<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" crossorigin />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link href="/favicon.ico?v=2" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon" />
<title>Global Railway Review - Rail Industry News, Publications and Events</title>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WF69SVX');</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0" />
		<!--[if lt IE 9]>
		<script src="//html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
		<![endif]-->
		<link rel="preconnect"
      href="https://fonts.gstatic.com"
      crossorigin />

<link rel="preload"
      as="style"
      href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Titillium+Web:300,400,600&display=swap" />



<link rel="preload"
      as="style"
      href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Muli:300,300i,400,400i,600&display=swap" />


		<script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/c03cee598b.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
        <link href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/style.css?1707758039" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
		<link href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/style.css?1707758039" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
        <link href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/style-banners.css?62" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
		<link href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/forms.css?40" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">		<link href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/responsive.css?82" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
		<link href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/style-grid.css?32" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" id="grid">
		<link href="/zmember/app/webroot/css/frontend.css?27" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">	
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/js/term_more3.js"></script>

<script type = "text/javascript" src = "https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/js/wallpaper8.js"></script> 
<script type = "text/javascript">
window.onscroll = myFunction; //calling myFunction each time we scroll
</script> 

<meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
	<style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>
	
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer>
	var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer";
	var dataLayer = dataLayer || [];
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
		<!-- Meta Tag Manager -->
		<meta property="og:ttl" content="2419200" />
		<!-- / Meta Tag Manager -->

	<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.5 (Yoast SEO v26.5) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
	<meta name="description" content="Global Railway Review provides news and business information for the world&#039;s railway industry: magazines, newsletter, directory, and on-line services." />
	<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/" />
	<meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB" />
	<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
	<meta property="og:title" content="Global Railway Review" />
	<meta property="og:description" content="Global Railway Review provides news and business information for the world&#039;s railway industry: magazines, newsletter, directory, and on-line services." />
	<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/" />
	<meta property="og:site_name" content="Global Railway Review" />
	<meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/GlobalRailwayReview" />
	<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2017-12-06T11:30:38+00:00" />
	<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/train-with-ird-branding-2.jpg" />
	<meta property="og:image:width" content="1083" />
	<meta property="og:image:height" content="650" />
	<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" />
	<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
	<meta name="twitter:title" content="Global Railway Review" />
	<meta name="twitter:site" content="@GlobalRailway" />
	<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/","url":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/","name":"Global Railway Review - Rail Industry News, Publications and Events","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/#website"},"about":{"@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/#organization"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/train-with-ird-branding-2.jpg","datePublished":"2009-10-27T10:19:05+00:00","dateModified":"2017-12-06T11:30:38+00:00","description":"Global Railway Review provides news and business information for the world's railway industry: magazines, newsletter, directory, and on-line services.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/train-with-ird-branding-2.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/train-with-ird-branding-2.jpg","width":1083,"height":650,"caption":"High-Speed Train"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/#website","url":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/","name":"Global Railway Review","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/#organization","name":"Global Railway Review","url":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GRR-Logo-300px.png","contentUrl":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GRR-Logo-300px.png","width":300,"height":127,"caption":"Global Railway Review"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/GlobalRailwayReview","https://x.com/GlobalRailway","https://www.linkedin.com/company-beta/5013111/"]}]}</script>
	<!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->


<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Global Railway Review &raquo; Home Comments Feed" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/home/feed/" />
<script type="text/javascript">
/* <![CDATA[ */
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/16.0.1\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/16.0.1\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=b6000651d538b732434d40e62b1a8a5e"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(s,n){var o,i,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),a=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===a[t]})}function u(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);for(var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1),a=0;a<n.data.length;a++)if(0!==n.data[a])return!1;return!0}function f(e,t,n,a){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!a(e,"\ud83e\udedf")}return!1}function g(e,t,n,a){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):s.createElement("canvas"),o=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),i=(o.textBaseline="top",o.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){i[e]=t(o,e,n,a)}),i}function t(e){var t=s.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,s.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",i=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){s.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+g.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(i),f.toString(),p.toString(),u.toString()].join(",")+"));",a=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),r=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(a),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(r.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),r.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=g(i,f,p,u))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
/* ]]> */
</script>
<!-- www.globalrailwayreview.com is managing ads with Advanced Ads 2.0.14 – https://wpadvancedads.com/ --><script id="europ-ready">
			window.advanced_ads_ready=function(e,a){a=a||"complete";var d=function(e){return"interactive"===a?"loading"!==e:"complete"===e};d(document.readyState)?e():document.addEventListener("readystatechange",(function(a){d(a.target.readyState)&&e()}),{once:"interactive"===a})},window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[];		</script>
		<link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-free-css' href='//use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.6.1/css/all.css?ver=b6000651d538b732434d40e62b1a8a5e' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script>WebFontConfig={google:{families:["Titillium Web:300,400,600","Muli:300,300i,400,400i,600"]}};if ( typeof WebFont === "object" && typeof WebFont.load === "function" ) { WebFont.load( WebFontConfig ); }</script><script data-optimized="1" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/litespeed-cache/assets/js/webfontloader.min.js"></script>
<style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>

	img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
		display: inline !important;
		border: none !important;
		box-shadow: none !important;
		height: 1em !important;
		width: 1em !important;
		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
		background: none !important;
		padding: 0 !important;
	}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=b6000651d538b732434d40e62b1a8a5e' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='pdfemb-pdf-embedder-viewer-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.wp-block-pdfemb-pdf-embedder-viewer{max-width:none}

</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpcf7-redirect-script-frontend-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7-redirection-pro/assets/css/wpcf7-redirect-script-frontend-css.min.css?ver=b6000651d538b732434d40e62b1a8a5e' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='qtip2-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/magic-tooltips-for-contact-form-7/assets/css/jquery.qtip.min.css?ver=b6000651d538b732434d40e62b1a8a5e' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mtfcf7-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/magic-tooltips-for-contact-form-7/assets/css/custom.css?ver=b6000651d538b732434d40e62b1a8a5e' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='fontawesome-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/magic-tooltips-for-contact-form-7/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=6.1.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='contact-form-7-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.wpcf7 .wpcf7-recaptcha iframe {margin-bottom: 0;}.wpcf7 .wpcf7-recaptcha[data-align="center"] > div {margin: 0 auto;}.wpcf7 .wpcf7-recaptcha[data-align="right"] > div {margin: 0 0 0 auto;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ditty-news-ticker-font-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ditty-news-ticker/legacy/inc/static/libs/fontastic/styles.css?ver=3.1.59' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ditty-news-ticker-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ditty-news-ticker/legacy/inc/static/css/style.css?ver=3.1.59' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ditty-displays-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ditty-news-ticker/build/dittyDisplays.css?ver=3.1.59' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ditty-fontawesome-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ditty-news-ticker/includes/libs/fontawesome-6.4.0/css/all.css?ver=6.4.0' type='text/css' media='' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='events-manager-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/events-manager/includes/css/events-manager.min.css?ver=7.2.2.1' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='events-manager-pro-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/events-manager-pro/includes/css/events-manager-pro.css?ver=3.7.2.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpa-style-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-accessibility/css/wpa-style.css?ver=2.2.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='wpa-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
:root { --admin-bar-top : 7px; }
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='cookie-law-info-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/public/css/cookie-law-info-public.css?ver=2.6.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='cookie-law-info-gdpr-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/public/css/cookie-law-info-gdpr.css?ver=2.6.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='cookie-law-info-gdpr-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.cli-modal-content, .cli-tab-content { background-color: #ffffff; }.cli-privacy-content-text, .cli-modal .cli-modal-dialog, .cli-tab-container p, a.cli-privacy-readmore { color: #000000; }.cli-tab-header { background-color: #f2f2f2; }.cli-tab-header, .cli-tab-header a.cli-nav-link,span.cli-necessary-caption,.cli-switch .cli-slider:after { color: #000000; }.cli-switch .cli-slider:before { background-color: #ffffff; }.cli-switch input:checked + .cli-slider:before { background-color: #ffffff; }.cli-switch .cli-slider { background-color: #e3e1e8; }.cli-switch input:checked + .cli-slider { background-color: #28a745; }.cli-modal-close svg { fill: #000000; }.cli-tab-footer .wt-cli-privacy-accept-all-btn { background-color: #00acad; color: #ffffff}.cli-tab-footer .wt-cli-privacy-accept-btn { background-color: #00acad; color: #ffffff}.cli-tab-header a:before{ border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; }
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='arve-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/advanced-responsive-video-embedder/build/main.css?ver=10.8.1' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='arve-pro-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/arve-pro/build/main.css?ver=7.1.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='subscribe-forms-css-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/modules/subscribe-forms.min.css?ver=10.8' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='click2tweet-css-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/modules/click-to-tweet.min.css?ver=10.8' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='easy-social-share-buttons-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/css/easy-social-share-buttons.min.css?ver=10.8' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='easy-social-share-buttons-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.essb_links .essb_link_mastodon { --essb-network: #6364ff;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ditty-posts-ticker-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ditty-posts-ticker/legacy/assets/css/style.css?ver=3.1.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='searchwp-forms-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/searchwp/assets/css/frontend/search-forms.min.css?ver=4.5.5' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='cf7cf-style-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/cf7-conditional-fields/style.css?ver=2.6.7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ubermenu-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/pro/assets/css/ubermenu.min.css?ver=3.8.1' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ubermenu-vanilla-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/css/skins/vanilla.css?ver=b6000651d538b732434d40e62b1a8a5e' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ubermenu-grey-white-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/css/skins/blackwhite.css?ver=b6000651d538b732434d40e62b1a8a5e' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ubermenu-font-awesome-all-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/fontawesome/css/all.min.css?ver=b6000651d538b732434d40e62b1a8a5e' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ubermenu-custom-stylesheet-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/custom/custom.css?ver=3.8.1' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/peekaboo/assets/global.js?ver=1.1" id="peekaboo_plugin-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/magic-tooltips-for-contact-form-7/assets/js/jquery.qtip.js?ver=b6000651d538b732434d40e62b1a8a5e" id="qtip2-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/magic-tooltips-for-contact-form-7/assets/js/imagesloaded.pkgd.min.js?ver=b6000651d538b732434d40e62b1a8a5e" id="jquery.imagesloaded-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="mtfcf7-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var mtfcf7 = {"css_code":".mm-tooltip-cf7-container { color: #FFFFFF; border-radius: 5px; font-size: 14px; background-color: #333333; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; -moz-border-radius: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; border-color: #333333; border-width: 1; line-height: 150%;}.mm-tooltip-cf7-content { line-height: 150%; padding: 2.4000000000000004px 6px 2.4000000000000004px 6px;}","css_options":"{\"fontColor\":\"#FFFFFF\",\"fontSize\":\"14\",\"backgroundColor\":\"#333333\",\"borderRadius\":5,\"offsetLeft\":\"0\",\"padding\":0.2,\"offsetTop\":\"0\",\"borderColor\":\"#333333\",\"borderWidth\":1,\"lineHeight\":\"150%\"}","js_code":"{\"position\":{\"my\":\"left center\",\"at\":\"right center\",\"adjust\":{\"method\":\"none\"}},\"style\":{\"classes\":\"mm-tooltip-cf7-container\"},\"content\":{\"text\":{\"0\":{},\"length\":1,\"prevObject\":{\"0\":{\"jQuery172021905201394110918\":4},\"context\":{\"jQuery172021905201394110918\":4},\"length\":1},\"context\":{\"jQuery172021905201394110918\":4},\"selector\":\".next(div)\"}},\"show\":true}"};
var mtfcf7_settings = {"dummy":"1","mouse_over":"1","add_icon":"1","add_icon_fontawsome":"1","add_underline":"1"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/magic-tooltips-for-contact-form-7/assets/js/custom.js?ver=1.61" id="mtfcf7-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/mouse.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-mouse-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/sortable.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-sortable-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/datepicker.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="jquery-ui-datepicker-js-after">
/* <![CDATA[ */
jQuery(function(jQuery){jQuery.datepicker.setDefaults({"closeText":"Close","currentText":"Today","monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Previous","dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"dateFormat":"d MM yy","firstDay":1,"isRTL":false});});
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/resizable.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-resizable-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/draggable.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-draggable-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/controlgroup.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-controlgroup-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/checkboxradio.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-checkboxradio-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/button.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-button-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/dialog.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-dialog-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="events-manager-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var EM = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","locationajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php?action=locations_search","firstDay":"1","locale":"en","dateFormat":"yy-mm-dd","ui_css":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/events-manager\/includes\/css\/jquery-ui\/build.min.css","show24hours":"0","is_ssl":"1","autocomplete_limit":"10","calendar":{"breakpoints":{"small":560,"medium":908,"large":false}},"phone":"","datepicker":{"format":"d\/m\/Y"},"search":{"breakpoints":{"small":650,"medium":850,"full":false}},"url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/events-manager","assets":{"input.em-uploader":{"js":{"em-uploader":{"url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/events-manager\/includes\/js\/em-uploader.js?v=7.2.2.1","event":"em_uploader_ready"}}},".em-event-editor":{"js":{"event-editor":{"url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/events-manager\/includes\/js\/events-manager-event-editor.js?v=7.2.2.1","event":"em_event_editor_ready"}},"css":{"event-editor":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/events-manager\/includes\/css\/events-manager-event-editor.min.css?v=7.2.2.1"}},".em-recurrence-sets, .em-timezone":{"js":{"luxon":{"url":"luxon\/luxon.js?v=7.2.2.1","event":"em_luxon_ready"}}},".em-booking-form, #em-booking-form, .em-booking-recurring, .em-event-booking-form":{"js":{"em-bookings":{"url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/events-manager\/includes\/js\/bookingsform.js?v=7.2.2.1","event":"em_booking_form_js_loaded"}}},"#em-opt-archetypes":{"js":{"archetypes":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/events-manager\/includes\/js\/admin-archetype-editor.js?v=7.2.2.1","archetypes_ms":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/events-manager\/includes\/js\/admin-archetypes.js?v=7.2.2.1","qs":"qs\/qs.js?v=7.2.2.1"}}},"cached":"1","google_maps_api":"AIzaSyBI-BOK09R4i1op3O3wUFC1ovd4AU7VYgA","txt_search":"Search","txt_searching":"Searching...","txt_loading":"Loading...","event_detach_warning":"Are you sure you want to detach this event? By doing so, this event will be independent of the recurring set of events.","delete_recurrence_warning":"Are you sure you want to delete all recurrences of this event? All events will be moved to trash.","cache":"1","api_nonce":"d0a939d88d"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/events-manager/includes/js/events-manager.js?ver=7.2.2.1" id="events-manager-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/events-manager-pro/includes/js/events-manager-pro.js?ver=3.7.2.2" id="events-manager-pro-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="advanced-ads-advanced-js-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var advads_options = {"blog_id":"1","privacy":{"enabled":false,"state":"not_needed"}};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/118/432/public/assets/js/622.js?ver=2.0.14" id="advanced-ads-advanced-js-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="advanced_ads_pro/visitor_conditions-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var advanced_ads_pro_visitor_conditions = {"referrer_cookie_name":"advanced_ads_pro_visitor_referrer","referrer_exdays":"365","page_impr_cookie_name":"advanced_ads_page_impressions","page_impr_exdays":"730"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/118/416/767/200/318/388.js?ver=3.0.8" id="advanced_ads_pro/visitor_conditions-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="cookie-law-info-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var Cli_Data = {"nn_cookie_ids":["nQ_visitId","next-i18next","one_signal_sdk_db","nQ_cookieId","ls_smartpush","free_subscription_only","IDE","cf_ob_info","cf_use_ob","vuid","VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE","GPS","YSC","advanced_ads_pro_visitor_referrer","wow.utmvalues","advanced_ads_pro_server_info","lissc","wow.anonymousId","wow.schedule","wow.session","UserMatchHistory","bcookie","bscookie","_gat","li_sugr","lang","lidc","advanced_ads_page_impressions","_ga","_gid","advanced_ads_browser_width"],"non_necessary_cookies":{"performance":["next-i18next","one_signal_sdk_db","ls_smartpush","free_subscription_only","cf_ob_info","cf_use_ob","YSC"],"analytics":["nQ_visitId","nQ_cookieId","vuid","GPS","wow.utmvalues","lissc","wow.anonymousId","wow.schedule","wow.session","bcookie","_gat","lang","lidc","_ga","_gid"],"advertising-targeting":["IDE","VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE","advanced_ads_pro_visitor_referrer","advanced_ads_pro_server_info","UserMatchHistory","bscookie","li_sugr","advanced_ads_page_impressions","advanced_ads_browser_width"]},"cookielist":{"necessary":{"id":49681,"status":true,"priority":0,"title":"Necessary","strict":true,"default_state":false,"ccpa_optout":false,"loadonstart":false},"performance":{"id":53301,"status":true,"priority":0,"title":"Performance","strict":false,"default_state":false,"ccpa_optout":false,"loadonstart":false},"analytics":{"id":53302,"status":true,"priority":0,"title":"Analytics","strict":false,"default_state":false,"ccpa_optout":false,"loadonstart":false},"advertising-targeting":{"id":53303,"status":true,"priority":0,"title":"Advertising &amp; Targeting","strict":false,"default_state":false,"ccpa_optout":false,"loadonstart":false}},"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","current_lang":"en","security":"b96f00fa21","eu_countries":["GB"],"geoIP":"disabled","use_custom_geolocation_api":"","custom_geolocation_api":"https:\/\/geoip.cookieyes.com\/geoip\/checker\/result.php","consentVersion":"2","strictlyEnabled":["necessary","obligatoire"],"cookieDomain":"","privacy_length":"250","ccpaEnabled":"","ccpaRegionBased":"","ccpaBarEnabled":"","ccpaType":"gdpr","triggerDomRefresh":"","secure_cookies":""};
var log_object = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/public/js/cookie-law-info-public.js?ver=2.6.6" id="cookie-law-info-js"></script>
<script id="essb-inline-js"></script><link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/265" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />

