Latest IWMI Publications

South-South Scaling Science Network (4SN)

2026-06-17T07:57:45Z

dc.title: South-South Scaling Science Network (4SN) dc.contributor.author: Kageni, Belinda; Hanke-Louw, Nora; Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Mbatha, Valencia dcterms.abstract: On 28 October 2025, the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) Program, in collaboration with the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), and partner universities, convened a South–South workshop in Nairobi. The workshop brought together university representatives from Africa and Asia to co-design a collaborative network aimed at strengthening capacity in scaling science. The workshop emphasized the need to reposition universities from peripheral actors to central drivers in the development and teaching of scaling as a discipline. Discussions highlighted that scaling should be understood as a process of systemic transformation rather than simple replication of innovations. While participating institutions demonstrated strong capabilities in outreach and innovation, a key finding was the limited availability of structured curricula and formal training programs on scaling science. Through interactive sessions, participants identified three priority areas for the proposed network: the development of implementable curricula, the establishment of faculty and student exchange programs, and the creation of a dedicated knowledge-sharing platform. These priorities reflect a shared commitment to enhancing collaboration, learning, and institutional capacity. Looking ahead, participants articulated a collective vision for 2028 in which universities play a leading role in advancing scaling research, education, and practice. While individual commitment to the network was strong, varying levels of institutional support were noted. The workshop identified practical pathways to strengthen engagement, including in-kind contributions and co-funding approaches to support sustained collaboration and impact. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Circular Bioeconomy Approaches for Resilient Livelihoods and Peacebuilding in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings

2026-06-17T01:04:58Z

dc.title: Circular Bioeconomy Approaches for Resilient Livelihoods and Peacebuilding in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings dc.contributor.author: Gebrezgabher, Solomie A.; Ruckstuhl, Sandra; Rajapakse, Nilmini Dharshika; Dickowita, Ranoja dcterms.abstract: The Nature-positive and Circular Bioeconomy Solutions for Livelihoods and Peacebuilding (C-PEACE) initiative addresses the interconnected challenges of environmental degradation, climate shocks, resource scarcity and social tensions in fragile and displacement-affected settings. Led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) under the CGIAR Food Frontiers and Security Program, C-PEACE works in Ethiopia, Ghana and Kenya to strengthen refugee and host community livelihoods through inclusive, circular bioeconomy approaches. The initiative co-designs locally adapted livelihood models that promote environmental restoration, resilience, self-reliance and social cohesion, while reducing resource-based tensions. Working closely with governments, humanitarian agencies and local partners, C-PEACE positions refugees and host communities as active agents of restoration and development, generating evidence and pathways for scaling sustainable, conflict-sensitive solutions across Africa. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security

Water Justice for All

2026-06-16T05:09:48Z

dc.title: Water Justice for All dc.contributor.author: Grafton, Rupert Quentin; Fanaian, Safa; Nguyen, Nhat-Mai; Rossi, Pablo Gaítan; Sacco, Gabriela

A Lack of Clean Drinking Water is Associated with Lacking Food and Experiencing Food Safety Threats in 121 Countries across the Globe

2026-06-16T05:41:56Z

dc.title: A Lack of Clean Drinking Water is Associated with Lacking Food and Experiencing Food Safety Threats in 121 Countries across the Globe dc.contributor.author: Bruine de Bruin, Wändi; Inwald, Joshua; McDonnell, Rachael; Young, Sera L.; de la Haye, Kayla dcterms.abstract: Evidence for the co-occurrence of lacking food and clean drinking water is largely missing for high-income countries and has overlooked water’s importance for food safety. Here we examined how lacking food and food safety covaried with lacking clean drinking water, using World Risk Poll data from 121 countries across country-income levels (N = 124,003). Lacking food for more than a day in the past year was associated with lacking clean drinking water for more than a day in the past year. Participants who lacked both food and clean water, or either alone (versus neither) were more likely to experience food safety threats and be concerned about food safety. Relationships held across country-income levels. Low-income countries (especially in Eastern Africa) and high-income countries (especially in Northern America) showed compounded effects of lacking food and clean drinking water on food safety. Worldwide, food insecurity, food safety and water insecurity should be addressed jointly.

Gender Analysis of Water Policies and Governance in Nigeria

2026-06-15T10:49:40Z

dc.title: Gender Analysis of Water Policies and Governance in Nigeria dc.contributor.author: Appiah, Sarah; Osei-Amponsah, Charity; Nicol, Alan dcterms.abstract: Nigeria has demonstrated commitment to gender equality through the adoption of key global, regional, and national policy frameworks. However, the integration of gender considerations into water governance remains limited. This report assesses the extent of gender integration in Nigeria’s water policies and governance. Using Buchy et al.’s six-theme Gender Policy Analysis Framework, developed under the CGIAR Initiative on National Policies and Strategies, the study analyzes key policy documents and draws on stakeholder-informed case studies at both federal and state levels. It provides evidence-based analysis of gender integration in water governance, revealing key structural barriers that limit women’s participation and influence. By identifying practical opportunities to enhance gender-responsive policy frameworks and implementation, it offers actionable insights for reform. It emphasizes the importance of inclusive policy development, policy coherence, and effective institutional coordination, proposing solution pathways for establishing more equitable, resilient, and sustainable water governance systems. Ultimately, it contributes to the growing body of evidence underscoring the importance of gender-transformative approaches in achieving inclusive water management. cg.contributor.initiative: National Policies and Strategies cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Water and Livelihoods in Viksit Bharat 2047: Celebrating 25 Years of Policy Research

2026-06-16T14:50:07Z

dc.title: Water and Livelihoods in Viksit Bharat 2047: Celebrating 25 Years of Policy Research dc.contributor.author: IWMI-Tata Water Policy Program dcterms.abstract: The IWMI-Tata Partners' Meet 2025, titled 'Water and Livelihoods in Viksit Bharat 2047: Celebrating 25 Years of Policy Research', was held from 4-6 December 2025 at the NDDB Campus in Anand, India, marking a quarter-century of the IWMI-Tata Water Policy Research Program (ITP). The three-day event featured four curated plenary sessions and 18 technical sessions organized across four thematic tracks: Smallholder Prosperity, Solarization of Agriculture, Future of Agriculture, and Water for Life and Ecosystems. This document outlines the detailed three-day agenda, including presentations, moderated panels, and discussions on topics ranging from resilient dairy systems and decentralized renewable energy in agriculture to canal irrigation modernization, Himalayan water ecosystems, farmer-centric agrivoltaics, groundwater recharge and management, off-grid and feeder-level solarization, urban water management, rural water security, coastal resilience, and digital innovations for water governance. Plenary highlights included a fireside chat with Tushaar Shah reflecting on ITP's 25-year model of policy research, keynotes by Sunita Narain and Veena Srinivasan on water and climate resilient livelihoods, an Impact Investors' Dialogue with Synergos, ITC, and other philanthropy and CSR leaders, and a closing session charting ITP's vision for 2030 with a new focus on South-South co-learning.

Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions for Food Systems and Women’s Empowerment (RENEW)

2026-06-16T10:24:57Z

dc.title: Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions for Food Systems and Women’s Empowerment (RENEW) dc.contributor.author: Mekuria, Wolde; Khalifa, Muhammad; de Silva, Sanjiv; Balana, Bedru; kirui, Oliver Kiptoo; Gharaibeh, Sawsan; Ruckstuhl, Sandra; Rajapakse, Nilmini Dharshika dcterms.abstract: The Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions for Food Systems and Women’s Empowerment (RENEW) initiative develops scalable, investment-ready models for climate-resilient water and land management in fragile and conflict-affected settings. Led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) under the CGIAR Food Frontiers and Security Program, RENEW works in Bangladesh, Nigeria and Sudan to strengthen water security, livelihoods and social cohesion. By combining resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS), inclusive governance, women and youth empowerment, and evidence-based scaling pathways, the initiative supports locally led adaptation while generating practical insights for governments, donors and development partners to scale conflict-sensitive and climate-resilient interventions. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security

IWMI Global Environmental Flows Platform

2026-06-15T03:53:46Z

dc.title: IWMI Global Environmental Flows Platform dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Multifunctional Landscapes

Climate Resilient and Sustainable Ganges Basin

2026-06-15T03:59:10Z

dc.title: Climate Resilient and Sustainable Ganges Basin dc.contributor.author: Behera, Abhijit; Alam, Mohammad Faiz; Chaudhary, Shivam; Sena, Dipaka Ranjan; Sikka, Alok dcterms.abstract: This workshop report summarizes discussions and outcomes from the national workshop on “Climate Resilient and Sustainable Ganges Basin”, organized by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) under the CGIAR Policy Innovations Science Program in New Delhi on December 1, 2025. The event brought together representatives from government agencies, research institutions, development organizations, and civil society to explore evidence-based approaches for strengthening groundwater security, climate resilience, and integrated water governance in the Ganga Basin. The workshop focused on two key themes: strengthening Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) investments through scientific evidence and advancing Water–Energy–Food–Environment (WEFE) nexus approaches for sustainable basin management. Presentations highlighted findings from field assessments of MAR interventions in the Ramganga Basin, strategies for managing water-quality risks, groundwater governance through experiential learning, water-saving opportunities in rice cultivation, and innovative digital tools such as the WEFE Nexus Decision Support System (DSS) and the TRACE satellite-based surface water monitoring platform. Discussions emphasized the need for risk-based MAR guidelines, stronger community participation, integrated data platforms, and scaling of digital decision-support tools within national water and watershed programs. The workshop resulted in the release of two policy briefs and generated actionable recommendations for policymakers and practitioners. The outcomes underscore the importance of combining scientific research, stakeholder engagement, and cross-sectoral collaboration to build climate-resilient and sustainable water management systems across the Ganges Basin. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Priorities to Achieve Agronomic Gain in Kenya: Climate Risk Perceptions and Practice Adoption

2026-06-15T07:13:29Z

dc.title: Priorities to Achieve Agronomic Gain in Kenya: Climate Risk Perceptions and Practice Adoption dc.contributor.author: Rajkhowa, Pallavi; Zane, Giulia; Buisson, Marie-Charlotte; Kinyua, Michael cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Sustainable Farming

The coupled hydrology–human activity information (CHHAI) dataset: a global benchmark dataset for model comparison and evaluation

2026-06-12T14:13:00Z

dc.title: The coupled hydrology–human activity information (CHHAI) dataset: a global benchmark dataset for model comparison and evaluation dc.contributor.author: Boschee, Azara; Alborzi, Aneseh; Alexander, Augustina Clara; Arheimer, Berit; Bel Hadj Ali, Salsebil; Blöschl, Günter; Castelletti, Andrea; Chen, Xi; Dogra, Aniya; Du, Erhu; Duku, Jesse; Fiori, Aldo; Garcia, Margaret; Grimaldi, Salvatore; Hanasaki, Naota; Kim, Yeonjoo; Kreibich, Heidi; Li, Chenyuan; Matin, Mir; Medeiros, Pedro; Mehran, Ali; Meira Neto, Antônio Alves; Nakai, Fuko; Nakamura, Shinichiro; Nguyen, Phu; Nobert, Joel; Owusu, Afua; Gopalan, Saritha Padiyedath; Pereira, Bruno; Pouladi, Parsa; Pouladi, Mehrsa; Roobavannan, Mahendran; Sadegh, Mojtaba; Sangiorgio, Matteo; Schoppa, Lukas; Shrestha, Ashish; Sivapalan, Murugesu; Sousa, Deborah; Sunkara, Sai Veena; Tian, Fuqiang; Trabelsi, Fatma; Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Volpi, Elena; Wang, Jiale; Wang, Shuo; Wu, Jiefeng; Yuan, Xing; AghaKouchak, Amir dcterms.abstract: To enhance hydrologic modeling, the hydrology community has developed benchmark datasets (e.g. Model Parameter Estimation Experiment, MOPEX), providing standardized data for model evaluation and parameter estimation. However, these datasets primarily focus on modeling natural hydrologic processes, leaving a critical gap in understanding the role of human influences. Here, we introduce the Coupled Hydrology-Human Activity Information (CHHAI) dataset, a benchmark dataset that integrates coupled human–water data from regions across all continents, excluding Antarctica. CHHAI incorporates data from 25 regions that cover various human impacts such as reservoir management, flood protection, river management policies, land use changes, and water use. Each basin reflects distinct challenges, providing a diverse and globally representative resource for researchers studying these processes. By offering standardized datasets for modeling and analysis, CHHAI aims to enhance our understanding of interactions between people and water and to support the development of improved strategies for managing coupled human–water systems.

