXdACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Non%2BHodgkin%2527s%2BLymphoma%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Bits%2Bcauses%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2B2020.webp" title="Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma symptoms and its causes with treatment 2020" /></a></div><br /><br /><b>Infection and Burkitt's lymphoma:</b> Several recent studies have shown that infection with Epstein-Barr virus (the virus responsible for mononucleosis) can significantly increase an individual's chances of developing malignancies, especially Burkitt's lymphoma. In addition, people who are infected with other viruses, such as T-lymphotropic virus type 1, also have a slightly increased risk.<br /><br /><b>Drugs:</b> The drug relationship is particularly relevant to individuals who have been treated with certain medications for other cancers. An association has also been established between dilantin, an anticonvulsant drug, and the likelihood of developing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.<br /><br /><b>Chemotherapy:</b> Studies have shown that individuals treated with certain chemotherapeutic drugs may be at increased risk of developing NHL, with a probability of approximately It peaks in five to ten years.<br /><br /><b>Radiation:</b> Radiation therapy for other cancer patients slightly increases the likelihood of developing NHL in later years. This risk additionally applies to people who have been exposed to atomic radiation previously.<br /><br /><b>Organ transplantation:</b> Recipients of organ transplantation who are taking immunosuppressive drugs to counteract organ rejection are particularly at risk.<br /><br /><b>Carcinogens, chemicals, and environmental contaminants:</b> Frequent exposure to certain petrochemicals, herbicides, and insecticides, such as herbicides, fertilizers, and insecticides, has been associated with a higher likelihood of developing NHL. The utilization of solvents containing phenoxy acids, as well as occupational exposure to wood, may likewise improve the probability of creating NHL.<br /><br /><b>Genetics:</b> Recent studies suggest that a genetic predisposition to develop NHL is possible in people born with a deficient or weakened immune system. Further research is needed to explore the possibility of a hereditary relationship.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Lymphoma treatments: chemotherapy, radiation therapy and experimental methods</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eKkW5BPzalc/Xp7N8QG2GhI/AAAAAAAAAnw/3KcV4zNHBpI_SMLJghRpf8FeZlWpYKEXwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Non%2BHodgkin%2527s%2BLymphoma%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Bits%2Bcauses%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2B2020D.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma symptoms and its causes with treatment 2020" border="0" data-original-height="352" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eKkW5BPzalc/Xp7N8QG2GhI/AAAAAAAAAnw/3KcV4zNHBpI_SMLJghRpf8FeZlWpYKEXwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Non%2BHodgkin%2527s%2BLymphoma%2Bsymptoms%2Band%2Bits%2Bcauses%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2B2020D.webp" title="Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma symptoms and its causes with treatment 2020" /></a></div><br />Physicians today have a number of options for approaching lymphoma, depending on the type, stage, and degree of the tumor or tumors, as well as other clinical prognostic factors.<br /><br />For example, radiotherapy should only be used if the lymphoma is localized and has not yet spread to other parts or the body. In more severe cases, intensive chemotherapy should be required using a single drug or combination of drugs. Chemotherapy tends best to treat fast-growing and aggressive tumors.<br /><br />Occasionally, for certain advanced non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, when the patient does not respond to other approaches, bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation may be used.<br />Treatment of lymphomas may also include a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. In some cases, no treatment is used if the patient shows no symptoms. This strategy is often referred to as attentive anticipation.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Current non-Hodgkin lymphoma treatments and Clinical trials</u></i></h4>The treatment strategy for NHL depends on several factors, including the type, stage, degree, and extent of lymphoma, as well as individual prognosis. Patients under the age of sixty tend to respond better than patients over the age of sixty. In younger patients, a better prognosis may be due to their ability to tolerate higher drug doses and resist the invasive side effects of various therapies.<br /><br />Most patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma get some type of chemotherapy, radiation treatment, natural treatment, bone or stem cell transplantation, or a combination of therapies. Surgery is also needed very occasionally.<br /><br />In addition to traditional treatments based on chemotherapy and radiation therapy, a number of clinical trials are testing new approaches for many types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The results to date are impressive, with a number of advances, such as monoclonal antibody therapy, which is currently proving particularly effective in patients with aggressive forms of NHL.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>The importance of clinical trials</u></i></h4>Some patients have the opportunity to participate in clinical trials to evaluate promising new treatments for NHL. Participants in the clinical trial are vital in the fight against non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i>General treatment strategies for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma</i></h4><b>"Watch and wait"</b><br />If the patient is asymptomatic or causes swelling that does not cause discomfort, doctors are more likely to “watch and wait” than to initiate aggressive forms of treatment. However, the disease is carefully controlled; in this situation, waiting does not adversely affect the outcome of future treatment.<br /><b><u>Radiotherapy</u></b><br />Radiation is often used in the early stages of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma or when the tumor is localized. In these situations, the five-year relative survival rate can be as high as 95 to 100 percent. Radiation treatment can be utilized alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Radiation therapy is sometimes used to relieve symptoms that may occur when other internal organs are affected.<br /><b><u>Chemotherapy</u></b><br />Chemotherapy remains one of the most widely used forms of NHL treatment. Chemotherapy is used as a single high-dose drug or drug combination, and is often used in conjunction with radiation therapy.<br />C<b>ombination chemotherapy</b><br />The standard treatment for aggressive, diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma is cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, commonly referred to as CHOP.<br /><b><u>Single treatment</u></b><br />A single treatment is usually used for less aggressive lymphomas, when the patient has a bulky mass tumor or is overly suffering from other NHL symptoms. The most commonly used single alkylating agents are chlorambucil (Leukeran®) and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®). Chlorambucil is given daily as tablets, while cyclophosphamide is given as an injection every three to four weeks.<br /><b>G-CSF</b><br />Several recent clinical trials have shown that the use of filgrastim, a growth factor known as granulocyte colony factor (G-CSF), can increase the number of immune cells in the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells of patients after chemotherapy. Researchers say G-CSF can significantly improve a person’s immune system and help restore bone marrow suppression associated with high-dose chemotherapy.<br /><b><u>Steroids</u></b><br />Steroid drugs are sometimes used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to treat NHL.<br /><b><u>Surgery</u></b><br />Generally, surgery is only recommended if the NHL tumor affects other internal organs.<br /><br /><b><u>Autologous transplants</u></b><br />Autologous transplantation is a promising new treatment that involves infusing autologous (patient’s own) peripheral blood progenitor cells after high-dose therapy (HDT). The goal is to allow a high dose of chemotherapy through the subsequent replacement of the patient’s healthy cells. HDT is known to cause severe bone marrow suppression, severe complications, and infections. However, with this new form of treatment, the patient's own blood cells are rescued before treatment and then injected to build up the bone marrow.<br /><br />Although stem cell and bone marrow transplants are a relatively new concept, the results of several clinical trials show that autologous transplants are particularly effective in the treatment of large B-cell, follicular, and mantle cell lymphomas. Autologous transplants can indeed be a breakthrough in the treatment of advanced and unresponsive cases of NHL.<br /><br />Other new developments include the use of cell transplants from other healthy individuals (allogeneic transplantation). A further approach is needed to determine the effectiveness of this approach.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Monoclonal antibodies</u></i></h4>In recent clinical trials, rituximab (MabThera®, Rituxan®, or anti-CD20), a monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 B-cell antigen, has a therapeutic effect in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.<br /><br />They include monoclonal antibodies currently produced for the treatment of lymphoma, including the unmodified rituximab antibody, Campath 1H (anti-CD52) and epratuzumab (anti-CD22). The results to date are encouraging.<br /><br />In addition, randomized trials are performed in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma to compare CHOP chemotherapy with rituximab and CHOP alone.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><u>Zevalin has obtained FDA approval</u></h4>FDA approval of the combination of Zevalin ™ (February 2002) and Rituxan showed a breakthrough in the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Zevalin is approved for patients who have not responded to standard chemotherapy with a single dose of Rituxan.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Radioimmunotherapy</u></i></b></h4>Radioimmunotherapy can be used alone or in combination with conventional chemotherapy and involves the use of additional "hybrid" radioactive antibodies to target radiation or toxins to cancer cells, such as radioactive iodine (I-131) and yttrium (Y-90). This involves attaching radioisotopes to the antibody to kill cancer cells more effectively while minimizing damage to the patient’s healthy cell tissue.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Child-specific treatments for the NHL</u></i></h4>Much attention is currently being paid to clinical trials for the special treatment of childhood lymphomas. The treatment of the three main types of childhood non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma depends on the stage of the child’s disease and the histological method (what the cancer cells look like under a microscope). The child’s age and general health are also important factors.<br /><br />Much attention is currently being paid to clinical trials aimed at finding specific treatments for childhood lymphomas that cause minimal damage to healthy cell tissue in a developing child. For example, several studies are testing new <a href="https://medium.com/@vijay1968196/what-is-hemophilia-and-its-symptoms-with-treatment-explained-2020-8a3234807810" target="_blank">treatments</a> for advanced stages of childhood non-<a href="https://medium.com/@vijay1968196/types-of-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-explained-2020-955a97d9fd71" target="_blank">Hodgkin’s </a><a href="https://medium.com/@vijay1968196/information-on-thrush-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-explained-2020-85f2ce3bcf17" target="_blank">lymphoma</a>.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i>Useful NHL treatment terminology</i></h3><b><u>Primary therapy:</u></b> This term refers to the first therapy used to treat the disease.<br />Partial Remission: Reduced to less than half the original tumor size after treatment.<br /><br /><b><u>Improvement:</u></b> After treatment, the tumor shrinks, but is still more than half its original size.<br /><br /><b><u>Complete remission:</u></b> All signs of disease disappear after treatment; however, this does not mean complete eradication of the disease.<br /><br /><b><u>Sustained remission:</u></b> Complete remission after primary therapy should be maintained for a long time (usually five years).<br /><br /><b><u>Healing:</u></b> This term is used very carefully by doctors, referring to situations where there are no signs of the disease for at least five years after treatment.<br /><br /><b><u>Refractory Disease:</u></b> This indicates a tumor that is resistant to treatment.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-31169120145500688572020-04-19T22:02:00.001+05:302020-05-07T17:54:03.204+05:30One of the largest organs of human body the liver disorder and symptom<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><h2 style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aHpo5dV2ef8/Xpx1QUYDZMI/AAAAAAAAAm0/0kDQAGawleEfX7GFVMxAiEUphDpopQEggCEwYBhgLKs0DAL1OcqyzddjOYm_JZ9cSbmNe2BlGM5C13JtRniKQK-qN5pa_NJ0wdRENXJrqqpiFqmNi2b5u0ICmpQX4h_GNqaLPGc1REuDZUGmcUzhKFWZs0ZpT90k3GCCRBAM4I3ACg3o2GQmwVpCIIuZlMSDozc8E6Wa4z2OiTsf-pOQKmrawU2Ojr65ytjxsPVyNZjfIMlKwRZcBFjkijPx0utjv18nIn9Pa6-yQgVXspd19oYHKvSEwl1yKmmDvf7xRCOnhFxxGUJINszHtHLi-WnndBJoJptG8t9HahHqNJazvlDrgd50TGrgme1xfmah5UqQlmeyM7iTnBG0xPxbrkgp5pb31K7mxZEwrfrwZGqmo64yold1lwvMKdyUry9UvaFRHYmeLEkEnCLoX5jmSwVTiy-0WmTVW97MjDIF5m6wbBs4hMulgU6mPyzU24GPwIwfgbTE_G5L3DlbSTPRb9Pu7TU6eCs-89YKM4vZXMet2Oi9c1K7ttm4B8Ueb1t5r8eA39CCEI2ymiDEhNWD8mVbu66NbqOyBVB-eDbB_Y9RYv-9uP-MpbEZO3zR--PYA7xFZggOFWjFj_oVNcBO4imHPwM_hVXU3fInmclpmgDMw0u_x9AU/s1600/One%2Bof%2Bthe%2Blargest%2Borgans%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Bbody%2Bthe%2Bliver%2Bdisorder%2Band%2Bsymptom1.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="One of the largest organs of human body the liver disorder and symptom" border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aHpo5dV2ef8/Xpx1QUYDZMI/AAAAAAAAAm0/0kDQAGawleEfX7GFVMxAiEUphDpopQEggCEwYBhgLKs0DAL1OcqyzddjOYm_JZ9cSbmNe2BlGM5C13JtRniKQK-qN5pa_NJ0wdRENXJrqqpiFqmNi2b5u0ICmpQX4h_GNqaLPGc1REuDZUGmcUzhKFWZs0ZpT90k3GCCRBAM4I3ACg3o2GQmwVpCIIuZlMSDozc8E6Wa4z2OiTsf-pOQKmrawU2Ojr65ytjxsPVyNZjfIMlKwRZcBFjkijPx0utjv18nIn9Pa6-yQgVXspd19oYHKvSEwl1yKmmDvf7xRCOnhFxxGUJINszHtHLi-WnndBJoJptG8t9HahHqNJazvlDrgd50TGrgme1xfmah5UqQlmeyM7iTnBG0xPxbrkgp5pb31K7mxZEwrfrwZGqmo64yold1lwvMKdyUry9UvaFRHYmeLEkEnCLoX5jmSwVTiy-0WmTVW97MjDIF5m6wbBs4hMulgU6mPyzU24GPwIwfgbTE_G5L3DlbSTPRb9Pu7TU6eCs-89YKM4vZXMet2Oi9c1K7ttm4B8Ueb1t5r8eA39CCEI2ymiDEhNWD8mVbu66NbqOyBVB-eDbB_Y9RYv-9uP-MpbEZO3zR--PYA7xFZggOFWjFj_oVNcBO4imHPwM_hVXU3fInmclpmgDMw0u_x9AU/s1600/One%2Bof%2Bthe%2Blargest%2Borgans%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Bbody%2Bthe%2Bliver%2Bdisorder%2Band%2Bsymptom1.webp" title="One of the largest organs of human body the liver disorder and symptom" /></a></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u><br /></u></i></h3><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>One of the largest organs of human body the liver disorder and symptom</u></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Fact and information about liver disorders</u></i></b></h3><b>One of the largest organs of the human body</b>, and of course one of the most important, the liver performs more than five hundred functions in terms of survival and good health. Store vitamins, sugars and fats. It builds, regulates and maintains the necessary body chemicals and removes waste products from the blood. The liver likewise separates destructive substances such as toxins. At any given moment, thirteen percent of your blood supply moves through this important organ.<br /><br />The liver is a persistent organ; it is the only one in the human body that can regenerate itself. After destroying three-quarters, it can still work. Well protected, located behind the lower right ribs. However, certain diseases and health conditions can seriously compromise the body’s ability to perform its essential functions. Liver damage, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or cancer, can lead to a life-threatening condition.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Symptoms of liver problems</u></i></h4>Symptoms vary depending on the current disease. Most people are familiar with baby jaundice, yellowing of the skin, and whitening of the eyes in newborns. Bilirubin is a pigment that processes waste products in the liver and is usually excreted. Too high bilirubin in the bloodstream causes the baby to develop jaundice. While the disease usually resolves in the newborn without the need for treatment, adult jaundice is a serious medical problem.<br /><br />The symptoms of a liver problem are generally unknown and are understandably associated with other conditions. Symptoms include:<br /><br />jaundice<br />anorexia<br />vomiting (including vomiting of blood)<br />dark colored urine<br />light-colored bowel movements<br />black or bloody bowel movements<br />nausea<br />diarrhea<br />anemia<br />fatigue<br />sudden weight changes<br />swelling or pain in the abdomen.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hepatitis viruses</u></i></h4>The most common causes of hepatitis are hepatitis A (HAV) and related viruses. At least six different types of hepatitis virus infections have been identified. Some are quite rare, others are acute, others are severe chronic diseases that can cause severe liver damage. Everything must be taken seriously.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hepatitis A (HAV)</u></i></h4>Hepatitis A common disease: one-third of Americans show signs that they were once infected and are now immune. HAV can only be caught once. The disease does not cause chronic complications, although fifteen percent of those infected show symptoms for nine months.<br /><br />HAV is spread through contact with human feces. He enters into an oral contract through contaminated sources such as food or water or by contacting infected persons. Symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, fever, stomach pain, and loss of appetite. People who have anal sex are at high risk for HAV infection. Appropriate cleanliness and hand washing is the most ideal approach to forestall the spread of HAV. HAV vaccination is available.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hepatitis B (HBV)</u></i></h4>HBV is a serious disease that can prompt long lasting infection, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), malignant growth, and even death. Symptoms are like HAV, yet additionally incorporate regurgitating and joint pain. About 850 million people in the United States suffer from chronic HBV. Of these, 15-25% die from liver damage caused by the disease.<br /><br />HBV is spread through direct contact with contaminated blood or body liquids. It is often spread through the use of sexually or illegally injected drugs. The disease can range from mother to child during birth. Medical researchers are examining the possibility that HBV infection increases the chances of hepatitis C and HIV infection.<br /><br />HBV vaccines are available. In addition, restricting sexual partners, practicing safe sex, and avoiding illicit drug use can reduce a person’s risk of infection. People should not donate blood, organs or tissues who infected with HBV.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hepatitis C (HCV)</u></i></h4>There is no vaccine available for HCV that, like HBV, spreads through infected blood or body fluids. HCV cases are approximately 75-80% is chronic. Seventy percent of chronic cases suffer from liver disease or cirrhosis. Symptoms include jaundice, weakness, abdominal pain, loss of hunger, sickness, and dark urine. Chronic HCV can be treated with interferon and ribavirin drugs, which are often combined.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hepatitis D (HDV)</u></i></h4>HDV is an infection that requires the presence of HBV to recreate. Therefore, they are often transmitted with HBV. Like HBV, intravenous use of illegal drugs and unprotected sex increase the risk of infection. Aggressive HBV infection, or a sudden worsening of HBV symptoms, indicates possible HDV infection.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hepatitis E (HEV)</u></i></h4>HEVs are rare in the United States, but the risk is increasing in countries where water treatment and public treatment systems are less developed. The disease is spread through food and water contaminated with human feces. No vaccination is available. If you are in countries where the risk is high, avoid drinking tap water and follow your personal hygiene and hygiene habits. The infection usually resolves after a few months.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hepatitis F and G</u></i></h4>Specific cases of HFV and HGV have been reported, mainly in the United States, Europe, and India. Fixed diagnoses of diseases are rare and little is known about the two viruses except that they exist.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Autoimmune Hepatitis</u></i></h4>When the body’s immune system malfunctions and attacks the liver, autoimmune hepatitis occurs. Autoimmune hepatitis is not a viral infection, although the symptoms are reminiscent of HAV. Women are more prone, accounting for seventy percent of cases. Without treatment, liver disease and cirrhosis can occur. The disease is treated with a combination of steroids and azathioprine. The effectiveness of the drugs decreases over several months to reduce the chances of unwanted side effects.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>The effect of alcohol on the liver</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OY5x-1zhwUA/Xpx3SPGMzYI/AAAAAAAAAnA/vHE2vxlvE5YdbPakBsllQuzcRkOPei4UQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/One%2Bof%2Bthe%2Blargest%2Borgans%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Bbody%2Bthe%2Bliver%2Bdisorder%2Band%2BsymptomB.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="One of the largest organs of human body the liver disorder and symptom" border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OY5x-1zhwUA/Xpx3SPGMzYI/AAAAAAAAAnA/vHE2vxlvE5YdbPakBsllQuzcRkOPei4UQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/One%2Bof%2Bthe%2Blargest%2Borgans%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Bbody%2Bthe%2Bliver%2Bdisorder%2Band%2BsymptomB.webp" title="One of the largest organs of human body the liver disorder and symptom" /></a></div><br />Alcohol is a toxin that disrupts metabolism and damages internal organs, especially the central nervous system, in adequate amounts. Alcohol consumption can also cause three specific diseases: fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Of course, there are other known causes of these diseases.<br /><br /><b><i>Who is in danger?</i></b><br />No one knows why some alcoholics develop liver disease while others do not. As with many other conditions of unknown cause, experts have in some cases assumed a genetic predisposition to the disease.<br /><br />Women who abuse alcohol have a higher risk of developing these diseases than men. Other risk factors include malnutrition and organ damage from past infections.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Fatty liver disease</u></i></h4>Fatty liver disease, or steatohepatitis, is one of the first signs that alcohol causes harmful effects. As a result of alcohol exchange, fat accumulates, hampering the efficiency of the organ.<br />Fortunately, if caught at an early stage, steatohepatitis can reverse. Abstinence from alcohol allows excess fat to be absorbed and normal organ function to return. If left untreated, steatohepatitis eventually leads to irreversible cirrhosis or scarring.<br /><br />Alcoholism is not always the cause of steatohepatitis. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can be caused by malnutrition, heart disease, obesity, and long-term corticosteroids.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Alcoholic hepatitis</u></i></h4>Ten to 35% of heavy drinks eventually develop alcoholic hepatitis or hepatitis, but even moderate alcoholics can develop the disorder. The disease can be chronic or acute and often appears after an extremely heavy drink.<br /><br />The symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis are similar to viral hepatitis. Common discomfort, loss of appetite, nausea and liver pain. Jaundice, mental disorder and abdominal swelling may also occur. The disease is reversible if the patient stops drinking, but it can take months for the symptoms to go away.