<link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/' />
<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalrailwayreview.com%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalrailwayreview.com%2F&#038;format=xml" />
<script type='text/javascript' data-cfasync='false'>/* Function to detect opted out users */
        function __gaTrackerIsOptedOut() {
            return document.cookie.indexOf(disableStr + '=true') > -1;
        }

        /* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. */
        var disableStr = 'ga-disable-UA-10556842-2';
        if ( __gaTrackerIsOptedOut() ) {
            window[disableStr] = true;
        }

        /* Opt-out function */
        function __gaTrackerOptout() {
          document.cookie = disableStr + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/';
          window[disableStr] = true;
        }

        (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
            (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
            m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
        })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','__gaTracker');

        __gaTracker('create', 'UA-10556842-2', 'auto');
        __gaTracker('set', 'forceSSL', true);
        __gaTracker('require', 'displayfeatures');
        __gaTracker('require', 'linkid', 'linkid.js');
        
        
        __gaTracker('send','pageview',{'anonymizeIp': true});
        </script><!-- WOW Async Tracking Code Start -->

                <script type='text/javascript'>
                  var _wow = _wow || [];
                  (function () {
                  try{
                      _wow.push(['setClientId', '96c22c17-e6e3-46d8-936e-89c284cdd9d2']);
                      _wow.push(['enableDownloadTracking']);
                     // set custom values
                     _wow.push(['SetCustomData',  ]);
                    // track page
                      _wow.push(['trackPageView']);
                      var d = document, g = d.createElement('script'), s = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
                      g.type = 'text/javascript'; g.defer = true; g.async = true;
                      g.src = '//t.wowanalytics.co.uk/Scripts/tracker.js';
                      s.parentNode.insertBefore(g, s);
                  }catch(err){}})();
                </script>

                  <script src="https://cdn.onesignal.com/sdks/web/v16/OneSignalSDK.page.js" defer></script>
  <script>
          window.OneSignalDeferred = window.OneSignalDeferred || [];
          OneSignalDeferred.push(async function(OneSignal) {
            await OneSignal.init({
              appId: "fe1f0a72-7595-41d7-97ee-0ba11a05015d",
              serviceWorkerOverrideForTypical: true,
              path: "https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/onesignal-free-web-push-notifications/sdk_files/",
              serviceWorkerParam: { scope: "/wp-content/plugins/onesignal-free-web-push-notifications/sdk_files/push/onesignal/" },
              serviceWorkerPath: "OneSignalSDKWorker.js",
            });
          });

          // Unregister the legacy OneSignal service worker to prevent scope conflicts
          if (navigator.serviceWorker) {
            navigator.serviceWorker.getRegistrations().then((registrations) => {
              // Iterate through all registered service workers
              registrations.forEach((registration) => {
                // Check the script URL to identify the specific service worker
                if (registration.active && registration.active.scriptURL.includes('OneSignalSDKWorker.js.php')) {
                  // Unregister the service worker
                  registration.unregister().then((success) => {
                    if (success) {
                      console.log('OneSignalSW: Successfully unregistered:', registration.active.scriptURL);
                    } else {
                      console.log('OneSignalSW: Failed to unregister:', registration.active.scriptURL);
                    }
                  });
                }
              });
            }).catch((error) => {
              console.error('Error fetching service worker registrations:', error);
            });
        }
        </script>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		function scrsize_load_url(div_id, adbutler_id, placement_id, width, height) {

      var ad_content = ' \
      <script type="text/javascript">if (!window.AdButler){(function(){var s = document.createElement("script"); s.async = true; s.type = "text/javascript";s.src = "https://servedbyadbutler.com/app.js";var n = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; n.parentNode.insertBefore(s, n);}());}<\/script> \
      <script type="text/javascript"> \
        var AdButler = AdButler || {}; AdButler.ads = AdButler.ads || []; \
        var abkw = window.abkw || ""; \
        var plc' + placement_id + ' = window.plc' + placement_id + ' || 0; \
        AdButler.ads.push({handler: function(opt){ AdButler.register(' + adbutler_id + ', ' + placement_id + ', [' + width + ', ' + height + '], "' + div_id + '", opt); }, opt: { place: plc' + placement_id + '++, keywords: abkw, domain: "servedbyadbutler.com", click:"CLICK_MACRO_PLACEHOLDER" }}); \
      <\/script> \
      ';
      //console.log(ad_content);
      jQuery("#" + div_id).append(ad_content);

      /*
			var ajaxurl = "https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php";
			var data = {
				'action': 'screensize_content',
        'div_id': div_id,
				'adbutler_id': adbutler_id,
        'placement_id': placement_id,
        'width': width,
        'height': height
			};

			jQuery.post(ajaxurl, data, function(response) {
			  jQuery("#" + div_id).append(response);
			});
      */
		}
	</script>

<!--BEGIN: TRACKING CODE MANAGER (v2.5.0) BY INTELLYWP.COM IN HEAD//-->
<!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Ads: 964653157 -->
<script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=AW-964653157"></script>
<script>
  window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
  function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
  gtag('js', new Date());

  gtag('config', 'AW-964653157');
</script>
<script>
  gtag('event', 'page_view', {
    'send_to': 'AW-964653157',
    'value': 'replace with value',
    'items': [{
      'id': 'replace with value',
      'location_id': 'replace with value',
      'google_business_vertical': 'custom'
    }]
  });
</script>
<!--END: https://wordpress.org/plugins/tracking-code-manager IN HEAD//--><style id="ubermenu-custom-generated-css">
/** Font Awesome 4 Compatibility **/
.fa{font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-family:FontAwesome;}

/** UberMenu Custom Menu Styles (Customizer) **/
/* ird_menu */
 .ubermenu-ird_menu .ubermenu-item .ubermenu-submenu-drop { -webkit-transition-duration:0.1s; -ms-transition-duration:0.1s; transition-duration:0.1s; }
/* drr_menu */
 .ubermenu-drr_menu .ubermenu-item .ubermenu-submenu-drop { -webkit-transition-duration:0.1s; -ms-transition-duration:0.1s; transition-duration:0.1s; }


/* Status: Loaded from Transient */

</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-page-numbers/classic/wp-page-numbers.css" type="text/css" media="screen" />
<!-- Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com -->
<!-- GTM Container placement set to automatic -->
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer type="text/javascript">
	var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostTerms":{"meta":{"tweet_this_url":"http:\/\/globalrailwayreview.com\/?p=265","wp-to-buffer-pro":"a:8:{s:14:\"featured_image\";s:0:\"\";s:8:\"override\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"default\";a:2:{s:7:\"publish\";a:1:{s:6:\"status\";a:1:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:\"image\";s:1:\"0\";s:11:\"sub_profile\";i:0;s:7:\"message\";s:23:\"New Post: {title} {url}\";s:8:\"schedule\";s:12:\"queue_bottom\";s:4:\"days\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"hours\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"minutes\";s:1:\"0\";s:26:\"schedule_custom_field_name\";s:0:\"\";s:30:\"schedule_custom_field_relation\";s:5:\"after\";s:10:\"conditions\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";s:0:\"\";}s:5:\"terms\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}}}}}s:6:\"update\";a:1:{s:6:\"status\";a:1:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:\"image\";s:1:\"0\";s:11:\"sub_profile\";i:0;s:7:\"message\";s:23:\"New Post: {title} {url}\";s:8:\"schedule\";s:12:\"queue_bottom\";s:4:\"days\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"hours\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"minutes\";s:1:\"0\";s:26:\"schedule_custom_field_name\";s:0:\"\";s:30:\"schedule_custom_field_relation\";s:5:\"after\";s:10:\"conditions\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";s:0:\"\";}s:5:\"terms\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}}}}}}s:24:\"582f17a85430721734c6d472\";a:2:{s:7:\"publish\";a:1:{s:6:\"status\";a:1:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:\"image\";s:1:\"0\";s:11:\"sub_profile\";i:0;s:7:\"message\";s:23:\"New Post: {title} {url}\";s:8:\"schedule\";s:12:\"queue_bottom\";s:4:\"days\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"hours\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"minutes\";s:1:\"0\";s:26:\"schedule_custom_field_name\";s:0:\"\";s:30:\"schedule_custom_field_relation\";s:5:\"after\";s:10:\"conditions\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";s:0:\"\";}s:5:\"terms\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}}}}}s:6:\"update\";a:1:{s:6:\"status\";a:1:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:\"image\";s:1:\"0\";s:11:\"sub_profile\";i:0;s:7:\"message\";s:23:\"New Post: {title} {url}\";s:8:\"schedule\";s:12:\"queue_bottom\";s:4:\"days\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"hours\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"minutes\";s:1:\"0\";s:26:\"schedule_custom_field_name\";s:0:\"\";s:30:\"schedule_custom_field_relation\";s:5:\"after\";s:10:\"conditions\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";s:0:\"\";}s:5:\"terms\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}}}}}}s:24:\"582f1a175430720a3fb73248\";a:2:{s:7:\"publish\";a:1:{s:6:\"status\";a:1:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:\"image\";s:1:\"0\";s:11:\"sub_profile\";i:0;s:7:\"message\";s:23:\"New Post: {title} {url}\";s:8:\"schedule\";s:12:\"queue_bottom\";s:4:\"days\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"hours\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"minutes\";s:1:\"0\";s:26:\"schedule_custom_field_name\";s:0:\"\";s:30:\"schedule_custom_field_relation\";s:5:\"after\";s:10:\"conditions\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";s:0:\"\";}s:5:\"terms\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}}}}}s:6:\"update\";a:1:{s:6:\"status\";a:1:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:\"image\";s:1:\"0\";s:11:\"sub_profile\";i:0;s:7:\"message\";s:23:\"New Post: {title} {url}\";s:8:\"schedule\";s:12:\"queue_bottom\";s:4:\"days\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"hours\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"minutes\";s:1:\"0\";s:26:\"schedule_custom_field_name\";s:0:\"\";s:30:\"schedule_custom_field_relation\";s:5:\"after\";s:10:\"conditions\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";s:0:\"\";}s:5:\"terms\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}}}}}}s:24:\"589749d9deca008374de518b\";a:2:{s:7:\"publish\";a:1:{s:6:\"status\";a:1:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:\"image\";s:1:\"0\";s:11:\"sub_profile\";i:0;s:7:\"message\";s:23:\"New Post: {title} {url}\";s:8:\"schedule\";s:12:\"queue_bottom\";s:4:\"days\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"hours\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"minutes\";s:1:\"0\";s:26:\"schedule_custom_field_name\";s:0:\"\";s:30:\"schedule_custom_field_relation\";s:5:\"after\";s:10:\"conditions\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";s:0:\"\";}s:5:\"terms\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}}}}}s:6:\"update\";a:1:{s:6:\"status\";a:1:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:\"image\";s:1:\"0\";s:11:\"sub_profile\";i:0;s:7:\"message\";s:23:\"New Post: {title} {url}\";s:8:\"schedule\";s:12:\"queue_bottom\";s:4:\"days\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"hours\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"minutes\";s:1:\"0\";s:26:\"schedule_custom_field_name\";s:0:\"\";s:30:\"schedule_custom_field_relation\";s:5:\"after\";s:10:\"conditions\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";s:0:\"\";}s:5:\"terms\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}}}}}}s:24:\"58974a687836d7a21ea2a4be\";a:2:{s:7:\"publish\";a:1:{s:6:\"status\";a:1:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:\"image\";s:1:\"0\";s:11:\"sub_profile\";i:0;s:7:\"message\";s:23:\"New Post: {title} {url}\";s:8:\"schedule\";s:12:\"queue_bottom\";s:4:\"days\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"hours\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"minutes\";s:1:\"0\";s:26:\"schedule_custom_field_name\";s:0:\"\";s:30:\"schedule_custom_field_relation\";s:5:\"after\";s:10:\"conditions\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";s:0:\"\";}s:5:\"terms\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}}}}}s:6:\"update\";a:1:{s:6:\"status\";a:1:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:\"image\";s:1:\"0\";s:11:\"sub_profile\";i:0;s:7:\"message\";s:23:\"New Post: {title} {url}\";s:8:\"schedule\";s:12:\"queue_bottom\";s:4:\"days\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"hours\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"minutes\";s:1:\"0\";s:26:\"schedule_custom_field_name\";s:0:\"\";s:30:\"schedule_custom_field_relation\";s:5:\"after\";s:10:\"conditions\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";s:0:\"\";}s:5:\"terms\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}}}}}}s:24:\"5897509fb069516347a0702a\";a:2:{s:7:\"publish\";a:1:{s:6:\"status\";a:1:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:\"image\";s:1:\"0\";s:11:\"sub_profile\";i:0;s:7:\"message\";s:23:\"New Post: {title} {url}\";s:8:\"schedule\";s:12:\"queue_bottom\";s:4:\"days\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"hours\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"minutes\";s:1:\"0\";s:26:\"schedule_custom_field_name\";s:0:\"\";s:30:\"schedule_custom_field_relation\";s:5:\"after\";s:10:\"conditions\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";s:0:\"\";}s:5:\"terms\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}}}}}s:6:\"update\";a:1:{s:6:\"status\";a:1:{i:0;a:11:{s:5:\"image\";s:1:\"0\";s:11:\"sub_profile\";i:0;s:7:\"message\";s:23:\"New Post: {title} {url}\";s:8:\"schedule\";s:12:\"queue_bottom\";s:4:\"days\";s:1:\"0\";s:5:\"hours\";s:1:\"0\";s:7:\"minutes\";s:1:\"0\";s:26:\"schedule_custom_field_name\";s:0:\"\";s:30:\"schedule_custom_field_relation\";s:5:\"after\";s:10:\"conditions\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";s:0:\"\";}s:5:\"terms\";a:1:{s:19:\"yst_prominent_words\";a:1:{i:0;s:0:\"\";}}}}}}}","essb_cached_image":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/train-with-ird-branding-2.jpg"}}};
	dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content );
</script>
<script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer type="text/javascript">
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WF69SVX');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager for WordPress by gtm4wp.com --><script>advads_items = { conditions: {}, display_callbacks: {}, display_effect_callbacks: {}, hide_callbacks: {}, backgrounds: {}, effect_durations: {}, close_functions: {}, showed: [] };</script><style type="text/css" id="europ-layer-custom-css"></style>
<script type="text/javascript">var essb_settings = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","essb3_nonce":"d4b51f8a57","essb3_plugin_url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/easy-social-share-buttons3","essb3_stats":true,"essb3_ga":true,"essb3_ga_ntg":false,"essb3_ga_mode":"layers","blog_url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/","post_id":"265","internal_stats":true};</script>		<script type="text/javascript">
			var advadsCfpQueue = [];
			var advadsCfpAd = function( adID ) {
				if ( 'undefined' === typeof advadsProCfp ) {
					advadsCfpQueue.push( adID )
				} else {
					advadsProCfp.addElement( adID )
				}
			}
		</script>
				<script type="text/javascript">
			if ( typeof advadsGATracking === 'undefined' ) {
				window.advadsGATracking = {
					delayedAds: {},
					deferedAds: {}
				};
			}
		</script>
		
<!--LinkedIn Insight Tag Code-->
<script type="text/javascript">
_linkedin_data_partner_id = "303138";
</script><script type="text/javascript">
(function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
var b = document.createElement("script");
b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true;
b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js";
s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})();
</script>
<noscript>
<img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://dc.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=303138&fmt=gif" />
</noscript>



<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/js/toggle_view7.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/js/facet_scroller.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/js/hide_empty_facets.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/js/random_order.js"></script>

</head>

<body class="home wp-singular page-template page-template-page-home page-template-page-home-php page page-id-265 page-parent wp-theme-grr19 essb-10.8 aa-prefix-europ-">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe data-lazyloaded="1" src="about:blank" data-src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WF69SVX"
height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WF69SVX"
height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->