Climate Change Vulnerability Index: A Case Study of District Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan

2026-06-11T04:37:04Z

dc.title: Climate Change Vulnerability Index: A Case Study of District Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan dc.contributor.author: Junaid, Novaira; Hafeez, Mohsin; Aeman, Hafsa dcterms.abstract: The report on Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI): A Case Study of District Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan presents an innovative and evidence-based framework for assessing climate vulnerability at the sub-national level in one of the world's most climate-vulnerable regions, Pakistan. Developed by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), the research integrates indicators related to sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity into a multidimensional Climate Change Vulnerability Index capable of identifying vulnerability hotspots and informing targeted resilience interventions. The assessment demonstrates how climate change is increasingly reshaping food, water, land, health, and migration systems thereby creating complex development challenges that disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. Through a detailed analysis of district Rahim Yar Khan, in the Southern part of Punjab, Pakistan, the report reveals significant spatial and temporal variations in climate vulnerability driven by exposure to floods, heatwaves, water insecurity, socio-economic sensitivities, and differing levels of adaptive capacity. The findings further highlight the compounded risks faced by women, children, the elderly, and climate-displaced communities. Beyond its local application, CCVI offers a scalable and replicable methodology for governments, development partners, humanitarian agencies, and researchers seeking to strengthen anticipatory action and climate adaptation planning. By transforming complex climate and socio-economic data into actionable intelligence, the framework supports evidence-based decision-making and contributes to global efforts aimed at building inclusive and climate-resilient communities in an era of increasing climate uncertainty. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security

Regional Strategic Roadmap: Central Asia 2024–2030

2026-06-11T01:13:13Z

dc.title: Regional Strategic Roadmap: Central Asia 2024–2030 dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: The IWMI Central Asia Regional Strategic Roadmap 2024–2030 provides a forward-looking framework to guide the institute’s research, partnerships, and policy engagement in addressing the region’s most pressing water-related challenges. Developed in response to increasing climate variability, water scarcity, glacier retreat, growing socio-economic demands, and the complexities of transboundary water management, the roadmap outlines IWMI’s vision for advancing water security, resilience, and sustainable development across Central Asia over the next decade. The strategy identifies five interconnected priority areas: climate change and water security, transboundary water cooperation, water productivity and sustainable agriculture, digitalization and data-driven water management, and ecosystems, WASH, and inclusive water services. These priorities reflect the region’s evolving needs and emphasize science-based solutions, innovation, and evidence-driven decision-making to strengthen resilience and improve water governance. The roadmap places strong emphasis on collaboration with national governments, regional organizations, development partners, international financial institutions, research institutions, and local communities. Through these partnerships, IWMI aims to co-design and implement practical solutions that enhance climate adaptation, improve water-use efficiency, strengthen regional cooperation, and promote equitable access to water and sanitation services. The strategy also highlights cross-cutting commitments to capacity development, policy influence, knowledge sharing, digital transformation, and inclusive participation of women, youth, and vulnerable groups. By translating research into actionable policies, investments, and on-the-ground interventions, IWMI seeks to ensure that scientific evidence delivers tangible development outcomes. As a guiding framework for IWMI’s regional operations from 2024 to 2030, the roadmap seeks to strengthen water security, improve agricultural productivity, support transboundary cooperation, protect ecosystems, and enhance the livelihoods and well-being of communities throughout the region.

Chapter 2: The Status of Agricultural Performance in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region

2026-06-11T01:04:31Z

dc.title: Chapter 2: The Status of Agricultural Performance in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region dc.contributor.author: Matchaya, Greenwell C.

IWMI in Sri Lanka - fact sheet

2026-06-11T01:10:00Z

dc.title: IWMI in Sri Lanka - fact sheet dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

IWMI in Nepal - fact sheet

2026-06-11T01:20:56Z

dc.title: IWMI in Nepal - fact sheet dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

Chapter 1: Introduction

2026-06-11T01:05:18Z

dc.title: Chapter 1: Introduction dc.contributor.author: Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Nkosi, Mahlatse

Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) Phase II Inception Workshop in India

2026-06-10T01:06:28Z

dc.title: Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) Phase II Inception Workshop in India dc.contributor.author: Banerjee, Anurag; Khan, Ramsha; Tripathi, Gaurav; Parasher, Pratishtha dcterms.abstract: The International Water Management Institute (IWMI), under the Solar Energy for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) project supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), convened the SoLAR Phase II Inception Workshop in New Delhi, India, on 28 November 2025. The workshop marked the launch of Phase II and brought together policymakers, researchers, development partners, and practitioners from South Asia and East Africa to align priorities for scaling solar energy solutions in agriculture. Discussions highlighted solar irrigation as a key solution for strengthening the water–energy–food nexus, drawing on evidence from Phase I that demonstrated improvements in farmer incomes, energy efficiency, climate resilience, and reduced reliance on diesel-powered irrigation. Participants emphasized the need to expand productive uses of solar energy beyond irrigation to include agro-processing, cold storage, and other rural livelihood opportunities. The workshop also underscored the importance of enabling policies, innovative financing, capacity building, and South–South collaboration to accelerate adoption. Through country presentations, stakeholder dialogues, and the launch of the SolarReady Dashboard, participants identified practical pathways for scaling socially inclusive, climate-resilient solar energy solutions across diverse agricultural contexts.