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Cirrhosis</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3A2F8xPRkRQ/XpxtxtZIjeI/AAAAAAAAAmo/-U4IXRZdFbkzjU_93iYWEGzzhWatp8TYwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/One%2Bof%2Bthe%2Blargest%2Borgans%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Bbody%2Bthe%2Bliver%2Bdisorder%2Band%2BsymptomA.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="One of the largest organs of human body the liver disorder and symptom" border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3A2F8xPRkRQ/XpxtxtZIjeI/AAAAAAAAAmo/-U4IXRZdFbkzjU_93iYWEGzzhWatp8TYwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/One%2Bof%2Bthe%2Blargest%2Borgans%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Bbody%2Bthe%2Bliver%2Bdisorder%2Band%2BsymptomA.webp" title="One of the largest organs of human body the liver disorder and symptom" /></a></div><br />Cirrhosis is basically the scarring that happens when the liver is damaged by inflammation. Scar tissue hinders the progression of blood and keeps the organ from working appropriately. Ten to fifteen percent of heavy drinkers have cirrhosis, one of the top ten causes of death from the disease in the United States.<br /><br />In addition to the complications in the box on the right, an estimated five percent of people with cirrhosis develop liver cancer, one of the most severe forms of cancer.<br /><br />Once the cirrhosis is damaged, it cannot be reversed. However, avoiding alcohol prevents further harm and reduces the chances of developing new symptoms. Many organizations help those living in the fight against alcoholism.<br /><br /><b>Symptoms of cirrhosis</b> may not be detectable in the early stages of the disease. Exhaustion, fatigue and loss of appetite, nausea, weight loss and weakness may occur. As the scarring increases, additional complications may develop. They include:<br /><br />portal hypertension<br />oesophageal variations<br />infection<br />jaundice<br />gall stone<br />light bleeding or bruising<br />drug sensitivity.<br />Harmful drugs<br />the liver<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Drugs that can damage the liver</u></i></h4>Many drugs can cause hepatotoxicity, toxic liver destruction. For every thousand hepatitis, eight of these are caused by drugs. The liver responds to the drug and is inflamed. Treatment is relatively simple: if the side effects of medication cause drug-induced hepatitis, stopping or changing the medication usually resolves the problem within a few weeks.<br /><br />The timing of hepatotoxicity depends on the type of drug used and the duration of its use. Antibiotics should not cause side effects until they build up in the body for a few days, while an overdose of painkillers containing acetaminophen can cause harm within a few hours.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Symptoms of drug-induced hepatitis</u></i></h4>Symptoms of hepatotoxicity are generally similar to those of viral hepatitis, although in some cases there are no noticeable symptoms. Common side effects of hepatotoxins include:<br /><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>jaundice</li><li>fatigue</li><li>anorexia</li><li>nausea</li><li>What number</li><li>stomach ache</li><li>diarrhea</li><li>dark urine</li><li>bloody stools</li><li>sore muscles</li><li>joint pain.</li></ul><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Drugs causing hepatotoxicity</u></i></h4>Various medications can cause organ damage, and anyone with liver disease should check with their doctor carefully before starting a new medication. Antibiotics such as erythromycin can cause hepatitis-like side effects, as can painkillers, steroid-based drugs, immunosuppressants, oral contraceptives, statin drugs, and any drug used to alter liver function. Here are some of the most common potentially hepatotoxic drugs:<br /><br /><b>Acetaminophen:</b> Painkillers containing acetaminophen should be avoided in people with a history of liver problems. Overdose of acetaminophen may cause hepatotoxicity within one hour.<br />Erythromycin: This is a common antibiotic known to cause jaundice and other hepatitis-like symptoms.<br /><br /><b>Halothane:</b> Halothane is an inhalation general anesthetic. Halothane is known to cause serious side effects and in some cases death is the result of liver damage.<br /><br /><b>Methotrexate:</b> For the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases of the immune system, methotrexate suppresses the overactive immune system. People taking methotrexate usually need regular blood tests. When this drug is mixed with alcohol, it greatly increases the chances of liver damage.<br /><br /><b>Statin drugs:</b> Popular cholesterol-lowering drugs, statin drugs prevent the liver from producing a substance that is needed to make cholesterol.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Other toxins</u></i></h4>Drugs are not just substances that can cause hepatotoxicity. Excessive use of vitamins, supplements, and herbs can have the same effect. It may take several weeks for the symptoms to appear. If you have any concerns, discuss additional and alternative treatments with your healthcare professional before starting them.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Moth Balls</u></i></h4>The main constituent of mothballs, naphthenic, is also found in dyes, resins, many insecticides and tobacco smoke. After the butterfly balls evaporate, the naphthalene can be inhaled. Inhaled naphthenia can cause jaundice and hepatitis, and excessive amounts can damage the liver, eyes and kidneys. Naphthen is rapidly eliminated from the body, so measuring toxicity levels can be difficult.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Liver cancer</u></i></h3>Liver cancer is less common in North America than in Asia and Africa. Twice as many men and women suffer from the disease and are much more at risk after the age of sixty. Because it can only be cured in its early stages, about 27,000 Americans die from the disease each year.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Metastases</u></i></h4>Cancer cells from the lungs, colon, and other areas spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body in a process called metastasis. Metastases are tumors that are labeled according to the organ of origin: that is, if cancerous lung cells enter the liver through metastases, the new tumor is called a liver metastasis tumor or secondary lung cancer.<br /><h4><i><u>Hepatocellular Carcinoma</u></i></h4>Primary tumors of the liver are less common than secondary tumors, but they do occur. The most common form is called hepatocellular carcinoma, which can spread to other organs.<br /><br /><b>Risk factors: Hepatitis, cirrhosis and aflatoxin</b><br /><br />Chronic infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C increases the risk of developing hepatic cellular carcinoma. Chronic hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis or scarring. Five percent of people with cirrhosis also develop cancerous tumors. Alcohol consumption also causes cirrhosis, increasing the chances of developing tumors.<br /><br />Consumption of aflatoxin, a toxic substance produced by each form, also increases the risk. Aflatoxin is found in cereals, peanuts and other nuts, especially in Asia and Africa. In the United States, the FDA bans the sale of foods containing aflatoxins, so the level of risk is lower.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Treatment options</u></i></h4>Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and organ transplantation. In cases where metastases have occurred, treatment options are drastically reduced. New treatments are constantly being developed and antiviral drugs are showing promising results in clinical trials.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Other liver diseases</u></i></h3>In addition to hepatitis, cirrhosis and cancer, there are a number of other liver diseases. The severity of these disorders can be severe, life-threatening, and mild. Many have a genetic basis. These are some of the most common examples of liver disease.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency</u></i></h4>Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is an inherited disorder. The system by which this deficiency leads to cirrhosis is unknown. Some types of deficiency produce alpha-1 antitrypsin, but they are trapped in liver cells where excessive amounts of protein can cause cirrhosis. In other organs, such as the lungs, alpha-1 antitrypsin provides protection against the harmful effects of destructive enzymes. The disorder can prompt emphysema, even in non-smokers.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hemochromatosis (iron overload)</u></i></h4>Hemochromatosis, or iron overload, is an inherited liver disease that causes the body to absorb too much iron. Iron overload harms inner organs and can cause cirrhosis. Untreated, hemochromatosis can be fatal but can be successfully controlled if it is detected before organ damage is observed.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Wilson's disease</u></i></h4>Because of Wilson’s disease, the body stores too much copper in the liver and brain. Wilson’s disease is often confused with viral hepatitis and can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated. Treatment involves regular removal of copper from the body.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;">Galactosemia</h4>Galactosemia is an inherited disorder that causes cirrhosis and serious illness in infants unless analyzed quickly. The body does not have the liver enzyme that is needed to prevent blood sugar galactose from building up in the bloodstream. Treating galactosemia requires a lifetime galactose-free diet.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Glycogen storage disease</u></i></h4>In glycogen storage disease, the body stores too much glycogen in the liver and muscles, leading to hepatotoxicity, muscle weakness and cramps.<br /><br />There are eleven different glycogen storage diseases: each can be traced back to an enzyme deficiency that affects blood sugar levels. The body cannot use the available glucose for energy because glucose is stored in the liver in the form of glycogen.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Gilbert's syndrome</u></i></h4>A mild disorder that usually does not require treatment, Gilbert’s syndrome prevents proper processing of bilirubin. Patients with Gilbert's syndrome may experience jaundice during stress, physical exertion, or infection. The disorder usually does not cause severe symptoms.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hemangioma</u></i></h4>Not all cancers are malignant: benign tumors called hemangiomas can occur in the blood vessels of the liver. Because hemangiomas do not cause harmful symptoms, they are usually left alone. Occasionally, hemangiomas bleed and need to be surgically removed.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-1258545097328814742020-04-17T15:43:00.000+05:302020-05-07T17:47:19.136+05:30What is hemophilia and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>What is hemophilia and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020</u></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yGvHay3_8tI/Xpl5J4lCyJI/AAAAAAAAAj8/XxNEvgBN9pw_ZWrQdXA7OrLvPv_kNz_3ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bhemophilia%2Band%2Bits%2Bsymptoms%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is hemophilia and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="540" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yGvHay3_8tI/Xpl5J4lCyJI/AAAAAAAAAj8/XxNEvgBN9pw_ZWrQdXA7OrLvPv_kNz_3ACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/What%2Bis%2Bhemophilia%2Band%2Bits%2Bsymptoms%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" title="What is hemophilia and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020" width="320" /></a></div><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hemophilia: Genetic disorders have been passed from mother to son</u></i></h3><br />Hemophilia is a blood disorder that prevents the blood from clotting properly, leading to uncontrolled bleeding. Hemophilia is actually a collection of many different genetic disorders transmitted by inheritance. The two most basic types are hemophilia A and hemophilia B<br />.<br />Hemophilia usually affects men. In fact, one in 5,000 men gives birth to hemophilia A. About 20,000 Americans were born with the genetic disorder that caused the disease. There are an estimated 400,000 people worldwide with some type of hemophilia.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Heredity and hemophilia</u></i></h4>Hemophilia is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in a single recessive gene on the X chromosome. Hemophilia is rare in women with these types of genetic disorders, but the disorders can also be passed on to their sons.<br /><br />Because hemophilia X is a disease associated with X, the hereditary nature of the disease is a complex issue. In addition, a wide range of genetic disorders cause hemophilia, and many mutations are found only in specific inheritance groups. More information about the role of inheritance in hemophilia can be found on the hemophilia genetics page on this website.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Types of hemophilia</u></i></h4>There are two main types of hemophilia. Hemophilia A is responsible for eighty percent of all cases. The genetic disorders responsible for hemophilia A result in low levels or abnormal production of the coagulation protein factor VIII (FVIII). Hemophilia B, the second most common form of hemophilia, affects factor IX proteins (FIX) and accounts for nearly twenty percent of cases of hemophilia.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Genetics of hemophilia: Defects in anticoagulants</u></i></h4>Genetics of hemophilia Hemophilia is a genetic disease: mutations on chromosome X result in low levels of coagulation factors in VIII. Or the IX. Mutations that cause low coagulation factor progress recessively on the X chromosome. Because women have two X chromosomes (XX), the mutated gene must be present on both chromosomes to trigger the disease, and this is extremely rare.<br /><br />Because men have only one X chromosome (XY), one copy of the mutated hemophilia gene is enough to trigger the disease, so men who inherit the gene touch.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hemophilia and families</u></i></h4>The hemophilia gene runs in families; this is passed on by the parents to their children. While women who own the hemophilia gene usually do not suffer from clotting factor problems, they carry the gene, which can then be passed on to the next generation. The chances of an individual developing hemophilia can be determined using the table below:<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B_8wyVYYdZk/Xpl-KipU8FI/AAAAAAAAAkI/QzsK7KrSJZoyqHFiMMjJhkf8NYOnwNFnwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bhemophilia%2Band%2Bits%2Bsymptoms%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is hemophilia and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B_8wyVYYdZk/Xpl-KipU8FI/AAAAAAAAAkI/QzsK7KrSJZoyqHFiMMjJhkf8NYOnwNFnwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bhemophilia%2Band%2Bits%2Bsymptoms%2Bwith%2Btreatment%2Bexplained%2B2020A.webp" title="What is hemophilia and its symptoms with treatment explained 2020" /></a></div><br /><br />Although coagulation factor difficulties are important in the family history, it should also be noted that one-third of cases of hemophilia A do not have a family history. In these cases, it is assumed that the cause of the spontaneous genetic mutation.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Genetic testing and counseling</u></i></h4>Children with a family history of hemophilia may undergo genetic counseling. Genetic counseling can help couples determine if a child was born with hemophilia or if the gene is portable. Genetic counseling may include genetic testing and prenatal screening. If genetic tests show that hemophilia is likely to spread to children, prenatal counseling is available to weigh all the risks.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Genetic testing and diagnosis</u></i></h4>Hemophilia A and hemophilia B have the same symptoms, although the two disorders affect different coagulation factors. Genetic testing is the only way to distinguish between the two disorders.<br /><br /><b><i>Other genetic mutations and hemophilia</i></b><br /><br />Although hemophilia A and B are common, genetic tests may reveal other types of the disease. A blood clotting disorder called Von Willebrand’s disease is diagnosed and easier to treat than hemophilia.<br /><br />Genetic testing may also reveal other, less common, clotting disorders, such as those that affect the following blood clotting factors:<br /><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>fibrinogen</li><li>prothrombin</li><li>coagulation factor</li><li>coagulation factor VII</li><li>coagulation factor X</li><li>coagulation factor XI</li><li>coagulation factor XIII.</li></ul><br /><br />Hemophilia causes bruising, mild or severe bleeding<br /><br />The main symptom of hemophilia is bleeding. Defects in blood clotting factors result in low fibrin levels, which impairs the body’s ability to form strong blood clots.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Bleeding, bruising and other symptoms of haemophilia</u></i></h4>Extensive bleeding and bruising are common symptoms of hemophilia. Contrary to popular belief, hemophilia does not accelerate people. Instead, the bleeding lasts longer than usual because the body is unable to form a blood clot.<br /><br /><b>Symptoms of hemophilia</b> may include:<br /><br /><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>slight injury</li><li>sudden bleeding</li><li>bleeding of muscles and muscles</li><li>bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract</li><li>urinary bleeding</li><li>blood in the stool</li><li>blood in the urine</li><li>long bleeding after trauma</li><li>prolonged bleeding after surgery or dental work</li><li>frequent nosebleeds</li><li>intracranial hemorrhage.</li></ul><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hemophilia level: Mild and severe</u></i></h4>Symptoms of hemophilia are mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the amount of clotting factors. Mild hemophilia occurs when clotting factor levels are between six and thirty percent of normal levels. People with moderate hemophilia have normal coagulation factor levels between one and five percent. Cases of severe hemophilia have extremely low blood clotting factors, less than one percent.<br /><br /><b>Symptoms depend on the severity of the hemophilia:</b><br /><b><br /></b><b>Mild hemophilia:</b> Symptoms should only be a concern if surgery or dental work is required.<br />Moderate haemophilia: Symptoms include mild bruising and bleeding. Otherwise, mild wear (brushing your teeth, scratching insect bites) can cause bruising or bleeding.<br /><br /><b>Extreme hemophilia:</b> Spontaneous joint bleeding can cause serious agony and physical deformation as ligament and surrounding bones are harmed. In addition, gastrointestinal, urinary, or intracranial hemorrhage may occur and require immediate medical attention. Even mild bodily injury to the head can result in intracranial hemorrhage, which is a very serious condition.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Physical symptoms and diagnosis</u></i></h4>Symptoms of hemophilia are often not detectable at birth unless the disorder is severe. Moderate symptoms of hemophilia can only be noticed until the child begins to crawl, when unusual bleeding and bruising become more apparent. A mild case of hemophilia may go unnoticed until dental work, surgery, or serious injury results in unusual bleeding.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Complications of hemophilia</u></i></h3>Good dental hygiene, avoiding aspirin and other NSAIDs<br /><br />In addition to bleeding, hemophiliac patients also need to be monitored for a number of health complications. Medications should be carefully monitored; taking aspirin, NSAIDs, and other blood-thinning medications can have serious consequences.<br /><br />Dental hygiene must be carefully maintained. Finally, patients with hemophilia requiring transfusions of blood products have an increased risk of viral infection from infected plasma, although this is less of a problem today than in the past.<br />Hepatitis C and HIV<br /><br />During the 1980s, hemophilia was treated by replacing low levels of clotting factors with blood pooled from thousands of donors. This strategy, while an effective treatment for hemophilia, poses serious safety concerns. Viral agents, particularly hepatitis C and HIV, have been transmitted via pooled plasma to patients with hemophilia. By the time the health risk was discovered, nearly seventy percent of people treated with pooled plasma were infected with HIV.<br /><br />The rate of hepatitis C infection was even higher: almost 100% of people treated with pooled plasma hemophilia were infected with hepatitis C in the 1980s.<br /><br />New viral inactivation systems have provided a much safer treatment for pooled plasma for hemophilia than in the 1980s. The addition of new recombinant hemophilia treatments has further reduced the chances of HIV and hepatitis C infections, as recombinant treatments do not pose a risk of virus transmission.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hemophilia, hepatitis C and liver</u></i></h4>Patients with hemophilia infected with hepatitis C have a higher-than-average chance of developing cirrhosis and liver cancer. In fact, infection with hepatitis C increases the risk of liver cirrhosis by thirty times. Both cirrhosis of the liver and hepatitis C have been linked to an increased risk of developing liver cancer. For more information about the relationship between hepatitis C and cirrhosis of the liver, visit: Learn more about cirrhosis.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma</u></i></h4>Many patients with hemophilia also contracted HIV through infected blood products. HIV infection increases the risk of many potential health complications. People with hemophilia and HIV are at higher risk for Kaposi's sarcoma (a cancer of the blood vessels and connective tissue) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.<br /><br /><b>NSAIDs, aspirin and blood thinners</b><br /><b><br /></b>Patients with haemophilia should take all medications with their doctor, including over-the-counter painkillers. Conventional painkillers such as aspirin and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) thin the blood, making it harder for blood clots to form. Common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and blood-thinning analgesics include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen. NSAIDs and aspirin come in many forms: it is important that you talk to your doctor before taking any medication.<br /><br />In addition to NSAIDs and aspirin, patients with hemophilia should avoid other medications that are specifically designed to thin the blood. There are several such drugs: heparin and warfarin are the most common.<br /><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b><b><i><u>Oral hygiene</u></i></b><br /><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b>Proper dental hygiene is essential for patients with hemophilia. Regular brushing, flossing and other dental hygiene practices reduce the need for dentures or other dental surgery. Dental surgery increases the chances of excessive bleeding, including bleeding at the bottom of the tongue, which is a life-threatening condition that causes the airways to constrict. Dental hygiene advice includes brushing your teeth after every meal, flossing and regular dental check-ups.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Chronic joint bleeding</u></i></h4>Severe hemophilia can cause spontaneous bleeding in the joints and muscles, sometimes twice a week. Joint and muscle hemorrhage causes intense pain and can lead to loss of joint function. Swollen limbs may feel numbness or pain if the swelling presses on local nerves.<br /><br />Without treatment, chronic joint bleeding can permanently damage the articular cartilage and surrounding bone, damage the joint, and cause physical deformity. Uncontrolled bleeding can be fatal.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Intracranial hemorrhage</u></i></h4>Even minor head injuries can cause intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding inside the skull) in severe cases of hemophilia. Intracranial hemorrhage is a major cause of hemophilia-related death and requires emergency medical attention.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Blood factor replacement and desmopressor therapy</u></i></h4>Hemophilia is treated by supplementing low blood factor proteins with healthy replacement proteins. These proteins are most often administered intravenously. In this way, clotting factors enter the bloodstream directly and spread rapidly throughout the body.