Biological Sciences / Neuroscience -- New results matching your topic search. https://www.pnas.org/action/doSearch?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Neuroscience Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences en-US http://www.atypon.com/images/atypon_logo_small.gif http://www.atypon.com https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2522754123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 22, June 2026. <br/>SignificanceSynaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change their strength in response to activity, is fundamental to learning and memory, and is accompanied by changes in the presynaptic terminal and the postsynaptic spine. Here, three-dimensional ... Transition of the presynaptic vesicle cluster from a compact to dispersed organization during long-term potentiation doi:10.1073/pnas.2522754123 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z Guadalupe C. GarciaThomas M. BartolLyndsey M. KirkPriyal BadalaKristen M. HarrisTerrence J. Sejnowskiahttps://ror.org/03xez1567Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037bhttps://ror.org/00hj54h04Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712chttps://ror.org/0168r3w48Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 22 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2522754123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2522754123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2524894123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 22, June 2026. <br/>SignificanceMaintaining balance becomes increasingly challenging with aging, partly due to sensory system degradation. In parallel, cortical involvement in balance maintenance is hypothesized to increase. However, this hypothesis rests on indirect ... Aging increases the cortical resources allocated to static balance maintenance doi:10.1073/pnas.2524894123 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z Thomas LegrandScott J. MongoldLaure MüllerMaxime NiesenZoritsa DemerdzievPierre CoemelckEsranur Yildiran CarlakAntonella IannottaGilles NaeijeMathieu BourguignonMarc Vander Ghinstahttps://ror.org/01r9htc13Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Human Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgiumbhttps://ror.org/05m7pjf47School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Irelandchttps://ror.org/01r9htc13Service d’ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgiumdhttps://ror.org/01r9htc13Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie et Neuroimagerie Translationnelles, Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgiumehttps://ror.org/01r9htc13Centre de Référence Neuromusculaire, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles - Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, BelgiumfWalloon ExceLlence Research Institute, Wavre 1300, Belgique Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 22 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2524894123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2524894123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2531407123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 22, June 2026. <br/>SignificanceTo ensure sensory information can be passed down from the sensory neurons to the interneurons that control the motor output, the sensory-motor circuit must be robust against genetic perturbations. However, the mechanisms underlying such ... Synaptic and neural pathway redundancy enables the robustness of a sensory-motor reflex and promotes predation escape in Caenorhabditis elegans doi:10.1073/pnas.2531407123 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z Haoming HeEugenia King Hin FongSandeep KumarHo Ming Terence LeeAndrew M. LeiferMartin ChalfieChaogu ZhengaSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, ChinabPrinceton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544cDepartment of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544dDepartment of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 22 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2531407123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2531407123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2531920123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 22, June 2026. <br/>SignificanceSex differences are consistently described in the incidence and severity of major depressive disorder. However, the drivers of these disparities are difficult to disentangle. Our model, the Four Core Genotypes mice, allows us to differentiate ... Impact of sex chromosomes and gonad type in stress susceptibility in corticostriatal brain regions doi:10.1073/pnas.2531920123 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z Kelly N. BarkoMicah A. SheltonDawson R. KroppThien Quy PhamJennifer R. RainvilleXiangning XueGeorge C. TsengGeorgia E. HodesMarianne L. SeneyaDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213bCenter for Neuroscience at University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261cSchool of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061dDepartment of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 22 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2531920123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2531920123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2535878123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 22, June 2026. <br/>SignificanceEnergy homeostasis depends on precise coordination between hypothalamic outputs and peripheral metabolic tissues. The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is central to this regulation, yet the pathways linking it to distinct adipose depots remain ... Projection-defined hypothalamic outputs differentially regulate thermogenesis and lipolysis doi:10.1073/pnas.2535878123 2026-05-27T07:00:00Z Hyeonyoung MinQi ZhengYunlei Yangahttps://ror.org/05cf8a891Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461bhttps://ror.org/05cf8a891Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461chttps://ror.org/05cf8a891Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461dhttps://ror.org/05cf8a891The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 22 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2535878123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2535878123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2537064123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 22, June 2026. <br/>SignificancePhotovoltaic subretinal prosthesis can restore form vision in patients blinded by age-related macular degeneration. However, residual photoreceptors surrounding the degenerate area can