Current Agro-Based Transformation and Its Future in East and Southern Africa

2026-06-15T14:05:35Z

dc.title: Current Agro-Based Transformation and Its Future in East and Southern Africa dc.contributor.author: Matchaya, Greenwell C.; Nkosi, Mahlatse; Yade, Sambane; Tadesse, Getaw; Gabriel, Sherwin; Thomas, Timothy S.; Robertson, Richard D.; Nkanyani, Shiluva; Mwamakamba, Sithembile; Zimba, Noah cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact; Digital Transformation

Stakeholder Consultation Workshop on the CGIAR Country Strategy Framework (CSF) in Nepal

2026-06-06T01:05:51Z

dc.title: Stakeholder Consultation Workshop on the CGIAR Country Strategy Framework (CSF) in Nepal dc.contributor.author: Khadka, Manohara; Aryal, Anil; Adhikari, Alisha; Shrestha, Ram Krishna; Kaini, Santosh; Shrestha, Shreemat; Choudhary, Dyutiman; Bhatt, Prem Raj; Varijakshapanicker, Padmakumar dcterms.abstract: CGIAR Centers in Nepal have contributed to addressing the challenges such as fragmentation, weak coordination, and limited alignment with national priorities through research, innovation, and capacity development. However, the impact has been unrecognized. Drawing from the P25 Listening sessions organized in 2024, the necessity of a country strategy framework (CSF) for Nepal, CGIAR centers organized a national-level consultation workshop to discuss and gather feedback from partners and stakeholders on the concept and approach for co-designing, implementing, and evaluating the CGIAR CSF in Nepal. The half‑day consultation workshop combined presentations, plenary discussions, and facilitated breakout group sessions. A total of 66 participants (30% women), representing government agencies, the private sector, research and academic institutions, investors, development partners, and civil society organizations, provided feedback on the CSF concept and structure, identified priority thematic areas, and discussed governance, coordination mechanisms, and ownership arrangements. The CSF process emphasized inclusiveness, practical relevance, and alignment with national systems and policies. Recognizing CGIAR's significant roles in Nepal's development, particularly in research and innovations across food, land, and water (FLW) systems, technology transfer, and human resources development, participants expressed strong interest and commitment to engage in the CSF co-design, implementation, monitoring, and learning processes. Once formalized, the CSF will serve as a strategic tool to guide and strengthen the scaling of CGIAR research and innovations, helping achieve the impacts envisioned under the CGIAR Scaling for Impact (S4I) program. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Scaling for Impact

Ethiopian Communities Are Using Low-Cost Methods to Restore Eroded Land

2026-06-03T09:11:55Z

dc.title: Ethiopian Communities Are Using Low-Cost Methods to Restore Eroded Land dc.contributor.author: Mekuria, Wolde cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Multifunctional Landscapes

Comprehensive Guidelines for Capacity Building for Irrigation Managers in Water Management within Modern Irrigation Technologies

2026-06-08T03:35:03Z

dc.title: Comprehensive Guidelines for Capacity Building for Irrigation Managers in Water Management within Modern Irrigation Technologies dc.contributor.author: Zemadim, Birhanu; Oke, Adebayo; Dirwai, Tinashe Lindel; Admasu, Zeleke; Choruma, Dennis Junior; Dickson, Jonathan; Nzeyimana, Valere; Hafeez, Mohsin dcterms.abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa has substantial untapped irrigation potential, yet many existing systems underperform due to weak operation and maintenance (O&M), limited technical capacity, and institutional governance challenges. These constraints reduce water-use efficiency, lower returns on infrastructure investments, and weaken resilience to climate variability. At the same time, rising climate uncertainty, energy costs, groundwater stress, and persistent food insecurity are increasing the urgency for more effective irrigation management. Addressing these challenges requires a shift from infrastructure-focused investment to capacity-driven, performance-oriented irrigation management. This FAO–IWMI initiative develops evidence-based, scalable guidelines to strengthen the human and institutional systems that underpin irrigation performance. The objective is to equip irrigation managers, extension agents, scheme operators, and Water User Associations (WUAs) with the competencies, tools, and governance frameworks needed to plan, operate, maintain, and scale modern irrigation systems efficiently and sustainably. The guidelines draw on desk reviews, case studies, performance assessments, and stakeholder consultations involving irrigation authorities, engineers, farmers, and private-sector actors. They cover drip and sprinkler systems, center pivots, solar-powered irrigation, smart and digital irrigation, and subsurface technologies. Key lessons emphasize that capacity building must be multi-actor, continuous, and embedded in functioning irrigation service ecosystems. One-off training is insufficient; sustained mentoring and technical support are essential. Experiences from Zambia and South Africa highlight the need for systems-oriented approaches and competency-based frameworks tailored to different actor groups, especially suppliers, technicians, and extension services. The guidelines complement the FAO PRISM tool by translating diagnostic insights into practical competencies and operational procedures, providing the “how to improve and sustain,” thereby supporting scalable, climate-resilient irrigation development. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Regional Strategic Roadmap: West and Central Africa 2024–2030

2026-06-03T04:59:08Z

dc.title: Regional Strategic Roadmap: West and Central Africa 2024–2030 dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: The IWMI West and Central Africa Regional Strategic Roadmap (2024–2030) provides a strategic framework for promoting water security, climate resilience, sustainable agriculture and equitable economic development in West and Central Africa. The roadmap is grounded in IWMI’s strong history of work in irrigation development, inclusive landscape management, digital water accounting, circular economy innovations, youth-led aquaculture and water governance, and addresses the growing challenges facing the region, including climate change, water scarcity, environmental degradation, rapid urbanisation and food insecurity. The roadmap focuses on six strategic priorities: developing resilient agri-food systems; mitigating drought and flood risks; fostering circular water and food economy innovations; utilising water for resilience in fragile and conflict-affected situations; enhancing gender equity in water resource management; and facilitating evidence-based decisions on water infrastructure and allocation. These priorities will be delivered through integrated research, innovation, policy engagement, digital technologies and strategic partnerships. Implementation will target priority countries and river basins and will involve working with governments, regional institutions, research organisations, development partners and the private sector. The roadmap aims to transform scientific knowledge into practical solutions to improve livelihoods, increase climate resilience and water governance, and promote sustainable and inclusive development in West and Central Africa by 2030.