<br /><br />The frequency of treatment depends on the severity of the symptoms of hemophilia. Mild hemophilia may only require blood factor replacement before surgery or dental work. Severe haemophilia may require prophylactic treatment: blood factors should be changed several times a week to avoid bleeding.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Safer plasma protein aggregation</u></i></h4>In the 1980s, replacement blood factor proteins were “extracted” from plasma donated by thousands of people. Through this pooled plasma, HIV and hepatitis C have spread to many hemophilia.<br />Strict donor screening and more efficient virus inactivation techniques have significantly reduced the chance of plasma transmission of virus-infected proteins.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Recombinant blood factors</u></i></h4>Although donated plasma is safer than it was in the 1980s, new recombinant blood factors are even safer. Recombinant blood factors are synthesized in laboratories using DNA technology. The risk of viral infections is negligible because blood factors are artificially created in a controlled environment.<br /><br />Recombinant therapy with blood factors IX and VIII is eighty percent as effective as traditional hemophilia treatments. In most cases, one dose is enough to stop uncontrolled bleeding. However, recombinant blood factors are three times more expensive than blood factors collected from donated plasma.<br /><br /><b><i><u>Fight against inhibitors</u></i></b><br /><br />Blood factors used in hemophilia therapy, whether assembled from donated plasma or using recombinant DNA techniques, can be considered foreign to the body's immune system. If the immune system sees blood factor proteins as a threat, it creates inhibitors or alloantibodies to attack the "invasive" protein. This can inactivate blood clotting factors.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Alternative blood factor proteins</u></i></h4>The ability of these inhibitors to destroy replacement blood factor proteins adversely affects hemophilia treatments. Higher doses of blood factors are often used to counteract inhibitory effects, or blood factors may rise slowly in the hope that the immune system will learn to tolerate the foreign protein.<br /><br />Inhibitors make it difficult to treat haemophilia A or B with factor VIII or IX. Instead of replacing missing blood factors, treatment can increase the levels of blood factor proteins already produced by the body: protein factors that will not be threatened by the immune system.<br /><br />However, the use of blood factors VII, IX, and X has been shown to be only fifty to sixty percent effective when inhibitors prevent IX. Or the VIII. Factor replacement. Recombinant versions of the blood protein have shown more promise: clinical trials have shown that nearly eighty percent are effective.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Desmopressin</u></i></h4>Desmopressin is a medicine used to treat mild cases of hemophilia. Although desmopressin does not affect factor IX in the blood, it increases the levels of factor VIII in the blood, so desmopressin may be useful in treating haemophilia A. Desmopressin is based on the hormone DDAVP.<br />In contrast to blood factor replacement, which usually requires intravenous administration, desmopressin is slowly injected into the blood vessels as a single injection in mild cases of hemophilia. In some cases, desmopressin may also be administered via a nasal <a href="https://canvas.instructure.com/eportfolios/88475/Home/Welcome" target="_blank">inhaler</a>.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Physiotherapy and hemophilia</u></i></h4>Severe hemophilia can cause bleeding in the joints, a painful event that gradually deforms the joint and reduces joint mobility. Physiotherapy may be needed to maintain joint mobility. Regular physical therapy helps prevent physical deformities of the joint.<br /><div><br /></div></div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-45557296711518324412020-04-14T19:23:00.000+05:302020-05-07T17:27:53.269+05:30Early signs of pregnancy and symptoms explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>Early signs of pregnancy and symptoms explained 2020</u></h2> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BJtquctDHHg/XpW64Y0FoMI/AAAAAAAAAjM/kL0b9zp7Ap0Uzocd8ILhEcXVodJQLkh3wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Early%2Bsigns%2Bof%2Bpregnancy%2Band%2Bsymptoms%2Bexplained%2B2020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="Early signs of pregnancy and symptoms explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="198" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BJtquctDHHg/XpW64Y0FoMI/AAAAAAAAAjM/kL0b9zp7Ap0Uzocd8ILhEcXVodJQLkh3wCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Early%2Bsigns%2Bof%2Bpregnancy%2Band%2Bsymptoms%2Bexplained%2B2020.jpg" title="Early signs of pregnancy and symptoms explained 2020" width="497" /></a><br /><br />Millions of sperm are deposited in the vagina during intercourse, but only 50 to 100 of these end up in the ovum. Pregnancy usually occurs on the outer 1/3 of the fallopian tube and cell division begins immediately. The morula (cell mass) enters the uterus 3-4 days later. A few days later, the blastocyst (8-16 cells) is ready for implantation into the implant.<br /><br />Some of these cells become part of the fetus of the placenta, while others become embryos. The Doppler ultrasound device can detect the baby’s heart sounds around 8 to 10 weeks, and the heart sounds can be heard with a regular stethoscope for 18 to 20 weeks.<br /><br /><b>Early signs of pregnancy</b> and the reason most women turn to a doctor is when they have missed a period. Breast enlargement and tenderness, nausea and occasional vomiting may also be seen. Blood or urine tests are done to confirm the pregnancy. There are many different urine pregnancy tests available without a prescription at local pharmacies.<br /><br />By convention, pregnancy usually begins on the first day of the last menstrual cycle. Therefore, she is generally considered to be six weeks pregnant two weeks after the absence of the period. Pregnancies are maintained for 266 days (38 weeks) after conception or for 280 days from the last menstrual cycle (40 weeks). To calculate the "due dates", we deduct 3 months from the first day of the last menstrual cycle and add 7 days.<br /><br />This is an approximate calculation and only about 10% of all babies are born on the exact due date. An infant is considered full-time if the expected due date arrives at +/- two weeks or at 36-42 weeks of gestation.<br /><br />Pregnancy causes changes in all systems of the body. However, these changes are usually approx. They return to the pre-pregnancy state 6 months after the baby is born. One of the most common and unpleasant changes takes place in the kidneys. Hormones, especially progesterone, which the body produces during pregnancy, dilate the ureters (the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder), allowing larger amounts of urine to enter the bladder in less time. This combination of more urine and the pressure of the baby on the bladder often results in the need to urinate.<br /><br />Another commonly observed change occurs in the stomach. As the uterus grows, it compresses the stomach, slowing the rate of gastric emptying. The hormones also relax the latch at the bottom of the esophagus, which holds food in the stomach. The combined result of both changes is that laughter and heartburn can occur.<br /><br />Melasma, the <b>"pregnancy mask,"</b> patch refers to a pigmented area on the forehead and sides of the face. This is probably due to the fact that the placenta produces a hormone that stimulates melanocytes. The mask usually fades after pregnancy.<br /><br />During pregnancy, the mother may experience nausea and vomiting, especially during the first trimester. No medicine has been approved for this. If "morning sickness" occurs, your doctor may recommend treatment. Frequent and small amounts of eating and drinking can help alleviate the problem.<br /><br />There are many other symptoms. Questions should be directed to a doctor and this is the best source of information about changes in the body.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Work and transport</u></i></h3>A common initial sign of childbirth is back pain or lower abdominal contractions, at regular intervals. False alarms are not uncommon, but true childbirth, which contracts every 2-5 minutes, very often occurs suddenly. Delivery will then take place in less than 24 hours. Every mother is different in how fast her birth progresses. Generally, working with your first child will take longer.<br /><br />The cervix is usually solid, not pregnant and during most pregnancies. Towards the end of pregnancy, however, the cervix softens and dialates. Once childbirth begins, uterine contractions expand the cervix more, and this dilation sends signals to the brain to increase the release of oxytocin.<br /><br />Increased oxytocin affects the uterus to increase the strength of contractions and cause the formation of prostaglandins in the uterine mucosa and placenta. Prostaglandins further increase uterine contractions. These mechanisms help the baby give birth and empty the placenta. Childbirth is also aided by voluntary contractions of the spinal reflexes and abdominal muscles.<br /><br />Your doctor will usually explain what to expect during and after childbirth. It is often helpful to attend a maternity leave.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Lactation as birth control</u></i></h4>In some women, care prevents the menstrual cycle from continuing after breastfeeding. Prolactin prevents the formation of new follicles in the ovaries by inhibiting the release of hypothalamic-releasing factor, which stimulates the release of LH and FSH. Therefore, care, while not necessarily safe, also provides contraceptive measures in addition to providing excellent nutrition and immune protection for babies.<br /><br />Only 5-10% of women become pregnant again during breastfeeding. In addition, almost 50% of the cycles are anovulatory (not releasing eggs) in the first six months after the return of the cycle.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hormones and cycle</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hof0hp3lHe0/XrP3O6xTRUI/AAAAAAAAA38/EsTMgyp0DDMqxSWzyoKl_HiDz7BxPutXwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Early%2Bsigns%2Bof%2Bpregnancy%2Band%2Bsymptoms%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Early signs of pregnancy and symptoms explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="452" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hof0hp3lHe0/XrP3O6xTRUI/AAAAAAAAA38/EsTMgyp0DDMqxSWzyoKl_HiDz7BxPutXwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Early%2Bsigns%2Bof%2Bpregnancy%2Band%2Bsymptoms%2Bexplained%2B2020.webp" title="Early signs of pregnancy and symptoms explained 2020" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />Females have four main hormones in the menstrual cycle: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen (estradiol), and progesterone. FSH and LH are protein hormones produced by cells in the pituitary gland in response to small peptide hormones (hypothalamic-releasing factors) from the hypothalamus.<br /><br />These pituitary hormones travel in the blood to the ovaries, where they stimulate the development of one or more eggs, each within the follicle. The follicle is made up of an ovum surrounded by cells that are responsible for the growth and maintenance of the ovum. As the cycle advances, one follicle becomes predominant and all others relapse.<br /><br />Estrogen, and to a lesser extent progesterone, is a steroid hormone produced by developing follicular cells. Estrogen increases the thickness of the endometrium and the vascular system (i.e., the blood supply).<br /><br />After ovulation (at the center of the cycle), LH causes the same follicular cells to switch to progesterone production. Due to progesterone, the endometrial lining becomes secretory and nourishing before estimating the implantation of the fertilized egg. These four hormones are in constant balance, which shifts during progress during the menstrual cycle. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days, however, only a very small percentage of cycles are exactly 28 days, with most cycles being 25-36 days.<br /><br />The menstrual cycle can be divided into three stages: follicular, ovulatory, and luteal. The follicular phase begins on the first day of menstruation (menstrual flow) and lasts for approx. It continues until day 13 or 14 when ovulation occurs. In the follicular phase, FSH and LH increase slowly, preparing for LH surge (very high levels of LH) during ovulation. FSH encourages the development of follicles in the ovaries.<br /><br />Estrogen and progesterone are relatively low at this time, but begin to rise slowly towards the end of this phase.<br /><br />LH in the ovulation stage (around day 14) and estrogen peaks increase simultaneously. These peaks induce ovulation. The ovum lives about 72 hours after ovulation, but only for about It can be fertilized for 36 hours. Immediately before ovulation, progesterone levels rise rapidly. Changes in the cervical mucosa accompany ovulation.<br /><br />The amount of mucus will increase and become clean and thin. This facilitates conception by facilitating the passage of sperm through the cervical canal. Sperm can live in the female regenerative system for as long as 72 hours. Therefore, during the 28-day cycle, the fertile period is only about 4-5 days.<br /><br />After the egg is released, the rest of the follicle remains intact in the ovary and produces estrogen and progesterone. This is known as the corpus luteum (consequently the luteal stage). The corpus luteum stays flawless for the rest of the cycle. Breast swelling, tenderness, and pain are likely to result from the effects of progesterone on breast tissue in some people.<br /><br />Immediately after ovulation, the luteal phase begins and progesterone levels are very high at this stage - progesterone is important at this stage because if the egg is fertilized and implanted in the uterus, the progesterone in the uterus keeps the pregnancy intact. The continued health of the corpus luteum (progesterone secretion) is ensured by the production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from the implanted embryo until the placenta develops and is able to take it over. Detection of hCG in urine is the basis for laboratory and home pregnancy tests.<br /><br />Once fertilized and implanted, the corpus luteum is stimulated by hCG to continue producing estrogen and progesterone to maintain pregnancy. This is important because the corpus luteum dies 14 to 22 days after ovulation if there is no fertilization and implantation. Because there is no progesterone to stay intact, the uterine mucosa (endometrium) then detaches, resulting in a monthly menstrual flow that is usually about It lasts for 5 days. A variety of women’s products are available to help women’s menstruation, including absorption pads and tampons, deodorants, and vaginal cleansers.<br /><br />In the case of "unwanted pregnancies," women should consider providing an infant adoption service with a family looking to feed a new family. With this, an individual’s “problem” can become a blessing to another couple.<br /><div><br /></div></div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-21659985496715001002020-04-14T16:12:00.000+05:302020-05-07T17:11:16.898+05:30Types of muscles and mechanism of muscle contraction explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>Types of muscles and mechanism of muscle contraction explained 2020</u></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yh7q6i6Ulbo/XpWNDWjwqKI/AAAAAAAAAiw/p0Nuj5qFXxolA8Vk6hrgdzlOskUjU38pgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Bmuscles%2Band%2Bmechanism%2Bof%2Bmuscle%2Bcontraction%2Bexplained%2B2020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of muscles and mechanism of muscle contraction explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yh7q6i6Ulbo/XpWNDWjwqKI/AAAAAAAAAiw/p0Nuj5qFXxolA8Vk6hrgdzlOskUjU38pgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Bmuscles%2Band%2Bmechanism%2Bof%2Bmuscle%2Bcontraction%2Bexplained%2B2020.jpg" title="Types of muscles and mechanism of muscle contraction explained 2020" /></a></div><br />Muscle is a stimulating tissue, that is, a mechanically, chemically, or electrically stimulable action potential. The action potential is an electrical change in the cell membrane due to a change in the conductivity of ions on the membrane. Nerve tissue is also excitable tissue. Muscle cells contain a contractile mechanism that is activated by action potential. There are 630 muscles in the human body. The body is approx. 40% is skeletal muscle, add another 5-10% to heart and smooth muscle.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Contraction by a whole muscle</u></i></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Isometric versus isotonic</u></i></h4>Isotonic contractions are when muscle tension remains constant but the muscle shortens like a static amount of weight lifting. Isometric muscle contractions occur when the muscle is not shortened, such as when an object that can be moved like a wall is pushed. Isometric contraction differs from isotonic in that myofibrils do not slide on each other as force develops. Slippage occurs during isotonic contractions and external work is performed.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Engine unit concept</u></i></h4>The motor nerve and all the fibers in which it is innervated are called motor units. The number of fibers depends on the need for fine control. Usually, small muscles that respond quickly to fine regulation have a nerve and only a few muscle fibers. Muscles that do not require fine control, such as the gastronemius (calf muscle), can have hundreds of muscle fibers per motor unit.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Summary</u></i></h3>The contraction of each muscle fiber is completely or neutral. Therefore, each classified response should be the number of motor units stimulated simultaneously. The summation is the sum of the individual muscle twitches to the contraction of the whole muscle. This can be accomplished by increasing the number of simultaneously decreasing motor units (spatial summation) or by increasing the frequency of contractions of each muscle contraction (temporal summation).<br /><br />These processes almost always take place simultaneously with normal muscle contraction. Each motor unit usually fires asynchronously.<br /><br />Not all motor units are created equal. Therefore, a motor unit in one muscle can be up to 50 times stronger than another muscle. Small motor units are much easier to excite than larger ones because they are incorporated by smaller nerve fibers that naturally have a lower excitation threshold. In spatial summation, motor units are involved by increasing the strength of the stimulus, thereby increasing the strength of the contraction.<br /><br />In time or wave summation, the contraction of each motor unit increases so rapidly that one contraction is not yet completely completed when the next stimulus arrives. So the force generated in the first is added to the force generated by the second, third, and so on. When a muscle is gradually stimulated at higher frequencies, the frequency at which successive contractions merge and are indistinguishable from each other is finally reached. The muscle then enters a long, continuous state of maximal contraction called tetany.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Muscle Fatigue</u></i></h4>Prolonged strong contractions lead to muscle fatigue, which contractile and metabolic processes are unable to satisfy to maintain workload. The nerve continues to function properly and transmits action potential to muscle fibers, but the contractions are getting weaker and weaker due to a lack of ATP.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Hypertrophy</u></i></h4>Muscle hypertrophy (increase in muscle mass) is caused by intense muscle function. The diameter of each fiber increases, nutrients and metabolism increase, mitochondria may increase, and the size and number of myofibrils increase. Muscle hypertrophy increases the ability of muscles to contract, and nutrient mechanisms that feed increased energy help.<br /><br />The production of hypertrophy requires vigorous muscle activity in excess of 75% of the maximum value, so isometric exercise can have a significant effect on muscle mass even for a short time. However, prolonged light exercise increases endurance, increases oxidative enzymes, myoglobin, and even blood capillaries.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Atrophy</u></i></h4>Muscle atrophy occurs when a muscle is not used for an extended period of time or is used only for weak contractions. For example, atrophy occurs when limbs are thrown. With only a month of inactivity, muscle size has halved to normal. Damage to the muscle nerve results in well atrophy. If the injury is repaired within the first 3-4 months, the muscle regains full function. After four months, the muscle fibers degenerate into fibrous and adipose tissue.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Muscle types and mechanism of contraction</u></i></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Musculoskeletal</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SA5tJMcAUlY/XpWOVC2X5GI/AAAAAAAAAi8/2tl9wsl082gTi50yKiwSwlAaRIy0jIaUwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Bmuscles%2Band%2Bmechanism%2Bof%2Bmuscle%2Bcontraction%2Bexplained%2B2020A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of muscles and mechanism of muscle contraction explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SA5tJMcAUlY/XpWOVC2X5GI/AAAAAAAAAi8/2tl9wsl082gTi50yKiwSwlAaRIy0jIaUwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Bmuscles%2Band%2Bmechanism%2Bof%2Bmuscle%2Bcontraction%2Bexplained%2B2020A.jpg" title="Types of muscles and mechanism of muscle contraction explained 2020" /></a></div><br />The skeletal muscle makes up most of the muscles in the body and does not shrink without nerve stimulation. It is under voluntary control and anatomical cellular connections are missing between the fibers. The fibers (cells) are multinucleated and appear filamentous due to the arrangement of actin and myosin protein fibers.<br /><br />Each fiber is unicellular, long, cylindrical, and surrounded by a cell membrane. Muscle fibers contain a number of myofibrils made from myofilamental. These myofilaments are made from contractile proteins. The most important proteins for muscle contraction are myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.<br /><br />Skeletal muscle fibers have differences in metabolism and contractile properties. Type I fibers are mostly found in the muscles of the posture than in the long muscles of the back. These are also called red muscles because the fibers contain many mitochondria that give the muscle a more dark reddish tinge.<br /><br />White muscles contain primarily type IIB fibers and specialize in rapid, subtle movements such as the muscles used to move the eyes or hand muscles. Differences in fiber type occur due to differences in the amino acid composition of backbone proteins without altering biological activity.<br /><br />Different forms of proteins can be expressed, thereby determining the functional properties of muscles. Changes in muscle function can be caused by changes in activity (exercise), hormonal environment (steroids), or innervation. Skeletal muscle may have limited regeneration in the event of injury through satellite cells located at the edges of muscle fibers. These cells may also be active in muscle hypertrophy.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Controlling proteins</u></i></h4>The skeletal muscle is made up of cells called fibers that specialize in shrinkage or shortening. Each fiber is made up of smaller subunits called myofibrils, which are made up of contractile proteins called myosin and actin, which are responsible for muscle contraction at the molecular level. These shrinking protein fibers are also called thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments. These fibers are interdigitized so that proteins can interact.<br /><br />Myosin fibers are so-called junctions that exit the filament to interact with the actin fibers during contraction. Imagine a golf club set that is held by the axes and the heads radiate around the axes. This is a visual image of what the thick fibers look like. Because the clubs have axes of different lengths, the heads exit at different points in the cluster.<br /><br />The myosin fibers thus look like a long filament at each end consisting of about 200 myosin protein molecules. This structure allows the myosin fiber to pull the actin fibers in both directions, thereby shortening the fiber.