Programming Techniques

C intro

noreply@blogger.com (Engr. Tayyab) — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 07:10:00 +0000

C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system.

Although C was designed for implementing system software, it is also widely used for developing portable application software.

C is one of the most popular programming languages. It is widely used on many different software platforms, and there are few computer architectures for which a C compiler does not exist. C has greatly influenced many other popular programming languages, most notably C++, which originally began as an extension to C.

Artificial intelligence

noreply@blogger.com (Engr. Tayyab) — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 07:08:00 +0000

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents," where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines."

The field was founded on the claim that a central property of human beings, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and limits of scientific hubris, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Artificial intelligence has been the subject of breathtaking optimism, has suffered stunning setbacks and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science

Programming logic development

noreply@blogger.com (Engr. Tayyab) — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 03:46:00 +0000

The concept of logical form is central to logic; it being held that the validity of an argument is determined by its logical form, not by its content. Traditional Aristotelian syllogistic logic and modern symbolic logic are examples of formal logics.

Informal logic is the study of natural language arguments. The study of fallacies is an especially important branch of informal logic. The dialogues of Plato[5] are a good example of informal logic.
Formal logic is the study of inference with purely formal content, where that content is made explicit. (An inference possesses a purely formal content if it can be expressed as a particular application of a wholly abstract rule, that is, a rule that is not about any particular thing or property. The works of Aristotle contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which were incorporated in the late nineteenth century into modern formal logic.[6] In many definitions of logic, logical inference and inference with purely formal content are the same. This does not render the notion of informal logic vacuous, because no formal logic captures all of the nuance of natural language.)
Symbolic logic is the study of symbolic abstractions that capture the formal features of logical inference.[7][8] Symbolic logic is often divided into two branches, propositional logic and predicate logic.
Mathematical logic is an extension of symbolic logic into other areas, in particular to the study of model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory.
These families generally give logic a similar structure: to establish the relation of the sentences in topic of interest to their representation in logic through the analysis of logical form and semantics, and to present an account of inference relating these formal propositions

Unified modeling language

noreply@blogger.com (Engr. Tayyab) — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 03:44:00 +0000

Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized general-purpose modeling language in the field of software engineering.

UML includes a set of graphical notation techniques to create visual models of software-intensive systems

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is used to specify, visualize, modify, construct and document the artifacts of an object-oriented software intensive system under development. UML offers a standard way to visualize a system's architectural blueprints, including elements such as:

actors
business processes
(logical) components
activities
programming language statements
database schemas, and
reusable software components.
UML combines best techniques from data modeling (entity relationship diagrams), business modeling (work flows), object modeling, and component modeling. It can be used with all processes, throughout the software development life cycle, and across different implementation technologies. UML has synthesized the notations of the Booch method, the Object-modeling technique (OMT) and Object-oriented software engineering (OOSE) by fusing them into a single, common and widely usable modeling language. UML aims to be a standard modeling language which can model concurrent and distributed systems. UML is a de facto industry standard, and is evolving under the auspices of the Object Management Group (OMG). OMG initially called for information on object-oriented methodologies, that might create a rigorous software modeling language. Many industry leaders have responded in earnest to help create the UML standard.

UML models may be automatically transformed to other representations (e.g. Java) by means of QVT-like transformation languages, supported by the OMG. UML is extensible, offering the following mechanisms for customization: profiles and stereotype. The semantics of extension by profiles have been improved with the UML 2.0 major revision.

Is UML always helpful?

noreply@blogger.com (Engr. Tayyab) — Sat, 05 Sep 2009 09:27:00 +0000

UML is very effective but for small programs it really works?

Pointers are good or not?

noreply@blogger.com (Engr. Tayyab) — Sat, 05 Sep 2009 09:24:00 +0000

Some languages support memory management using pointers and some just by limited functions or methods. Limitation is secure but problematic when doing complex memory management. what you think is better?

The ultimate programming language!

noreply@blogger.com (Engr. Tayyab) — Sat, 05 Sep 2009 09:22:00 +0000

Is it possible to develop a computer language that can do any job and replaces all other programming languages? There are so many types of languages and each of them contains several languages, so isn't it better to create the ultimate language that can do all jobs?

Whats better? Complex inline programming or more and more functions

noreply@blogger.com (Engr. Tayyab) — Sat, 05 Sep 2009 09:17:00 +0000

Some languages provide more functions instead of more complex code. Which you think is better?

Which programming language is better? C or Java

noreply@blogger.com (Engr. Tayyab) — Sat, 05 Sep 2009 09:15:00 +0000

C was the king at its time, but Java give it a tough time. Which is your favorite.

Which programming catagory is good to use? Procedural, functional, object oriented

noreply@blogger.com (Engr. Tayyab) — Sat, 05 Sep 2009 09:13:00 +0000

Some programmers are still stick to old fashioned languages and more are shifted to OOP (object oriented programming. What you think is good !

Which technique is better to adopt? Start program from smaller parts or start your program from abstract level

noreply@blogger.com (Engr. Tayyab) — Sat, 05 Sep 2009 09:10:00 +0000

Some programmers feel easy to start thier program from smaller elements or methods (functions). But starting from abstact level technique is also good.