Africa’s Power Plants Are Set for Expansion by 2030, with Renewables’ Share Growing from 19% to 34%

2026-06-02T05:30:42Z

dc.title: Africa’s Power Plants Are Set for Expansion by 2030, with Renewables’ Share Growing from 19% to 34% dc.contributor.author: Vanham, Davy cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Country Strategic Roadmap: India 2024–2030

2026-06-02T01:09:53Z

dc.title: Country Strategic Roadmap: India 2024–2030 dc.contributor.author: International Water Management Institute dcterms.abstract: The IWMI India Country Strategic Roadmap 2026–2030 presents a forward-looking framework to guide the organization’s research, partnerships, and policy engagement in support of sustainable water management and resilient agricultural systems in India. Developed in response to growing pressures from climate change, groundwater depletion, rapid urbanization, and increasing demands on food and water resources, the roadmap outlines IWMI India’s vision for generating actionable science and scaling evidence-based solutions over the next five years. The strategy identifies priority thematic areas, including water security, climate resilience, sustainable agriculture, groundwater governance, water-energy-food nexus approaches, and inclusive resource management. It emphasizes strengthening partnerships with government agencies, research institutions, development organizations, and local communities to co-develop and implement innovative solutions. The roadmap also highlights cross-cutting commitments to gender equality, capacity development, policy influence, and knowledge sharing, ensuring that research outcomes translate into meaningful societal impact. By aligning with national development priorities and global sustainability agendas, the strategy seeks to support informed decision-making and foster resilient, equitable, and climate-smart development pathways. As a guiding document for IWMI India’s operations from 2024 to 2030, the roadmap aims to enhance the organization’s contribution to improved water management, food security, livelihoods, and environmental sustainability across diverse regions of India.

A New Spatial Inventory of Power Plants Shows Africa Is Stepping up in Construction and Planning up to 2030

2026-06-02T05:31:19Z

dc.title: A New Spatial Inventory of Power Plants Shows Africa Is Stepping up in Construction and Planning up to 2030 dc.contributor.author: Vanham, Davy; Holmatov, Bunyod

Scaling Inclusive Solar MUS in Nepal: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Pathways

2026-06-01T02:36:20Z

dc.title: Scaling Inclusive Solar MUS in Nepal: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Pathways dc.contributor.author: Shrestha, Shisher; Pradhan, Prachanda; KC, Sumitra; Lal, Sanjib dcterms.abstract: Solar-powered multiple-use water services (solar-MUS) systems have become an effective solution in Nepal’s hilly regions, providing water for drinking, other domestic uses, irrigation, and small enterprises by lifting groundwater or river water to upland settlements. Their adaptability has encouraged adoption at both household and community levels. Beyond economic gains, solar-MUS reduces women’s workload and supports social empowerment. This study examines opportunities and challenges for scaling inclusive Solar-MUS using literature reviews, policy analysis, and qualitative case studies of two mid-hill projects. Key findings highlight policy fragmentation, governance gaps, high upfront costs, and social inequities as barriers, while strong local ownership, resilient system design, and integrated policy support emerge as enablers. Scaling solar-MUS requires coordinated institutional roles, capacity-building for user groups, and private sector-led innovation to ensure long-term sustainability and equitable benefits. The study provides actionable pathways for expanding inclusive, climate-resilient water services in Nepal’s mid-hills.

VegET Evapotranspiration for Africa: Continental-Scale Simulation, Multi-Product Evaluation, and Drought Assessment

2026-05-30T06:57:40Z

dc.title: VegET Evapotranspiration for Africa: Continental-Scale Simulation, Multi-Product Evaluation, and Drought Assessment dc.contributor.author: Akpoti, Komlavi; Velpuri, Naga Manohar; Leh, Mansoor; Kagone, Stefanie; Mekonnen, Kirubel; Owusu, Afua; Tadesse, Mulugeta; Paranamana, Thilina Prabhath; Madushanka, Lahiru; Perera, Tharindu; Parrish, Gabriel E. L.; Nangia, Vinay; Sy, Souleymane; Bliefernicht, Jan; Guug, Samuel; Seid, Abdulkarim; Senay, Gabriel B. dcterms.abstract: Study region: Continental Africa, encompassing diverse climatic zones—tropical, arid, and temperate—and spanning major transboundary river basins such as the Nile, Niger, Congo, Volta, and Zambezi River Basins. The region exhibits pronounced hydroclimatic gradients and heterogeneous land use systems ranging from rainfed croplands and rangelands to dense tropical forests and irrigated schemes. Study focus: Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is a central component of the terrestrial water balance, governing the redistribution of water and energy between the land surface and the atmosphere. Accurate estimation of ETa at continental scale is critical for hydrological monitoring, water resource management, and climate adaptation, as well as for quantifying water, energy, and carbon fluxes that underpin sustainable development. In this study, we applied the agro-hydrologic VegET v2 model to simulate a new, high-resolution, continental-scale ETa dataset for Africa (2000–2021). The model results were benchmarked against four widely used remote sensing-based products—MODIS16 v6.1, SSEBop v6.1, WaPOR v3, and GLEAM v4.1a—across major climate zones, land use types, and River Basins, providing a comprehensive multi-product evaluation of evapotranspiration dynamics across the continent. New hydrological insights for the region: Validation against eddy covariance flux tower observations at eight representative sites confirmed that VegET v2 accurately reproduces the seasonal dynamics of observed ETa, achieving a correlation (r) of 0.8 and an RMSE of 25 mm month⁻¹ —accuracy that is comparable to or higher than accuracies of satellite-based products MODIS16, SSEBop, and GLEAM. This study represents one of the first Africa-wide hydrological simulations of ETa, extending the VegET model beyond basin-scale applications. Intercomparisons reveal that VegET aligns closely with MODIS16, SSEBop, and GLEAM in humid and tropical regions (r = 0.80–0.90; RMSE < 20 mm month⁻¹), while greater discrepancies appear in arid and semi-arid zones, where WaPOR tends to overestimate ETa (RMSE ≥ 28 mm month⁻¹). Despite these differences, VegET effectively captures spatial and temporal ETa variability across rainfed croplands, forests, and savannas, supporting its utility in regional water balance assessments, water accounting, and drought monitoring. A key application of VegET v2 is the Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (ETDI), derived by integrating VegET-based ETa with potential evapotranspiration (PET) to quantify water stress. ETDI successfully captured major drought episodes across Africa, including persistent Sahelian and southern African dry spells, the 2020–2021 winter drought in the Maghreb, and the 2018–2019 austral summer drought in southern Africa, while identifying positive anomalies over central Africa indicative of recurrent wetness. These results underscore VegET’s capability as a hydrologically consistent, operational tool for continental ETa monitoring and drought assessment, offering support for basin-scale water balance studies, food security planning, and climate resilience across Africa’s diverse hydrological environments.