<br /><br />Actin fibers are made up of two protein fibers that are woven together. The actin filaments are attached to the Z line, which defines the boundaries of the functional unit of muscle contraction known as sarcomometers. There are many sarcomas in muscle fibers, and the Z line is continuous between muscle fibers.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Fiber-slip theory</u></i></h4>Muscle contraction occurs through a sliding filament mechanism in which the sarcorers are shortened (Z-lines get closer to each other) by actin filaments sliding through the myosin fibers.<br /><br />Myosin fibers look a bit like a golf club, but they are not inflexible. In fact, muscle contraction would be impossible if the myosin molecules did not have a "hinge" along the axis that allows the head to be ratcheted. The force of muscle contraction is the ratchet movement of tiny myosin heads toward the center of their sarcomere. This ratchet movement often occurs during muscle contraction.<br /><br />The thin fibers are not really just actin, which forms the backbone of the filament. Two other proteins are part of the thin fibers, tropomyosin and troponin. In addition to actin fibers, there are active sites where myosin contracts during contraction.<br /><br />These active sites are covered with tropomyosin at rest so no contraction can occur. Troponin is a complex of three different affinity submissions. One has affinity for actin, the other for tropomyosin, and the third for calcium. Troponin molecules are located along actin-tropomyosin filaments and act by placing tropomyosin filaments at active sites on actin filaments.<br /><br />In the presence of calcium, it binds to troponin, which changes shape and tropomyosin moves away from active sites, allowing myosin and actin to interact and cause muscle contractions. When the active sites are explored, the myosin heads bind to the sites that initiate the movement of the head toward the center of the sarometer, thereby pulling the actin and shortening the saromore. Each of the myosin heads is believed to function independently of the others, and each fixes and pulls a continuous alternating ratchet cycle until the calcium is removed and the active sites are re-covered.<br /><br />The utilization of sugars turns out to be increasingly significant as the force of activity increases.<br />Contraction of muscles requires a lot of energy. Energy is required to break the connection between the myosin head and the actin active sites and to remove calcium from the cytoplasm using a special pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.<br /><br />When the myosin head is propelled forward, a site that binds to ATP (the main energy currency of the cell) is exposed after an electric shock. Decomposition of ATP as ADP releases the head from the actin fiber and picks it up for the next ratchet electric shock.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Energy Resources</u></i></h4>Muscles need energy to contract. At rest and during light exercise, muscles use lipids as their source of energy. The utilization of sugars turns out to be increasingly significant as the force of activity increases.<br /><br />The breakdown of glucose into water and carbon dioxide generates energy that is transferred to the regeneration of phosphoryl creatine and ATP. If the oxygen supply is inadequate, this process is short-circuited and a metabolite of one of the products (lactic acid) builds up in the muscle. This is called anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) and is a normal process that can occur before the oxidative breakdown of glucose.<br /><br />Lactate builds up in the muscles and changes the pH, which inhibits enzyme activity. After training, there is an oxygen content in which oxygen must be used to convert lactate to carbon dioxide and water and to replenish energy stores. Short, intense exercise uses anaerobic metabolic mechanisms rather than more sustained activities. For instance, in a 100 m hyphen, 85% of the energy is obtained from anaerobic methods, while in a mile run just 20% is delivered anaerobically.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Excitation-contraction coupling</u></i></h4>Skeletal muscle contraction begins with action potential in muscle fiber. This causes the unfastening of calcium from the sacroplasmic reticulum. The action potential of muscle fiber begins when it is excited to interact with highly isolated (myelinated) nerve fiber. The point of contact between a nerve and a muscle is called a neuromuscular node, which is usually located in the middle of the muscle fiber.<br /><br />Therefore, the action potential initiated here extends toward the end of the fiber, allowing all sarometers to contract at the same time. The skeletal muscle has an adaptation that allows the action potential to spread deep in the fiber. T or transverse tubules are internal extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate the fiber in such a way that the functional potential in the t-tubules causes calcium discharge from the nearby sarcoplasmic reticulum in the immediate region of the myofibrils.<br /><br />The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains very high concentrations of calcium ions, which are released when excited by the adjacent T-tubule. Pumps within the wall of the sarcoplasmic reticulum return calcium within the cytoplasm below the level required to activate the contractile process.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Neuromuscular node</u></i></h4>The association of the motor nerve and muscle fibers occurs at the neuromuscular node. Here, the neuron terminates with a terminal button containing tiny vesicles with the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. When an action potential reaches the terminal button, the vesicles are released and acetylcholine diffuses in a narrow space and binds to receptors on the cell membrane of muscle fibers.<br /><br />When acetylcholine binds to receptors, the local permeability of the muscle cell membrane changes so that the muscle cell action potential is initiated. This action potential then spreads across the muscle cell membrane and T-tubule system to initiate the contractile process. An enzyme called acetylcholinesterase is present in the neuromuscular node, which breaks down acetylcholine and removes contraction.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Sima muscle</u></i></h4>Smooth muscles are found in the dividers of veins, in cylindrical organs, for example, the stomach and uterus, in the iris, or in the hair follicles. It exists in the body in multiple units or in visceral smooth muscle. It is not voluntarily controlled, each cell has a nucleus and automatically shows in visceral form. In multi-unit smooth muscle, each cell exists as a discrete independent unit that is innervated by a single nerve end.<br /><br />The visceral smooth muscle exists as a plate or bundle of bundles that are tightly connected by nodes that allow ions to flow freely and therefore act as syncium. Therefore, when a portion of the visceral smooth muscle is stimulated, the action potential spreads to all other fibers.<br /><br />Most of the same shrinking protein is present and active in smooth muscle contraction, but they are not arranged as parallel muscle fibers not visible microscopically as in skeletal muscle. The shrinkage mechanism is very similar to skeletal muscle, with the difference that smooth muscle myosin interacts with actin only when it is phosphorylated. In smooth muscle, calcium binds to a protein called calmodulin, and then the complex interacts with an enzyme that adds a phosphate group to myosin, activating it.<br /><br />There are no T-tubules in smooth muscles, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed, and the calcium pump is present but acts more slowly. Due to these differences in contractile mechanism and structure, smooth muscle is approximately It takes 30 times as long to contract and relax as the skeletal muscle, and it does so with much less energy. There are no developed neuromuscular nodes in smooth muscle.<br /><br />The neurotransmitter is often released only in the immediate vicinity of the muscle, so the neurotransmitter, which may be acetylcholine or norepinephrine, must diffuse into the muscle cells to interact with receptors on the cell membrane. These neurotransmitters may be excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the receptor in the particular smooth muscle cell.<br /><br />Because smooth muscle has spontaneous activity, neuronal input is only used to modify activity, rather than trigger it, as in skeletal muscle. Local tissue factors, hormones, and mechanical stretching can cause action potential and thus smooth muscle contraction. Smooth muscle is able to actively regenerate after injury.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Myocardial</u></i></h4>The heart is made of special muscle tissue, showing some similarities to both smooth and skeletal muscles. It is involuntary and mononuclear, as is smooth muscle. The myocardium is stretched as a skeletal muscle, which means that microscopically visible myofilaments are arranged parallel to the sarcomere structure described above. These fibers contract with each other during contraction, just like in skeletal muscle.<br /><br />Myocardial fibers branch and there is a single nucleus per cell. Another difference in myocardium is the presence of intercalated discs, which are special connections between one myocardial cell and another. These tight connections allow the ions to move almost completely freely so that the action potential can flow freely from one cell to another. This makes the myocardial tissue a functional syncity. When a cell is excited, the resulting action potential is distributed to each.<br /><br />This important feature is that it allows the atrial or ventricular muscles to contract to pump strongly out of the blood. The functional potential of the heart muscle also specializes in maximizing the pumping function of the heart. They are 10 to 30 times as long as the skeletal muscle and cause a correspondingly expanded constriction period.<br /><br />Myocardium has long been said to have no regenerative capacity in early childhood. Recently, however, evidence has been found to refute this claim. There is strong evidence that human myocardium regenerates to some extent after myocyte replication after cardiac injury.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-89496299805270989022020-04-12T20:21:00.000+05:302020-05-07T17:00:04.860+05:30What is structure of human eyes and its common diseases 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>What is structure of human eyes and its common diseases 2020</u></h2>When a patient is examined by an ophthalmologist, the physician subjectively evaluates visual acuity, color vision and visual field, and general eye condition. Visual acuity is a measure of the perception of the details and outlines of objects. Visual acuity tests, such as a standard eye chart (Snellen font chart), measure the ability of the visual system to resolve a target.<br /><br />This requires the eye to detect an object and dissolve it into its components, and then the information is transmitted to the cerebral cortex for processing against various forms of memory. Visual acuity depends on the ambient light (illumination), the contrast of the target, and the extent to which the target focuses on the most sensitive part of the retina (fovea).<br /><br />It is said that the perfect vision in a person is 20/20, but young people tend to see better than this (20/15). The visual system is less sensitive with age, but many older people retain 20/20 vision. These measurements show the sharpness of the distance. Proximity of vision is assessed by reading standard printed printed cards of various sizes. Accommodation and magnification are more important for sightseeing nearby.<br /><br />Color vision is most often clinically assessed using Ishihara test plates or mechanical or computer tests that require the patient to place colored objects in a chromatic order. Field of view analysis is performed to diagnose early disease or localize damage to the visual system. Visual field testing is most often performed by the examiner, who stands in front of the patient and leads a finger or object from the outside of the field of vision into the field of one eye while the other sees the member.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Diagnostic equipment commonly used in optical examination.</u></i></h3><b>What is Slotted lamp?</b><br /><br />This essential tool for clinical evaluation of the eye is a binocular microscope and a movable light source. They are used to examine the front of the eye, but can also be adapted to view the back of the eye.<br /><br /><b>What is Opthalmoscope?</b><br /><br />These devices focus a light source on the retina, allowing the doctor to view the retina and the vitreous side.<br /><br /><b>What is keratometer?</b><br /><br />This device allows the physician to examine the curvature and aberration of the cornea. Measurement of corneal curvature is essential for contact lens fitting, eye refractive surgery such as radial keratotomy, or correction of excessive astigmatism. Another photokeratoscope projects an image of the concentric rings of the cornea, and the reflected images are viewed and analyzed by a computer.<br /><br /><b>What is tonometer?</b><br /><br />Non-contact tonometers are sometimes used to measure glaucoma and excessive intraocular pressure. It creates air that deforms the cornea. The time required to arrange a defined amount of cornea is determined and is proportional to the intraocular pressure. Modern tonometers measure intraocular pressure by direct contact of anesthetized corneas with a small probe.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Anatomy of eye</u></i></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zzOPVXShfEU/XpMi8tP7QGI/AAAAAAAAAhQ/aisvA9zz-IITig5jtd5n7R302d98RzMZwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Beyes%2Band%2Bits%2Bcommon%2Bdiseases%2B2020B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is structure of human eyes and its common diseases 2020" border="0" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="540" height="305" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zzOPVXShfEU/XpMi8tP7QGI/AAAAAAAAAhQ/aisvA9zz-IITig5jtd5n7R302d98RzMZwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/What%2Bis%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Beyes%2Band%2Bits%2Bcommon%2Bdiseases%2B2020B.jpg" title="What is structure of human eyes and its common diseases 2020" width="320" /></a></div><br />The eye is a complex sensory organ that specializes in gathering visual information. Each eye contains a lens system to focus the image, a layer of light-sensitive cells, and a network of cells and nerves that collect, process, and transmit visual information to the brain, each surrounded by a fibrous protective sphere.<br /><br />The eyes are placed in the protective bony structures of the skull, called pathways. Each eye consists of a hard outer layer, the sclera, and the cornea; a middle layer, the hips, the ciliary body, and the iris; and the inner layer of nerve tissue called the retina. The photosensitive retina is connected to the brain through the optic nerve.<br /><br /><b><u><i>Word anatomy</i></u></b><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Orbit:</u></i> </h4>The conical cavity in the skull is formed by the frontal, maxilla, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, and palatinous bones. These bones are thin and often prone to fractures. The eye occupies the first part of the cavity, the rest is full of fat, nerves, blood vessels, muscles and the mammary gland.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Anterior chamber:</u></i></h4>The three first ventricles in the eyeball are located between the cornea and the iris.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Posterior chamber:</u></i></h4>This chamber takes up space between the iris and the lens.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Watery humor:</u></i></h4>This fluid fills the anterior and posterior chambers. It is made by the cells of the ciliary body and circulates from the posterior chamber, above the lens, to the anterior chamber and exits through the Schlemmi channel. It is like plasma yet contains next to no protein.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Vitreous space:</u></i></h4>This chamber takes up space behind the lens towards the retina. It is filled with a gelatinous substance called a vitreous.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Sclera:</u></i></h4>The fibrous protective covering of the eyeball, which we see as eye protein. It consists mainly of structural protein collagen.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>cornea:</u></i></h4>The transparent, colorless anterior sixth part of the eyeball. The cornea consists of 5 layers, the outer layer consists of an epithelial layer consisting of 5-6 cell layers, which are approx. This layer and the inner endothelium are responsible for the transparent preservation of the cornea.<br /><br />This is done by keeping the middle layers relatively dry, which prevents the parallel collagen fibers there from becoming opaque. The cornea contains no blood vessels and receives its nutrients from the atrial fluid and surrounding blood vessels.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Schlemm channel:</u></i></h4>This channel allows fluid from the anterior chamber. Blockage of this canal leads to increased intraocular pressure, which can damage the retitis. This condition is also called glaucoma.<br />corridor: This is the vascular layer of the eye.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Retinal pigment epithelium:</u></i></h4>This layer, located between the retina and the choroid, contains melanocytes that provide their characteristic black color. This pigment allows the inside of the eye to absorb scattered rays of light, such as black ink inside the camera or in a dark room.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Ciliary body:</u></i></h4>This is an extension of the choroid on the front of the eye at the level of the lens. The lens is attached to the ciliary body, which has smooth muscle in it. The contraction of the smooth muscle changes the shape of the lens and allows the eye to focus on objects. A part of the ciliary body specializes in making aqueous humor.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>iris:</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nratb8q7JWw/XpMlLd1_MDI/AAAAAAAAAhc/-wn5tUGBuVgDDEe3H2OLgSGfKWiJm02XgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Beyes%2Band%2Bits%2Bcommon%2Bdiseases%2B2020A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is structure of human eyes and its common diseases 2020" border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="531" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nratb8q7JWw/XpMlLd1_MDI/AAAAAAAAAhc/-wn5tUGBuVgDDEe3H2OLgSGfKWiJm02XgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/What%2Bis%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Beyes%2Band%2Bits%2Bcommon%2Bdiseases%2B2020A.jpg" title="What is structure of human eyes and its common diseases 2020" width="314" /></a></div><br />Another augmentation of the choroid that halfway covers the focal point, which is shaped by color cells, fibroblasts, veins, contractile shade cells. The pigment in the iris prevents light from entering the eye except through the pupil.<br /><br />Melanocytes (pigmented cells) are responsible for the color of the eye. When there is little pigment in the cells, the light reflected from the choroid at the back of the eye turns the iris blue. As the amount of pigment increases, the iris is greenish blue, gray, or brown in color.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Pupil:</u></i></h4>A round opening in the iris that allows light to pass through. The size of the students varies based on the amount of light present. Because of the more light, the pupil contracts, while the pupil widens in the dark to collect as much light as possible.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Lens:</u></i></h4>This biconvex structure is very flexible, at least at a young age. Over time, the lens loses its flexibility, reducing the ability to focus near objects. The center of the lens is elongated cells (fibers) that have lost all their organelles and are full of special proteins called crystals.<br /><br />These fibers are replaced throughout life, but regeneration slows with age. Mature cataracts occur when these fibers accumulate on the pigment granules, making them less transparent.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Retina:</u></i></h4>The photosensitive part of the eye lies between the vitreous and the choroid layer at the back of the eyeball and is a complex network of photosensitive cells and different types of neurons. The light reaching the retina must pass through several layers of transparent neurons at the beginning of the retina before reaching the light-sensitive rods and cones.<br /><br />The photosensitive portion of the rods and cones is located in an extension of the cell that looks exactly like its name. The rods are responsible for black and white vision, while the cones sense color. Retinal neurons integrate visual signals received by rods and cones and transmit information to the optic nerve.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Fovea:</u></i></h4>This special area of the retina is used for the most active vision. When someone is actively focusing or looking for an object at an object, their eyes are moved so that the image focuses on the fovea. It is thinner and contains only the cones needed to detect sharp images. The cones in this area are long and thin, with similar rods to be tightly packed. The blood vessels are also missing. Each cone connects directly to the optic nerve neuron.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Blind spot:</u></i></h4>There are no photosensitive cells in this part of the retina. Here, the optic nerve and vascular system enter the eye through the optical disc.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Common Diseases of the Eye</u></i></h3><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Glaucoma</u></i></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DJ-7fCMoXi4/XpMmynaovbI/AAAAAAAAAho/3eilNa4qbcUf0oz_u5ozosTPNYTUPllaACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Beyes%2Band%2Bits%2Bcommon%2Bdiseases%2B2020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is structure of human eyes and its common diseases 2020" border="0" data-original-height="503" data-original-width="540" height="298" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DJ-7fCMoXi4/XpMmynaovbI/AAAAAAAAAho/3eilNa4qbcUf0oz_u5ozosTPNYTUPllaACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/What%2Bis%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bhuman%2Beyes%2Band%2Bits%2Bcommon%2Bdiseases%2B2020.jpg" title="What is structure of human eyes and its common diseases 2020" width="320" /></a></div><br />Glaucoma is the name of a group of conditions that cause intraocular pressure (IOP) to rise above normal (21 mmHg) and cause changes in the characteristics of the field of view and the optical disc. In primary glaucoma, there is no known mechanism for the disease, in secondary glaucoma, eye symptoms are secondary to another eye disease.<br /><br />Normal IOP is determined by the balance between the formation and removal of aqueous humor. IOP is usually roughly equivalent in both eyes and varies throughout the day. The most common form of glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, affects about 0.5% of adults in Western countries. It often goes unnoticed until visual acuity is lost. Therefore, screening and early diagnosis of high-risk groups is important. High risk groups include family members, high myopia, diabetes and the elderly.<br /><br />In glaucoma, vision is lost due to damage to nerve cells as there is increased pressure on neurons that carry messages about motion perception and contrast sensitivity. The issue of neuronal damage remains questionable, but the two theories are as follows: 1) mechanical damage to neurons and 2) increased intraocular pressure occludes the vessels that supply neurons.<br /><br />The goal of the treatments is to reduce the pressure in the eye to a normal or safer level. Options include laser surgery to open channels, medications to increase water removal or reduce water production, and / or surgery.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Macular degeneration</u></i></h4>Macular degeneration is the most widely recognized reason for visual deficiency in developed nations. This is most common in the elderly Caucasian population. Most common in the 60-70 age group. Dietary and environmental factors, as well as age, inheritance, and species, may be important in the incidence of macular degeneration.