substantially alter the responses of the inner retinal ... Residual photoreceptors affect the response of a degenerate retina to electrical stimulation doi:10.1073/pnas.2537064123 2026-05-27T07:00:00Z Keith LyMohajeet B. BhuckoryDavis Pham-HowardAnna Kochnev GoldsteinNathan JensenDaniel PalankeraHansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94303bDepartment of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94303cDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94303 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 22 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2537064123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2537064123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2601012123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 22, June 2026. <br/>SignificanceVirtually all cells in the body contain circadian oscillators, yet how circadian timing is organized across diverse cell types within complex organs remains poorly understood. Here, we developed a cell type–specific circadian reporter system ... Not all gut cellular circadian oscillators are food entrainable doi:10.1073/pnas.2601012123 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z Isabel MagañaS. K. Tahajjul TaufiqueYongli ShanMelody ShenDavid E. EhichioyaJoseph S. TakahashiShin YamazakiYuuki Obataahttps://ror.org/05byvp690Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390bhttps://ror.org/05byvp690Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390chttps://ror.org/05byvp690Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 22 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2601012123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2601012123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2601239123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 22, June 2026. <br/>SignificanceThis Perspective proposes an operational neurobiological account of thought and identifies a specific transformation by which some thoughts become conscious. Drawing on the neuroscience of decision-making, it argues that thoughts are neural ... Conscious and nonconscious thought: Insights from the neuroscience of decision-making doi:10.1073/pnas.2601239123 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z Michael N. ShadlenaDepartment of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027bHHMI, Chevy Chase, MD 20815cZuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 22 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2601239123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2601239123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2601546123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 22, June 2026. <br/>SignificanceMotor learning is often studied in specific brain regions, yet how the whole brain reconfigures during adaptation remains unknown. Using a trajectory analysis of human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, we show global ... Dynamic compression of whole-brain neural trajectories during human motor learning doi:10.1073/pnas.2601546123 2026-05-27T07:00:00Z Hoora MohseniAli RezaeiMaryam Ansari EsfehCorson N. AreshenkoffDaniel J. GaleJoseph Y. NashedEmily R. ObyJuan ChenJeffrey D. WammesDouglas J. CookJason P. GallivanaCenter for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, CanadabDepartment of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, CanadacDepartment of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, CanadadKey Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510631, ChinaeCenter for the Study of Applied Psychology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, and the School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510631, ChinafPhilosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangdong Province 510631, ChinagSchool of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, CanadahDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 22 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2601546123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2601546123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2603690123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 22, June 2026. <br/>Desert ants and foraging rodents return home along surprisingly direct paths after meandering outward journeys. Traditional path integration models explain this through cumulative vector addition, yet struggle to account for the neurobiological mechanisms ... Path integration in complex number space doi:10.1073/pnas.2603690123 2026-05-29T07:00:00Z Paul CraddockYannick MiossecYoucef BouchekiouaaDepartment of Psychology, University of Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq 59653, FrancebDivision of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 22 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 2026-06-02T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2603690123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2603690123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2510121123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceThis study advances our understanding of how autoantibodies against the LGI1 protein, known to cause limbic encephalitis, impact human neurons. By using cultured slices of the human hippocampus derived from drug-resistant epilepsy patients ... The functional impact of LGI1 autoantibodies on human CA3 pyramidal neurons doi:10.1073/pnas.2510121123 2026-05-18T07:00:00Z Laura MonniHans-Christian KornauAlice PodestàRosanna P. SammonsAndrea SannioAlexander StumpfThilo KalbhennMatthias SimonThomas SauvignyJulia OnkenHarald PrüssJörg R. P. GeigerMartin HoltkampDietmar SchmitzPawel FidzinskiaDepartment of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, GermanybNeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, GermanycDepartment of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, ItalydGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Berlin, Berlin 10117, GermanyeNeuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, GermanyfInstitute of Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, GermanygDepartment of Neurosurgery (Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel), Medical School, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld 33617, GermanyhDepartment of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20251, GermanyiDepartment of Neurosurgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, GermanyjEpilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 21 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2510121123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2510121123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2513515123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceBrain capillary injury is a common feature of aging and many neurological disorders. While a single capillary lesion may appear inconsequential, the cumulative effect of repeated and spatially dispersed capillary insults can lead to ... ECgo: All-optical induction of single endothelial cell injury and capillary occlusion in the brain doi:10.1073/pnas.2513515123 2026-05-18T07:00:00Z Jacqueline CondrauSrinivasa R. AlluTatiana V. EsipovaEva ErlebachMatthias T. WyssChaim GlückLuca RavottoThomas TroxlerMikhail DrobizhevMarco VillaPaola CeroniMohamad El AmkiSergei A. VinogradovBruno Weberahttps://ror.org/02crff812Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerlandbhttps://ror.org/05a28rw58Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich 8057, SwitzerlandcDepartment of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104dDepartment of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104ehttps://ror.org/02w0trx84Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717fhttps://ror.org/01111rn36G. Ciamician Department of Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, ItalygDepartment of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 21 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2513515123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2513515123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2514098123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceEvery day, thousands of patients undergo general anesthesia, a safe and reversible medically induced state of unconsciousness often likened to sleep or coma. Despite profoundly altering brain function, most procedures are carried out without ... Spectral mapping reveals a resemblance of the anesthetic brain state to both sleep and coma doi:10.1073/pnas.2514098123 2026-05-11T07:00:00Z Janna D. HelfrichJerzy SzaflarskiMarianne C. J. NævraLuis RomunstadMatthew P. WalkerBryce A. ManderRobert T. KnightPål G. LarssonRandolph F. HelfrichaDepartment of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520bDepartment of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519chttps://ror.org/008s83205Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294dhttps://ror.org/008s83205Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294ehttps://ror.org/008s83205Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294fhttps://ror.org/008s83205Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy, Birmingham Epilepsy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294ghttps://ror.org/01xtthb56Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oslo Medical Center, Oslo 0424, Norwayhhttps://ror.org/01xtthb56Department of Anesthesiology, University of Oslo Medical Center, Oslo 0424, Norwayihttps://ror.org/01an7q238Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720jhttps://ror.org/01an7q238Department of Neuroscience, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720khttps://ror.org/01an7q238Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720lhttps://ror.org/04gyf1771Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697mhttps://ror.org/03v76x132Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520nhttps://ror.org/03v76x132Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519ohttps://ror.org/03v76x132Center for Neurocognition and Behavior, Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 21 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2514098123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2514098123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2518826123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceWe experience events as positive or negative based on our reward expectations. This phenomenon is the central mechanism underlying behavioral economics: an unconscious benchmark called the reference point against which we compare events. If ... Decisional reference point pathology: A cognitive mechanism for and a correlate of major depressive disorder in humans doi:10.1073/pnas.2518826123 2026-05-18T07:00:00Z Aadith VittalaLulu WuDongni YanDavid LiebersElizabeth TellXiaotong SongDamon DashtiKenway LouieCandace RaioDan V. IosifescuPaul W. GlimcheraDepartment of Neuroscience, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016bDepartment of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016chttps://ror.org/01s434164Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962dhttps://ror.org/02crff812Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8001, Switzerland Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 21 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2518826123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2518826123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2536661123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceDermal fibroblasts are increasingly recognized for their role in sensory functions, yet their precise contribution to somatosensation and itch pathogenesis remains unclear. Using acute incision and chronic bleomycin models, we identify a ... FGFR1–ETV1–CXCL1 signaling in dermal fibroblast orchestrates fibroblast-associated itch doi:10.1073/pnas.2536661123 2026-05-20T07:00:00Z Zhen-Juan ZhongNa WeiDong-Jin LiTing-Ting ShanYa-Ling SongXiao-Liang WangSi-Jia ZhaoYa-Ping LiuXue-Feng ChenHuan WangYao-Qing YuaDepartment of Clinical Experiment, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, ChinabInstitute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, ChinacDepartment of Dermatology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 21 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2536661123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2536661123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2608470123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. <br/> Directed interactions between electrophysiological, vascular, and fluid dynamics in the sleeping brain doi:10.1073/pnas.2608470123 2026-05-18T07:00:00Z Haatef PourmotabbedCatie ChangaDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235bVanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232cVanderbilt Institute for Surgery and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232dDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235eDepartment of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 21 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2608470123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2608470123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2608600123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 21, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceGut microbiota have been implicated in shaping host cognition, yet the mechanisms through which microbial communities influence brain function remain poorly understood. Using the honey bee, we demonstrate that cognitive benefits are not ... A defined community of core gut microbiota members promotes cognitive performance in honey bees doi:10.1073/pnas.2608600123 2026-05-20T07:00:00Z Amélie CabirolAndrew QuinnJulie SchaferNicolas NeuschwanderLucie KesnerJoanito LibertiPhilipp EngelaDepartment of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, SwitzerlandbDepartment of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 21 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 2026-05-26T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2608600123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2608600123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2525028123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 20, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceOur study identifies poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) as an elevated biomarker in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease, correlating with established markers of amyloid pathology. We demonstrate that ... PARP1 deficiency mitigates amyloid pathology, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline in a familial Alzheimer’s disease model doi:10.1073/pnas.2525028123 2026-05-15T07:00:00Z Aanishaa JhaldiyalManisha KumariLauren C. GuttmanTrupti TripathiMohammed Repon KhanJustin WangDevanik BiswasAbhishek PasupuletiAkansha AggarwalShraddha PandyaShih-Ching ChouNikhil PanickerAbhay MonghekarMarilyn AlbertLynn M. BekrisJames B. LeverenzTae-In KamTed M. DawsonValina L. DawsonaNeuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205bDepartment of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205cDepartment of Physiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205dDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205ehttps://ror.org/00cvxb145Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104fhttps://ror.org/03xjacd83Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195gLou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195hhttps://ror.org/03xjacd83Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195ihttps://ror.org/01nh3sx96Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (S-182), Seattle, WA 98108jhttps://ror.org/00cvxb145Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195kSolomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 20 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2525028123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2525028123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2529064123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 20, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceSpontaneous brain activity, without external stimuli, shapes development, constrains coding, and reflects neural organization. Whether this activity reveals similar organization across individuals has been unclear. Using single-cell, whole-... Cross-individual translation of spontaneous zebrafish brain activity through a shared latent representation doi:10.1073/pnas.2529064123 2026-05-14T07:00:00Z Mattéo Dommanget-KottJorge Fernandez-de-Cossio-DiazGuillaume Faye-BédrinGeorges DebrégeasVolker BormuthaInstitut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris 75005, FrancebUniversité Paris Cité, Paris 75006, FrancecInstitut de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, FrancedLaboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Paris Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris 75005, France Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 20 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2529064123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2529064123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2533498123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 20, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceThe vestibular system plays a crucial role in important fundamental as well as high cognitive functions. Supporting this, vestibular signals have been found widely distributed in the brain including the cerebral neocortex, yet they are mostly ... A hemispheric decoding principle for vestibular heading perception in the posterior sylvian area doi:10.1073/pnas.2533498123 2026-05-13T07:00:00Z Yue XuYong GuaChinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Key laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, International Center for Primate Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, ChinabUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 20 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2533498123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2533498123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2536376123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 20, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceThe number of C4A gene copies is associated with the risk of schizophrenia in genome-wide association studies of individuals with European ancestry. Higher C4A gene expression is associated with higher levels of synaptic pruning in the brain. ... Peripheral complement C4 protein in schizophrenia: Association with gene copy number and immune cell subtypes doi:10.1073/pnas.2536376123 2026-05-11T07:00:00Z Agnieszka KalinowskiClaudia MacaubasHanmin GuoLauren A. AnkerDiane E. WakehamMarcus HoReenal PattniBatuhan BayramSurbhi SharmaJoanna LilientalJong H. YoonElizabeth D. MellinsLawrence SteinmanAlexander E. UrbanaDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305bDepartment of Pediatrics, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304cDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304dTranslational Applications Service Center, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Stanford, CA 94305eTranslational Research and Applied Medicine Center, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Stanford, CA 94305fRepetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Neuromodulation Clinic, Palo Alto Veterans Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA 94304gDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Program, Stanford, CA 94305 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 20 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2536376123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2536376123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2537038123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 20, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceBinocular vision depends