Rising Urban Flood Risk and Exposure under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways in Greater Accra Ghana

2026-05-30T04:24:36Z

dc.title: Rising Urban Flood Risk and Exposure under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways in Greater Accra Ghana dc.contributor.author: Siabi, Ebenezer K.; Kabo-bah, Amos T.; Akpoti, Komlavi; Anornu, Geophrey K.; Mortey, Eric; Awafo, Edward A.; Derkyi, Nana S. A.; Ofosu, Eric Antwi; Yazdanie, Mashael dcterms.abstract: This study assesses flood susceptibility in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, one of West Africa’s most flood-prone areas by employing the Frequency Ratio (FR) model. The analysis integrates a range of environmental and meteorological variables alongside non-meteorological factors in the susceptibility mapping. The model yielded an Area Under the Curve (AUC) score of 0.82, indicating reliable flood susceptibility predictions. Various factors such as elevation, slope, geology, distance from urban, and stream power index significantly influence flood susceptibility. The spatial distribution of baseline susceptibility zones reveals coastal and northeastern areas as highly susceptible. Projections under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios depict a dynamic susceptibility landscape, emphasizing shifts in susceptibility levels. Notably, SSP2 and SSP3 foresee an increase in high and very high susceptibility zones. For district and town-level dynamics, districts like Weija Gbawe and towns along the coastline consistently exhibit very high susceptibility. The spatial distribution of building footprints shows a notable concentration within high and very high flood susceptibility zones, highlighting significant exposure risks to both the population and critical infrastructure. For example, over 780,000 and 810,000 building footprints, representing 3.12 million and 3.24 million people, are projected to experience high flood susceptibility under SSP2 and SSP3, respectively. This comprehensive assessment provides critical insights for flood management decisions in cities, emphasizing the importance of considering various factors in understanding and mitigating flood risks in West Africa and globally.

Rapid Assessment as a Tool for Transboundary Water Governance: Proof-of-Concept Evidence from the Ferghana Valley

2026-06-02T03:43:58Z

dc.title: Rapid Assessment as a Tool for Transboundary Water Governance: Proof-of-Concept Evidence from the Ferghana Valley dc.contributor.author: Holmatov, Bunyod; Lautze, Jonathan; McCartney, Matthew P.; Abdurakhmanov, Botirjon; Akramov, Isomiddin dcterms.abstract: While Rapid Assessment Processes (RAPs) have long been used in other disciplines, they have rarely been applied in transboundary water contexts. This research report describes an application of RAP to assess the state of transboundary water cooperation in the Ferghana Valley of Central Asia. The focus is on two small tributaries—Akburasai and Isfayramsai, shared between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan—where cooperation is shaped by a complex mix of historical agreements, practical cooperation, and evolving governance challenges. The RAP was designed to generate a preliminary but objective understanding of current cooperation while also identifying entry points for strengthening cooperation and building trust across borders. By engaging stakeholders from both countries, the RAP process facilitated participatory engagement and a shared understanding of water challenges and opportunities. Results of the RAP application revealed a dual reality: strong operational cooperation exists on the ground, but this is not matched by formal institutional coherence or inclusive governance structures. Major governance gaps persist, notably the absence of joint river basin plans and formal stakeholder engagement mechanisms. In sum, while technical collaboration between the two countries is broadly effective, it remains inherently fragile. Drawing on consultations with stakeholders from both Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, the assessment identified three priority areas for action: 1. Strengthen legal and institutional cooperation. 2. Advance collaborative basin planning and technical coordination. 3. Enhance stakeholder engagement. The findings and jointly developed recommendations offer a practical pathway for transforming existing technical collaboration into more durable, equitable, and climate-resilient water governance both in the Ferghana Valley and, potentially, across the many transboundary river systems of Central Asia. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Applying a Climate Information Distillation Framework to Support a Climate Resilient Hydropower Sector in Nepal

2026-06-01T15:20:19Z

dc.title: Applying a Climate Information Distillation Framework to Support a Climate Resilient Hydropower Sector in Nepal dc.contributor.author: Oakes, Rosie L.; Daron, Joseph; Steptoe, Hamish; Richardson, Katy; Shrestha, Mandira Singh; Basnyat, Divas B.; Fox, Cathryn; Pradhananga, Saurav; Lamsal, Girish; Subedi, Divya dcterms.abstract: Co-production of climate services is widely recognised as a valuable way to integrate relevant and reliable climate information into decision-making contexts. Yet the extent of information and evidence that may be relevant to a climate-sensitive decision can be very large, and it is not always feasible to involve all stakeholders throughout the process of constructing climate information. Pragmatic approaches are required, particularly in resource-constrained contexts to ensure scientifically defensible climate information can be provided to guide adaptation decisions. The Climate Information Distillation Framework (CIDF) is a multidisciplinary approach that builds on recent research with the aim of supporting climate service development across a range of applications, sectors and contexts. Here we apply the theoretical framework to the Nepal hydropower sector. Focusing on present day uncertainties and projected future changes to extreme rainfall, we show that a CIDF can be applied in situations where opportunities for co-production are limited but where there is a need to consider diverse perspectives and objectives. The benefits and challenges of using this framework are discussed, highlighting that while climate information rarely dominates in adaptation decision-making processes, appropriate framing, synthesis, transparency and communication of uncertain climate information can valuably support adaptation decisions and policy. Providing the case study of hydropower development in Nepal, within a complex economic and development context, we find that applying the theoretical framework must be done with humility and flexibility to support real-world decision-making. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) Analysis of Agroecological Trials in Attapeu Province, Lao PDR: Interim Results from the First Year of Operation of Two Pilot Systems