<br /><br />Loss of vision is caused by the accumulation of lipid and protein in the membrane at the back of the eye, as well as the formation of a new vascular system that interferes with normal vision.<br /><br />Sometimes laser treatment is used to destroy the new vasculature, but the underlying disease process remains and continues that the long-term stability of visual acuity is in doubt. Oral zinc and antioxidants may have a beneficial effect on senile macular degeneration.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Retinitis pigmentosa</u></i></h4>This progressive disease is characterized by degeneration of the retinal epithelium, especially rods, atrophy of the optic nerve, and changes in retinal pigmentation. The house is unknown and usually begins in early childhood. Night vision vision is lost, followed by gradual loss of peripheral vision to tunnel vision. There is no specific treatment, but low vision treatment can be helpful.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Retinal detachment</u></i></h4>The most common cause of detachment of the photosensitive retina and the underlying pigmented epithelium is a fracture or rupture that allows the vitreous humor to pass behind the retinal epithelium. Rupture of the retina is often accompanied by bleeding that is experienced as floats in the field of view. If the retina continues to detach, it will atrophy within a few months. Occasionally, though rarely, the retina returns spontaneously.<br /><br />Treatments consist of laser or cryosurgery, vitrectomy (drainage of the subretinal fluid and replacement of the retina by microsurgery), or placement of external means to retract the sclera (to make the retina more in contact with the pigmented epithelial region).<br /><br />The gas tampon can also be used to close breaks. In this procedure, an air bubble is injected intraocularly to apply pressure to bring the separated lid closer to the pigmented epithelium. Gas tamponade is often used in conjunction with other methods to achieve better results.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>The cataract</u></i></h4>Cataracts are lens opacities that can be caused by aging, diabetes, trauma, radiation, medications, or intraocular diseases. They are also visible from birth as a result of birth trauma, maternal infection (rubella), genetic, metabolic, or chromosomal abnormalities. If the cause is not severe or prolonged, the cataract will return as normal lens growth continues. The degree of blurred vision depends on the location of the cataract inside the lens and the proximity of the axis of vision. Mature or congenital cataracts can be removed, but the ability of the eye to break is compromised. this can be solved with contact lenses, glasses or intraocular lenses.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Astigmatism</u></i></h4>Blurring of the image on one axis, as on another, is caused by the cornea having an uneven curvature. Lenses that balance refraction in all meridians can correct astigmatism.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Myopia</u></i></h4>Visibility is the result of the eyeball being too long or the cornea so steep that the focused image falls in front of the retina. Biconcave lenses can correct this error if parallel rays of light differ from each other before coming into contact with the eyes.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Presbyopia</u></i></h4>This is vision loss caused by aging and loss of lens flexibility. The point closest to the eye that an object can bring into clear focus moves further with age. Generally, the loss of accommodation between the ages of 40 and 45 is such that additional (convex) lenses are useful for reading and close work.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Nyctalopia</u></i></h4>The first sign of night blindness shows deficiency of vitamin A. Long-term deficiency results in irreversible degeneration of rods and cones. Vitamin A treatment can restore vision if given before photoreception cells are destroyed.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><u>Color-blindness</u></i></h4>There are different types of color blindness, mainly based on which of the three conical systems in which the individual operates. For example, a person has a cone that senses all three colors, but one is weak (trichromate); or only two cone systems work as with dichromates. Monochromes have only one conical color sensing system.<br /><br />Abnormal color vision is more common in men because the two genes (green and red) of the cone pigments are located on the X chromosome. Caucasian men are approx. Vision is abnormal in 8% and 0.4% of women. Because all cells in the male body, with the exception of sperm, have X and Y chromosomes in addition to the 44 other chromosomes, color blindness occurs in men in whom the abnormal gene is located on the X chromosome. In order for women to be blind, they must receive two recessive genes, one from each parent. Color blind blind female children have a recessive gene and pass the bug on to their sons.<br /><br />The color blindness tied to the X appears in every second generation of men. The most common tests for color blinds are yarn-matching tests and Ishihara diagrams. During the yarn test, the individual is asked to match one of the yarn colors to the color close to it. Ishihara graphs are multicolored tables that consist of colored numbers or letters from a background of colored spots. Numbers or letters are printed in colors that look the same as background spots when there are blinds of different colors.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-31177357072297917622020-04-09T16:22:00.000+05:302020-05-07T16:43:55.591+05:30What is kidney and disease symptoms explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><u>What is kidney and disease symptoms explained 2020</u></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5ffdURVoP2A/Xo71ZKY7GRI/AAAAAAAAAgA/EBWSJcV8ngUeUfFK6-VlmbCMt40-H26WgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bkidney%2Band%2Bdisease%2Bsymptoms%2Bexplained%2B2020A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is kidney and disease symptoms explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5ffdURVoP2A/Xo71ZKY7GRI/AAAAAAAAAgA/EBWSJcV8ngUeUfFK6-VlmbCMt40-H26WgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bkidney%2Band%2Bdisease%2Bsymptoms%2Bexplained%2B2020A.jpg" title="What is kidney and disease symptoms explained 2020" /></a></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">The kidneys are a significant organ in the human body. They maintain blood volume, filter blood and shape urine, regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance, produce some tiny hormones, and participate in the metabolism of others. At rest, an estimated 20% of heart rate (~ 1000ml / min) flows through the kidneys where it is filtered and regenerated.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">The kidneys play an important role in maintaining a life-compatible internal environment.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">These small organs need to balance fluids, minerals (such as calcium and magnesium) and electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium) while excreting waste products in the urine. One of the main tasks is to maintain the right amount of water in the body. The body weight is approx. 50-70% is provided by water.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Water is divided between two compartments: inside the cells (~ 2/3) and outside the cells (~ 1/3). Extracellular water is further distributed between blood and tissues. Tissue fluid and blood plasma contain about the same electrolyte composition, but plasma contains large amounts of protein. These compartments are in balance with each other, so changes in one eventually cause changes in the others. Fluid distribution disorders (such as edema) are associated with some common diseases and diuretics are used to correct these imbalances.</span></span><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><u>Anatomy</u></i></span></span></h3><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">The kidneys are located at the back of the abdominal cavity, one on each side of the spinal column, each top located approximately at the level of the 12th thoracic spine. The right kidney is marginally lower than the left. Each kidney weighs about 113-170 g, is about 11.4 cm long, about 6 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Each kidney is a kidney bean-shaped, concave edge facing the midline. The middle of the concave boundary is called a hillus. The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves enter the kidneys through the hillus. This extended region of the ureter is called the renal pelvis. The inside of the kidney structure is called the renal medulla, which is surrounded by a layer called the kidney cortex. The regions are anatomically and functionally distinct.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">The renal cortex contains vascular systems, connective tissue, tortuous tubules, and glomerular capsules. The latter two structures are part of the functional units of urine formation, the nephrons. The medullary region contains collecting tubes, lymphatics, and blood vessels arranged in an 8-18 conical structure, called renal pyramids, called extensions of the renal pelvis, called calyces.</span></span><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><u>Nephron</u></i></span></span></h4><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nephron is a structural and functional unit of renal function. The nephron consists of a glomerular capsule, a proximally formed conduit, a Henle loop, and a distally formed conduit leading to a manifold. The capsule consists of a thin layer of endothelial (simple squamous epithelium) surrounding a region of capillaries (glomeruli) and a layer of adjacent endothelial cells that form the remainder of the capsule and lead into the proximal rotating segment.</span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">The proximally formed segment is connected to the Henle loop, which consists of a descending section, a thin section of variable length, and an ascending section. The loop sinks into the medulla and then a hairpin turns to return to the cortex, where the nephron continues as a distally rotated segment.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the cortex, the distally inverted segment comes into contact with the glomerular blood supply as the macula densa, which is part of the juxtaglomerular device. The endothelium of the tubule becomes denser and more columnar and adapts tightly to the special cells of the afferent arterioles. The juxtaglomerular device is involved in the regulation of glomerular filtration rate, systemic blood pressure, and thirst through the renin-angiotensin system, and in the formation of red blood cells through the production of the hormone erythropoietin.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Two or more distant, winding segments are discharged into a collecting canal lined with simple spherical cells that descend into a medullary pyramid and discharge into the summit of the renal pelvis. From there, the urine enters the renal pelvis to the urethra, the bladder, and then through the urethra.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Blood enters the venous artery into the vein at the hill. The renal artery feeds the segments of the kidneys and then branches again to form interlobar arteries. The interlobar arteries of the cortex and medulla become arched arteries that branch further and form interlobular arteries. The affective arteriolar supply of the glomeruli is derived from these interlobular arteries.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Once the blood passes through the glomeruli, it leaves through the efferent arterioles and then enters a capillary network (peritubular capillaries) that surrounds the proximal and tortuous tubule of the nephron. In the medulla, the peritubular network extends to the capillaries (vasa recta) that are in close contact with the Henle loop. The blood leaves the kidneys by following the interlobular veins to the curved veins to the interlobular veins, which join and form a renal vein that is emptied into the venous cava.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">The supply of the renal nerve comes largely from the sympathetic part of the autonomic system. Upon stimulation, sympathetic intervention causes vasoconstriction in the afferent arterioles.</span></span><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><u>Urine formation</u></i></span></span></h4><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Blood entering the glomerulus is filtered through capillary cell membranes, thin basal layers, and the thin membrane of the visceral layer of the Bowman capsule. Blood pressure is screened by some degree of local regulation resulting from narrowing of the afferent or efferent arterioles. The base layer between the endothelial layers acts as a filter paper and is negatively charged, which helps repress plasma proteins.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the proximal tortuous tubule, all glucose and amino acids are recovered by active transport through the epithelium. Sodium and potassium are also actively reabsorbed. In fact, about 2/3 of this filter is reabsorbed in the proximal tortuous tubule and is followed by water. Negative ions, such as bicarbonate, are passively adsorbed. Chloride is actively transported from the filtrate in the Henle loop (thick segment). Large molecules are recovered by pinocytosis, and some toxic or foreign chemicals are excreted actively or passively. For example, antibiotics such as penicillin leak into the ultrafiltrate through the tubular membrane.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the distal convoluted tubule, the movement of sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions is actively transported under a carrier-mediated mechanism under the control of aldosterone. To maintain electrical neutrality, potassium or hydrogen is secreted into the tubule in exchange for sodium. Aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules and in the collection of the trachea, intestines, and salivary glands, but this is indeed more important in the long-term regulation of blood potassium levels.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">If excess potassium is excreted, hypokalaemia may occur, manifested by muscle weakness and possibly cardiac fibrillation. The ions themselves (in addition to ACTH) regulate aldosterone secretion; increased blood potassium levels or decreased blood sodium levels stimulate the excretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">As the filtrate leaves the distal tortuous tubule, its volume decreases but changes from isotonic to hypotonic. In the presence of antiduretic hormone (ADH), the distal tortuous tubule and collecting canal penetrate the water and the urine becomes hypertensive as it passes through the medulla. Eighty percent of the water filtered at the glomerulus must be reabsorbed (mandatory water) as it passes through the nephron. The remaining 20% (optional water) may or may not be absorbed depending on the hydration status of the animal. In dehydration, low blood volume (volume receptors) and blood hypertension (sensed by the brain’s osmoreceptors) work together to restore things.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diuresis is the production and passage of large amounts of urine. Osmolar diuresis is caused by soluble or non-absorbable solute in the tube fluid. For example, in diabetes, the tubular active transport mechanism of glucose can be overcome by the glucose drawing water in the tubular lumen. This is due to increased urine output in untreated diabetes mellitus.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Urine is usually amber or straw-colored, may have a pH of 4.6 to 8 (although usually acidic), contains less than 0.1 g of protein and less than 0.3 g of glucose. 600 to 2500 ml can be emptied within 24 hours.</span></span><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><u>Urine or microration</u></i></span></span></h4><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Urine collects in the renal pelvis and then flows into the bladder through peristaltic contractions of the ureter. When there is 150-300 ml of urine in the bladder, the stretching receptors become active and a spinal reflex begins to empty the bladder. Increased charge causes increased pressure and a further increase in reflex frequency.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Higher brain centers may override the urgency to urinate for a while, or actually make it easier. In the end, the microration reflex starts, and the inner closure of the bladder relaxes, and the swelling muscle of the bladder contracts to empty urine through the urethra. The female urethra is approx. 9.5 cm long, the male urethra is approx. 20 cm long.</span></span><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><u>Kidney Disease symptoms explained 2020</u></i></span></span></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vw3hHgMaDhI/Xo77eN7WxzI/AAAAAAAAAgQ/x82PvY1uf9ATnYQ64eHgLHxPMufr6YujQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bkidney%2Band%2Bdisease%2Bsymptoms%2Bexplained%2B2020E.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is kidney and disease symptoms explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="477" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vw3hHgMaDhI/Xo77eN7WxzI/AAAAAAAAAgQ/x82PvY1uf9ATnYQ64eHgLHxPMufr6YujQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bis%2Bkidney%2Band%2Bdisease%2Bsymptoms%2Bexplained%2B2020E.jpg" title="What is kidney and disease symptoms explained 2020" /></a></div><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kidney disease manifests itself in the form of various symptoms such as edema, low back pain, fever, changes in urination, urine or urine, changes in kidney size, or tenderness and swelling. The kidneys are examined by palpation, cystoscopy or endoscopy. Renal function is assessed by excretion tests and urine tests.</span></span><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><u>Glomerular disease</u></i></span></span></h4><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chronic renal failure is most often caused by damage to the glomeruli, usually an immunological attack. Immunoglobulins can attack the basement membrane between the glomerulus and the Bowman capsule, or damage can be caused by precipitation of immune complexes in the glomeruli. However, chemicals, radiation, or lack of oxygen can also cause glomerular damage. Certain types of glomerular nephritis occur after bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Blood and mild proteinuria (protein in the urine) appear in the urine, and some degree of peripheral edema and high blood pressure are often the first symptoms. In children, acute forms cause mortality in only 1% of cases, and permanent kidney damage is rare. The incidence is lower in adults and patients are approximately 25-50% develop chronic kidney disease.</span></span><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><u>Interstitial disease</u></i></span></span></h4><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Renal tubular disorders can result from infections, toxins, metabolic imbalances, or immunological seizures. Metabolic acidosis, loss of sodium, potassium, chloride and water occurs as the kidneys lose their ability to concentrate. The most common drugs are, for example, certain antibiotics, aspirin and diuretics. Upon discontinuation of medications, renal function usually returns to normal.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Excess uric acid, as seen in gout, can accumulate in the kidney tubules as crystals, causing obstruction and inflammation of the distal tubules and collecting in the ducts. High concentrations of calcium can also cause interstitial disease as it accumulates in the form of stones that clog the tubules.</span></span><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><u>Infections</u></i></span></span></h4><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">The diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections require the cultivation of specific disease-causing organisms. E. coli is the most common culprit, but others include Staphylococcus. Cystitis or cystitis is more common in women than men, which makes sense because in women, the urethra is much shorter so the bacteria cover less distance.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pyelonephritis is more severe, which occurs when invasive organisms enter the renal pelvis and kidney tissue, causing inflammation. Fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea indicate such an infection. The infection usually results in the formation of cortical scar tissue. </span></span><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><u>Stones</u></i></span></span></h4><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kidney stones, also called kidney calculus, are crystalline accumulations in the renal pelvis. They usually consist of oxalates, phosphates, uric acid and carbonates, from small granules to 2.5 cm in diameter. Sometimes, usually with uric acid stones, the calculus fills the renal pelvis and is called a staghorn calculus.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Excessive (dosing) vitamin C can contribute to the formation of stones. Dehydration contributes to stone formation because certain substances are saturated with urine. The crystals turn into stones and grow. There may be blood in the urine due to physical damage to the stone, and severe pain radiating from the back to the abdomen and groin as the stone passes.</span></span><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><i><u>Renal failure</u></i></span></span></h4><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Renal failure, the inability of the kidneys to excrete waste products, for a variety of reasons, may be acute or chronic in nature. </span></span><br /> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Acute renal failure is most often caused by decreased blood volume or renal perfusion. Infections, vascular disease, or damage to kidney cells can cause acute kidney failure. Extracorporeal factors such as obstruction, stones, prostate hypertrophy, and tumors can also cause acute renal failure.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">The most common causes of nephron damage are a lack of blood flow and the toxic effects of various drugs (including antibiotics). Heavy metals, solvents and pigments are also toxic to nephrons. 30-60% of patients with acute renal failure recover, depending on the cause, severity, and medical treatment.</span></span><br /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "libre franklin" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chronic renal failure is irreversible, with end-stage renal disease and dialysis at the end. Nephrons and glomeruli are damaged, resulting in decreased kidney function. A decrease in the number of normally functioning nephrons leads to fluid, sodium, potassium, acid-base imbalances and an increase in the urea nitrogen content of the blood.</span></span><br /><div><br /></div></div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-25483814955869110622020-04-06T19:05:00.000+05:302020-05-09T12:15:39.836+05:30Types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease explained 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><h3 style="text-align: center;"><b><u>Types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease explained 2020</u></b></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ontFRMCua1M/Xosr2LkMt_I/AAAAAAAAAfI/2hpld0Vqi-kUPLAXNbNLIEwJMdqNgeXAgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Bchronic%2Bobstructive%2Bpulmonary%2Bdisease%2Bexplained%2B2020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="199" data-original-width="540" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ontFRMCua1M/Xosr2LkMt_I/AAAAAAAAAfI/2hpld0Vqi-kUPLAXNbNLIEwJMdqNgeXAgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Bchronic%2Bobstructive%2Bpulmonary%2Bdisease%2Bexplained%2B2020.jpg" title="Types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease explained 2020" /></a></div><div><b><u><br /></u></b></div><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs)</u></i></b></h4>Also called infectious rhinitis or colds, URIs are most commonly caused by rhinovirus. The peak month of the frequency is related to the congregation of enclosed spaces.<br /><br />Grown-ups get 2-4 URIs per season, youngsters get 6-8 URIs per season. The incubation period is 48-72 hours. Virus leakage and an individual’s infectivity to others are associated with symptoms, 3-5 days. The virus is spread by aerosol and by hand / eye / nose. Other causes include adenovirus, parainfluenza, coronavirus, or respiratory synthetic virus.