<!-- GTM Container placement set to automatic -->
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
				<noscript><iframe data-lazyloaded="1" src="about:blank" data-src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WF69SVX" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WF69SVX" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --><div id="tickerContainer">
<div id="mtphr-dnt-97554" class="mtphr-dnt mtphr-dnt-97554 mtphr-dnt-default mtphr-dnt-scroll mtphr-dnt-scroll-left"><div class="mtphr-dnt-wrapper mtphr-dnt-clearfix"><h3 class="mtphr-dnt-title mtphr-dnt-inline-title">Recommended</h3><div class="mtphr-dnt-tick-container" style="padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;"><div class="mtphr-dnt-tick-contents"><div class="mtphr-dnt-tick mtphr-dnt-default-tick mtphr-dnt-clearfix "><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/233362/engineering-intelligence-building-trust-in-ai-for-rail-infrastructure/?utm_medium=referral&#038;utm_source=news%20ticker&#038;utm_campaign=online_qanda_bentley_1.12.25" target="_self">Building Trust in AI for Rail Infrastructure | Read now!</a></div><div class="mtphr-dnt-tick mtphr-dnt-default-tick mtphr-dnt-clearfix "><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/webinar/234349/the-cyber-resilience-act-implications-for-the-global-rail-industry/?zcs=NewsTicker&#038;campaign_source=NewsTicker&#038;utm_medium=referral&#038;utm_source=news%20ticker&#038;utm_campaign=Nomad_Webinar_26_March_2026" target="">The Cyber Resilience Act: implications for the global rail industry &#8211; Register and learn more!</a></div><div class="mtphr-dnt-tick mtphr-dnt-default-tick mtphr-dnt-clearfix "><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/advertising-editorial/?zcs=NewsTicker&#038;campaign_source=NewsTicker&#038;utm_medium=referral&#038;utm_source=news%20ticker&#038;utm_campaign=GRR_media_planner_2026" target="_self">GROW YOUR BRAND: Global Railway Review&#8217;s 2026 media planner | Talk to experts today!</a></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<div id="headerContainer">
<header id="banner" role="banner">
<div id="mainLogo"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com"><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/images/grr-logo-large.png"><noscript><img src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/images/grr-logo-large.png"></noscript></a></div><div id="responsiveLogins"><script>

var data_responsive = {
    action: 'is_user_logged_in'
};

jQuery.post('/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php', data_responsive, function(response) {
	
	var params_responsive = jQuery.parseJSON(response);
	var manage_responsive;
	var nav_image_responsive;
	
	if(params_responsive.state == 'logout') {
		manage_responsive = '<div id="responsiveManage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/zmember/subscribers/manage_account?lasturl=https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/" title="Manage account" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/images/manage-responsive.png" /></a></div>';
		nav_image_responsive = 'logout-responsive.png';
	} else {	
		manage_responsive = '';
		nav_image_responsive = 'login-responsive.png';
	}
	
	jQuery('#subscription_status_responsive').replaceWith('<div id="responsive'+params_responsive.title_first+'"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/zmember/subscribers/'+params_responsive.url_first+'?lasturl=https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/" title="'+params_responsive.title_first+'" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/images/'+nav_image_responsive+'" /></a></div>'+manage_responsive);
});

</script>

<div id="subscription_status_responsive" style="float: right; margin-right: 10%;">
	<p><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/images/ajax-loader-responsive.gif"><noscript><img src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/images/ajax-loader-responsive.gif"></noscript></p>
</div></div>
<div id="headerBanner">
	<div id="ad27"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width > 0 ) {
				console.log("Showing show-if-gt in ad27 (167548)");
				scrsize_load_url("ad27", 167548, 372901, 300, 123);
			}

		});
	</script>

    
</div>
<div id="headerRight">
<div id="headerTop"><div id="links"><p><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/about-us">About us</a> | <a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/advertising-editorial/">Advertise with us</a> | <a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/contact-us/">Contact us</a></p>
</div><div id="social"><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/globalrailwayreview/" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/GlobalRailwayReview" target="blank" ><i class="fab fa-facebook"></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/GlobalRailway" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a> <!--<a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/111570608893893148009" target="blank" class="socicon-google"></a>--> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/GlobalRailwayReview" target="blank"><i class="fas fa-rss"></i></a></p></div></div><!-- /headerTop -->
<div id="headerSearch">
<form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/">
<input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search..." value="" name="s" title="Search" />
</form>
</div>
<div id="logins"><script>

var data = {
    action: 'is_user_logged_in'
};

jQuery.post('/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php', data, function(response) {
	
	var params = jQuery.parseJSON(response);
	
	jQuery('#subscription_status').replaceWith('<p><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/zmember/subscribers/'+params.state+'?lasturl=https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/" title="'+params.title_first+'" rel="nofollow">'+params.title_first+'</a> | <a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/zmember/subscribers/'+params.url_second+'?lasturl=https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/" title="'+params.title_second+'" rel="nofollow">'+params.title_second+'</a> | <a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/zmember/subscribers/'+params.url_second+'?lasturl=https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/">Email Sign-up</a></p> ');
});

</script>

<div id="subscription_status">
	<p><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/images/ajax-loader.gif"><noscript><img src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/themes/grr19/images/ajax-loader.gif"></noscript></p>
</div></div>
</div>
</header>
</div><!-- /headercontainer -->
<div id="navContainerPrimary">
<nav>

<!-- UberMenu [Configuration:main] [Theme Loc:] [Integration:api] -->
<a class="ubermenu-responsive-toggle ubermenu-responsive-toggle-main ubermenu-skin-grey-white ubermenu-loc- ubermenu-responsive-toggle-content-align-left ubermenu-responsive-toggle-align-full " tabindex="0" data-ubermenu-target="ubermenu-main-3111"  ><i class="fas fa-bars" ></i>Menu</a><nav id="ubermenu-main-3111" class="ubermenu ubermenu-nojs ubermenu-main ubermenu-menu-3111 ubermenu-responsive ubermenu-responsive-default ubermenu-responsive-collapse ubermenu-horizontal ubermenu-transition-slide ubermenu-trigger-hover_intent ubermenu-skin-grey-white  ubermenu-bar-align-left ubermenu-items-align-left ubermenu-bound ubermenu-sub-indicators ubermenu-retractors-responsive ubermenu-submenu-indicator-closes"><ul id="ubermenu-nav-main-3111" class="ubermenu-nav" data-title="Primary Menu"><li id="menu-item-38316" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-home ubermenu-current-menu-item ubermenu-page_item ubermenu-page-item-265 ubermenu-current_page_item ubermenu-item-38316 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Home</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-177216" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-topic_hub ubermenu-item-177216 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/topic_hub/148136/innotrans-2026/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">InnoTrans 2026</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-67387" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type_archive ubermenu-item-object-news ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-67387 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">News</span><i class='ubermenu-sub-indicator fas fa-angle-down'></i></a><ul  class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-67387 ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width"  ><li id="menu-item-95741" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-95741 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack" ><ul  class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-95741 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"  ><li class="ubermenu-autocolumn menu-item-95741-col-0 ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-3 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-95741-col-0"><ul  class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-95741-col-0 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"  ><li id="menu-item-95690" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-95690 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-3 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack" ><span class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Topics</span></span><ul  class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-95690 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"  ><li id="menu-item-95693" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95693 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/digitalisation/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Digitalisation</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95694" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95694 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/rail-freight-heavy-haul/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Freight</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95695" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95695 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/infrastructure/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Infrastructure</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95696" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95696 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/regs-legs/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Regulation &#038; Legislation</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95697" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95697 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/rolling-stock/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Rolling Stock</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95698" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95698 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_topics=railway-safety"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Safety</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95699" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95699 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_topics=security-crime-management"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Security &#038; Crime Management</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95700" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95700 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/signalling-control-communications/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Signalling &#038; Telecoms</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95701" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95701 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/sustainability/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Sustainability</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95702" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95702 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/the-passenger/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">The Passenger</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95703" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95703 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/the-workforce/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">The Workforce</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="ubermenu-autocolumn menu-item-95741-col-1 ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-3 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-95741-col-1"><ul  class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-95741-col-1 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"  ><li id="menu-item-95691" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-95691 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-3 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack" ><span class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Regions</span></span><ul  class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-95691 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"  ><li id="menu-item-95704" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95704 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/region/united-kingdom/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">United Kingdom</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95705" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95705 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/region/united-states/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">United States</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95707" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95707 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/region/germany/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Germany</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95708" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95708 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/region/australia/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Australia</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95709" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95709 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/region/canada/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Canada</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95710" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95710 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/region/france/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">France</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95711" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95711 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/region/sweden/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Sweden</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95712" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95712 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/region/china/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">China</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95713" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95713 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/region/poland/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Poland</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95714" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95714 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/region/india/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">India</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95715" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95715 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/region/italy/?fwp_content_type=news"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Italy</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="ubermenu-autocolumn menu-item-95741-col-2 ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-3 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-95741-col-2"><ul  class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-95741-col-2 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"  ><li id="menu-item-95692" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-95692 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-3 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack" ><span class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Organisations</span></span><ul  class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-95692 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack"  ><li id="menu-item-95721" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95721 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_organisations=network-rail"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Network Rail</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95723" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95723 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_organisations=department-for-transport-dft"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Department for Transport (DfT)</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95725" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95725 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_organisations=crossrail"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Crossrail</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95727" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95727 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_organisations=transport-for-london-tfl"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Transport for London</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95728" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95728 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_organisations=d093684cc92c25768db7ad9d1cc05e87"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">CER</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95729" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95729 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_organisations=deutsche-bahn-db"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Deutsche Bahn</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95731" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95731 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_organisations=russian-railways-rzd"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Russian Railways (RZD)</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95732" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95732 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_organisations=international-union-of-railways-uic"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">International Union of Railways (UIC)</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95733" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95733 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_organisations=sncf"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">SNCF</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95735" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95735 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_organisations=unife"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Unife</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-95736" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-95736 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-4 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/?fwp_organisations=eurostar"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Eurostar</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="ubermenu-retractor ubermenu-retractor-mobile"><i class="fas fa-times"></i> Close</li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-38319" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type_archive ubermenu-item-object-article ubermenu-item-38319 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Articles</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-38320" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-38320 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/publications/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Publications</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-104526" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type_archive ubermenu-item-object-video ubermenu-item-104526 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/videos/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Videos</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-38321" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type_archive ubermenu-item-object-whitepaper ubermenu-item-38321 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/whitepaper/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Whitepapers / Case Studies</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-38322" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type_archive ubermenu-item-object-webinar ubermenu-item-38322 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/webinar/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Webinars</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-38324" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type_archive ubermenu-item-object-company_profile ubermenu-item-38324 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/company_profile/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Content Hubs</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-91468" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-91468 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/podcast/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Podcasts</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-89940" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-89940 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-flyout" ><span class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Events</span><i class='ubermenu-sub-indicator fas fa-angle-down'></i></span><ul  class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-89940 ubermenu-submenu-type-flyout ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-left_edge_item"  ><li id="menu-item-38323" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-38323 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-1" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/events/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Industry Events</span></a></li><li class="ubermenu-retractor ubermenu-retractor-mobile"><i class="fas fa-times"></i> Close</li></ul></li></ul></nav>
<!-- End UberMenu -->
</nav>
</div>
<div id="navContainerSecondary">
<nav>
<div class="menu-topic-menu-container"><ul id="menu-topic-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-38325" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-core_topic menu-item-38325"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/digitalisation/">Digitalisation</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-69954" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-core_topic menu-item-69954"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/rail-freight-heavy-haul/">Freight</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-38326" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-core_topic menu-item-38326"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/infrastructure/">Infrastructure</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-38327" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-core_topic menu-item-38327"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/regs-legs/">Regs &#038; Legs</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-38328" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-core_topic menu-item-38328"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/rolling-stock/">Rolling Stock</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-38329" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-core_topic menu-item-38329"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/safety-security/">Safety &#038; Security</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-38330" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-core_topic menu-item-38330"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/signalling-control-communications/">Signalling</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-38331" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-core_topic menu-item-38331"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/sustainability/">Sustainability</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-38332" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-core_topic menu-item-38332"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/the-passenger/">The Passenger</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-87436" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-core_topic menu-item-87436"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/the-workforce/">The Workforce</a></li>
</ul></div></nav>
</div><!-- /navContainer -->

<div id="contentContainer">
<div id="outerWrapper">
<div id="innerWrapper">
<div id="wrapLeft" class="wraps">	<div id="ad1"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width > 1597 ) {
				console.log("Showing show-if-gt in ad1 (167548)");
				scrsize_load_url("ad1", 167548, 228414, 210, 900);
			}

		});
	</script>

<!-- Wallpaper - Left --></div>
<div id="content"><!-- /end header.php --><div id="left">
<!-- banners-body-1.php -->
<!-- Banner position directly below navigation -->

<!-- Banners appearing when screen width at least 797 / before sidebar drops -->
<div id="leaderboard1" class="leaderboard">
<!-- super leaderboard 970px -->
	<div id="11"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width > 1326 ) {
				console.log("Showing show-if-gt in 11 (167548)");
				scrsize_load_url("11", 167548, 297671, 970, 90);
			}

		});
	</script>

<!-- super leaderboard 728px -->
	<div id="12"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width >= 1081 && cur_width <= 1326 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-btw in 12 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("12", 167548, 297672, 728, 90);
			}

		});
	</script>

<!-- super leaderboard 468px -->
	<div id="13"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width >= 780 && cur_width <= 1080 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-btw in 13 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("13", 167548, 297673, 468, 60);
			}

		});
	</script>

<!-- or -->
<!-- leaderboard 728px-->
	<div id="15"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width > 1080 ) {
				console.log("Showing show-if-gt in 15 (167548)");
				scrsize_load_url("15", 167548, 203215, 728, 90);
			}

		});
	</script>

<!-- leaderboard 468px -->
	<div id="16"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width >= 780 && cur_width <= 1080 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-btw in 16 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("16", 167548, 262739, 468, 60);
			}

		});
	</script>

</div>

<!-- Banners appearing when screen width at least 547 / sidebar has dropped -->
<div id="headerBannerFallback" class="bodyMpu">
	<div id="ad28"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

      if ( cur_width < 548 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-lt in ad28 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("ad28", 167548, 372901, 300, 123);
      }

		});
	</script>

</div><div id="homeMainFeature">
	<!--fwp-loop-->
	
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234569/energy-and-traction-2026/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="810" height="263" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Energy-and-Traction-810x263.jpg" class="attachment-home-feature size-home-feature wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /><noscript><img width="810" height="263" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Energy-and-Traction-810x263.jpg" class="attachment-home-feature size-home-feature wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234569/energy-and-traction-2026/">Featured</a></span>
<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234569/energy-and-traction-2026/">Global Railway Review’s Track Insight: Energy &#038; Traction 2026</a></h3>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234569/energy-and-traction-2026/"><p>Learn how rail operators are overcoming cost, grid, and operational challenges to decarbonise traction. Expert insights cover hydrogen, battery, and electrification strategies, plus depot and real-time coordination solutions.</p>
</a>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>
</div>

<!-- banners-body-2.php -->
<!-- Banners appearing when screen width at least 547 / sidebar has dropped -->
<div id="wallpaperFallback" class="bodyMpu">
<!-- wallpaper 300px aligned left -->
	<div id="24"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

      if ( cur_width < 781 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-lt in 24 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("24", 167548, 262434, 300, 250);
      }

		});
	</script>

</div>
<!-- and -->
<div id="leaderboardFallback1" class="bodyMpu">
<!-- super leaderboard 300px aligned right-->
	<div id="14"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width >= 622 && cur_width <= 781 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-btw in 14 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("14", 167548, 297674, 300, 250);
			}

		});
	</script>

<!-- or -->
<!-- leaderboard 300px aligned right-->
	<div id="17"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width >= 622 && cur_width <= 781 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-btw in 17 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("17", 167548, 262742, 300, 250);
			}

		});
	</script>

</div>
<div id="homeSecondFeature">
		
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/231791/global-railway-reviews-track-insight-future-of-freight/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GRR-The-Future-of-Freight-Report-October-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GRR-The-Future-of-Freight-Report-October-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/231791/global-railway-reviews-track-insight-future-of-freight/"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/">article</a></a></span>
<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/231791/global-railway-reviews-track-insight-future-of-freight/">Global Railway Review’s Track Insight: Unlocking the Future of Freight</a></h3>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/231791/global-railway-reviews-track-insight-future-of-freight/"><p>Our latest Track Insight, Unlocking the Future of Freight, puts the spotlight on rail’s most pressing challenge: securing its place at the heart of tomorrow’s logistics. Across operations, technology, and policy, freight is evolving fast. This report captures the insight and innovation driving that momentum today.</p>
</a>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>