2026-05-30T01:09:28Z

dc.title: Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) Analysis of Agroecological Trials in Attapeu Province, Lao PDR: Interim Results from the First Year of Operation of Two Pilot Systems dc.contributor.author: Kotchofa, Pacem; Chanthalath, Ammala; Xaydala, Viengxay; Dubois, Mark dcterms.abstract: This report reviews the economic and technical outcomes of agroecological innovation trials in Attapeu Province, Lao PDR, as part of the CGIAR Multifunctional Landscapes Program in May 2025. The trials evaluated Red Rice (RR) and Integrated Rice-Fish Culture (IRFC) compared to conventional systems (Loum Pa and rice monoculture) using one-season benefit-cost ratio (BCR) data, along with broader sustainability and food security aspects. Key Results: • Red Rice (RR): Shows strong market potential with higher yields (up to 5 t/ha) and nearly double the price of local varieties. Adoption among trial farmers reached 100%. First-year BCRs are below 1 due to high initial investments, but most farms become profitable when excluding these fixed costs, suggesting good medium-term prospects. • IRFC & Loum Pa: Offer ecological benefits like nutrient recycling and biodiversity, but lower BCRs result from high operational costs, technical challenges, and capacity gaps. Adoption is limited. • Rice Monoculture: Provides the highest short-term BCR (up to 3), emphasizing the trade-off and policy actions between profitability and sustainability. Key Insight: Single-season BCRs may underestimate the long-term value of agroecological systems with high upfront costs. Action Points: • Support upfront investments for RR and IRFC through financing or subsidies. • Expand extension services, especially for aquaculture and integrated crop-aquaculture systems (IRFC). • Develop value chains and contracts to secure price premiums for RR and minimize risks. • Use multi-season, technical, and environmental indicators alongside BCR to better assess system value. cg.contributor.initiative: Agroecology cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Multifunctional Landscapes

From a Technical Tool to Governance Function: Institutionalizing Water Accounting in Egypt through a Comparative Analysis with Australia

2026-06-02T03:14:05Z

dc.title: From a Technical Tool to Governance Function: Institutionalizing Water Accounting in Egypt through a Comparative Analysis with Australia dc.contributor.author: Eldabbagh, Fayrouz dcterms.abstract: This technical report examines how water accounting can move from a biophysical technical assessment tool to an institutionalized public governance function in Egypt. It argues that institutionalizing water accounting is at the core of strengthening policy coherence by aligning fragmented mandates, data systems, reporting practices, and allocation decisions across competitive water-related sectors. The paper uses a comparative governance approach by capitalizing on Australia’s experience with the National Water Account as a benchmark for legal mandate, organizational ownership, inter-agency reporting, and routinized publication. Through this comparison, the study develops a five-dimensional framework for institutionalizing water accounting: defining public value, establishing a legal and policy mandate, creating a three-layer institutional arrangement, adopting staged implementation, and embedding standard reporting cycles. Based on this analytical framework, the paper assessed the existing opportunities and constraints for Egypt in moving toward coherent mandates, horizontal and vertical standard reporting, and cross-sectoral data sharing. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Reducing Energy Dependence through Solar Irrigation in Bangladesh

2026-05-26T03:59:33Z

dc.title: Reducing Energy Dependence through Solar Irrigation in Bangladesh dc.contributor.author: Bhattacharya, Jayanta; Ravindranath, Darshini; Bhaduri, Tanmoy

Nepal’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC 3.0): A Water-Led Climate Future

2026-05-26T01:09:42Z

dc.title: Nepal’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC 3.0): A Water-Led Climate Future dc.contributor.author: Regmi, Bimal Raj; Khadka, Manohara; Nepal, Santosh dcterms.abstract: This brief details how the inclusion of water in the latest iteration of Nepal’s Nationally Determined Contributions, NDC 3.0,represents a notable success. This was driven by strong leadership from the Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation (MoEWRI) and active engagement from the focal ministry, development partners, research partners (International Water Management Institute, IWMI), and other relevant stakeholders. The process relied on rigorous technical assessments, evidence-based analysis, and stakeholder dialogue, which ensured that water resources were strongly integrated across major adaptation priorities sectors. The NDC revision also improved the definition of quantitative and policy targets within the mitigation sector, reflecting an integrated approach to climate action. Effective implementation of NDC 3.0 will require stronger ownership across federal, provincial, and local governments, together with continued engagement from supporting partners. Priorities and targets need to be clearer and tied to practical actions, backed by adequate financing and stronger institutional capacity. Integrating NDC priorities into regular planning and budgeting processes, while also diversifying resource mobilization, will be important for turning commitments into real actions. At the local level, water management needs to deal with both scarcity and excess water, which directly affects food security, growth and local livelihoods. Clearer roles across the three tiers of government alongside additional capacity building and greater emphasis on localization will help. Equitable benefit sharing, particularly for persons with disabilities, minority and Indigenous communities, as well as youth, women and other marginalized groups, is also needed if these commitments are to lead to more inclusive and climate-resilient outcomes. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Advancing Water Resilience in Climate Action: The Evolution of Nepal’s NDCs

2026-05-29T05:41:03Z

dc.title: Advancing Water Resilience in Climate Action: The Evolution of Nepal’s NDCs dc.contributor.author: Shrestha, Shisher; Karki, Darshan; Sapkota, Regan; Nepal, Santosh

Brief: Macro-Financial Stability in a Changing Water System: Evolving Policy and Mandates

2026-06-09T01:02:56Z

dc.title: Brief: Macro-Financial Stability in a Changing Water System: Evolving Policy and Mandates dc.contributor.author: Dupont, Anna; Adolfsson, Elin dcterms.abstract: Human activity is destabilizing the water cycle, turning hydrological disruption into a systemic macro‑financial risk: not only through scarcity, but through persistent spatial and temporal mismatches between water availability and economic activity that erode growth, fiscal capacity, and trade stability. Macro‑financial frameworks underestimate these risks by overlooking green-water systems, storage dynamics, and interconnections; as ecohydrological buffers degrade, economies enter a “long emergency” in which weakening natural systems quietly undermine debt sustainability, inflation control, and investor confidence, while amplifying inequality and eroding resilience.  This brief argues that the structural reshaping of the water cycle now demands a re‑specification of macro‑fiscal diagnostics, debt‑sustainability assessments, and international financial instruments (including the International Monetary Fund’s Resilience and Sustainability Facility) around hydrological integrity itself, treating eco-hydrological systems as core productive and protective capital rather than a peripheral environmental concern. Placing water‑cycle stability at the core of macro‑financial governance and aligning finance with the regenerative limits of water systems is essential for resilient and inclusive growth. This brief is the first of two examining the water cycle and finance. The second brief focuses on redirecting investment toward the water cycle.