on the alignment of eye and orbit orientation, retinal specializations, and central visual circuitry. By integrating anatomical and behavioral analyses across postnatal development, this study demonstrates that ... Binocular vision emerges from the coordinated development of orbit convergence, eye orientation, and high-acuity retinal specializations doi:10.1073/pnas.2537038123 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z Alfonso DeichlerMacarena Ruiz-FloresNatalia I. MárquezCristian MoralesLuciana López-JuryTomas Vega-ZunigaJorge MpodozisMacarena FaunesGonzalo J. Marínahttps://ror.org/047gc3g35Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, ChilebMillennium Nucleus Early Evolutionary Transitions of Mammals, Santiago 7800003, Chilechttps://ror.org/04teye511Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chiledhttps://ror.org/0225snd59Facultad de Medicina y Salud, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 20 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2537038123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2537038123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2600302123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 20, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceAndrogens and estrogens rapidly drive social recognition memory and social interactions, yet their mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we focused on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) to lateral septum (LS), a brain network ... A brain circuit of bidirectional modulation of social and nonsocial cognition by androgens and estrogens in male mice doi:10.1073/pnas.2600302123 2026-05-11T07:00:00Z Dario AspesiAnjana VaratharajahLucia CioffiSilvia DiviccaroDonatella CarusoNatalina BeckeJasmin LalondeMelissa L. PerreaultRoberto C. MelcangiNeil J. MacLuskyElena Cholerisahttps://ror.org/01r7awg59Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canadabhttps://ror.org/00wjc7c48Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italychttps://ror.org/01r7awg59Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canadadhttps://ror.org/01r7awg59Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 20 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2600302123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2600302123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2602678123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 20, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceHow fleeting experiences are transformed into lasting emotional memories remains a fundamental question in neuroscience. Memories are encoded by small populations of neurons, but how these neurons are consolidated into a functional memory ... Temporally gated offline engram ensemble reverberation in the lateral amygdala is required for fear memory consolidation doi:10.1073/pnas.2602678123 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z Sungmo ParkBozhi WuSofiya ZbaranskaJoseph LeeAlexander D. JacobAnnelies HoornAndrew MocleAlessandro LuchettiMahe ChenJung Hoon JungPaul W. FranklandSheena A. JosselynaProgram in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, CanadabDepartment of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, CanadacDepartment of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, CanadadDepartment of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, CanadaeChild and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 20 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 2026-05-19T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2602678123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2602678123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2524839123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceThe pineal gland is a central regulator of circadian rhythms and neuroendocrine homeostasis in primates, yet its cellular diversity and spatial regulatory logic remain poorly defined. By integrating single-nucleus and spatial multiomics in... Single-cell multiomic and spatial landscape of the primate pineal gland reveals circadian and melatonin regulatory architecture doi:10.1073/pnas.2524839123 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z Jihong ZhengYuchen XiaoJianjun LyuHongtao XuYaqun ZhangYanchuan LiYihao LiTianjun WangLiu LiuLingjing JinXuhui ZhouChao ZhangaDepartment of Orthopedics and Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, People’s Republic of ChinabHubei Topgene Xinsheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, No. 41, Great Health Industrial Park, South of the Optics Valley, Jiangxia District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430207, People’s Republic of Chinachttps://ror.org/05kvm7n82Department of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu Province 215000, People’s Republic of Chinadhttps://ror.org/01nv7k942Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province 050051, People’s Republic of ChinaeShanghai Yuhui Pharmaceutical Technology (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of ChinafFundamental Research Center, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 201619, People’s Republic of ChinagDepartment of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, People’s Republic of China Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 19 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2524839123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2524839123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2527296123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceCortical traveling waves (TWs) have been observed across species and cognitive states, yet their causal role in brain function has remained unclear. A major challenge has been the lack of tools to selectively impose TW-like spatiotemporal ... Traveling-wave transcranial alternating current stimulation (twtACS) causally links neural timing to cognitive function doi:10.1073/pnas.2527296123 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z Sangjun LeeJimin ParkIvan AlekseichukTaylor A. BergerAna M. G. ManeaHarry TranGabriela Delgado SalazarSeth D. KönigAlexander B. HermanDavid P. DarrowJan ZimmermannAlexander Opitzahttps://ror.org/017zqws13Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455bhttps://ror.org/02ets8c94Stephen M. Stahl Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611chttps://ror.org/017zqws13Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455dhttps://ror.org/017zqws13Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455ehttps://ror.org/017zqws13Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455fhttps://ror.org/017zqws13Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 