</div><!-- /homeSecondFeature-->
<!--this is banners-body-3.php -->

<!-- Banners appearing when screen width is under 547 -->
<div id="leaderboardFallback2" class="bodyMpu">
<!-- super leaderboard 300px -->
	<div id="18"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

      if ( cur_width < 622 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-lt in 18 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("18", 167548, 297674, 300, 250);
      }

		});
	</script>

<!-- or -->
<!-- leaderboard 300px -->
	<div id="19"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

      if ( cur_width < 622 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-lt in 19 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("19", 167548, 262742, 300, 250);
      }

		});
	</script>

</div>
<div id="homeNews">
<div class="division"><span><a href="/news">Latest Rail Industry News</a></span></div>
		
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235100/canadian-national-railway-unveils-america250-locomotives-celebrating-us-independence-across-freight-network/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/260303-cnphoto1-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/260303-cnphoto1-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/">news</a></span>

<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235100/canadian-national-railway-unveils-america250-locomotives-celebrating-us-independence-across-freight-network/">Canadian National Railway unveils America250 locomotives celebrating US independence across freight network</a></h3>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235100/canadian-national-railway-unveils-america250-locomotives-celebrating-us-independence-across-freight-network/"><p>Canadian National Railway launches commemorative locomotives honouring the United States’ 250th anniversary, highlighting rail’s historic role in powering American industry and innovation.</p>
</a>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>
	
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235093/west-london-overground-orbital-rail-project-advances-with-6-65m-development-funding/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/wlo-map-large-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/wlo-map-large-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/">news</a></span>

<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235093/west-london-overground-orbital-rail-project-advances-with-6-65m-development-funding/">West London Overground orbital rail project advances with £6.65m development funding</a></h3>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235093/west-london-overground-orbital-rail-project-advances-with-6-65m-development-funding/"><p>TfL and west London partners commit £6.65 million to progress design, consultation and modelling for the proposed West London Orbital Overground rail line.</p>
</a>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>
	
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235081/rail-baltica-advances-joint-procurement-of-core-track-construction-materials/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Rail-Baltica_construction_Ulemiste-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Rail-Baltica_construction_Ulemiste-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/">news</a></span>

<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235081/rail-baltica-advances-joint-procurement-of-core-track-construction-materials/">Rail Baltica advances joint procurement of core track construction materials</a></h3>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235081/rail-baltica-advances-joint-procurement-of-core-track-construction-materials/"><p>Rail Baltica progresses framework agreements for rails, sleepers and turnout systems to strengthen supply chain stability and ensure consistent standards across the Baltic high speed corridor.</p>
</a>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>
	
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235076/alstom-secures-quito-metro-signalling-maintenance-contract/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Quito-picture-400x187.jpeg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Quito-picture-400x187.jpeg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/">news</a></span>

<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235076/alstom-secures-quito-metro-signalling-maintenance-contract/">Alstom secures Quito metro signalling maintenance contract</a></h3>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235076/alstom-secures-quito-metro-signalling-maintenance-contract/"><p>Alstom will deliver preventive and corrective signalling maintenance for Quito Metro Line 1 under a $27 million contract running for four years.</p>
</a>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>
	
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235061/hitachi-rail-to-deliver-driverless-trains-and-signalling-for-turin-metro-line-2/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/PHOTO-2026-03-02-18-08-07-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/PHOTO-2026-03-02-18-08-07-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/">news</a></span>

<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235061/hitachi-rail-to-deliver-driverless-trains-and-signalling-for-turin-metro-line-2/">Hitachi Rail to deliver driverless trains and signalling for Turin metro line 2</a></h3>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235061/hitachi-rail-to-deliver-driverless-trains-and-signalling-for-turin-metro-line-2/"><p>€481.6 million contract covers rolling stock and CBTC signalling for Turin Metro Line 2, introducing fully automated GoA4 operations and advanced digital asset management.</p>
</a>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>
	
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235055/alpha-trains-and-lineas-lease-euro9000-locomotives-for-rhine-alpine-corridor/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/euro9000_alphatrains_design_2026_news_2221_big-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/euro9000_alphatrains_design_2026_news_2221_big-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/">news</a></span>

<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235055/alpha-trains-and-lineas-lease-euro9000-locomotives-for-rhine-alpine-corridor/">Alpha Trains and Lineas lease EURO9000 locomotives for Rhine Alpine corridor</a></h3>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235055/alpha-trains-and-lineas-lease-euro9000-locomotives-for-rhine-alpine-corridor/"><p>New Stadler EURO9000 agreement strengthens Alpha Trains and Lineas partnership, supporting hybrid traction and lower emission freight operations across Europe’s key north south corridor.</p>
</a>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>

</div><!-- /homeNews-->

<!--this is banners-body-4.php -->
<!-- Banner position below latest news(homepage)  or above footer (content pages) -->
<!-- Banners appearing when screen width is under 797 -->
<div id="sidebarFallback1" class="bodyMpu">
<div id="group3">
<div class=" randomordercontent group3">
<!-- Sidebar #1 -->
	<div id="ad20"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

      if ( cur_width < 780 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-lt in ad20 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("ad20", 167548, 203217, 300, 250);
      }

		});
	</script>

</div>
<div class=" randomordercontent group3">
<!-- Sidebar #2 -->
	<div id="ad21"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

      if ( cur_width < 780 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-lt in ad21 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("ad21", 167548, 203218, 300, 250);
      }

		});
	</script>

</div>
<div class=" randomordercontent group3">
<!-- Sidebar #3 -->
	<div id="ad22"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

      if ( cur_width < 780 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-lt in ad22 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("ad22", 167548, 297667, 300, 250);
      }

		});
	</script>

</div>
<div class=" randomordercontent group3">
<!-- Sidebar #4 -->
	<div id="ad23"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

      if ( cur_width < 780 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-lt in ad23 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("ad23", 167548, 297668, 300, 250);
      }

		});
	</script>

</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="editorSpotlight">
<div class="division"><span>Editor's Spotlight</span></div>

	
	
<article class="podcast"><div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/video/177965/ai-video-analytics-platform-smart-railway-operations/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/AVA7200-video_cover-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/AVA7200-video_cover-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/video/177965/ai-video-analytics-platform-smart-railway-operations/"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/videos/">video</a></a></span>

<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/video/177965/ai-video-analytics-platform-smart-railway-operations/">AI-Enabled Video Analytics Platform for Smart Railway Operations</a></h3>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>
	
	
<article>
<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234774/rail-freight-modal-shift-eu-climate-targets/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2231602553-1-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="high angle view of freight train" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2231602553-1-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="high angle view of freight train" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">

<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234774/rail-freight-modal-shift-eu-climate-targets/">Support needed for rail supply industry to play role in decarbonising rail freight</a></h3>
<p>
By Hugo Tabouret</p>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>

	
<article>
<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234354/discontinuous-electrification-rail-2026/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2405146723-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="Battery-electric commuter train at a station, capable of running on partially electrified and non-electrified lines, representing modern rail decarbonisation." decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2405146723-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="Battery-electric commuter train at a station, capable of running on partially electrified and non-electrified lines, representing modern rail decarbonisation." decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">

<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234354/discontinuous-electrification-rail-2026/">Discontinuous electrification: the commercial verdict on the &#8216;wires everywhere&#8217; debate </a></h3>
<p>
By Global Railway Review</p>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>

	
<article>
<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/233031/cloud-based-rail-operations-shaping-the-future-of-the-industry/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_1147-edit-400x187.jpeg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="All Intelligence-first rail is shaping the future of the industry Huawei Connect 2025" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/IMG_1147-edit-400x187.jpeg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="All Intelligence-first rail is shaping the future of the industry Huawei Connect 2025" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">

<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/233031/cloud-based-rail-operations-shaping-the-future-of-the-industry/">All Intelligence-first rail is shaping the future of the industry</a></h3>
<p>
By Ian Betteridge - Global Railway Review</p>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>

	
<article>
<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/232942/rail-freight-the-monitor-project/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/FREIGH1-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="From manual checks to smart operations: The MONITOR project for freight rail. Rail Logistics Europe" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/FREIGH1-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="From manual checks to smart operations: The MONITOR project for freight rail. Rail Logistics Europe" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">

<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/232942/rail-freight-the-monitor-project/">From manual checks to smart operations: The MONITOR project for freight rail</a></h3>
<p>
By Antoine Belleguie</p>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>




</div><!-- /editorSpotlight -->

<div id="homeSecondFeature" class="mobileOnly">
		
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/224656/global-railway-review-autumn-winter-issue-2025/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GRR-Issue-2-2025-Feature-Image-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GRR-Issue-2-2025-Feature-Image-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/224656/global-railway-review-autumn-winter-issue-2025/"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/">article</a></a></span>
<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/224656/global-railway-review-autumn-winter-issue-2025/">Global Railway Review Autumn/ Winter Issue 2025</a></h3>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/224656/global-railway-review-autumn-winter-issue-2025/"><p>Welcome to 2025’s Autumn/ Winter issue of Global Railway Review!<br />
The dynamism of our sector has never been more apparent, driven by technological leaps, evolving societal demands, and an urgent global imperative for sustainable solutions.</p>
</a>
</div><!-- /articleExecerpt-->
</article>

</div><!-- /homeSecondFeature-->

<div id="homeMagazine">
<div class="division"><span><a href="/article">Articles from Global Railway Review</a></span></div>

		
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234774/rail-freight-modal-shift-eu-climate-targets/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="200" height="134" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2231602553-1-200x134.jpg" class="attachment-article-small size-article-small wp-post-image" alt="high angle view of freight train" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2231602553-1-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2231602553-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2231602553-1.jpg 500w" data-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /><noscript><img width="200" height="134" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2231602553-1-200x134.jpg" class="attachment-article-small size-article-small wp-post-image" alt="high angle view of freight train" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2231602553-1-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2231602553-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2231602553-1.jpg 500w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/">article</a></span>
<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234774/rail-freight-modal-shift-eu-climate-targets/">
Support needed for rail supply industry to play role in&hellip;</a></h3>
<p>
By Hugo Tabouret</p>
</div><!-- /articleExcerpt-->
</article>
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234510/how-extreme-weather-is-testing-britains-railways/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="200" height="134" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GGR-EXtreme-200x134.jpg" class="attachment-article-small size-article-small wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GGR-EXtreme-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GGR-EXtreme-375x250.jpg 375w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GGR-EXtreme-750x500.jpg 750w" data-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /><noscript><img width="200" height="134" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GGR-EXtreme-200x134.jpg" class="attachment-article-small size-article-small wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GGR-EXtreme-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GGR-EXtreme-375x250.jpg 375w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GGR-EXtreme-750x500.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/">article</a></span>
<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234510/how-extreme-weather-is-testing-britains-railways/">
How extreme weather is testing Britain’s railways</a></h3>
<p>
By Gabriel Higgins</p>
</div><!-- /articleExcerpt-->
</article>
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234354/discontinuous-electrification-rail-2026/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="200" height="134" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2405146723-200x134.jpg" class="attachment-article-small size-article-small wp-post-image" alt="Battery-electric commuter train at a station, capable of running on partially electrified and non-electrified lines, representing modern rail decarbonisation." decoding="async" data-srcset="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2405146723-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2405146723-375x250.jpg 375w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2405146723.jpg 500w" data-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /><noscript><img width="200" height="134" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2405146723-200x134.jpg" class="attachment-article-small size-article-small wp-post-image" alt="Battery-electric commuter train at a station, capable of running on partially electrified and non-electrified lines, representing modern rail decarbonisation." decoding="async" srcset="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2405146723-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2405146723-375x250.jpg 375w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2405146723.jpg 500w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/">article</a></span>
<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234354/discontinuous-electrification-rail-2026/">
Discontinuous electrification: the commercial verdict on the &#8216;wires everywhere&#8217; debate </a></h3>
<p>
By Global Railway Review</p>
</div><!-- /articleExcerpt-->
</article>
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234236/digital-automatic-couplers-the-revolution-of-european-railways/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="200" height="134" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2026-01-21-115524-200x134.jpg" class="attachment-article-small size-article-small wp-post-image" alt="Green Cargo freight train operating on Swedish rail equipped with Digital Automatic Couplers (DAC) during commercial demonstration tests." decoding="async" data-srcset="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2026-01-21-115524-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2026-01-21-115524-375x250.jpg 375w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2026-01-21-115524-750x500.jpg 750w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2026-01-21-115524-768x511.jpg 768w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2026-01-21-115524.jpg 942w" data-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /><noscript><img width="200" height="134" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2026-01-21-115524-200x134.jpg" class="attachment-article-small size-article-small wp-post-image" alt="Green Cargo freight train operating on Swedish rail equipped with Digital Automatic Couplers (DAC) during commercial demonstration tests." decoding="async" srcset="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2026-01-21-115524-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2026-01-21-115524-375x250.jpg 375w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2026-01-21-115524-750x500.jpg 750w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2026-01-21-115524-768x511.jpg 768w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2026-01-21-115524.jpg 942w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/">article</a></span>
<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/234236/digital-automatic-couplers-the-revolution-of-european-railways/">
Digital Automatic Couplers &#8211; the revolution of European railways</a></h3>
<p>
By Global Railway Review</p>
</div><!-- /articleExcerpt-->
</article>
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/233752/navigating-rail-funding-to-deliver-smarter-cleaner-modernization/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="200" height="134" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2325994995-200x134.jpg" class="attachment-article-small size-article-small wp-post-image" alt="Navigating rail funding to deliver smarter, cleaner locomotive modernization" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2325994995-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2325994995-375x250.jpg 375w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2325994995-750x500.jpg 750w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2325994995-768x511.jpg 768w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2325994995.jpg 1000w" data-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /><noscript><img width="200" height="134" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2325994995-200x134.jpg" class="attachment-article-small size-article-small wp-post-image" alt="Navigating rail funding to deliver smarter, cleaner locomotive modernization" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2325994995-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2325994995-375x250.jpg 375w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2325994995-750x500.jpg 750w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2325994995-768x511.jpg 768w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/shutterstock_2325994995.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/">article</a></span>
<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/233752/navigating-rail-funding-to-deliver-smarter-cleaner-modernization/">
Navigating rail funding to deliver smarter, cleaner modernization</a></h3>
<p>
By Joe Stack</p>
</div><!-- /articleExcerpt-->
</article>
	
<article>

<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/229973/frmcs-navigating-the-future-of-railway-communications/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="200" height="134" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/FRMCS-Navigating-the-Future-of-Railway-Communications-200x134.jpg" class="attachment-article-small size-article-small wp-post-image" alt="FRMCS: Navigating the Future of Railway Communications" decoding="async" data-srcset="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/FRMCS-Navigating-the-Future-of-Railway-Communications-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/FRMCS-Navigating-the-Future-of-Railway-Communications-375x250.jpg 375w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/FRMCS-Navigating-the-Future-of-Railway-Communications-750x500.jpg 750w" data-sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /><noscript><img width="200" height="134" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/FRMCS-Navigating-the-Future-of-Railway-Communications-200x134.jpg" class="attachment-article-small size-article-small wp-post-image" alt="FRMCS: Navigating the Future of Railway Communications" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/FRMCS-Navigating-the-Future-of-Railway-Communications-200x134.jpg 200w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/FRMCS-Navigating-the-Future-of-Railway-Communications-375x250.jpg 375w, https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/FRMCS-Navigating-the-Future-of-Railway-Communications-750x500.jpg 750w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /></noscript></a></div><!-- /articleImage-->
<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/">article</a></span>
<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/229973/frmcs-navigating-the-future-of-railway-communications/">
FRMCS: Navigating the Future of Railway Communications</a></h3>
<p>
By Global Railway Review, Nokia</p>
</div><!-- /articleExcerpt-->
</article>

</div><!-- homeMagazine -->
<!--banners-body-5.php -->
<!-- Banner position above footer (homepage and content pages) -->
<!-- Banners appearing when screen width is under 797 -->
<div id="sidebarFallback2" class="bodyMpu">
<!-- sidebar 300x100px -->
	<div id="ad25"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

      if ( cur_width < 780 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-lt in ad25 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("ad25", 167548, 213786, 300, 100);
      }

		});
	</script>

</div>
<div id="homeFeaturedContent">
<div class="division"><span>Latest from our partners</span></div>
<!-- Webinar panel -->
		
	
<article>
<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/webinar/232787/rail-cyber-security-in-a-time-of-technological-and-regulatory-transformation/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Untitled-design-1-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="Nokia - Webinar: Rail cyber-security in a time of technological and regulatory transformation" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Untitled-design-1-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="Nokia - Webinar: Rail cyber-security in a time of technological and regulatory transformation" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div>

<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span>
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/webinar/">webinar</a></span>
<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/webinar/232787/rail-cyber-security-in-a-time-of-technological-and-regulatory-transformation/">
Rail cyber-security in a time of technological and regulatory transformation</a></h3>
<p><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/webinar/232787/rail-cyber-security-in-a-time-of-technological-and-regulatory-transformation/">Join our expert panel webinar exploring cyber-security in railway networks. Railway security represents a multi-dimensional challenge that demands seamless integration&hellip;</a></p>
</div></article>