लैङ्गिक समानता तथा सामाजिक समावेशीकरण (GESI) उत्तरदायी जलश्रोत–ऊर्जा–खाद्य–पारिस्थितिकीय प्रणाली (WEFE) बीचको अन्तरसम्बन्ध सम्बन्धि अवधारणा स्थानीय तहको योजना तर्जुमाकोलागि सहयोगी पुस्तिका

2026-05-25T13:05:22Z

dc.title: लैङ्गिक समानता तथा सामाजिक समावेशीकरण (GESI) उत्तरदायी जलश्रोत–ऊर्जा–खाद्य–पारिस्थितिकीय प्रणाली (WEFE) बीचको अन्तरसम्बन्ध सम्बन्धि अवधारणा स्थानीय तहको योजना तर्जुमाकोलागि सहयोगी पुस्तिका dc.contributor.author: Pokharel, Bharat Kumar; Koirala, Sanju; Pradhan, Meeta Sainju; Onta, Nisha; Khadka, Manohara; Nepal, Santosh dcterms.abstract: This manual was developed in response to the demand from local governments in the Rangun Watershed for a knowledge resource on the Water, Energy, Food, and Environment (WEFE) Nexus approach. The manual presents key concepts and practical guidance for applying the WEFE Nexus approach in watershed planning. It also aims to offer a practical reference to support local authorities in integrating Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) responsive WEFE principles into their annual planning, budgeting, and policy formulation processes. It is specifically designed for local government representatives and municipal and ward-level staff in Nepal who are engaged in the WEFE sectors. It serves as a practical reference for developing local plans, policies, and activities, as well as for budgeting and implementing them effectively. It is also a valuable resource for NGOs, INGOs, and academicians working in these fields, and serves as a foundational guide for training design and delivery. The content is based on the materials developed and tested during the GESI Responsive WEFE Nexus Approach training for the Rangun Watershed and the WEFE Leadership Workshop in Nepal. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations

Strengthening an Enabling Environment for Wastewater Reuse in Nepal’s Peri-Urban Agriculture

2026-05-20T01:07:25Z

dc.title: Strengthening an Enabling Environment for Wastewater Reuse in Nepal’s Peri-Urban Agriculture dc.contributor.author: Taron, Avinandan; Fanaian, Safa; Mishra, Anuj; Khadka, Manohara; Bodach, Susanne dcterms.abstract: This report assesses the enabling environment for wastewater reuse in Nepal’s peri-urban agriculture, focusing on policy and institutional coherence, technical and infrastructure capacity, human capacity, financial mechanisms, and social acceptance. Nepal has a relatively strong enabling policy base for wastewater reuse through national frameworks on WASH, environment, agriculture, and climate resilience, the transition to safe and scalable wastewater reuse requires stronger institutional coordination, reuse-oriented infrastructure investment, dedicated financing mechanisms, capacity development. Implementation remains weak due to fragmented mandates across federal, provincial, and municipal levels, with limited coordination between key sectors such as water supply, agriculture, and environment. Wastewater reuse is largely confined to informal and small-scale practices rather than being integrated into planned municipal systems. Technical and institutional readiness is low, with less than 15 percent of wastewater treated, and most systems designed for disposal rather than reuse. Municipalities face shortages of trained personnel and weak coordination between sanitation and agriculture sectors, while financial mechanisms remain limited as wastewater reuse is not a budgeted priority and lacks dedicated incentives or financing windows. Private sector participation and structured PPP models for reuse remain limited. Social acceptance remains mixed, with widespread informal use driven by necessity but strong stigma among consumers due to health concerns and limited awareness. cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Food Frontiers and Security; Scaling for Impact

Mapping the Invisible: Groundwater Use, Access, Equity, and Governance in Nepal’s Southern Plains; Policy Pathways for Equitable and Sustainable Groundwater Use

2026-05-21T01:05:01Z

dc.title: Mapping the Invisible: Groundwater Use, Access, Equity, and Governance in Nepal’s Southern Plains; Policy Pathways for Equitable and Sustainable Groundwater Use dc.contributor.author: KC, Sumitra; Khadka, Manohara; Mishra, Anuj; Aryal, Anil dcterms.abstract: This study examines groundwater use, access, and governance in Barahathawa Municipality, Madhesh Province, Nepal. Groundwater is a critical resource in Nepal’s southern plains, where most households rely on it for domestic needs and many farmers depend on it for irrigation. A well and borehole inventory, combined with qualitative research, found heavy reliance on private wells and boreholes because canal irrigation is limited and unreliable. The findings show major social, economic, and gender inequalities in groundwater access. Ownership of boreholes and pumps is concentrated among certain caste groups and landholding households, while Terai Dalits, Muslims, women-headed households, smallholders, and tenant farmers face multiple barriers. These include limited land ownership, which is closely tied to groundwater access, financial constraints in investing in groundwater that requires upfront cost and energy cost, language barriers, limited access to information due to language barriers and limited social networks, and subsidies. Informal water markets help farmers meet irrigation needs but can also deepen existing inequalities. This study also identifies some critical policy and institutional challenges. The study recommends strengthening groundwater governance through clear and implementable local policies on groundwater, stronger coordination across institutions and government levels and sectors, targeted subsidies, accessible credit, and better monitoring. It also calls for participatory groundwater management involving local communities, citizen science-based data systems, multi-stakeholder platforms, and investment in groundwater recharge, and nature-based solutions to support equitable and sustainable groundwater use. cg.contributor.initiative: NEXUS Gains cg.contributor.programAccelerator: Policy Innovations