19 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2527296123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2527296123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2537314123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceAffective signals profoundly influence movement, yet the mechanisms linking motivationally relevant contexts with motor behavior remain unclear. Combining ultra-high-field (7 T) connectomics with task-based (3 T) neuroimaging, we provide ... Incentive valence differentially engages open- and closed-loop basal ganglia circuits during movement initiation doi:10.1073/pnas.2537314123 2026-05-06T07:00:00Z Neil M. DundonElizabeth J. RizorJoanne E. StasiakJingyi WangTaylor LiKiana SabugoChristina VillanuevaParker BarandonViktoriya BabenkoRenee Beverly-AylwinAlexandra StumpTyler SantanderAndreea C. BostanRegina C. LapateScott T. GraftonaDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106bAligning Science Across Parkinson’s Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815chttps://ror.org/05t1h8f27Department of Social and Psychological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United KingdomdDepartment of Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720ehttps://ror.org/00py81415Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708fhttps://ror.org/01ba2ff92BIOPAC Systems, Inc., Goleta, CA 93117ghttps://ror.org/03m2x1q45Department of Medicine, College of Medicine Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724hDepartment of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 19 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2537314123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2537314123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2538059123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceThe prefrontal cortex (PFC) controls higher-order cognitive processes that define mammals and distinguish humans. Although timing actions are critical for cognitive function, it is unclear how the PFC exerts temporal control of action. We ... Distinct activity in prefrontal projections promotes temporal control of action doi:10.1073/pnas.2538059123 2026-05-06T07:00:00Z Xin DingMatthew A. WeberTrevor C. ButlerAlexandra S. BovaStephanie G. GuerreroChristopher M. HunterRachel C. ColeHannah R. StuttMadison S. McMurrinMackenzie M. SpicerMackenzie M. ConlonShane A. HeineyYoungcho KimJon M. ReschNandakumar S. NarayananaDepartment of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242bDepartment of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242cDepartment of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 52242dIowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 19 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2538059123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2538059123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2601231123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceHow does the brain sustain effortful cognitive activity? Might subcortical valuation regions play a larger role than they are usually given credit for? Using neuroimaging with humans, we show that the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens work ... Contributions of the basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens to sustaining not just initiating cognitive effort doi:10.1073/pnas.2601231123 2026-05-06T07:00:00Z Matthew L. DixonElizabeth BlevinsCarol S. DweckKai GörgenBrian Knutsonahttps://ror.org/00f54p054Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305bhttps://ror.org/001w7jn25Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin and Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of the Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 19 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2601231123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2601231123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2610120123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 19, May 2026. <br/> The cortical canvas doi:10.1073/pnas.2610120123 2026-05-04T07:00:00Z Bevil R. ConwaySpencer R. LoggiaaLaboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute and National Institutes of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892bNeuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 19 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z 2026-05-12T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2610120123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2610120123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2508352123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 18, May 2026. <br/>SignificancePseudorabies virus (PRV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen capable of invading the central nervous system and causing severe viral encephalitis. However, the mechanisms underlying PRV-induced neurological damage remain largely unknown. Here, we ... Pseudorabies virus triggers ferritinophagy-mediated ferroptosis and neuroinflammation in viral encephalitis doi:10.1073/pnas.2508352123 2026-04-28T07:00:00Z Jiali SunCaiyun HuoYuli LiXinsen LiJiawei XuJijing TianJin XiaoRui ZhangJun HanLei ZhouYanxin HuHanchun YangaState Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinabKey Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Chemical Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing 100095, China Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 18 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2508352123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2508352123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2509781123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 18, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceThe growing catalog of reported zona incerta (ZI) cell populations and their diverse functions underscores the need for a cohesive framework for understanding this brain area. The growing popularity of the ZI among systems neuroscientists is ... Multimodal analysis reveals cellular diversity and divergent circuits of the zona incerta doi:10.1073/pnas.2509781123 2026-04-29T07:00:00Z Ryan KastSean K. SimmonsNita RomeXian AdiconisLisa MelamedKathryn A. McCabeDongqing WangAlexandra KrolMagdalena KrubnerVincent PrevostoKirsten LevandowskiUbadah SabbaghHeather A. SullivanIan R. WickershamFan WangJoshua Z. LevinZhanyan FuGuoping Fengahttps://ror.org/042nb2s44Yang Tan Collective, Hock E. Tan and K. Lisa Yang Center for Autism Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139bMcGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139chttps://ror.org/042nb2s44Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139dStanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 