<!-- App note panel -->
<!-- Event panel -->

		
	
<article>
<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/events/234517/transport-ticketing-global-2026/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="400" height="187" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/TT-logo-FINAL-CORE-logo-1-copy-468-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="TTG contra" decoding="async" /><noscript><img width="400" height="187" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/TT-logo-FINAL-CORE-logo-1-copy-468-400x187.jpg" class="attachment-article-regular size-article-regular wp-post-image" alt="TTG contra" decoding="async" /></noscript></a></div>

<div class="articleExcerpt">
<span><a href="/events">Event</a></span>
<h3><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/events/234517/transport-ticketing-global-2026/">
Transport Ticketing Global 2026</a></h3>
<p><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/events/234517/transport-ticketing-global-2026/">Join 1,500+ transport leaders at the world’s leading event for smart ticketing and mobility – Transport Ticketing Global 2026 on&hellip;</a></p>
</div></article>

</div><!-- /homeFeaturedContent -->

<div id="homeContentProviders">
<div class="division"><span>Featured content providers</span></div>
<!-- Content Hubs panel -->

		
	
<article>
<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/company_profile/79334/galgus/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" class="wp-post-image" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/galgus@2x.png" /><noscript><img class="wp-post-image" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/galgus@2x.png" /></noscript></a></div>
</article>
	
	
<article>
<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/company_profile/102953/veovo-ltd/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" class="wp-post-image" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Veovo-Logo-1.jpg" /><noscript><img class="wp-post-image" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Veovo-Logo-1.jpg" /></noscript></a></div>
</article>
	
	
<article>
<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/company_profile/96071/ketech-systems/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" class="wp-post-image" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/KeTech_Logo_600x400@2x.png" /><noscript><img class="wp-post-image" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/KeTech_Logo_600x400@2x.png" /></noscript></a></div>
</article>
	
	
<article>
<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/company_profile/134204/kontron-transportation/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" class="wp-post-image" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/New-Kontron-Logo-600x400-1.jpg" /><noscript><img class="wp-post-image" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/New-Kontron-Logo-600x400-1.jpg" /></noscript></a></div>
</article>
	
	
<article>
<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/company_profile/128042/kontron-modular-computers/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" class="wp-post-image" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/600x400-2.jpg" /><noscript><img class="wp-post-image" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/600x400-2.jpg" /></noscript></a></div>
</article>
	
	
<article>
<div class="articleImage"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/company_profile/144632/hexagon/">
<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" class="wp-post-image" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/logo-3000-x1000-scaled.jpg" /><noscript><img class="wp-post-image" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/logo-3000-x1000-scaled.jpg" /></noscript></a></div>
</article>
</div><!-- /homeContentProviders -->

<!--this is banners-body-6.php -->
<!-- Banner position above footer (homepage and content pages) -->
<!-- Banners appearing when screen width is under 797 -->
<div class="banner" id="footerFallback">
<!-- Footer Fallback 300x250 -->
	<div id="ad26"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

      if ( cur_width < 780 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-lt in ad26 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("ad26", 167548, 355335, 300, 250);
      }

		});
	</script>

</div>
	
</div><!-- /left -->
<aside id="right" class="standardSidebar">

<div id="banners">
<div class="banner" id="wallpaper">
<!-- Wallpaper FB -->
	<div id="ad3"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width >= 780 && cur_width <= 1599 ) {
        console.log("Showing show-if-btw in ad3 (167548)");
        scrsize_load_url("ad3", 167548, 262434, 300, 250);
			}

		});
	</script>

</div>

<!-- Sidebar full -->
<div class="banner" id="banner1">

<div id="group1">
<div class=" randomordercontent group1">
<!-- Sidebar #1 -->
	<div id="ad4"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width > 780 ) {
				console.log("Showing show-if-gt in ad4 (167548)");
				scrsize_load_url("ad4", 167548, 203217, 300, 250);
			}

		});
	</script>

</div>
<div class="randomordercontent group1">
<!-- Sidebar #2 -->
	<div id="ad5"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width > 780 ) {
				console.log("Showing show-if-gt in ad5 (167548)");
				scrsize_load_url("ad5", 167548, 203218, 300, 250);
			}

		});
	</script>

</div>
<div class="randomordercontent group1">
<!-- Sidebar #3 -->
	<div id="ad6"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width > 780 ) {
				console.log("Showing show-if-gt in ad6 (167548)");
				scrsize_load_url("ad6", 167548, 297667, 300, 250);
			}

		});
	</script>

</div>
<div class="randomordercontent group1">
<!-- Sidebar #4 -->
	<div id="ad7"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width > 780 ) {
				console.log("Showing show-if-gt in ad7 (167548)");
				scrsize_load_url("ad7", 167548, 297668, 300, 250);
			}

		});
	</script>

</div>

<div class="randomordercontent group1">
<!-- Sidebar #6 -->
	<div id="ad9"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width > 780 ) {
				console.log("Showing show-if-gt in ad9 (167548)");
				scrsize_load_url("ad9", 167548, 297670, 300, 250);
			}

		});
	</script>

</div>

<div class="banner" id="banner2">
<!-- 300x100 -->
	<div id="ad10"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width > 780 ) {
				console.log("Showing show-if-gt in ad10 (167548)");
				scrsize_load_url("ad10", 167548, 213786, 300, 100);
			}

		});
	</script>

</div>

<div class="randomordercontent group2">
<!-- Sidebar #5 -->
	<div id="ad8"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width > 780 ) {
				console.log("Showing show-if-gt in ad8 (167548)");
				scrsize_load_url("ad8", 167548, 297669, 300, 250);
			}

		});
	</script>

</div>


<script type="text/javascript">
randomordercontentdisplay.init()
</script>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /banners -->

<div id="popular">
<div class="tptn_posts      tptn-text-only"><h2>Most popular...</h2><ul id="popular"><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/234997/amtrak-confirms-single-level-fleet-strategy-to-replace-ageing-long-distance-trains/"     class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Amtrak confirms single level fleet strategy to replace ageing long distance trains</span></a></span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/234993/avanti-west-coast-trials-world-first-rail-timetable-tool-to-improve-reliability/"     class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Avanti West Coast trials world first rail timetable tool to improve reliability</span></a></span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235018/maritime-opens-northampton-strategic-rail-freight-interchange-in-80m-investment-milestone/"     class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Maritime opens Northampton strategic rail freight interchange in £80m investment milestone</span></a></span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235023/leo-express-launches-warsaw-services-strengthening-renfes-polish-expansion/"     class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Leo express launches Warsaw services strengthening Renfe’s Polish expansion</span></a></span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235061/hitachi-rail-to-deliver-driverless-trains-and-signalling-for-turin-metro-line-2/"     class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Hitachi Rail to deliver driverless trains and signalling for Turin metro line 2</span></a></span></li><li><span class="tptn_after_thumb"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news/235039/union-pacific-deploys-advanced-modelling-platform-to-enhance-rail-safety-and-efficiency/"     class="tptn_link"><span class="tptn_title">Union Pacific deploys advanced modelling platform to enhance rail safety and efficiency</span></a></span></li></ul><div class="tptn_clear"></div></div><br /><!-- Cached output. Cached time is 3600 seconds --></div><!-- /trending -->

<div id="magazine">
<div id="coverImage">
<!-- Pull in the cover image of the most recent magazine -->

		
	

<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/224656/global-railway-review-autumn-winter-issue-2025/">
	<img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GRR-Issue-2-2025-.jpg" alt="GRR Issue 2 2025" /><noscript><img src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/GRR-Issue-2-2025-.jpg" alt="GRR Issue 2 2025" /></noscript>
	
</a>

</div><!-- /coverImage -->
<div id="blurb"><h3>Read the latest issue</h3>
<p>All subscriptions include online membership, giving you access to the journal and exclusive content.</p>
</div><!-- /blurb -->
<a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/zmember/subscribers/register?lasturl=https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/" class="button">Subscribe today</a>
</div>
</aside>

<!--<p class="clear">&nbsp;</p> -->
</div><!-- /content -->
<div id="wrapRight" class="wraps">	<div id="ad2"></div>
	<script type="text/javascript">
		jQuery(document).ready(function() {
			var cur_width = jQuery(document).width();
			console.log("Screen width: " + cur_width);

			if ( cur_width > 1597 ) {
				console.log("Showing show-if-gt in ad2 (167548)");
				scrsize_load_url("ad2", 167548, 228415, 210, 900);
			}

		});
	</script>

<!-- Wallpaper - Right --></div>
</div><!-- /innerWrapper -->
</div><!-- /outerWrapper -->
</div><!-- /contentContainer -->
<div id="footerContainer">
<footer id="footer">
<div id="footerColumns">
<div class="column">
<h3>Content</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news_type/industry-news/">News</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/news_type/insights/">Industry Insights</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/article/">Articles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/magazine/">Magazine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/whitepaper">Whitepapers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/webinar">Webinars</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/events/">Events</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/company_profile/">Company Profiles</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="column">
<h3>Topics</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/digitalisation/">Digitalisation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/rail-freight-heavy-haul/">Freight</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/infrastructure/">Infrastructure</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/regs-legs/">Regulation & Legislation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/rolling-stock/">Rolling Stock</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/safety-security/">Safety & Security</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/signalling-telecomms/">Signalling & Telecomms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/sustainability/">Sustainability</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/the-passenger/">The Passenger</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/core_topic/rail-workforce/">The Workforce</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="column">
<h3>Advertising &amp; Editorial</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/advertising-editorial/?target=advertising-opportunities">Advertising Opportunities</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/advertising-editorial/advertising-technical-specifications/">Advertising Tech Specs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/about-us/?target=advisory-board">Advisory Board</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/advertising-editorial/?target=author-information">Information for Authors</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/advertising-editorial/?target=media-planner">Media Planner</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/permission-to-reuse-our-content/">Permission to reuse our content</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="column">
<p class="action"><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/advertising-editorial/?target=author-information">Write for us</a> | <a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/advertising-editorial/?target=advertising-opportunities">Advertise with us</a></p>
<a class="button contact" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/contact-us">Contact</a>
<a class="button register" href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/zmember/subscribers/register?lasturl=https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/">Register</a>
<p><span>T:</span> +44 (0)1959 563311<br />
<span>F:</span> +44 (0)1959 563123</p>
<div id="socialFooter"><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/globalrailwayreview/" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/GlobalRailwayReview" target="blank" ><i class="fab fa-facebook"></i></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/GlobalRailway" target="blank"><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a> <a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/GlobalRailwayReview" target="blank"><i class="fas fa-rss"></i></a></p></div>
</div>
<div class="column">
<h3>Company Information</h3>
<p><em>Global Railway Review</em> is published by: <br />Russell Publishing Ltd.<br />Court Lodge<br />Hogtrough Hill<br />Brasted, Kent, TN16 1NU<br />United Kingdom</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/about-us">About</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.russellpublishing.com/careers" target="_blank">Careers @ Russell Publishing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/terms-conditions">Terms &amp; Conditions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/cookie-policy">Cookie Policy</a></li>
<li><a id="wt-cli-settings-btn" tabindex="0" role='button' style="display:inline-block; padding:8px 16px 8px; border-radius:4px; text-align:center; font-size:12px; border:solid 0px #fff; line-height:18px;" class="wt-cli-element large cli-plugin-button cli-plugin-main-button cli_settings_button" >Manage your cookies</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><!-- /footerColumns-->
</footer>
</div><!-- /footerContainer -->
<div id="copyrightContainer">
<div id="copyright"><div id="footerLeft"><p>&copy; <a href="http://www.russellpublishing.com" target="_blank">Russell Publishing Limited</a>, 2010-2026. All rights reserved.</p></div> <div id="footerRight"><p><a href="http://www.e-motivemedia.com" target="blank">Website development by e-Motive Media Limited</a>.</p></div></div><!-- /copyright-->
</div><!-- copyrightContainer -->
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var advancedAds = {"adHealthNotice":{"enabled":true,"pattern":"AdSense fallback was loaded for empty AdSense ad \"[ad_title]\""},"frontendPrefix":"europ-","tracking":{"googleEvents":{"impression":"advanced_ads_impression","click":"advanced_ads_click"}}};

/* ]]> */
</script>
<script>(function(){var advanced_ads_ga_UID="UA-10556842-2",advanced_ads_ga_anonymIP=!!1;window.advanced_ads_check_adblocker=function(){var t=[],n=null;function e(t){var n=window.requestAnimationFrame||window.mozRequestAnimationFrame||window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame||function(t){return setTimeout(t,16)};n.call(window,t)}return e((function(){var a=document.createElement("div");a.innerHTML="&nbsp;",a.setAttribute("class","ad_unit ad-unit text-ad text_ad pub_300x250"),a.setAttribute("style","width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important; position: absolute !important; left: 0px !important; top: 0px !important; overflow: hidden !important;"),document.body.appendChild(a),e((function(){var e,o,i=null===(e=(o=window).getComputedStyle)||void 0===e?void 0:e.call(o,a),d=null==i?void 0:i.getPropertyValue("-moz-binding");n=i&&"none"===i.getPropertyValue("display")||"string"==typeof d&&-1!==d.indexOf("about:");for(var c=0,r=t.length;c<r;c++)t[c](n);t=[]}))})),function(e){"undefined"==typeof advanced_ads_adblocker_test&&(n=!0),null!==n?e(n):t.push(e)}}(),(()=>{function t(t){this.UID=t,this.analyticsObject="function"==typeof gtag;var n=this;return this.count=function(){gtag("event","AdBlock",{event_category:"Advanced Ads",event_label:"Yes",non_interaction:!0,send_to:n.UID})},function(){if(!n.analyticsObject){var e=document.createElement("script");e.src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id="+t,e.async=!0,document.body.appendChild(e),window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[],window.gtag=function(){dataLayer.push(arguments)},n.analyticsObject=!0,gtag("js",new Date)}var a={send_page_view:!1,transport_type:"beacon"};window.advanced_ads_ga_anonymIP&&(a.anonymize_ip=!0),gtag("config",t,a)}(),this}advanced_ads_check_adblocker((function(n){n&&new t(advanced_ads_ga_UID).count()}))})();})();</script><script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/wp-*.php","\/wp-admin\/*","\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/wp-content\/*","\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/wp-content\/themes\/grr19\/*","\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
		<script type="text/javascript">
		function setCookie(name, value, days) {
			var expires = "";
			if (days) {
				var date = new Date();
				date.setTime(date.getTime() + (days * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000));
				expires = "; expires=" + date.toUTCString();
			}
			document.cookie = name + "=" + (value || "") + expires + "; path=/";
		}
		function getCookie(cname) {
			let name = cname + "=";
			let decodedCookie = decodeURIComponent(document.cookie);
			let ca = decodedCookie.split(';');
			for (let i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) {
				let c = ca[i];
				while (c.charAt(0) == ' ') {
					c = c.substring(1);
				}
				if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) {
					return c.substring(name.length, c.length);
				}
			}
			return "";
		}
		function eraseCookie(name) {
			setCookie(name, "", -1);
		}

		document.addEventListener( 'wpcf7mailsent', function( event ) {
			var cf7rgk_json = getCookie("cf7rgk_options");

			if(typeof cf7rgk_json != 'undefined') {
				var cf7rgk_opt = JSON.parse(decodeURIComponent(cf7rgk_json));

				if (cf7rgk_opt != '') {
					if(cf7rgk_opt.url != '') {
						if (cf7rgk_opt.open_new == "on") {
							window.open(cf7rgk_opt.url, '_blank');
						} else {
							window.open(cf7rgk_opt.url, '_self');
						}
					}
				}

				eraseCookie("cf7rgk_options");
			}
		});