<br /><br />Symptoms: sneezing, nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, burning watery eyes, dry cough, muscle pain, fever, malaise. In untreated or complicated cases, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis or pneumonia may occur. Treatment with asymptomatic decongestants, antihistamines, humidified air, and analgesic antipyretics (NSAIDs).<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Asthma</u></i></b></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b-iA8woQXdw/XossNv9K31I/AAAAAAAAAfQ/RdkJFbqmRgA-yhttqpSajofULdb2JN0vACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Bchronic%2Bobstructive%2Bpulmonary%2Bdisease%2Bexplained%2B2020A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="540" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b-iA8woQXdw/XossNv9K31I/AAAAAAAAAfQ/RdkJFbqmRgA-yhttqpSajofULdb2JN0vACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Types%2Bof%2Bchronic%2Bobstructive%2Bpulmonary%2Bdisease%2Bexplained%2B2020A.jpg" title="Types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease explained 2020" width="320" /></a></div><div><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b></div>Asthma is a chronic disease that affects approximately 25 million people in the United States. Children are particularly affected, and it is more common in African-American children than in other species. Black children tend to have worse results. The early reaction is bronchial hypersensitivity and bronchoconstriction. During acute attacks, respiratory distress, increased respiratory rate, and increased heart rate occur. Later, asthma manifests as bronchitis and airflow obstruction. Severe seizures are characterized by severe calm, inability to speak, and cyanosis.<br /><br />There is no cure, although asthma sometimes resolves on its own. Treating symptoms is key. Long-term medications are very important because they reduce inflammation, and short-term medications (rescue medications) reduce or prevent bronchospasm.<br /><br />Asthma should be educated about their disease, symptoms, recognition of the appearance of exacerbations, and self-medication. Because certain asthma is caused by environmental factors, patients should take steps to control these allergens.<br /><br />Risk factors include a family history, exposure to tobacco smoke, aspirin allergy, and synthetic respiratory viral bronchial infection. Asthma should be considered possible for anyone who gasps. In fact, most recurrent coughs and wheezes are caused by asthma. Lung function tests that measure lung volume and capacity, as well as exercise testing, are useful to confirm the diagnosis.<br /><br />Examination of sputum, blood count, chest x-ray, and assessment of allergens will help diagnose the type and severity of the disease. Measurement of blood gases and pH is necessary to determine if the patient should be taken to hospital.<br /><br />There are different types of asthma: allergic, non-allergic, occupational, drug-induced, exercise-related, and coughing asthma. Non-allergic asthma is characterized by action after the age of 40 and is usually exposed to irritating substances such as smoke, dirt, fresh paint, insecticides, perfumes, or household cleaners.<br /><br />Allergic asthma is common in children and usually begins before the age of 40. Immunoglobulins (IgE) are mediated and exacerbated by house dust mites, animal dandelions, mold, cockroaches and pollen. The exposure to polyvinyl chloride, plicatinic acid from cedar trees, metal salts, or other industrial chemicals can lead to start of occupational asthma.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)</u></i></b></h4>COPD is usually an irreversible, progressive chronic airflow suppression. In the United States, about 16 million patients, 20% of adults, have been diagnosed with one of two subclasses of COPD, chronic bronchitis or emphysema.<br /><br />Risk factors include smoking and smoke penetration, occupational toxins, family history, chronic respiratory infections and deficiencies in protease. Smoking is however responsible for 80-90% of COPD incidents. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates increase with age.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Acute bronchitis</u></i></b></h4>Acute bronchitis is usually caused by infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses and is more common in winter. Acute bronchitis does not last long and is less severe. It is often preceded by a cold. Predictive factors include exposure to infectious pathogens, congested conditions, fatigue, and malnutrition. Symptoms of acute bronchitis include chills, sore throat, malaise, pain, cough and fever.<br />Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and signs.<br /><br />Bed rest, fluids (up to 3 or 4 liters), antibiotics, and antipyretic analgesics such as aspirin or acetaminophen are used to treat acute bronchitis. Avoid cough suppressants as coughing cleanses the mucous membranes. Other causes of acute irritation and inflammation of the bronchial tubes are inhalation of chemicals (fumes) or physical (dust) substances.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Chronic bronchitis</u></i></b></h4>Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a successful cough, mucosal overproduction, and bronchitis, for at least 3 months in two consecutive years. Patients are usually diagnosed in their 30s and 40s. The primary indicative factor is the history of smoking. Other sources of pollution can also cause chronic bronchitis. Irritation increases the growth of mucus-secreting glands in the bronchial tree mucosa. Protease-antiprotease imbalance may play an important role in the development of chronic bronchitis as it is under emphysema.<br /><br />Treatment may necessitate climate or occupational change, but the first choice is to encourage smoking cessation. Antibiotics were once prescribed to prevent secondary bacterial infections that turn into pneumonia. Chronic bronchitis can lead to more severe COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), emphysema.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Emphysema</u></i></b></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1NYNnhA8SUQ/XossiLR0sAI/AAAAAAAAAfY/-i31NJ0dIJ4PjtuYXNDGW0XtxWkHughIwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Bchronic%2Bobstructive%2Bpulmonary%2Bdisease%2Bexplained%2B2020C.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="540" height="211" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1NYNnhA8SUQ/XossiLR0sAI/AAAAAAAAAfY/-i31NJ0dIJ4PjtuYXNDGW0XtxWkHughIwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Types%2Bof%2Bchronic%2Bobstructive%2Bpulmonary%2Bdisease%2Bexplained%2B2020C.jpg" title="Types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease explained 2020" width="320" /></a></div><div><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b></div>It is characterized by alveolar distension and destruction as elastic fibers are broken down from white blood cells (neutrophils). Natural antitrypsin in the lungs can be inactivated by oxygen radicals from cigarette smoke. Antitrypsin is a serine protease inhibitor and therefore a protective agent against damage to elastic fibers in connective tissues.<br /><br />Weight loss, shortness of breath, hypoxia, tachypnea are symptoms of emphysema. Physical examination and history show the possibility of COPD. Chest x-rays and lung function tests help confirm the diagnosis and rule out other options such as tuberculosis or cancer. Treatments include lung reduction surgery, smoking cessation, and lung transplantation.<br /><br />The goal of symptomatic treatment is to reduce bronchoconstriction and inflammation. Bronchidilators, anticholinergics, theophylline, corticosteroids and antibiotics may be prescribed. Oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation are beneficial for many patients. Influenza vaccination should be given annually and pneumococcal vaccination once and again six years later.<br /><br />Preventive measures include smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation, exercise, influenza vaccination, pneumococcal vaccination, dietary supplements. Individuals genetically deficient in antitrypsin are likely to develop emphysema. Such individuals can be treated with purified human protein. Gene therapy for such individuals is currently being studied.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Pulmonary edema</u></i></b></h4>Fluid retention in the lungs is called pulmonary edema. Fluid accumulates secondary to congestive heart failure, high-altitude diseases, or in response to toxins such as methadone, opiates, salicylates (aspirin), or phenobarbital.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Pneumothorax</u></i></b></h4>Pneumothorax is the group of air in the pleural cavity. This can be caused by damage to the chest wall, fracture of the lung tissue, or superficial lung parts. Symptoms include sudden respiratory distress, tachycardia, hypotension, tracheal deviation to the contralateral side, and cervical vein tension.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Tuberculosis</u></i></b></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-awRlkeWnKVM/Xoss04Hmo4I/AAAAAAAAAfg/5y5NSXg7r4g1wedytNnMfnjEDyHg4c9ZwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Bchronic%2Bobstructive%2Bpulmonary%2Bdisease%2Bexplained%2B2020E.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease explained 2020" border="0" data-original-height="1025" data-original-width="1600" height="204" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-awRlkeWnKVM/Xoss04Hmo4I/AAAAAAAAAfg/5y5NSXg7r4g1wedytNnMfnjEDyHg4c9ZwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Types%2Bof%2Bchronic%2Bobstructive%2Bpulmonary%2Bdisease%2Bexplained%2B2020E.png" title="Types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease explained 2020" width="320" /></a></div><div><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b></div>Millions of people around the world suffer from tuberculosis, and millions die each year from this bacterial infection. This is spread by aerosols caused by coughing, sneezing or speaking. Inhaled bacteria can remain dormant for years, but the lifespan of developing an active infection is only 10%. The primary site of tuberculosis infection is the lungs.<br /><br />The infection can spread to the bones and joints, the kidneys, the central nervous system, or the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include productive cough, blood in sputum, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fatigue and weight loss.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>What causes tuberculosis and what does it mean for me?</u></i></b></h4>Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosum. This is a difficult disease to treat. There are different strains of TB. Some of these strains are easier to treat than others. Other strains may be "resistant", i.e. they do not respond very well to antibiotics. If a strain is resistant to two or more drugs, it is called "multi-drug resistant (MDR)" TB.<br /><br />The most common and usually the first site of infection is the lungs, as TB bacteria thrive in a high-oxygen environment. Other common sites of infection are the kidneys and the ends of the growing bones.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Are you infected with TB or have TB?</u></i></b></h4>TB infection means that there are bacteria in the body. Most of the people never develop TB although they are infected with the disease. This is because your immune system protects them from the bacteria and no symptoms are seen.<br /><br />Active illness means that you have symptoms of your illness, including a cough that doesn’t go away, you feel tired all the time, weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, cough, and night sweats. Keep in mind that these symptoms can also be observed in many other respiratory illnesses, so it is important that you see a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i>How does tuberculosis spread?</i></b></h4>Tuberculosis is transmitted through the air by infectious particles called droplets. Droplets come out when active tuberculosis speaks, coughs, sings, or sneezes. The droplets can be in the air for up to two hours after they have been filled from a person with active TB.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Who is at risk for tuberculosis?</u></i></b></h4>There are six groups of people most at risk of contracting tuberculosis:<br />People born abroad from areas with high tuberculosis rates - including Asia, Africa and Latin America.<br /><br />Alcoholics and drug users.<br /><br />They are homeless and barely medically fit.<br /><br />Residents of long-term care facilities.<br /><br />HIV-infected individuals.<br /><br />People who are in close contact with people with active infections.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>How and for how long is tuberculosis treated?</u></i></b></h4>Tuberculosis is always treated with two or more drugs, as the bacteria are likely to develop resistance to one or more drugs. A combination of drugs is used because resistance to TB drugs can develop extremely quickly. Drug-resistant TB strains already exist. Five of the drugs most commonly used to treat tuberculosis are isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin.<br /><br />Drinking alcohol while taking these medications can cause even more damage to the liver and potentially completely destroy the liver.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i>Isoniazid (INH)</i></b></h4>Isoniazid breaks down the cell walls of bacteria that cause TB, killing the bacteria. Isoniazid is used to treat or prevent TB. It is important that you take INH exactly as instructed to speed healing or prevent active TB infection. Follow the dosing schedule carefully.<br /><br />Do not double the dose as this may cause a seizure. The drug works mostly on an empty stomach. Common side effects of INH are stomach upset and diarrhea. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) should be taken during INH to prevent INH-induced nerve damage.<br /><br /><b><i><u>Rifampin</u></i></b><br /><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b>Rifampin inhibits RNA synthesis, preventing TB bacteria from replicating. Rifampin is used in all TB therapies. However, rifampin alone should never be used on its own. This is because TB bacteria can become resistant to rifampin very quickly.<br /><br />Common side effects of rifampin include nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, and rash or itching. Rifampin permanently stains soft contact lenses, so do not wear contacts while taking this medicine. Rifampin also causes the color of the body's secretions and feces. Reddish-orange and reddish-brown urine, feces, saliva, tears and sweat are experienced. This discoloration disappears when rifampin treatment is completed.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Pyrazinamide (PZA)</u></i></b></h4>Pyrazinamide (PZA) in combination with other TB drugs provides patients with a shorter duration of total TB treatment. Its main function is to prevent the development of resistance of TB bacteria to INH and rifampin. It is not known exactly how PZA kills tuberculosis bacteria. PZA is generally well tolerated but may be itchy on the skin. PZA can also make the sun sensitive, making it burn easier. Use sunscreen and avoid prolonged sun exposure when making PZA.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Ethambutol</u></i></b></h4>Ethambutol is effective in treating TB because the drug can enter infected cells and kill the infection from the cell. Yet this drug's exact mechanism of action is unknown. Ethambutol may affect your vision; Contact your doctor immediately if you notice a change in your vision while taking this medicine. Common side effects of the drug include fever, loss of appetite, stomach upset, weakness, or fatigue.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Streptomycin</u></i></b></h4>Streptomycin is not generally used to treat TB, but can also be used in areas where drug-resistant TB is more common. Streptomycin works by entering the bacterial cell and then stopping the bacteria from replicating.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>I have tuberculosis - can my family still talk to me?</u></i></b></h4>The most important factor is not the spread of tuberculosis. Your family can still talk to you, but your local health department will give you guidelines to prevent the disease from spreading within your family and the rest of the population.<br /><br />TB patients are often segregated to prevent the spread of this dangerous disease. If the patient is moving while still contagious, the patient should wear a mask to prevent the droplet core from leaking into the air.<br /><br />As soon as a patient starts treatment for tuberculosis, usually within a few weeks of starting the infection, the treatment is started. Patients are monitored regularly and informed by their healthcare professionals when they are no longer contagious.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Can tuberculosis be cured?</u></i></b></h4>It is curable, but treatment can last from 6 months to 2 years. Complete recovery is likely if medication is followed exactly as directed. Based on 5,526 new tuberculosis studies in 6 countries, 4,585 (83%) were cured. Patients who were likely to fail treatment had multidrug-resistant TB.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Am I getting tuberculosis again?</u></i></b></h4>The exception to this is that these patients will continue to have a positive TB test. Once tuberculosis has occurred, the body’s immune system develops antibodies (special proteins) that recognize TB. The TB skin test is just a protein from the surface of the TB bacteria - not the actual bacteria - this is the protein that the immune system recognizes.<br /><br />Once tuberculosis has occurred, your immune system recognizes the protein during the TB skin test and responds to it. This reaction, after curing TB, probably doesn’t mean you have TB, just that you have antibodies to the bacteria.<br /><br />Reactivation of infection (recurrence of symptoms) is rare in the United States. TB reactivation occurs in 7-10% of patients. Patients at high risk of reactivation are those who live in the area of high TB infection and those who are HIV-positive.<br /><div><br /></div></div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-58276777979276258712020-04-03T16:22:00.000+05:302020-05-07T15:47:42.414+05:30Congestive Heart Failure 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VrAd_nJbnxQ/XocRP2HGPHI/AAAAAAAAAeQ/F_ZDw8L3OEsKBJQfyySS5XPuZDPUGKb2ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Congestive%2Bhear%2Bfailure%2B2020A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Congestive Heart Failure 2020" border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="640" height="287" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VrAd_nJbnxQ/XocRP2HGPHI/AAAAAAAAAeQ/F_ZDw8L3OEsKBJQfyySS5XPuZDPUGKb2ACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Congestive%2Bhear%2Bfailure%2B2020A.jpg" title="Congestive Heart Failure 2020" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><h2 style="text-align: center;"><b><u>Congestive Heart Failure 2020</u></b></h2><br />What affects one side of the heart will eventually affect both sides since the heart and lungs are interconnected systems. Left-sided failure occurs when left ventricular output is less than the volume of blood received from the right side of the heart through the pulmonary circulation.<br /><br />Congestion occurs in the pulmonary circuit and decreases systemic blood pressure. Myocardial infarction is the most common cause of left heart failure, but it can also be caused by hypertension, aortic failure, or cardiomyopathy.<br /><br />Right heart failure, similarly, occurs when the right ventricle is unable to pump the volume of blood that is returned to it. The resulting congestion of the systemic venous system and decreased production in the lungs cause venous distention, swelling of distended organs to produce hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and peripheral edema.<br /><br />Furthermore, many of the effects of left heart failure are seen due to inadequate return of the lungs and left ventricular outflow. The causes of right heart failure are left heart failure, obstructive pulmonary disease, and congenital heart defects.<br /><br />Treatments are generally aimed at increasing the heart's pumping capacity, reducing the volume of blood to be pumped, reducing fluid retention and managing vascular tone.<br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Cardiogenic shock</u></i></b></h4>Any factor that depresses myocardial function can precipitate cardiogenic shock. The most common cause is myocardial infarction. The prognosis after shock occurs is poor, and the mortality rate after myocardial infarction is 60-80%. When the heart's pumping ability decreases, the systolic blood pressure decreases and the sympathetic nervous system is activated causing peripheral vasoconstriction and increased heart rate (tachycardia).<br /><br />The net effect increases the load on the heart in an effort to maintain coronary and cerebral blood flow. These mechanisms may compensate and maintain blood pressure, or they may be inadequate and irreversible shock is the end. The peripheral tissues are functioning under anaerobic conditions and it is the lactic acid produced that eventually causes cell death..<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Cardiomyopathy</u></i></b></h4>Conditions that affect the ventricular muscles and reduce the ability of the heart to pump are considered cardiomyopathies. Inflammation of the heart muscle due to infection or damage caused by radiation or chemicals is called myocarditis. Many types of myocarditis are eliminated through bed rest, medication, and fluid restriction.<br /><br />Congestive cardiomyopathy is characterized by beriberi, alcoholism, diabetes, drug toxicity, and some neuromuscular disorders. Symptoms are then characteristic of bilateral congestive heart failure.<br /><br />Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an unbalanced addition in ventricular muscle mass. The ventricular septum in particular is enlarged, causing left ventricular abnormality and obstructing ventricular blood flow. The symptoms are basically symptoms of left congestive heart failure.<br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Coronary heart disease</u></i></b></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l_Re4H6bOHk/XocSp_dwX1I/AAAAAAAAAec/Yg56jUCUykoDw_DiI__6s4SRbCjHQEnpQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Congestive%2Bhear%2Bfailure%2B2020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Congestive Heart Failure 2020" border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="481" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l_Re4H6bOHk/XocSp_dwX1I/AAAAAAAAAec/Yg56jUCUykoDw_DiI__6s4SRbCjHQEnpQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Congestive%2Bhear%2Bfailure%2B2020.jpg" title="Congestive Heart Failure 2020" /></a></div><div><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b></div>Coronary heart disease occurs when the inside of the blood vessels supplying the heart becomes blocked and restricts blood flow to the heart. This occurs when fatty plaques form in the lumen of the arteries. Levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), explicitly oxidized LDL, in the blood associate with the seriousness of atherosclerosis. Blood clots can form at the plaque and interrupt the flow of blood.<br /><br />Treatment for coronary heart disease includes bypass surgery, balloon angioplasty, and laser angioplasty. Bypass surgery involves draining a vessel from another point in a body (usually the foot) and inoculating it into the coronary artery to redirect the blood flow around the blockage. Coronary artery bypass surgery is very effective in treating angina. Balloon angioplasty is a very common procedure in which a catheter is inserted into an artery in the leg or arm and guided to blockage.<br /><br />A small balloon is inflated that smooths the plaque against the artery so that the vessel is open and blood flow is restored. Laser angioplasty works in a similar way, except that the catheter delivers optical fiber to the blocked area. The plate is destroyed by irradiation with laser light and blood flow is restored.<br /><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b><b><i><u>Ischemic heart disease</u></i></b><br /><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b>Angina pectoris or chest pain is caused by decreased oxygen delivery to the heart muscle, usually due to coronary occlusion. Severe pain usually extends to the left shoulder and left arm, but also radiates to the abdomen, back, or jaw. Constant, severe pain and a feeling of pressure in the chest can last from a few seconds to a few minutes. Inhalation of amyl nitrate or sublingual nitroglycerin may promote temporary dilation of the coronary artery.<br /><br />Angina can be treated with surgery by bypassing problem areas, opening blood vessels (angioplasty) or transmyocardial revascularization. The latter procedure involves the use of a laser to drill small holes in the heart muscle that allow blood to enter and the muscles to access oxygen.