18 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2509781123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2509781123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2514107123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 18, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceBy employing ethological whisker-guided navigation of mice in a tactile virtual reality paradigm combined with dense electrophysiological recordings in whisker-related wS1, we show that neural activity during sensory evidence accumulation ... Neural correlates of perceptual decision-making in the primary somatosensory cortex doi:10.1073/pnas.2514107123 2026-04-29T07:00:00Z Alex G. ArmstrongYurii VlasovaNeuroscience Graduate Program, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801bElectrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801cBeckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801dCarle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801eChan Zuckerberg Biohub, Chicago, IL 60642 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 18 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2514107123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2514107123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2515277123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 18, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceRetinal ganglion cell (RGCs) axons form the optic nerve (ON), and are subjected to multiple stressors that can result in ON damage. We define a group of Hopx(+) expressing astrocytes in the rodent ON, localized to the ON head (ONH), that are ... Hopx(+) optic nerve head-astrocytes counter neuronal stress and glaucoma damage doi:10.1073/pnas.2515277123 2026-04-27T07:00:00Z Steven L. BernsteinZara MehrabianYan GuoJean JouffroyBen MeadStanislav TomarevEsmahan DurmazJonathan A. EpsteinAdam KronkSeth BlackshawThanh HoangaDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Lab of Molecular Research, University of Maryland at Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201bDepartment of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Lab of Molecular Research, University of Maryland at Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201cExosome and Retinal Research Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Wales, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ, United KingdomdRetinal Ganglion Cell Biology Lab, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0606eDepartment of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104fOffice of Research and Development, University of Maryland Ventures, Baltimore, MD 21201gDepartment of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287hDepartment of Ophthalmology, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109iDepartment of Cell and Developmental Biology, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 18 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2515277123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2515277123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2516541123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 18, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceClassic split-brain studies revealed that cutting the corpus callosum impairs bimanual coordination, but the specific pathways and mechanisms remain unclear. In macaques, we temporarily blocked the posterior corpus callosum fibers connecting ... A causal role for the posterior corpus callosum in bimanual coordination doi:10.1073/pnas.2516541123 2026-04-29T07:00:00Z Jung Uk KangLawrence H. SnyderEric MooshagianaDepartment of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110bDepartment of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 18 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2516541123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2516541123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2520684123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 18, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceDendritic spines are vital structures for neuronal communication, and dysregulation of dendritic spines occurs in many neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we describe a mechanism by which proteins of the kinetochore complex ... Kinetochore proteins control microtubule dynamics in postmitotic neurons to regulate the formation of dendritic spines doi:10.1073/pnas.2520684123 2026-04-27T07:00:00Z Guoli ZhaoAditi SharmaJing TangMartina AlemanXing LiangLauren MinerJingqi QiWangchu XiangFeng TianYves GoldbergZhigang HeKang ShenLeticia PerisThomas L. SchwarzaF.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115bDepartment of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115cUniv. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble 38000, FrancedDepartment of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305eDepartment of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115fHHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 18 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2520684123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2520684123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2526239123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 18, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceCerebrospinal fluid-interstitial fluid (CSF–ISF) exchange is central to brain clearance, yet quantitative measurements in humans have been lacking. We establish an MRI approach that enables quantification of CSF–ISF exchange using intrathecal ... Quantitative assessment of flow between cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid compartments in humans doi:10.1073/pnas.2526239123 2026-04-29T07:00:00Z Anders WåhlinSofia BehndigJohan Eriksson De RystViktor Vigren NäslundDaniel Dahlgren LindströmJan AxelssonCecilia BjörnfotMikael BylundAnders GarpebringPetter HolmlundAfroditi LalouKlara MogensenDaniel P. G. NilssonSara QvarlanderPontus SöderströmTomas ViknerKrister WiklundMagnus AnderssonKatrine RiklundJan MalmAnders EklundaDepartment of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, Umeå S-90187, SwedenbDepartment of Diagnostics and Intervention, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics, Umeå University, Umeå S-90187, SwedencUmeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå S-90187, SwedendDepartment of Diagnostics and Intervention, Diagnostic Radiology, Umeå University, Umeå S-90187, SwedeneDepartment of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå S-90187, SwedenfDepartment of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå S-90187, SwedengDepartment of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705-2275hUmeå Centre for Microbial Research Umeå University, Umeå S-90187, Sweden Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 18 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2526239123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2526239123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2531557123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 18, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceStrict regulation of membrane lipid homeostasis of stereocilia is essential for auditory transduction. Here, we identify the flippase chaperone Tmem30b as critical for hair bundle maintenance in OHCs. Mechanistically, Tmem30b forms a complex ... Regulation of Tmem30b-mediated apical membrane homeostasis in auditory outer hair cells is critical for hearing doi:10.1073/pnas.2531557123 2026-04-29T07:00:00Z Miao ChangGuodong HongShan GaoCheng ChengJia YuanYu XiaoRuifeng QiaoJing KeXinhao WuTiancheng ZhangSiwei GuoRunze JiangZiyi LiuJing ZhouXiaohan ZhangYunhao WuXiaoxu ZhaoWen LiShuyuan ShenZuhong HeXiuli BiRenjie ChaiXiaolong FuaDepartment of Neurobiology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, ChinabDepartment of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, ChinacDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, ChinadDepartment of Tissue Regeneration and Wound Repair, Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Institute, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250035, ChinaeDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, ChinafSpine Surgery Department, Nantong First People‘s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 18 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2531557123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2531557123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2600174123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 18, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceChemical communication underpins insect mating systems, yet how male-produced signals mediate intrasexual competition remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that maleMythimna separatamoths disrupt rival mate-seeking by emitting ... Male-emitted benzaldehyde acts as an olfactory antagonist, disrupting moth sex pheromone communication doi:10.1073/pnas.2600174123 2026-04-27T07:00:00Z Dongdong SunYutong ZhangXiaoqing WangYong WangGuirong WangYang LiuaState Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, ChinabShenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Synthetic Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, ChinacCollege of Life Sciences, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 18 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2600174123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2600174123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2600429123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 18, May 2026. <br/>SignificanceThe dorsal pathway connecting temporal and frontal cortices is fundamental to human language, but its evolutionary origins remain contentious due to its limited ventral frontal extensions in macaques. This study challenges a linear view of ... Homologous specialization of arcuate fasciculus ventrolateral frontal connectivity in marmosets and humans doi:10.1073/pnas.2600429123 2026-04-30T07:00:00Z Yufan WangLuqi ChengDeying LiYuheng LuWilliam D. HopkinsChet C. SherwoodTing XuCirong LiuGeorge PaxinosTianzi JiangCongying ChuLingzhong FanaBeijing Key Laboratory of Brainnetome and Brain-Computer Interface, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, ChinabBrainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, Chinachttps://ror.org/05qbk4x57School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinadSchool of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, Chinaehttps://ror.org/03cve4549School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, Chinafhttps://ror.org/03cve4549Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, Chinaghttps://ror.org/04twxam07Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602hDepartment of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052ihttps://ror.org/01bfgxw09Center for the Integrative Developmental Neuroscience, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY 10022jhttps://ror.org/034t30j35Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, Chinakhttps://ror.org/05qbk4x57University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, Chinalhttps://ror.org/034t30j35Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, ChinamNeuroscience Research and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australianhttps://ror.org/016m2r485Xiaoxiang Institute for Brain Health and Yongzhou Central Hospital, Yongzhou 425000, ChinaoSchool of Life Sciences and Health, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266000, ChinapShandong Key Lab of Complex Medical Intelligence and Aging, Shandong Medical And Pharmaceutical University, Yantai 264003, China Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 18 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2600429123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2600429123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2610190123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 18, May 2026. <br/> From a beautiful circuit to a viable therapy: Addressing the translational chasm in acupuncture-based neuromodulation doi:10.1073/pnas.2610190123 2026-04-23T07:00:00Z Dong’e HuangJunqing DongaDepartment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou 350004, Fujian, ChinabDepartment of Physiotherapy, The 92435th Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Ningde 352103, Fujian, China Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 18 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2610190123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2610190123?af=R https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2611095123?af=R Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 123, Issue 18, May 2026. <br/> Reply to Huang and Dong: Circuit insights unlock translational potential of peripheral electroacupuncture for epilepsy doi:10.1073/pnas.2611095123 2026-04-23T07:00:00Z Yu WangQingyang ZhangYi WangZhong ChenaZhejiang Collaborative Innovation Center for the Brain Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 123 18 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 2026-05-05T07:00:00Z 10.1073/pnas.2611095123 https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2611095123?af=R