		</script>
				<script type="text/javascript">
			(function() {
				let targetObjectName = 'EM';
				if ( typeof window[targetObjectName] === 'object' && window[targetObjectName] !== null ) {
					Object.assign( window[targetObjectName], []);
				} else {
					console.warn( 'Could not merge extra data: window.' + targetObjectName + ' not found or not an object.' );
				}
			})();
		</script>
		<div  class="europ-fb262284f4c1f4565504d8fddfc3409a europ-before-you-go" id="europ-fb262284f4c1f4565504d8fddfc3409a"></div><div class="wt-cli-cookie-bar-container" data-nosnippet="true"  data-banner-version="2.0"><!--googleoff: all--><div id="cookie-law-info-bar" role="dialog" aria-live="polite" aria-label="cookieconsent" aria-describedby="wt-cli-cookie-banner" data-cli-geo-loc="0" style="padding:10px; box-sizing:border-box; float:left; border:solid 0px #fff; font-size:14px;" class="wt-cli-cookie-bar"><div class="cli-wrapper"><span id="wt-cli-cookie-banner"><div class="cli-bar-container cli-style-v2"><div class="cli-bar-message">This website uses cookies to enable, optimise and analyse site operations, as well as to provide personalised content and allow you to connect to social media. By clicking "I agree" you consent to the use of cookies for non-essential functions and the related processing of personal data. You can adjust your cookie and associated data processing preferences at any time via our "Cookie Settings". Please view our <a href="/cookie-policy/">Cookie Policy</a> to learn more about the use of cookies on our website.</div><div class="cli-bar-btn_container"><a id="wt-cli-settings-btn" tabindex="0" role='button' style="display:inline-block; padding:8px 16px 8px; border-radius:4px; text-align:center; font-size:12px; border:solid 0px #fff; line-height:18px;" class="wt-cli-element large cli-plugin-button cli-plugin-main-button cli_settings_button" >Manage your cookies</a>  <a id="wt-cli-accept-btn" tabindex="0" role='button' style="display:inline-block; padding:8px 16px 8px; border-radius:4px; text-align:center; font-size:12px; border:solid 0px #fff; line-height:18px;" data-cli_action="accept"  class="wt-cli-element large cli-plugin-button cli-plugin-main-button cookie_action_close_header cli_action_button" >Yes, I agree</a></div></div></span></div></div><div tabindex="0" id="cookie-law-info-again" style="display:none;"><span id="cookie_hdr_showagain">Cookie Settings</span></div><div class="cli-modal" id="cliSettingsPopup" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-privacy-title" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true">
  <div class="cli-modal-dialog" role="document">
    <div class="cli-modal-content cli-bar-popup">
      <button aria-label="Close" type="button" class="cli-modal-close" id="cliModalClose">
      <svg class="" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41l-1.41-1.41-5.59 5.59-5.59-5.59-1.41 1.41 5.59 5.59-5.59 5.59 1.41 1.41 5.59-5.59 5.59 5.59 1.41-1.41-5.59-5.59z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24h-24z" fill="none"></path></svg>
      <span class="wt-cli-sr-only">Close</span>
      </button>
        <div class="cli-modal-body">

    <div class="wt-cli-element cli-container-fluid cli-tab-container">
        <div class="cli-row">
                            <div class="cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0">
                    <div class="cli-privacy-overview">
                        <h4 id='wt-cli-privacy-title'>Privacy Overview</h4>                        <div class="cli-privacy-content">
                            <div class="cli-privacy-content-text"><p>This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorised as "Necessary" are stored on your browser as they are as essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. For our other types of cookies "Advertising &amp; Targeting", "Analytics" and "Performance", these help us analyse and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these different types of cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. You can adjust the available sliders to 'Enabled' or 'Disabled', then click 'Save and Accept'. View our <a href="/cookie-policy/">Cookie Policy</a> page.</p></div>
                        </div>
                        <a id="wt-cli-privacy-readmore"  tabindex="0" role="button" class="cli-privacy-readmore" data-readmore-text="Show more" data-readless-text="Show less"></a>                    </div>
                </div>
                        <div class="cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0 cli-tab-section-container" role="tablist">

                
                                    <div class="cli-tab-section">
                        <div class="cli-tab-header">
                            <a id="wt-cli-tab-link-necessary" tabindex="0" role="tab" aria-expanded="false" aria-describedby="wt-cli-tab-necessary" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-necessary" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="necessary" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab">
                                Necessary                            </a>
                                                                                        <div class="wt-cli-necessary-checkbox">
                                    <input type="checkbox" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox" id="wt-cli-checkbox-necessary" aria-label="Necessary" data-id="checkbox-necessary" checked="checked" />
                                    <label class="form-check-label" for="wt-cli-checkbox-necessary"> Necessary </label>
                                </div>
                                <span class="cli-necessary-caption">
                                    Always Enabled                                </span>
                                                    </div>
                        <div class="cli-tab-content">
                            <div id="wt-cli-tab-necessary" tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-necessary" class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="necessary">
                            <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description">Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information.

<table class="wt-cli-element cookielawinfo-row-cat-table cookielawinfo-winter"><thead><tr><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-1">Cookie</th><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cookielawinfo-checkbox-advertising-targeting</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertising &amp; Targeting".</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cookielawinfo-checkbox-analytics</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent WordPress Plugin. The cookie is used to remember the user consent for the cookies under the category "Analytics".</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cookielawinfo-checkbox-necessary</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cookielawinfo-checkbox-performance</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent WordPress Plugin. The cookie is used to remember the user consent for the cookies under the category "Performance".</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">PHPSESSID</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is native to PHP applications. The cookie is used to store and identify a users' unique session ID for the purpose of managing user session on the website. The cookie is a session cookies and is deleted when all the browser windows are closed.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">viewed_cookie_policy</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It does not store any personal data.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">zmember_logged</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This session cookie is served by our membership/subscription system and controls whether you are able to see content which is only available to logged in users.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                                    <div class="cli-tab-section">
                        <div class="cli-tab-header">
                            <a id="wt-cli-tab-link-performance" tabindex="0" role="tab" aria-expanded="false" aria-describedby="wt-cli-tab-performance" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-performance" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="performance" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab">
                                Performance                            </a>
                                                                                        <div class="cli-switch">
                                    <input type="checkbox" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox"  id="wt-cli-checkbox-performance" aria-label="performance" data-id="checkbox-performance" role="switch" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-link-performance" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-performance"  />
                                    <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-performance" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">performance</span></label>
                                </div>
                                                    </div>
                        <div class="cli-tab-content">
                            <div id="wt-cli-tab-performance" tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-performance" class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="performance">
                            <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description">Performance cookies are includes cookies that deliver enhanced functionalities of the website, such as caching. These cookies do not store any personal information.

<table class="wt-cli-element cookielawinfo-row-cat-table cookielawinfo-winter"><thead><tr><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-1">Cookie</th><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cf_ob_info</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Cloudflare content delivery network and, in conjunction with the cookie 'cf_use_ob', is used to determine whether it should continue serving “Always Online” until the cookie expires.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">cf_use_ob</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Cloudflare content delivery network and is used to determine whether it should continue serving “Always Online” until the cookie expires.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">free_subscription_only</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This session cookie is served by our membership/subscription system and controls which types of content you are able to access.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">ls_smartpush</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Litespeed Server and allows the server to store settings to help improve performance of the site.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">next-i18next</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is served by the Swapcard app/website to detect and store the user’s language.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">one_signal_sdk_db</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by OneSignal push notifications and is used for storing user preferences in connection with their notification permission status.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">YSC</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                                    <div class="cli-tab-section">
                        <div class="cli-tab-header">
                            <a id="wt-cli-tab-link-analytics" tabindex="0" role="tab" aria-expanded="false" aria-describedby="wt-cli-tab-analytics" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-analytics" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="analytics" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab">
                                Analytics                            </a>
                                                                                        <div class="cli-switch">
                                    <input type="checkbox" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox"  id="wt-cli-checkbox-analytics" aria-label="analytics" data-id="checkbox-analytics" role="switch" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-link-analytics" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-analytics"  />
                                    <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-analytics" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">analytics</span></label>
                                </div>
                                                    </div>
                        <div class="cli-tab-content">
                            <div id="wt-cli-tab-analytics" tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-analytics" class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="analytics">
                            <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description">Analytics cookies collect information about your use of the content, and in combination with previously collected information, are used to measure, understand, and report on your usage of this website.

<table class="wt-cli-element cookielawinfo-row-cat-table cookielawinfo-winter"><thead><tr><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-1">Cookie</th><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">bcookie</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by LinkedIn. The purpose of the cookie is to enable LinkedIn functionalities on the page.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">GPS</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by YouTube and registers a unique ID for tracking users based on their geographical location</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">lang</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by LinkedIn and is used to store the language preferences of a user to serve up content in that stored language the next time user visit the website.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">lidc</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by LinkedIn and used for routing.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">lissc</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by LinkedIn share Buttons and ad tags.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">nQ_cookieId</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is served by the Swapcard event app/website and uniquely identifies the user’s session.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">nQ_visitId</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is served by the Swapcard app/website and uniquely identifies the user.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">vuid</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">We embed videos from our official Vimeo channel. When you press play, Vimeo will drop third party cookies to enable the video to play and to see how long a viewer has watched the video. This cookie does not track individuals.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">wow.anonymousId</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Spotler and tracks an anonymous visitor ID.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">wow.schedule</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Spotler and enables it to track the Load Balance Session Queue.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">wow.session</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Spotler to track the Internet Information Services (IIS) session state.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">wow.utmvalues</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Spotler and stores the UTM values for the session. UTM values are specific text strings that are appended to URLs that allow Communigator to track the URLs and the UTM values when they get clicked on.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_ga</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Google Analytics and is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. It stores information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_gat</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookies is set by Google Universal Analytics to throttle the request rate to limit the collection of data on high traffic sites.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">_gid</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Google Analytics and is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visited in an anonymous form.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                                    <div class="cli-tab-section">
                        <div class="cli-tab-header">
                            <a id="wt-cli-tab-link-advertising-targeting" tabindex="0" role="tab" aria-expanded="false" aria-describedby="wt-cli-tab-advertising-targeting" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-advertising-targeting" class="cli-nav-link cli-settings-mobile" data-target="advertising-targeting" data-toggle="cli-toggle-tab">
                                Advertising &amp; Targeting                            </a>
                                                                                        <div class="cli-switch">
                                    <input type="checkbox" class="cli-user-preference-checkbox"  id="wt-cli-checkbox-advertising-targeting" aria-label="advertising-targeting" data-id="checkbox-advertising-targeting" role="switch" aria-controls="wt-cli-tab-link-advertising-targeting" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-advertising-targeting"  />
                                    <label for="wt-cli-checkbox-advertising-targeting" class="cli-slider" data-cli-enable="Enabled" data-cli-disable="Disabled"><span class="wt-cli-sr-only">advertising-targeting</span></label>
                                </div>
                                                    </div>
                        <div class="cli-tab-content">
                            <div id="wt-cli-tab-advertising-targeting" tabindex="0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="wt-cli-tab-link-advertising-targeting" class="cli-tab-pane cli-fade" data-id="advertising-targeting">
                            <div class="wt-cli-cookie-description">Advertising and targeting cookies help us provide our visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns.

<table class="wt-cli-element cookielawinfo-row-cat-table cookielawinfo-winter"><thead><tr><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-1">Cookie</th><th scope="col" class="cookielawinfo-column-4">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">advanced_ads_browser_width</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Advanced Ads and measures the browser width.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">advanced_ads_page_impressions</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Advanced Ads and measures the number of previous page impressions.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">advanced_ads_pro_server_info</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Advanced Ads and sets geo-location, user role and user capabilities. It is used by cache busting in Advanced Ads Pro when the appropriate visitor conditions are used.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">advanced_ads_pro_visitor_referrer</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Advanced Ads and sets the referrer URL.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">bscookie</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is a browser ID cookie set by LinkedIn share Buttons and ad tags.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">IDE</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">li_sugr</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by LinkedIn and is used for tracking.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">UserMatchHistory</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by Linkedin and is used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.</td></tr><tr class="cookielawinfo-row"><td class="cookielawinfo-column-1">VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE</td><td class="cookielawinfo-column-4">This cookie is set by YouTube. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website.</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>
<div class="cli-modal-footer">
    <div class="wt-cli-element cli-container-fluid cli-tab-container">
        <div class="cli-row">
            <div class="cli-col-12 cli-align-items-stretch cli-px-0">
                <div class="cli-tab-footer wt-cli-privacy-overview-actions">
                                                            
                                                    <a id="wt-cli-privacy-save-btn" role="button" tabindex="0" data-cli-action="accept" class="wt-cli-privacy-btn cli_setting_save_button wt-cli-privacy-accept-btn cli-btn">Save & Accept</a>
                                                                            
                               
                    