<br /><br />Laser transmmyocardial revascularization is used in patients with angina that cannot be eliminated by opening the coronary artery. An alternative procedure, percutaneous transluminal myocardial revascularization, using a catheter placed in the artery of the thigh or arm, is placed in the left ventricle where 15 to 30 holes are drilled in the heart muscle before the catheter is removed.<br /><br />This procedure is less invasive than direct transmyocardial revascularization because it does not require chest opening. Occasionally, in the case of severe angina, transmyocardial revascularization is used in addition to bridging.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Arrhythmia</u></i></b></h4>Normal heat stroke is initiated by the pacemaker sinoatrial node. Irregular heartbeat is called arrhythmia, including changes in speed and atrioventricular conduction. Physiological, pathological, and pharmacological causes can affect the conduction or delivery of impulses in the heart. Arrhythmias can be tachycardia or an increased heart rate, usually more than 100 beats per minute, or a slower heart rate, i.e., bradycardia, which is usually less than 60 beats per minute.<br /><br />Physiological causes of tachycardia include stress, fever, exercise, or emotion. Bradycardia usually occurs during sleep. Arrhythmias are common in patients with acute myocardial infarction (80%), under anesthesia (50%), and digitized patients 25%.<br /><br />Arrhythmia can mean a lack of normal communication between the atrial conduction system and the ventricles. Because the atria are electrically separated from the ventricles except the leading ventricles, the atrium can enter the tachycardia without ventricular penetration. In this case, there is usually an extrauterine focus.<br /><br />The ectopic focus is an area of myocardial tissue that takes over the functions of the pacemaker as it is spontaneously excreted faster than the sinoatrial node, usually due to injury. Ectopic foci can also occur in the ventricles, often after a myocardial infarction. Some medications, such as digitalis, sympatholytics, or cholinergics, can alter heart rate due to direct effects on the heart muscle or nerve regulation of the heart.<br /><br />The goal of treating arrhythmias is to reduce pacemaker activity and modify impaired conduction. Mechanisms include the use of sodium channel blockers, calcium channel blockers, and / or beta blockers to reduce automatic cardiac function, conductivity, and irritability, or to increase the refractory phase of the heart muscle.<br /><br />The effect is more pronounced in depolarized or damaged tissues than in normal myocardium. Drug-induced arrhythmias may result from toxic effects on the cardiovascular system at increased doses.<br /><br />During atrial fibrillation, the atria were beaten rapidly and incompletely in an abnormal and irregular manner. This is due to multiple excitation waves passing through the atrium. Ventricular fibrillation similarly occurs when the ventricular muscle contracts in a coordinated manner as multiple ventricular ectopic foci are rapidly depleted.<br /><br />Fibrillating atria or ventricles are unable to pump blood efficiently and are fatal if ventricular fibrillation lasts for more than a few minutes if the patient is not treated. Electronic defibrillators can stop ventricular fibrillation with an electric shock that restores and restores the normal rhythm of the heart.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Myocardial infarction</u></i></b></h4>Ischemic death of myocardium results from inadequate blood flow and delivery of oxygen to the heart muscle, causing irreversible cell damage and cell death. Symptoms include angina pectoralis-like pain, shock, arrhythmias, heart failure, and possibly sudden death. Myocardial infarctions occur in ca. 10-25% occur without chest pain, so angina is not a perfect indicator.<br /><br />An electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most useful direct test for diagnosing a heart attack. Laboratory tests are often inconclusive, but many parameters give abnormal results in most patients and can therefore be used to indicate a heart attack. Cell death releases myocardial enzymes that can be used to diagnose the severity of a heart attack.<br /><br />Levels of enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, and serum aspartate aminotransferase increase at certain times after the onset of the infarction and may also indicate the severity of the damage.<br /><br />The time between the onset of ischemia and muscle cell death is in most cases approx. 15-20 minutes. Infarction almost always occurs in the left ventricle and left ventricular function can be significantly reduced. The larger the affected area of the heart muscle, the greater the loss in shrinkage. Central to any myocardial infarction is necrosis, which is surrounded by the area of injury.<br /><br />Myocardial tissue does not regenerate after injury, so necrotic tissue is replaced by scar tissue that may inhibit contractility. If the tissue area is large, the heart may endanger the pump and see symptoms of congestive heart failure or cardiogenic shock.<br /><br />Complications of myocardial infarction include various disorders of normal heart rhythm, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, thromboembolism, pericarditis, and myocardial rupture. Ninety percent of patients experience arrhythmias after myocardial infarction. This is the result of local changes that affect myocardial automation and conductivity.<br /><br />Ten percent of those who die from myocardial infarction have emboli in the brain, kidney, spleen, or mesenteric. Emboli almost always come from the peripheral venous system due to bed rest and heart failure. With modern treatment, including anticoagulation therapy and early mobilization, pulmonary embolisms have been reported rarely in heart attack complications.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Congestive Heart Failure 2020 - Infections</u></i></b></h4>Pericardial or endocardial infections of the heart can be caused by a number of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, rickettsiae, and sometimes viruses or parasites. The infectious organism is usually of low virulence, so it grows slowly and the infection gradually develops over weeks and months. Sometimes, however, a more virulent organism can cause a rapid development of infection.<br /><br />In endocarditis, the infection attacks the heart valves and leaflets, thus preventing the normal alignment of the cusps. This can lead to incomplete closing of the valves or regeneration, which can lead to heart movement.<br /><br />Symptoms include fever, urine in the urine, enlarged spleen, lumps on the pads of the fingers, petechiae (low-precision bleeding in the skin), and anemia. Treatment involves determining the pathogen and directing antibiotic therapy at the microorganism. Healing and death are usually rare without treatment.<br /><br />If the myocardial sac becomes inflamed due to open heart surgery, myocardial infarction, viral or bacterial infections, tumors, or trauma, it can thicken and become fibrotic. Changes in pericardial membrane fit limit ventricular filling.<br /><br />In acute pericarditis, chest pain and electrocardiographic changes are observed, but the most important sign is the abrasion of an audible pericardial friction that sounds like sandpaper rubbed.<br /><br />If fluid accumulates between the layers of the pericardium, it can result in compression of the heart and the formation of a tamponade. As fluid accumulates in the pericardium, the pressure increases.<br /><br />When the diastole is equal to or greater than the heart, structures such as the right atrium and ventricle are compressed and blood does not return to the heart. This is life-threatening and can result in death due to a circulatory collapse.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-64552164485700653622020-04-01T18:43:00.000+05:302020-05-07T15:28:55.179+05:30What are the causes of high blood pressure<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-70eVJPWBKps/XprdErEms_I/AAAAAAAAAmQ/nLomBEt4lq8Q7xH3HmOP2hQbEQ5xEnFCgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bare%2Bthe%2Bcauses%2Bof%2Bhigh%2Bblood%2Bpressure%2B%25281%2529.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What are the causes of high blood pressure" border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="540" height="265" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-70eVJPWBKps/XprdErEms_I/AAAAAAAAAmQ/nLomBEt4lq8Q7xH3HmOP2hQbEQ5xEnFCgCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/What%2Bare%2Bthe%2Bcauses%2Bof%2Bhigh%2Bblood%2Bpressure%2B%25281%2529.webp" title="What are the causes of high blood pressure" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><u>What are the causes of high blood pressure?</u></b></h2>High blood pressure or hypertension is usually a lifelong disease that causes very few symptoms until it develops. Diagnosis and evaluation consist of measuring lying, sitting and standing blood pressure. Repeated, measurements of elevated blood pressure indicate hypertension.<br /><br />Levels considered hypertension depend on age. Cross-border high blood pressure occurs in adults when blood pressure is consistently measured between 140/90 and 160/95. Diastolic pressure of 95-104 is considered to be mild hypertension, whereas moderate hypertension of 105-114 and severe hypertension at 115 or higher. Hypertension most often occurs in the form of mixed systolic and diastolic hypertension.<br /><br />The prognosis of untreated hypertension is not good. Organ damage due to damaged blood vessels in the kidneys, heart and brain leads to kidney failure, coronary heart disease and stroke. Blacks are more at risk than whites, men are more at risk than women, and postmenopausal women are more at risk than those who are still under the protection of female hormones. The positive risk factors for hypertension are family history, smoking, stress, obesity, age, diabetes and hyperlipidemia.<br /><br />Hypertension is usually multifactorial. One of the causes of hypertension is often elusive. In fact, 90% of patients have no definite cause. Patients for whom no specific cause has been established are said to suffer from essential or idiopathic hypertension. Other causes, such as vascular, Cushing's disease, primary aldosteronism or aortic contraction, are due to secondary hypertension.<br /><br />Treatment regularly starts with non-pharmaceutical methods, for example, dietary sodium limitation or weight reduction. Sodium restriction in patients with mild hypertension approx. 50% effective. Patients should avoid excess use of table salt and processed foods during cooking or during meals. Weight loss is effective in lowering blood pressure in up to 75% of overweight patients with mild to moderate hypertension.<br /><br />Pharmacological interventions are usually performed in steps. Diuretics are the first class of drugs to be used with sodium restriction and thiazide diuretics are very effective in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Loop diuretics are used when the kidney is not functioning properly and spironolactone can be used in hyperaldosteronism.<br /><br />Drugs that alter the sympathetic nervous system to blood pressure are often second-line treatment. Vasodilators, converting enzyme inhibitors and / or calcium channel blockers are recent and very effective treatments.<br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Atherosclerosis</u></i></b></h4>Arterial hardening or atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in more than half of all deaths in developed countries and in the United States. When it affects the coronary arteries, it is the root cause of most heart attacks and the common cause of congestive heart failure and arrhythmias.<br /><br />The pathological process begins very early with a fatty streak of lipid deposited in the intima of the arteries. Modified macrophages called foam cells accumulate in the plaque region. These froth cells aggregate lipids, particularly oxidized low thickness lipoproteins. When the injury is infiltrated with fibrous material, it protrudes into the lumen of the artery. The injury itself rarely blocks the artery, but blood clots form on top of the plaque, which closes the canal.<br /><br />Chronic lesions are calcified and the elasticity of the vessel is reduced. This hardening of the arteries increases the resistance to blood flow and hence the increase in blood pressure. In theory, atherosclerosis can affect any blood vessel in the body, but most often the aorta, coronary artery, cervical and joint arteries. Ischemia or infarction of defined regions causes specific symptoms and clinical results.<br /><br />Hypertension, elevated cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, age, gender (increased incidence in men up to age 75, when the risk equals), physical inactivity and a family history of heart disease are risk factors for atherosclerosis. Pharmacological interventions can be very useful in hyperlipidemic patients.<br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Aneurysm</u></i></b></h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />Abnormal dilation of the artery is known as aneurysm due to a congenital defect or weakness of the vessel wall. Atherosclerosis is a common cause of aortic aneurysm, while peripheral lesions are usually caused by trauma, bacterial or fungal infections. Dialysis begins with weakness of the medial layer of the artery. The risk of aneurysm is rupture, peripheral artery emboli, pressure in the surrounding tissue and obstruction of blood flow to the organs fed by the arteries. Aneurysm fracture is often fatal and depends on the person involved.<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Venous thrombosis and thrombophlebitis</u></i></b></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><img alt="What are the causes of high blood pressure" border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="540" height="370" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Dkhhhqq8lVQ/Xprcil3ilyI/AAAAAAAAAmI/EI71hw2zvkcHztPbdEe13n2GjsQyAxC6wCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/What%2Bare%2Bthe%2Bcauses%2Bof%2Bhigh%2Bblood%2Bpressure.webp" title="What are the causes of high blood pressure" width="400" /></div><br />Venous obstruction may be permanent or transient. Blocking the trunk or a portion of the main branches leads to widening of the vessels distant from the obstruction and can result in permanent damage to valves and vessel walls due to pressure, hypoxemia, stretching and malnutrition. Edema may be the result of damage to the peripheral blood vessels.<br /><br />Blood vessels may cause thrombi to form due to inflammation or trauma to the endothelium. Venous blood stasis contributes to the formation of a blood clot or thrombus. As the thrombus grows along the axis of the bloodstream, some of it may decompose and become an embolus located at the bottom of the capillary beds, preventing the blood from flowing to the served area.<br /><br />Most often, the emboli are located in the lung capillaries. When thrombosis excludes blood vessels, it can be compensated by the collateral blood vessels. If the fuse does not circulate properly, edema may occur.<br /><br />Treatment includes anticoagulant treatment or surgical removal if the thrombus is large.<br />Inflammation of the veins, usually due to the presence of a thrombus in the legs, is called thrombophlebitis. Such inflammation can occur due to chemical damage, bacterial infection or causes of unknown origin. Thrombophlebitis in the deep veins of the legs causes pain and tenderness in the calf.<br /><b><i><u><br /></u></i></b><b><i><u>Varicose veins</u></i></b><br /><br />Varicosis is the enlargement of superficial veins caused by valve defects, usually in the leg or lumbar region.<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>More information about Varicose veins</u></i></b></h3>Blood vessels are weak-walled vessels, and gravitational pressure, stasis, or increased venous pressure can lead to valve malfunctions and, consequently, are called enlarged twisted superficial vessels, known as varicosities. They can occur anywhere, but are most common in the feet, where they appear as a distressing, dark blue vein just below the surface of the skin. Smaller superficial varicosities are called spider veins.<br /><br />Women are most often affected, usually between the ages of 30 and 70. In the United States, 10% of men and 20% of women are affected. The valve may be defective or inherited. Age increases tend to be due to loss of elasticity of the vein wall, as well as pregnancy, illness, injury, obesity, and prolonged sitting or standing.<br /><br />Due to incompetent valves, the blood returns to the lower leg, causing an increase in venous pressure that dilates the blood vessel. Symptoms include pain or difficulty in the legs, feet and ankles, swelling, ulceration of the mucous membranes of the skin and severe bleeding when injected into a vein.<br /><br />Varicose veins do not heal without treatment. Treatment of varicose veins consists of resting, lifting the limb and using external support devices, such as elastic covers or support hoses. Elastic stockings are preferred over elastic bandages.<br /><br />Behavioral changes can help prevent the development of the colon. When sitting, the ankle should be crossed instead of the knee. Avoiding high-heeled shoes that restrict the use of calf muscle and restrictive clothing that limit blood flow to the lumbar or calf area can help.<br /><br />Persistent sitting or standing should be avoided if you take a break to lift your feet or walk, both of which facilitate blood movement and prevent valve malfunction. For pregnant women, left sleep, not back sleep, can help as it will reduce the pressure in the pelvic vessels.<br /><br />Seek medical attention if the varicose veins are painful, if the swelling becomes unusable, or if bleeding or discoloration of the varicose vein occurs.<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Treatments of high blood pressure</u></i></b></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-caMgofG5QgE/XprcGfSs6rI/AAAAAAAAAmA/YVBWW8rRaiMVNHX1JCPTdT_dT2P0_XHjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/What%2Bare%2Bthe%2Bcauses%2Bof%2Bhigh%2Bblood%2Bpressure%2B1.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What are the causes of high blood pressure" border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="540" height="236" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-caMgofG5QgE/XprcGfSs6rI/AAAAAAAAAmA/YVBWW8rRaiMVNHX1JCPTdT_dT2P0_XHjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/What%2Bare%2Bthe%2Bcauses%2Bof%2Bhigh%2Bblood%2Bpressure%2B1.webp" title="What are the causes of high blood pressure" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /><a href="https://t.me/s/vijayanandsingh" target="_blank">Laser</a> therapy has a beneficial effect on the superficial varicose veins known as the arachnids. The energy of light is absorbed by the blood vessels, which can overheat and burst. The tissues become illuminated when debris is removed by normal healing processes. If the warming effect is less intense, the blood vessels contract without bleeding. Lasers are capable of selectively treating large abnormal veins and leaving smaller veins intact.<br /><br />Sclerotherapy consists of injecting small and medium-sized varicosities by injection that creates and closes scar tissue and forces blood to flow to healthier veins.<br /><br />Outpatient phlebectomy involves the removal of smaller varicosities through small holes in the skin during local anesthesia. Occasionally, minimal scarring occurs.<br /><br />Vein dissection involves removal of a long vein through small incisions in outpatient care.<br />Endoscopic vein surgery is performed in advanced cases of vascular disease associated with foot ulcers. The surgeries insert an endoscopic camera into the varicose vein through small incisions to display and treat the defects.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-53318170237521417182020-03-30T19:32:00.000+05:302020-05-07T15:00:09.421+05:30Treatment of diabetes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GN1tRKfA8Lo/XoH1tSJe5BI/AAAAAAAAAco/_B1UXZvvuSUsLOeufZNtIR-m2-csy8veQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Treament%2Bof%2Bdiabetes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Treatment of diabetes" border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="640" height="212" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GN1tRKfA8Lo/XoH1tSJe5BI/AAAAAAAAAco/_B1UXZvvuSUsLOeufZNtIR-m2-csy8veQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Treament%2Bof%2Bdiabetes.jpg" title="Treatment of diabetes" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><h2 style="text-align: center;"><b><u>Treatment of diabetes</u></b></h2><br />In certain individuals, blood glucose levels can be effectively controlled with diet and exercise, yet numerous individuals require insulin or oral tablets. Insulin injections are needed when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. Patients who require insulin often show signs of diabetes at an early age. This is called type I diabetes.<br /><br />Diabetics whose pancreas makes insulin but develops high blood glucose levels due to resistance to insulin effects are often placed on oral tablets and dietary therapy, although insulin injections are occasionally required. These patients are often referred to as type II diabetes and represent the majority of diabetics (90-95%).<br /><br />Many drugs interfere with diabetes treatments, directly affecting blood sugar levels. Diabetics may sometimes use these medicines, but a doctor or pharmacist should be consulted before adding or discontinuing any non-prescription or over-the-counter medications. For example, certain diuretics, corticosteroids, phenytoin, isoniazid, high doses of aspirin and estrogen may increase blood sugar.<br /><br /> Beta blockers (eg Tenormin®, Lopressor®, Inderal®, Kerlone®), commonly used to treat conditions such as abnormal heart rhythms, migraines and high blood pressure have multiple effects on blood glucose regulation. Furthermore, they may cover the indications related with low glucose. Low blood sugar can have serious implications, and diabetics and their families are educated to recognize the symptoms and are trained in appropriate actions.<br /><br />Herbs or botanicals can also affect blood sugar. For example, garlic increases the level of insulin in the blood, thus increasing the risk of developing a low level of blood sugar. There is also some evidence that horse chestnut and black cohosh may increase the effects of oral antidiabetic drugs.<br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Monitoring blood glucose control</u></i></b></h4><br />An important part of successful diabetic treatment can be achieved by monitoring patients' blood glucose levels at home. This allows the doctor and the patient to evaluate the effectiveness of the current treatment. The better the control, the lower the risk of developing complications. In the past, controlling for fasting blood sugar has been a major concern, but recent data show that monitoring levels two hours after a meal is important in reducing the risk of complications.<br /><br />There are different types of glucose monitors available. Some have sound synthesizers that can be used to help visually impaired patients. Many monitors allow you to draw blood from areas other than your finger.<br /><br />A major advancement in surveillance is the existence of a monitor that uses low electrical current to measure glucose in the subcutaneous fluid instead of blood. Readings should be made every 20 minutes and an alarm will sound if glucose is out of normal range. Many other non-invasive devices are under development.<br /><br />Blood glucose levels should be checked regularly to determine if your blood sugar is adequate. This test shows the average amount of glucose in your blood over the last three months. It is recommended that hemoglobin A1c levels be maintained below seven percent. Studies have shown that this can significantly reduce the risk of developing diabetes complications.<br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Oral Treatments</u></i></b></h4><br />There are several types of oral treatments. Some stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin and are called "oral hypoglycemias". Others slow down the digestion and absorption of starches, and are called "starch blockers." Metformin (Glucophage®) reduces the glucose production in the liver and increases the glucose utilization in tissues, while another group increases the sensitivity of tissues to insulin and is called "insulin sensitizers". The patient may receive several medications for best effect.