                </div>
                                    <div class="wt-cli-ckyes-footer-section">
                        <div class="wt-cli-ckyes-brand-logo">
                            Powered by GDPR Cookie Compliance                            <a target="_blank" href="https://www.webtoffee.com/product/gdpr-cookie-consent/">
                                <img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" data-src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/images/webtoffee-logo.svg" alt="WebToffee Logo"><noscript><img src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/images/webtoffee-logo.svg" alt="WebToffee Logo"></noscript>
                            </a>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                             </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>
<div class="cli-modal-backdrop cli-fade cli-settings-overlay"></div>
<div class="cli-modal-backdrop cli-fade cli-popupbar-overlay"></div>
<!--googleon: all--></div>
		<script type="text/javascript">
		/* <![CDATA[ */
			cli_cookiebar_settings='{"animate_speed_hide":"500","animate_speed_show":"500","background":"rgb(255, 255, 255)","border":"#3c3c3b","border_on":false,"button_1_button_colour":"rgb(0, 154, 166)","button_1_button_hover":"rgb(0, 154, 166)","button_1_link_colour":"#fff","button_1_as_button":true,"button_1_new_win":false,"button_2_button_colour":"rgb(51, 51, 51)","button_2_button_hover":"rgb(51, 51, 51)","button_2_link_colour":"#3c3c3b","button_2_as_button":true,"button_2_hidebar":false,"button_2_nofollow":true,"button_3_button_colour":"rgb(0, 0, 0)","button_3_button_hover":"rgb(0, 0, 0)","button_3_link_colour":"#ffffff","button_3_as_button":true,"button_3_new_win":false,"button_4_button_colour":"#009aa6","button_4_button_hover":"#007b85","button_4_link_colour":"#ffffff","button_4_as_button":true,"button_7_button_colour":"#61a229","button_7_button_hover":"#4e8221","button_7_link_colour":"#fff","button_7_as_button":true,"button_7_new_win":false,"font_family":"inherit","header_fix":true,"notify_animate_hide":true,"notify_animate_show":true,"notify_div_id":"#cookie-law-info-bar","notify_position_horizontal":"right","notify_position_vertical":"bottom","scroll_close":false,"scroll_close_reload":false,"accept_close_reload":false,"reject_close_reload":false,"showagain_tab":true,"showagain_background":"#fff","showagain_border":"#000","showagain_div_id":"#cookie-law-info-again","showagain_x_position":"0px","text":"#3c3c3b","show_once_yn":false,"show_once":"10000","logging_on":false,"as_popup":false,"popup_overlay":true,"bar_heading_text":"","cookie_bar_as":"popup","cookie_setting_popup":true,"accept_all":true,"js_script_blocker":"fffffff","popup_showagain_position":"bottom-right","widget_position":"left","button_1_style":[["display","inline-block"],["padding","8px 16px 8px"],["border-radius","4px"],["text-align","center"],["font-size","12px"],["border","solid 0px #fff"],["line-height","18px"]],"button_2_style":[["display","inline-block"],["text-align","center"],["font-size","14px"],["padding","8px 16px 8px"],["border","solid 0px #fff"],["line-height","18px"]],"button_3_style":[["display","inline-block"],["padding","8px 16px 8px"],["border-radius","4px"],["text-align","center"],["font-size","12px"],["border","solid 0px #fff"],["line-height","18px"]],"button_4_style":[["display","inline-block"],["padding","8px 16px 8px"],["border-radius","4px"],["text-align","center"],["font-size","12px"],["border","solid 0px #fff"],["line-height","18px"]],"button_5_style":[["display","inline-block"],["background","none"],["border-radius","20px"],["border","solid 1px #000"],["color","#000"],["text-align","center"],["font-size","12px"],["width","22px"],["height","22px"],["line-height","22px"],["margin-right","-15px"],["margin-top","-15px"],["float","right"],["cursor","pointer"],[""],["background-color","rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)"]],"button_7_style":[["margin","5px 5px 5px 30px"],["border-radius","0"],["padding","8px 25px 8px 25px"]],"accept_close_page_navigation":false,"button_8_button_colour":"#DEDFE0","button_8_button_hover":"#b2b2b3","button_8_link_colour":"#000000","button_8_as_button":"1","button_8_new_win":"","consent_mode":false,"google_consent_mode":false}';
		/* ]]> */
		</script>
		<link rel='stylesheet' id='cookie-law-info-table-css' href='https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/webtoffee-gdpr-cookie-consent/public/css/cookie-law-info-table.css?ver=2.6.6' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7-redirection-pro/assets/js/wpcf7-redirect-frontend-script.js" id="wpcf7-redirect-script-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after">
/* <![CDATA[ */
wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } );
wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } );
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=6.1.4" id="swv-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-translations">
/* <![CDATA[ */
( function( domain, translations ) {
	var localeData = translations.locale_data[ domain ] || translations.locale_data.messages;
	localeData[""].domain = domain;
	wp.i18n.setLocaleData( localeData, domain );
} )( "contact-form-7", {"translation-revision-date":"2024-05-21 11:58:24+0000","generator":"GlotPress\/4.0.1","domain":"messages","locale_data":{"messages":{"":{"domain":"messages","plural-forms":"nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;","lang":"en_GB"},"Error:":["Error:"]}},"comment":{"reference":"includes\/js\/index.js"}} );
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-before">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var wpcf7 = {
    "api": {
        "root": "https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-json\/",
        "namespace": "contact-form-7\/v1"
    },
    "cached": 1
};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=6.1.4" id="contact-form-7-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ditty-news-ticker/legacy/inc/static/js/swiped-events.min.js?ver=1.1.4" id="swiped-events-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js?ver=5.0.0" id="imagesloaded-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/effect.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-effects-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="ditty-news-ticker-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var mtphr_dnt_vars = {"is_rtl":""};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ditty-news-ticker/legacy/inc/static/js/ditty-news-ticker.js?ver=3.1.59" id="ditty-news-ticker-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="tptn_tracker-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var ajax_tptn_tracker = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/","top_ten_id":"265","top_ten_blog_id":"1","activate_counter":"11","top_ten_debug":"0","tptn_rnd":"1621618821"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/top-10/includes/js/top-10-tracker.min.js?ver=4.1.1" id="tptn_tracker-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/118/416/assets/js/50.js?ver=3.0.8" id="advanced-ads-pro/postscribe-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="advanced-ads-pro/cache_busting-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var advanced_ads_pro_ajax_object = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","lazy_load_module_enabled":"1","lazy_load":{"default_offset":0,"offsets":[]},"moveintohidden":"","wp_timezone_offset":"0","the_id":"265","is_singular":"1"};
var advanced_ads_responsive = {"reload_on_resize":"1"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/118/416/assets/791/164.js?ver=3.0.8" id="advanced-ads-pro/cache_busting-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="advanced-ads-layer-footer-js-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var advanced_ads_layer_settings = {"layer_class":"europ-layer","placements":[224896,224895]};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/118/231/public/assets/js/689.js?ver=2.0.2" id="advanced-ads-layer-footer-js-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/advanced-ads/admin/assets/js/advertisement.js?ver=2.0.14" id="advanced-ads-find-adblocker-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/page-links-to/dist/new-tab.js?ver=3.3.7" id="page-links-to-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="advanced-ads-pro-main-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var advanced_ads_cookies = {"cookie_path":"\/","cookie_domain":""};
var advadsCfpInfo = {"cfpExpHours":"3","cfpClickLimit":"3","cfpBan":"7","cfpPath":"","cfpDomain":"www.globalrailwayreview.com","cfpEnabled":""};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/118/416/assets/791/520.js?ver=3.0.8" id="advanced-ads-pro-main-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="advanced-ads-sticky-footer-js-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var advanced_ads_sticky_settings = {"check_position_fixed":"","sticky_class":"europ-sticky","placements":[224899,224898,224897]};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/118/840/assets/791/125.js?ver=2.0.3" id="advanced-ads-sticky-footer-js-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="advadsTrackingScript-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var advadsTracking = {"impressionActionName":"aatrack-records","clickActionName":"aatrack-click","targetClass":"europ-target","blogId":"1","frontendPrefix":"europ-"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/118/605/assets/791/535.js?ver=3.0.8" id="advadsTrackingScript-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/118/605/assets/791/353.js?ver=3.0.8" id="advadsTrackingGAFront-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/uploads/118/605/assets/791/244.js?ver=3.0.8" id="advadsTrackingDelayed-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="wpcf7cf-scripts-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var wpcf7cf_global_settings = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/cf7-conditional-fields/js/scripts.js?ver=2.6.7" id="wpcf7cf-scripts-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="ubermenu-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var ubermenu_data = {"remove_conflicts":"on","reposition_on_load":"off","intent_delay":"300","intent_interval":"100","intent_threshold":"7","scrollto_offset":"50","scrollto_duration":"1000","responsive_breakpoint":"959","accessible":"off","mobile_menu_collapse_on_navigate":"on","retractor_display_strategy":"responsive","touch_off_close":"on","submenu_indicator_close_mobile":"on","collapse_after_scroll":"on","v":"3.8.1","configurations":["ird_menu","drr_menu","main"],"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","plugin_url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/ubermenu\/","disable_mobile":"off","prefix_boost":"","use_core_svgs":"off","aria_role_navigation":"off","aria_nav_label":"off","aria_expanded":"off","aria_hidden":"off","aria_controls":"","aria_responsive_toggle":"off","icon_tag":"i","esc_close_mobile":"on","keyboard_submenu_trigger":"enter","theme_locations":{"primary_nav":"Primary Navigation","secondary_nav":"Secondary Navigation","its_nav":"ITS Navigation"}};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/js/ubermenu.min.js?ver=3.8.1" id="ubermenu-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="wp-accessibility-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var wpa = {"skiplinks":{"enabled":false,"output":""},"target":"","tabindex":"1","underline":{"enabled":false,"target":"a"},"videos":"","dir":"ltr","lang":"en-GB","titles":"1","labels":"1","wpalabels":{"s":"Search","author":"Name","email":"Email","url":"Website","comment":"Comment"},"alt":"","altSelector":".hentry img[alt]:not([alt=\"\"]), .comment-content img[alt]:not([alt=\"\"]), #content img[alt]:not([alt=\"\"]),.entry-content img[alt]:not([alt=\"\"])","current":"","errors":"","tracking":"1","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","security":"f11823c8ec","action":"wpa_stats_action","url":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/","post_id":"265","continue":"","pause":"Pause video","play":"Play video","restUrl":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media","ldType":"button","ldHome":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com","ldText":"<span class=\"dashicons dashicons-media-text\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><span class=\"screen-reader\">Long Description<\/span>"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-accessibility/js/wp-accessibility.min.js?ver=2.2.6" id="wp-accessibility-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script>
		<script>
			jQuery( function( $ ) {
							$( '#mtphr-dnt-97554' ).ditty_news_ticker({
					id : '97554',
					type : 'scroll',
					scroll_direction : 'left',
					scroll_speed : 10,
					scroll_pause : 1,
					scroll_spacing : 40,
					scroll_init : 0,
					scroll_init_delay : 2,
					rotate_type : 'fade',
					auto_rotate : 1,
					rotate_delay : 7,
					rotate_pause : 0,
					rotate_speed : 10,
					rotate_ease : 'easeInOutQuint',
					nav_reverse : 0,
					disable_touchswipe : 0,
					offset : 100,
					after_load : function( $ticker ) {
											},
					before_change : function( $ticker ) {
											},
					after_change : function( $ticker ) {
											}
				});
			 			});
		</script>
			<script type="text/javascript">

		CLI_ACCEPT_COOKIE_EXPIRE = 182;
		
	</script>
	<script>window.advads_admin_bar_items = [];</script><script>window.advads_passive_placements = {"224895_1":{"type":"group","id":56771,"elementid":["europ-fb262284f4c1f4565504d8fddfc3409a"],"ads":[],"group_info":{"id":56771,"name":"[Pop-up] Before you go","weights":{"139682":10,"103052":10,"103060":10,"103062":10,"118990":10},"type":"default","ordered_ad_ids":[118990,103060,103062,139682,103052],"ad_count":1},"placement_info":{"id":"224895","title":"Before you go","content":"New placement content goes here","type":"layer","slug":"before-you-go","status":"publish","item":"group_56771","display":[{"connector":"or","type":"postids","operator":"is_not","value":["176425"]}],"visitors":[],"ad_label":"default","inline-css":"","layer_placement":{"offset":"0","trigger":"exit","delay_sec":"0","effect":"slide","duration":"50","background":"1","background_click_close":"1","auto_close":{"trigger":"timeout","delay":"30"},"close":{"enabled":"1","where":"inside","side":"right","timeout_enabled":"true","timeout":"7"},"sticky":{"assistant":"topcenter","position":{"width":"0","height":"0"}}},"placement_width":"500","placement_height":"357","item_adblocker":"","cache-busting":"auto"},"test_id":null,"group_wrap":[{"after":"<script>( window.advanced_ads_ready || jQuery( document ).ready ).call( null, function() {advads_items.close_functions[ 'europ-3760983008' ] = function() {advads.close( '#europ-3760983008' ); if ( can_remove_background ( 'europ-3760983008' ) ) { jQuery( \".advads-background\" ).remove(); }; advads.set_cookie(\"timeout_placement_before-you-go\", 1, 7); };jQuery( '#europ-3760983008' ).on( 'click', '.europ-close-button', function() { var close_function = advads_items.close_functions[ 'europ-3760983008' ];if ( typeof close_function === 'function' ) {close_function(); }});});<\/script>"},{"before":"<div class=\"europ-before-you-go europ-layer advads-effect advads-effect-slide advads-duration-50 europ-layer-exit advads-has-background advads-background-click-close advads-close is-sticky\" data-width=\"500\" data-height=\"357\" data-auto-close-delay=\"30000\" data-position=\"topcenter\" style=\"display: none;z-index: 9999;position: fixed;max-width: 100%;width: 500px;top: 0;left: 50%;transform: translateX(-50%);\" id=\"europ-3760983008\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"europ-close-button\" title=\"close\" style=\"width: 15px; height: 15px; background: #fff; position: relative; line-height: 15px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; z-index: 10000; right:0; float: right; margin-left: -15px;\">\u00d7<\/a>","after":"<\/div>"}],"inject_before":[""]}};
( window.advanced_ads_ready || jQuery( document ).ready ).call( null, function() {if ( !window.advanced_ads_pro ) {console.log("Advanced Ads Pro: cache-busting can not be initialized");} });</script><style type="text/css" data-key="essb-copylink-popup">.essb-copylink-shadow{display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;z-index:1300;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2);width:100%;height:100%}.essb-copylink-window{width:90%;max-width:600px;display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column;overflow.:hidden;z-index:1310;background-color:#fff;border-radius:5px;overflow:hidden}.essb-copylink-window-header{width:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;overflow:hidden;font-size:16px;padding:10px;background-color:#1b84ff;color:#fff}.essb-copylink-window-content{width:100%;padding:20px}.essb-copylink-window-close{fill:#fff}</style><div class="essb-copylink-shadow"><div class="essb-copylink-window"><div class="essb-copylink-window-header"> <span>&nbsp;</span> <a href="#" class="essb-copylink-window-close"><svg style="width: 24px; height: 24px; padding: 5px;" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="32" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M32,25.7c0,0.7-0.3,1.3-0.8,1.8l-3.7,3.7c-0.5,0.5-1.1,0.8-1.9,0.8c-0.7,0-1.3-0.3-1.8-0.8L16,23.3l-7.9,7.9C7.6,31.7,7,32,6.3,32c-0.8,0-1.4-0.3-1.9-0.8l-3.7-3.7C0.3,27.1,0,26.4,0,25.7c0-0.8,0.3-1.3,0.8-1.9L8.7,16L0.8,8C0.3,7.6,0,6.9,0,6.3c0-0.8,0.3-1.3,0.8-1.9l3.7-3.6C4.9,0.2,5.6,0,6.3,0C7,0,7.6,0.2,8.1,0.8L16,8.7l7.9-7.9C24.4,0.2,25,0,25.7,0c0.8,0,1.4,0.2,1.9,0.8l3.7,3.6C31.7,4.9,32,5.5,32,6.3c0,0.7-0.3,1.3-0.8,1.8L23.3,16l7.9,7.9C31.7,24.4,32,25,32,25.7z"/></svg></a> </div><div class="essb-copylink-window-content"><div class="essb_copy_internal" style="display: flex; align-items: center;"><div style="width: calc(100% - 50px); padding: 5px;"><input type="text" id="essb_copy_link_field" style="width: 100%;padding: 5px 10px;font-size: 15px;background: #f5f6f7;border: 1px solid #ccc;font-family: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,\"Helvetica Neue\",sans-serif;" /></div><div style="width:50px;text-align: center;"><a href="#" class="essb-copy-link" title="Press to copy the link" style="color:#5867dd;background:#fff;padding:10px;text-decoration: none;"><svg style="width: 24px; height: 24px; fill: currentColor;" class="essb-svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M25.313 28v-18.688h-14.625v18.688h14.625zM25.313 6.688c1.438 0 2.688 1.188 2.688 2.625v18.688c0 1.438-1.25 2.688-2.688 2.688h-14.625c-1.438 0-2.688-1.25-2.688-2.688v-18.688c0-1.438 1.25-2.625 2.688-2.625h14.625zM21.313 1.313v2.688h-16v18.688h-2.625v-18.688c0-1.438 1.188-2.688 2.625-2.688h16z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="essb-copy-message" style="font-size: 13px; font-family: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,\"Segoe UI\",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,\"Helvetica Neue\",sans-serif;"></div></div></div></div><script>!function(){window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[],advanced_ads_ready_queue.push=window.advanced_ads_ready;for(var d=0,a=advanced_ads_ready_queue.length;d<a;d++)advanced_ads_ready(advanced_ads_ready_queue[d])}();</script><script type="text/javascript">(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/modules/subscribe-forms.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://www.globalrailwayreview.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/js/essb-core.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();</script><script type="text/javascript">function essb_open_copy_link_window(e,o){let s=window.location.href;if(e&&document.querySelector(".essb_"+e)){let n=document.querySelector(".essb_"+e).getAttribute("data-essb-url")||"";""!=n&&(s=n)}if(o&&""!=o&&(s=o),essb_settings&&essb_settings.copybutton_direct){essb.copy_link_direct(s);return}document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-window")&&(document.querySelector("#essb_copy_link_field")&&(document.querySelector("#essb_copy_link_field").value=s),document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-window").style.display="flex",document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-shadow").style.display="flex",document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-window-close")&&(document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-window-close").onclick=function(e){e.preventDefault(),document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-window").style.display="none",document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-shadow").style.display="none"}),document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-window .essb-copy-link")&&(document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-window .essb-copy-link").onclick=function(e){e.preventDefault();let o=document.querySelector("#essb_copy_link_field");try{o.focus(),o.select(),o.setSelectionRange(0,99999),document.execCommand("copy"),navigator.clipboard.writeText(o.value),document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-window .essb-copylink-window-header span").innerHTML=essb_settings.translate_copy_message2?essb_settings.translate_copy_message2:"Copied to clipboard.",setTimeout(function(){document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-window .essb-copylink-window-header span").innerHTML="&nbsp;"},2e3)}catch(s){console.log(s.stack),document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-window .essb-copylink-window-header span").innerHTML=essb_settings.translate_copy_message3?essb_settings.translate_copy_message3:"Please use Ctrl/Cmd+C to copy the URL.",setTimeout(function(){document.querySelector(".essb-copylink-window .essb-copylink-window-header span").innerHTML="&nbsp;"},2e3)}}))}</script><script id="europ-tracking">var advads_tracking_ads = {};var advads_tracking_urls = {"1":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"};var advads_tracking_methods = {"1":"ga"};var advads_tracking_parallel = {"1":false};var advads_tracking_linkbases = {"1":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/linkout\/"};var advads_gatracking_uids = {"1":["G-ZK9QD1ZS00"]};var advads_gatracking_allads = {"1":{"234371":{"title":"Nomad webinar MarCh 2026","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"233694":{"title":"Track Insight (Market) Report - frmc nokia - dec 2025","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"232075":{"title":"Track Insight (Market) Report - freight - oct 2025","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"230537":{"title":"Copy of: Global Railway Review - webinar - RSSB - october 2025","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"228124":{"title":"Global Railway Review - webinar - RSSB - october 2025","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"223966":{"title":"Global Railway Review\u2019s Track Insight: Track Maintenance - After Content Ad (3 July 25 - 3 Sept 25)","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"223798":{"title":"GRR eReport June 2025 - After Content Ad - human face of rail (need editing)","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"201503":{"title":"Global Railway Review's Issue 1 2025 - After Content Ad (25 April 25 - 30 Aug 25)","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"198217":{"title":"Global Railway Review's Subscription - After Content Ad (5 Feb 25 +)","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"139682":{"title":"[Pop-up] GRR Media Planner Pop up - Before you go","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/advertising-editorial\/?utm_source=banner&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=2023_media_planner_before_you_go","impression":true,"click":true},"135235":{"title":"Download our 2022 Media planner","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/advertising-editorial\/?target=2022%20media%20planner\/content%20calendar&utm_source=website&utm_medium=advancead&utm_campaign=GRR-Media-Planner-2022-Advance-Ad","impression":true,"click":true},"118990":{"title":"[Pop-up] Before you go \u2013 DRR 2021","target":"https:\/\/digitalrailrevolution.com\/?utm_source=contra_banner&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=GRR-DRR-2021-BYG-Banner","impression":true,"click":true},"112405":{"title":"Download our NEW 2021 Media planner","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/advertising-editorial\/?target=2020%20media%20planner\/content%20calendar&utm_source=website&utm_medium=advancead&utm_campaign=GRR-Launch-Media-Planner-2021-Advance-Ad","impression":true,"click":true},"103062":{"title":"[Pop-up] Before you go - Online Industry Summit 3","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/zmember\/subscribers\/register?utm_source=website&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=closepopup-OIS-3&lasturl=https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/[POST_ID]","impression":true,"click":true},"103060":{"title":"[Pop-up] Before you go - Online Industry Summit 2","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/zmember\/subscribers\/register?utm_source=website&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=closepopup-OIS-2&lasturl=https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/[POST_ID]","impression":true,"click":true},"103052":{"title":"[Pop-up] Before you go - Online Industry Summit 1","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/zmember\/subscribers\/register?utm_source=website&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=closepopup-OIS-1&lasturl=https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/[POST_ID]","impression":true,"click":true},"96710":{"title":"Digital Rail Revolution 2020 - New Website","target":"https:\/\/digitalrailrevolution.com\/?advance-ad","impression":true,"click":true},"92511":{"title":"Digital Rail Revolution 2020","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/digital-rail-revolution\/register-your-interest\/?advancedad","impression":true,"click":true},"89900":{"title":"DRR 2019 - VIP Request sidebar content","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"89727":{"title":"[Pop-up] Survery Infographic - Before you go","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/news\/84337\/digital-rail-investment-infographic\/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=infographicpopup&lasturl=https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/[POST_ID]","impression":true,"click":true},"86472":{"title":"DRR 2019 \u2013 Q&A with Gerhard Kre\u00df","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"84470":{"title":"[WB Download - DRR RYI]","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/digital-rail-revolution\/register-your-interest\/","impression":true,"click":true},"84468":{"title":"[WB Download - DRR EBD]","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/digital-rail-revolution\/book-now-2019\/","impression":true,"click":true},"82480":{"title":"ITC 2019 Return to Programme","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/digital-rail-revolution\/programme-2019\/","impression":true,"click":true},"82422":{"title":"[SPONSOR - GOLD] Konux","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/82418\/konux\/","impression":true,"click":true},"81690":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Bronze] - SNCF R\u00e9seau","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/81685\/sncf-reseau\/","impression":true,"click":true},"79510":{"title":"Alstom (Live Webinar) - How to implement efficient railway maintenance through digitalisation","target":"https:\/\/attendee.gotowebinar.com\/register\/8153374997336947213?source=GRR+-+Advance+Ad","impression":true,"click":true},"79408":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Digital Partner] Siemens","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/65969\/siemens-ag-mobility-division\/","impression":true,"click":true},"76869":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Bronze] - Vortex","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/76872\/vortex-iot\/","impression":true,"click":true},"76568":{"title":"[SPONSOR \u2013 Partnership] UIC","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"75260":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Supported by] Siemens AG, Mobility Division","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/65969\/siemens-ag-mobility-division\/","impression":true,"click":true},"74949":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Bronze] Shields Energy","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/74945\/shields-energy\/","impression":true,"click":true},"74873":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Bronze] Nomad Digital","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/74867\/74867\/","impression":true,"click":true},"74739":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Bronze] Expandium","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/70194\/expandium\/","impression":true,"click":true},"74398":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Exhibitor] Nexiot AG","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/74394\/nexiot-ag\/","impression":true,"click":true},"74103":{"title":"[SPONSOR - GOLD] Plasser","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/61483\/plasser-theurer\/","impression":true,"click":true},"74079":{"title":"[SPONSOR - GOLD] SKF","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/74075\/skf\/","impression":true,"click":true},"73978":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Stationary] ZF Friedrichshafen AG","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/73971\/zf-friedrichshafen-ag\/","impression":true,"click":true},"73944":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Bronze] Perptuum","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/73925\/perpetuum\/","impression":true,"click":true},"73848":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Industry Partner]- Rail Alliance","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/72194\/rail-alliance\/","impression":true,"click":true},"73648":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Silver] Amadeus IT Group","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/73644\/amadeus-it-group\/","impression":true,"click":true},"72421":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Innovation Hub Exhibitor] Skandal Technologies","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/innovation_hub\/72419\/skandal-technologies\/","impression":true,"click":true},"72369":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Innovation Hub Exhibitor] Vortex IoT","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/innovation_hub\/72325\/vortex-iot-ltd\/","impression":true,"click":true},"72108":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Bronze] Alcatel \u2013 Lucent Enterprise","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/72100\/alcatel-lucent-enterprise\/","impression":true,"click":true},"71645":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Lanyard] Alstom","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/64936\/alstom\/","impression":true,"click":true},"71595":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Bronze] Cosmo Tech","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/71578\/cosmo-tech\/","impression":true,"click":true},"71323":{"title":"[Partner] Shift2Rail","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"71218":{"title":"[BUTTON] Return to Programme","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/digital-rail-revolution\/programme\/","impression":true,"click":true},"71082":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Bronze] Expandium","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/70194\/expandium\/","impression":true,"click":true},"70928":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Bronze] GiSmartware","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/70872\/gismartware\/","impression":true,"click":true},"70744":{"title":"[EVENT] InnoTrans 2018 -  Imagee","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/68209\/innotrans-2018\/","impression":true,"click":true},"70446":{"title":"[SPONSOR - Silver] Smart Motors","target":"\/company_profile\/70808\/smart-motors\/","impression":true,"click":true},"68628":{"title":"[EVENT] InnoTrans 2018","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/company_profile\/68209\/innotrans-2018\/","impression":true,"click":true},"66772":{"title":"[Ad Butler] Wallpaper - Fallback - Mobile","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"66762":{"title":"[Ad Butler] Sidebar #5","target":"","impression":true,"click":true},"66014":{"title":"[In-page] Membership promo within News & Articles","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/zmember\/subscribers\/register?lasturl=[POST_SLUG]","impression":true,"click":true},"65507":{"title":"[Manual] IRD 2018 (Project - Banner)","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/international-rail-development\/","impression":true,"click":true},"65191":{"title":"[In-page] Membership","target":"https:\/\/www.globalrailwayreview.com\/zmember\/subscribers\/register?lasturl=[POST_SLUG]","impression":true,"click":true}}};var advads_gatracking_anonym = false;var advads_gatracking_transmitpageqs = {};</script><script data-no-optimize="1">window.lazyLoadOptions=Object.assign({},{threshold:300},window.lazyLoadOptions||{});!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):(t="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:t||self).LazyLoad=e()}(this,function(){"use strict";function e(){return(e=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n,a=arguments[e];for(n in a)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(a,n)&&(t[n]=a[n])}return t}).apply(this,arguments)}function o(t){return e({},at,t)}function l(t,e){return t.getAttribute(gt+e)}function c(t){return l(t,vt)}function s(t,e){return function(t,e,n){e=gt+e;null!==n?t.setAttribute(e,n):t.removeAttribute(e)}(t,vt,e)}function i(t){return s(t,null),0}function r(t){return null===c(t)}function u(t){return c(t)===_t}function d(t,e,n,a){t&&(void 0===a?void 0===n?t(e):t(e,n):t(e,n,a))}function f(t,e){et?t.classList.add(e):t.className+=(t.className?" ":"")+e}function _(t,e){et?t.classList.remove(e):t.className=t.className.replace(new RegExp("(^|\\s+)"+e+"(\\s+|$)")," ").replace(/^\s+/,"").replace(/\s+$/,"")}function g(t){return t.llTempImage}function v(t,e){!e||(e=e._observer)&&e.unobserve(t)}function b(t,e){t&&(t.loadingCount+=e)}function p(t,e){t&&(t.toLoadCount=e)}function n(t){for(var e,n=[],a=0;e=t.children[a];a+=1)"SOURCE"===e.tagName&&n.push(e);return n}function h(t,e){(t=t.parentNode)&&"PICTURE"===t.tagName&&n(t).forEach(e)}function a(t,e){n(t).forEach(e)}function m(t){return!!t[lt]}function E(t){return t[lt]}function I(t){return delete t[lt]}function y(e,t){var n;m(e)||(n={},t.forEach(function(t){n[t]=e.getAttribute(t)}),e[lt]=n)}function L(a,t){var o;m(a)&&(o=E(a),t.forEach(function(t){var e,n;e=a,(t=o[n=t])?e.setAttribute(n,t):e.removeAttribute(n)}))}function k(t,e,n){f(t,e.class_loading),s(t,st),n&&(b(n,1),d(e.callback_loading,t,n))}function A(t,e,n){n&&t.setAttribute(e,n)}function O(t,e){A(t,rt,l(t,e.data_sizes)),A(t,it,l(t,e.data_srcset)),A(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))}function w(t,e,n){var a=l(t,e.data_bg_multi),o=l(t,e.data_bg_multi_hidpi);(a=nt&&o?o:a)&&(t.style.backgroundImage=a,n=n,f(t=t,(e=e).class_applied),s(t,dt),n&&(e.unobserve_completed&&v(t,e),d(e.callback_applied,t,n)))}function x(t,e){!e||0<e.loadingCount||0<e.toLoadCount||d(t.callback_finish,e)}function M(t,e,n){t.addEventListener(e,n),t.llEvLisnrs[e]=n}function N(t){return!!t.llEvLisnrs}function z(t){if(N(t)){var e,n,a=t.llEvLisnrs;for(e in a){var o=a[e];n=e,o=o,t.removeEventListener(n,o)}delete t.llEvLisnrs}}function C(t,e,n){var a;delete t.llTempImage,b(n,-1),(a=n)&&--a.toLoadCount,_(t,e.class_loading),e.unobserve_completed&&v(t,n)}function R(i,r,c){var l=g(i)||i;N(l)||function(t,e,n){N(t)||(t.llEvLisnrs={});var a="VIDEO"===t.tagName?"loadeddata":"load";M(t,a,e),M(t,"error",n)}(l,function(t){var e,n,a,o;n=r,a=c,o=u(e=i),C(e,n,a),f(e,n.class_loaded),s(e,ut),d(n.callback_loaded,e,a),o||x(n,a),z(l)},function(t){var e,n,a,o;n=r,a=c,o=u(e=i),C(e,n,a),f(e,n.class_error),s(e,ft),d(n.callback_error,e,a),o||x(n,a),z(l)})}function T(t,e,n){var a,o,i,r,c;t.llTempImage=document.createElement("IMG"),R(t,e,n),m(c=t)||(c[lt]={backgroundImage:c.style.backgroundImage}),i=n,r=l(a=t,(o=e).data_bg),c=l(a,o.data_bg_hidpi),(r=nt&&c?c:r)&&(a.style.backgroundImage='url("'.concat(r,'")'),g(a).setAttribute(ot,r),k(a,o,i)),w(t,e,n)}function G(t,e,n){var a;R(t,e,n),a=e,e=n,(t=Et[(n=t).tagName])&&(t(n,a),k(n,a,e))}function D(t,e,n){var a;a=t,(-1<It.indexOf(a.tagName)?G:T)(t,e,n)}function S(t,e,n){var a;t.setAttribute("loading","lazy"),R(t,e,n),a=e,(e=Et[(n=t).tagName])&&e(n,a),s(t,_t)}function V(t){t.removeAttribute(ot),t.removeAttribute(it),t.removeAttribute(rt)}function j(t){h(t,function(t){L(t,mt)}),L(t,mt)}function F(t){var e;(e=yt[t.tagName])?e(t):m(e=t)&&(t=E(e),e.style.backgroundImage=t.backgroundImage)}function P(t,e){var n;F(t),n=e,r(e=t)||u(e)||(_(e,n.class_entered),_(e,n.class_exited),_(e,n.class_applied),_(e,n.class_loading),_(e,n.class_loaded),_(e,n.class_error)),i(t),I(t)}function U(t,e,n,a){var o;n.cancel_on_exit&&(c(t)!==st||"IMG"===t.tagName&&(z(t),h(o=t,function(t){V(t)}),V(o),j(t),_(t,n.class_loading),b(a,-1),i(t),d(n.callback_cancel,t,e,a)))}function $(t,e,n,a){var o,i,r=(i=t,0<=bt.indexOf(c(i)));s(t,"entered"),f(t,n.class_entered),_(t,n.class_exited),o=t,i=a,n.unobserve_entered&&v(o,i),d(n.callback_enter,t,e,a),r||D(t,n,a)}function q(t){return t.use_native&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype}function H(t,o,i){t.forEach(function(t){return(a=t).isIntersecting||0<a.intersectionRatio?$(t.target,t,o,i):(e=t.target,n=t,a=o,t=i,void(r(e)||(f(e,a.class_exited),U(e,n,a,t),d(a.callback_exit,e,n,t))));var e,n,a})}function B(e,n){var t;tt&&!q(e)&&(n._observer=new IntersectionObserver(function(t){H(t,e,n)},{root:(t=e).container===document?null:t.container,rootMargin:t.thresholds||t.threshold+"px"}))}function J(t){return Array.prototype.slice.call(t)}function K(t){return t.container.querySelectorAll(t.elements_selector)}function Q(t){return c(t)===ft}function W(t,e){return e=t||K(e),J(e).filter(r)}function X(e,t){var n;(n=K(e),J(n).filter(Q)).forEach(function(t){_(t,e.class_error),i(t)}),t.update()}function t(t,e){var n,a,t=o(t);this._settings=t,this.loadingCount=0,B(t,this),n=t,a=this,Y&&window.addEventListener("online",function(){X(n,a)}),this.update(e)}var Y="undefined"!=typeof window,Z=Y&&!("onscroll"in window)||"undefined"!=typeof navigator&&/(gle|ing|ro)bot|crawl|spider/i.test(navigator.userAgent),tt=Y&&"IntersectionObserver"in window,et=Y&&"classList"in document.createElement("p"),nt=Y&&1<window.devicePixelRatio,at={elements_selector:".lazy",container:Z||Y?document:null,threshold:300,thresholds:null,data_src:"src",data_srcset:"srcset",data_sizes:"sizes",data_bg:"bg",data_bg_hidpi:"bg-hidpi",data_bg_multi:"bg-multi",data_bg_multi_hidpi:"bg-multi-hidpi",data_poster:"poster",class_applied:"applied",class_loading:"litespeed-loading",class_loaded:"litespeed-loaded",class_error:"error",class_entered:"entered",class_exited:"exited",unobserve_completed:!0,unobserve_entered:!1,cancel_on_exit:!0,callback_enter:null,callback_exit:null,callback_applied:null,callback_loading:null,callback_loaded:null,callback_error:null,callback_finish:null,callback_cancel:null,use_native:!1},ot="src",it="srcset",rt="sizes",ct="poster",lt="llOriginalAttrs",st="loading",ut="loaded",dt="applied",ft="error",_t="native",gt="data-",vt="ll-status",bt=[st,ut,dt,ft],pt=[ot],ht=[ot,ct],mt=[ot,it,rt],Et={IMG:function(t,e){h(t,function(t){y(t,mt),O(t,e)}),y(t,mt),O(t,e)},IFRAME:function(t,e){y(t,pt),A(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))},VIDEO:function(t,e){a(t,function(t){y(t,pt),A(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))}),y(t,ht),A(t,ct,l(t,e.data_poster)),A(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src)),t.load()}},It=["IMG","IFRAME","VIDEO"],yt={IMG:j,IFRAME:function(t){L(t,pt)},VIDEO:function(t){a(t,function(t){L(t,pt)}),L(t,ht),t.load()}},Lt=["IMG","IFRAME","VIDEO"];return t.prototype={update:function(t){var e,n,a,o=this._settings,i=W(t,o);{if(p(this,i.length),!Z&&tt)return q(o)?(e=o,n=this,i.forEach(function(t){-1!==Lt.indexOf(t.tagName)&&S(t,e,n)}),void p(n,0)):(t=this._observer,o=i,t.disconnect(),a=t,void o.forEach(function(t){a.observe(t)}));this.loadAll(i)}},destroy:function(){this._observer&&this._observer.disconnect(),K(this._settings).forEach(function(t){I(t)}),delete this._observer,delete this._settings,delete this.loadingCount,delete this.toLoadCount},loadAll:function(t){var e=this,n=this._settings;W(t,n).forEach(function(t){v(t,e),D(t,n,e)})},restoreAll:function(){var e=this._settings;K(e).forEach(function(t){P(t,e)})}},t.load=function(t,e){e=o(e);D(t,e)},t.resetStatus=function(t){i(t)},t}),function(t,e){"use strict";function n(){e.body.classList.add("litespeed_lazyloaded")}function a(){console.log("[LiteSpeed] Start Lazy Load"),o=new LazyLoad(Object.assign({},t.lazyLoadOptions||{},{elements_selector:"[data-lazyloaded]",callback_finish:n})),i=function(){o.update()},t.MutationObserver&&new MutationObserver(i).observe(e.documentElement,{childList:!0,subtree:!0,attributes:!0})}var o,i;t.addEventListener?t.addEventListener("load",a,!1):t.attachEvent("onload",a)}(window,document);</script><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'9d83353e2a993457',t:'MTc3MjgxOTQ4MQ=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body>
</html>

<!-- Page cached by LiteSpeed Cache 7.7 on 2026-03-06 16:04:50 -->