<br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Oral treatments: I Oral hypoglycaemia</u></i></b></h4>Oral hypoglycemic drugs include glyburide (DiaBeta®, Micronase®) and repaglinide (Prandin ™). Some newer medicines, such as repaglinide, lower blood sugar levels faster and shorter than older medicines and may require more frequent doses. However, it is believed that their activity may more closely mimic the natural fluctuations of insulin secretion associated with fasting and nutrition.<br /><br />Oral blood glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin. This requires the presence of functional insulin-producing cells and is therefore ineffective in type I diabetics. Some reduce the glucose production in the liver, increase the sensitivity of the target cells to insulin, and lower the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides that carry molecules in the blood. Many drugs may interact with oral agents.<br /><br />Oral hypoglycaemia is generally well tolerated. The main side effect is when your blood sugar is lowered, which is called hypoglycaemia. It can be severe and may manifest itself as hunger, nausea, fatigue, sweat, headache, palpitations, numbness of the mouth, tingling of fingers, tremor, blurred vision, mental disorder or loss of consciousness.<br /><br />Hypoglycaemia can be a result of high doses of hypoglycaemia, but also due to poor food intake, excessive physical activity or drug interactions. Some of these drugs increase the sensitivity of the skin to the sun, so you should wear sunscreen and / or protective clothing when sunlight is expected.<br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Oral treatments: II starch blocking agents</u></i></b></h4><br />Starch blockers such as acarbose (Precose®) slow down the digestion and absorption of starches and sugars, thereby reducing the rapid rise in blood glucose after meals. Inhibits alpha-glucosidase enzymes located in the intestine where most nutrients are absorbed. These enzymes break down the carbohydrates into small units which are absorbed. For efficacy, a starch inhibitor should be taken at the start of a meal that has a high complex carbohydrate content (at least 50%).<br /><br />The drug competes with carbohydrates for binding to the enzyme. Starch blockers should be avoided in patients with inflammatory bowel disease who are prone to GI obstruction or in cases where the absorption or digestion of GI is impaired. When used on its own, there is no risk of low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Gas and bloating are the most well-known symptoms.<br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Oral Drugs: Metformin III</u></i></b></h4><br />Metformin (Glucophage®) primarily prevents the liver from producing excess glucose, but is also thought to have complementary activities that increase glucose utilization in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. This is advantageous for many obese diabetics who often show insulin resistance. Metformin rarely causes low blood sugar and generally lowers plasma triglycerides and cholesterol.<br />Side effects of GI are common, including loss of appetite, nausea / vomiting, abdominal discomfort, gas and altered taste.<br /><br />These side effects may decrease with long term use. In rare cases, metformin is associated with elevated levels of lactic acid in the blood, called lactic acidosis. Alcohol intake increases the risk of lactic acidosis. Patients receiving medication are educated about the symptoms of this side effect.<br /><br />Women with polycystic ovarian disease often have high levels of insulin, which may be involved in stimulating the production of androgen (male hormone). There is some evidence that metformin may reduce symptoms and improve other hormonal imbalances.<br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Oral drugs: IV. Insulin sensitizers</u></i></b></h4><br />Insulin sensitizers include rosiglitazone (Avandia®) and pioglitazone (Actos ™). These medicines increase the sensitivity of tissues to insulin by encouraging a receptor in the body called the PPAR gamma receptor. Insulin affects the expression of a number of genes involved in the regulation of glucose production, transport and use, and PPAR gamma receptors are involved in these activities.<br /><br />The main side effects are weight gain, mild swelling, headache and a slight decrease in blood hemoglobin. Blood tests are often carried out to check the effects of the medicine on the liver, especially during initial treatment.<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Treatment of diabetes - Insulin Therapy</u></i></b></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jZYyg3GKMsA/XoH52FM0ZCI/AAAAAAAAAc8/B6LRk0oQwBI7S8P8aQac1CkNu02cydEXQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Treatment%2Bof%2Bdiabetes%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Treatment of diabetes" border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jZYyg3GKMsA/XoH52FM0ZCI/AAAAAAAAAc8/B6LRk0oQwBI7S8P8aQac1CkNu02cydEXQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Treatment%2Bof%2Bdiabetes%2B%25282%2529.jpg" title="Treatment of diabetes" width="213" /></a></div><br /><br />Insulin injections are used when the patient does not produce enough insulin or the effects of oral treatment do not provide adequate control of the blood glucose level. It is not given orally because gastric acid and enzymes damage the intestine. (A number of new formulations under development are described below.) The needles used to deliver insulin are so fine that many people claim that they do not feel the injections given directly into the subcutaneous fat.<br /><br />Although insulin is available from the porcine gland, many people today use recombinant human insulin preparations that are made in the laboratory. Some of these are identical to human insulin, while others are slightly modified. Many insulin products are available. They differ from each other in three ways: 1) when they start working (initially), 2) when they have maximum effect (peak), and 3) how long they have effect (duration). Your doctor will customize your insulin regimen to meet your individual's blood sugar level and activity level. Many different types of insulin are often used for best results.<br /><br />Insulin dissolves in fluids of various strengths. Most people use U-100 insulin. This means that there are 100 units of insulin in a milliliter (ml) of liquid. The syringes are available in a variety of unit markings and the syringe should match the strength of the insulin (ie use U-100 insulin with a U-100 syringe).<br /><br />The insulin pen made it easy for many people to use insulin (especially outside the home). You can easily carry your pen in your purse or pocket. It usually contains a dose button to dial the amount you want to inject. Some pens contain a single dose, while others contain multiple doses. Many different types of insulin are available in pen formulations. They are more expensive than the traditional forms available.<br /><br />The use of an insulin pump has become an effective method of providing intensive diabetes treatment. They are often used for those who require more injections per day. Insulin pumps are also used by people with varying schedules, as this allows you to adjust your doses to your daily requirements.<br /><br />Knowledge of pump operation, commitment to careful monitoring of blood glucose levels, and the ability to adjust doses are required. The catheter is placed in the subcutaneous space of the abdomen or buttocks and connected to a pump which can be worn in a small paging mode. The cost of these devices is a limiting factor for many patients.<br /><br />There is currently tremendous research effort to develop an insulin inhaler. Preliminary studies suggest that this form of therapy is likely to be available in the near future. The nebulizer sprays a mist that contains insulin, which is inhaled orally into the lungs where it is absorbed. Other areas of research include the development of nasal sprays, insulin patches, and oral pills, which are resistant to acid digestion in the stomach.<br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Blood glucose control</u></i></b></h4><br />An important part of successful diabetic treatment can be achieved by monitoring patients' blood glucose levels at home. This allows the doctor and the patient to evaluate the effectiveness of the current treatment.<br /><br />The better the control, the lower the risk of developing complications. In the past, controlling for fasting blood sugar has been a major concern, but recent data show that monitoring levels two hours after a meal is important in reducing the risk of complications.<br /><br />There are different types of glucose monitors available. Some have sound synthesizers that can be used to help visually impaired patients. Many monitors allow you to draw blood from areas other than your finger.<br /><br />A major advancement in surveillance is the existence of a monitor that uses low electrical current to measure glucose in the subcutaneous fluid instead of blood. Readings should be made every 20 minutes and an alarm will sound if glucose is out of normal range. Many other non-invasive devices are under development.<br /><br /><!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --><br />Blood glucose levels should be checked regularly to determine if your blood sugar is adequate. This test shows the average amount of glucose in your blood over the last three months. It is recommended that hemoglobin A1c levels be maintained below seven percent. Studies have shown that this can significantly reduce the risk of developing diabetes complications.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6357989328194745587.post-53477315172705964482020-03-22T22:00:00.000+05:302020-04-06T21:55:15.219+05:30Types of relaxation and health techniques for diabetes 2020<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9wr22ZmimGk/XneOhNUOwEI/AAAAAAAAAbg/vDNCYthimqQmg5SD-QP1C1QbipUF7ErwgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Brelaxation%2Band%2Bhealth%2Btechniques%2Bfor%2Bdiabetes%2B2020.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of relaxation and health techniques for diabetes 2020" border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="640" height="213" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9wr22ZmimGk/XneOhNUOwEI/AAAAAAAAAbg/vDNCYthimqQmg5SD-QP1C1QbipUF7ErwgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Types%2Bof%2Brelaxation%2Band%2Bhealth%2Btechniques%2Bfor%2Bdiabetes%2B2020.jpg" title="Types of relaxation and health techniques for diabetes 2020" width="320" /></a></div><br /><h2 style="text-align: center;"><b><u>Types of relaxation and health techniques for diabetes 2020</u></b></h2><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u>Balance In Body And Mind – The Practice Of Yoga</u></i></b></h3><br />More and more people come to understand about the the body’s own incredible potential for self -healing through yoga practice. The body is a miracle of bio-engineering, able to heal wounds, mend bones, fight infection, restore depleted energy, and resist all kinds of virus. The most immediately apparent way in which the practice of yoga asanas helps the body is in improving the flexibility and mobility of the spine and joints. Yoga asanas has proved to be a totally safe form of exercise.<br /><br />The word asana translate as ” posture ” from the Sanskrit,, which means ” to stay,” ”to be,” ” to sit.” Asanas are the physical exercises that were developed alongside the whole philosophy of yoga in order to keep the body healthy and strong. As their name suggests, to bring about the more balanced state of mind that comes from giving time just to be. The practice of asanas is the aspect that most yoga – minded people in the West are interested in. And they have proved to be a remarkably effective antidote to the stress of high-octane Western lifestyle.<br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u> The Spirit Of Yoga</u></i></b></h4><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5qUcGVBp3aw/XnePFnQo6sI/AAAAAAAAAbo/ioyHeeoosg0GbuZzl-sXagOA9gKYTM3XACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Brelaxation%2Band%2Bhealth%2Btechniques%2Bfor%2Bdiabetes%2B2020%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of relaxation and health techniques for diabetes 2020" border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="640" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5qUcGVBp3aw/XnePFnQo6sI/AAAAAAAAAbo/ioyHeeoosg0GbuZzl-sXagOA9gKYTM3XACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Types%2Bof%2Brelaxation%2Band%2Bhealth%2Btechniques%2Bfor%2Bdiabetes%2B2020%2B%25282%2529.jpg" title="Types of relaxation and health techniques for diabetes 2020" width="480" /></a></div><br />Yoga is as old as humanity and has been practiced in body and mind for thousands of years as a gentle yet effective way of attaining energy, endurance, stillness and balance. Though it emerged thousands of years ago on the Indian subcontinent, more and more people in the west are turning to yoga as a way to cope with the pressures and strains of modern life. Few countries can match the scale and diversity of India and no other country has its religion so intertwined with every aspect of live. <br />Indian philosophy concentrates largely on man’s spiritual destiny, which is why it is so bound up with Indian religion, often blurring the boundaries between the religion, particularly between Hinduism and Buddhism. In thousand of years of Indian scriptures passed down over the centuries there are many references to yoga as a path toward the truth.<br /><br />Schools, ashrams, and centers of yoga have proliferated all over the Western world since the start of the twentieth century. Teachers have developed techniques and changed emphasis, and then given names to their “new” methods. Today there are so many to choose from it can be difficult to know where to start. The term "yoga" is now applied to many forms of asceticism, meditation, and spiritual training but originally it originated from southern India as a practice whose aim was to avoid the karmic cycle of cause and effect and achieve a higher consciousness.<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u> Transcendental Meditation</u></i></b></h3><br /><br />The Beatles found themselves transformed by their meeting with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, who, forty eight years ago, taught them to practice them transcendental meditation. He opened their eyes to new ways of perception. Transcendental Meditation movement, which teaches a technique now practiced by millions of people all over the world. It is promoted as the simplest and most effective technique for gaining deep relaxation, inner happiness, and fulfillment. And indeed the technique appears to have been validated by research, which includes studies into improved health, cognitive performance,and even reduction in crime rates related to the practice of transcendental meditation.<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u> The Big And The Small</u></i></b></h3><br /><br />What are the microcosmos and what is the macrocosmos? Those are really relative terms. They are intended to express a relationship and in various situations, they may be different things. e.g. when we are talking about our bodies, it is our physical selves that are the macrocosmos, while our individual cells are the microcosmos.<br /><br />When we are talking about the world at large, our bodies are the microcosmos and the earth is the macrocosmos. The little body and the big body.<br />On an even grander scale, when we talk about the universe, the earth is the microcosmos, and everything else out there is part of the macrocosmos.<br />When we consider only the microcosmos of the self, and listen only to the urge that occur there – such as desire for food, sex, sleep, and entertainment – we often forget about how we each of the choices we make influences the world around us. <br />It is necessary to be mindful that we each come equipped with two natural urges. Preserving the self and preserving everything that the self is related to. These must not be separated. In order to sustain the life of the individual, we must sustain the larger body, the Earth. This is a very basic, but often overlooked, principle of biology called inter dependency.<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u> Color In Therapy</u></i></b></h3><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DX1fmm7WXCE/XnePcyxNzxI/AAAAAAAAAbs/SVgtnwUWzNMBcWYRLuDDgAE7gFuxWvXCQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Brelaxation%2Band%2Bhealth%2Btechniques%2Bfor%2Bdiabetes%2B2020%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of relaxation and health techniques for diabetes 2020" border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="640" height="213" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DX1fmm7WXCE/XnePcyxNzxI/AAAAAAAAAbs/SVgtnwUWzNMBcWYRLuDDgAE7gFuxWvXCQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Types%2Bof%2Brelaxation%2Band%2Bhealth%2Btechniques%2Bfor%2Bdiabetes%2B2020%2B%25283%2529.jpg" title="Types of relaxation and health techniques for diabetes 2020" width="320" /></a></div><br />Color is a phenomenon which surrounds as and which is often taken for granted. It is displayed in full glory while the wonder and awe of the rainbow–inspiring sight of the polar lights, known as the aurora borealis–is displayed in total glory. Colors are the visible part of what is known as electromagnetic spectrum.<br /><br />The rediscovery of color used as a therapy is still in its infancy. Historical research shows that it was practiced in many cultures. The Atlantans [inhabits of the vanished continent Atlantis] are believed to have build healing temples whose domed ceilings were made of interlocking crystals that dissipated the light into the color spectrum. These colors were used to treat disease, childbirth, heal relationships and assist the soul in its transition from this life to the next. <br />Egyptians had individuals healing rooms in there temples build in such a way that each one attracted individual rays of the spectrum. It It is commonly believed that those who came for healing to the temple were first diagnosed with' color' and then put in the room where the prescribed color was radiating. Our ancestors, aware of how nature's colors influenced them, understood how to absorb and use these for healing. All colors of the spectrum are compatible in hue–often used in therapy with the hue of the medication–and hold their own specific therapeutic properties.<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u> Affirmation and mantras</u></i></b></h3><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l2VMx1s6oKc/XneP-s4CTYI/AAAAAAAAAb4/t7BUDxurXZYZ9LPYY19h8sTiX8TUMyOywCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Brelaxation%2Band%2Bhealth%2Btechniques%2Bfor%2Bdiabetes%2B2020%2B%25284%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of relaxation and health techniques for diabetes 2020" border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l2VMx1s6oKc/XneP-s4CTYI/AAAAAAAAAb4/t7BUDxurXZYZ9LPYY19h8sTiX8TUMyOywCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Types%2Bof%2Brelaxation%2Band%2Bhealth%2Btechniques%2Bfor%2Bdiabetes%2B2020%2B%25284%2529.jpg" title="Types of relaxation and health techniques for diabetes 2020" width="213" /></a></div><br />Words are incredibly powerful. They are the link between thought and action. Expressing an idea loudly or on paper makes it much more concrete, more feasible. While meditation is mostly synonymous with sitting in silence, words go along with this practice. They are spoken in two forms, as affirmations of our intent before and or after meditation, and as mantras during meditation.<br /><br />There are no right or wrong affirmation or mantras. Choosing the words for your meditation routine is a very personal matter. Your affirmation will have to do with your personal intent. Your mantra or mantras may also be related to your intent, or they may be given to you by a teacher. Whatever words you choose to utter, make sure they have the real meaning to you.<br /><br /><br />While they are both part of the same process, affirmations and mantras are distinct from each other. Affirmation are statements of what we mean to do and be. If you believe that you are your word, then stating that you are what you intend to be a simple link to becoming it. The language of affirmation is always positive and focuses on the end result rather than the process. Words like hope, wish, and want don’t belong in your affirmations. For example, if your intention is to lose weight, rather than ” I will lose weight,” or I hope to lose weight,” the affirmation should be : ” I am losing weight.” As you state your affirmations, you should also visualize the end result.<br />Mantras, put simply, are phrases that help us to become conscious of the divinity within and around us. They can be very simple or very complex strings of words, in our own language or in another. It is important to know the meaning of your mantras. You should always infuse them with positive intent, for mantras are powerful. Their meanings are meant to awaken you to the miraculousness of live, and the powerful, divine life force that makes each of us a sacred entity within a larger sacred community.<br /><br />There is also an aural, sensory component to your mantras. The sound vibrations you create as you chant a mantra are meant to be a part of your nurturing sensory experience during meditation. These vibrations also act as conductors for a positive flow of life energy, a recharging of your batteries. You want to breathe deeply before you release your mantra from your lips, and then stretch out the phonetics very slowly so as to prolong the positive meaning and the sensory experience. Put your whole self into it. Hear it feel it. Through sense memory response your brain comes to associate those sound vibrations with their meaning and with pleasant experiences. Over time, just hearing yourself utter your mantras will help to bring you quickly to a meditative state.<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><i><u> Becomming Connected</u></i></b></h3><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-a1EpZ5fU8Qg/XneQ3WF5-nI/AAAAAAAAAcE/stXNO71yH1kkX5Lbim8VlJ-92AjCkRlJQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Types%2Bof%2Brelaxation%2Band%2Bhealth%2Btechniques%2Bfor%2Bdiabetes%2B2020%2B%25285%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of relaxation and health techniques for diabetes 2020" border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="640" height="211" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-a1EpZ5fU8Qg/XneQ3WF5-nI/AAAAAAAAAcE/stXNO71yH1kkX5Lbim8VlJ-92AjCkRlJQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Types%2Bof%2Brelaxation%2Band%2Bhealth%2Btechniques%2Bfor%2Bdiabetes%2B2020%2B%25285%2529.jpg" title="Types of relaxation and health techniques for diabetes 2020" width="320" /></a></div><br />We must understand, as a global society, we must realize that achieving happiness and prosperity is a holistic process to most of us. It is one that needs changes in any aspect of our lifestyle, changes that include a regular practice of rituals that cultivate mind, body, and spirit. For eons, the world's oldest religions and the tribal people who practice them have accepted the influence of mind and spirit. For ages they have practiced simple, holistic, natural wellness rituals as part of their daily everyday life. Their fitness and well-being is rooted in traditions, and knowledge passed from generation to generation. They knew that plants and herbs had an amazing healing ability and intellect.<br /><br />Times are slowly changing here in the western world. Today, there’s return of the world’s medical practices, global processes that rely heavily on natural plant and herb which are as follows:-<br />Remedies, including ayurveda, asian medicine, herbology, african, and native american healing traditions, all of which utilizes phytochemicals and herbs to balance the body. In addition, the medical establishment is exhibiting respect for ancient, “alternative ” healing practices, including meditation, prayer, yoga, massage, homeopathic medicine, acupuncture, and herbology. The powerful physiological and psychological effects of aromatherapy is being recognized by many as well.<br /><!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --> <!-- /wp:paragraph --><br /><br />We cannot live without plants, which exhale the oxygen we must inhale to live, and provide vital materials for our food, medicine, and shelter. Plants cannot live in the modern world without our caring responsibly for the soil they grow in and the air that surrounds them. It’s an interdependence that we need to be recognize. We need to preserve plants because they are nutrient carries from the soil; and we need to heal the soil so that those very plants can thrive. We need to protect all the elements that sustain life – the air, the water , the earth, and the sun.</div>ReviewVAShttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08730604058755084103noreply@blogger.com0