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Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

2026-07-05T23:06:05.618+05:30

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 7 Control and Coordination

Control and Co-ordination in Animals: Nervous system and endocrine system.
In animals, the nervous system and hormonal system are responsible for control and co¬ordination.
Receptors: Receptors are the specialized tips of the nerve fibres that collect the information to be conducted by the nerves.
Receptors are in the sense organs of the animals.
These are classified as follows :
Phono-receptors: These are present in inner ear.
Functions: The main functions are hearing and balance of the body.
Photo-receptors: These are present in the eye.
Function: These are responsible for visual stimulus.
Thermo-receptors: These are present in skin.
Functions: These receptors are responsible for pain, touch and heat stimuli.
These receptors are also known as thermoreceptors.
Olfactory-receptors: These are present in nose.
Functions: These receptors receive smell.
Gustatory-receptors: These are present in the tongue.
Functions: These helps in taste detection.
Nervous System: The nervous system is composed of specialized tissues, called nervous tissue. The nerve cell or neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. It is the nervous system which is mainly responsible for control and coordination in complex animals.
Functions of the nervous system
Nervous system receives information from the environment.
To receive the information from the various body.
To act according to through muscles and glands.
A neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system.
Neuron: Neuron is a highly specialized cell which is responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses. The neuron consists of the following parts
(i) Cyton or cell body: The cell body or cyton is somewhat star-shaped, with many hair like structures protruding out of the margin. These hair-like structures are called dendrites. Dendrites receive the nerve impulses.
(ii) Axon: This is the tail of the neuron. It ends in several hair-like structures, called axon terminals. The axon terminals relay nerve impulses.
(iii) Myelin sheath: There is an insulator cover around the axon. This is called myelin sheath. The myelin sheath insulates the axon against nerve impulse from the surroundings.
Types of neuron

Sensory neuron: These neurons receive signals from a sense organ.
Motor neuron: These neurons send signals to a muscle or a gland.
Association or relay neuron: These neurons relay the signals between sensory neuron and motor neuron.
Neuron Diagram Class 10
Synapse: The point contact between the terminal branches of axon of one neuron with the dendrite of another neuron is called synapse.
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ): NMJ is the point where a muscle fibre comes in contact with a motor neuron carrying nerve impulse from the control nervous system.
Transmission of nerve impulse: Nerve impulses travel in the following manner from one neutron to the next :
Dendrites → cell body → axon → nerve endings at the tip of axon → synapse → dendrite of next neuron.
Chemical released from axon tip of one neuron, cross the synapse or neuromuscular junction to reach the next cell.
Human Nervous System: The nervous system in humans can be divided into three main parts
1. Central Nervous System: The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain controls all the functions in the human body. The spinal cord works as the relay channel for signals between the brain and the peripheral nervous system.
2. Peripheral Nervous System: The peripheral nervous system is composed of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. The cranial nerves come our of the brain and go to the organs in the head region. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. The spinal nerves come out of the spinal cord and go to the organs which are below the head region.
3. Autonomous Nervous System: The autonomous nervous system is composed of a chain of nerve ganglion which runs along the spinal cord. It controls all the involuntary actions in the human body. The autonomous nervous system can be divided into two parts
Sympathetic nervous system.
Parasympathetic nervous system.
Sympathetic Nervous System: This part of the autonomous nervous system heightens the activity of an organ as per the need. For example, during running, there is an increased demand for oxygen by the body. This is fulfilled by an increased breathing rate and increased heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system works to increase the breathing rate the heart rate, in this case.
Parasympathetic Nervous System: This part of the autonomous nervous system slows the down the activity of an organ and thus has a calming effect. During sleep, the breathing rate slows down and so does the heart rate. This is facilitated by the parasympathetic nervous system. It can be said that the parasympathetic nervous system helps in the conservation of energy.
Human Brain: Human brain is a highly complex organ, which is mainly composed of nervous tissue. The tissues are highly folded to accommodate a large surface area in less space. The brain is covered by a three-layered system of membranes, called meninges. Cerebrospinal fluid is filled between the meninges. The CSF providers cushion the brain against mechanical shocks. Furthermore, protection. The human brain can be divided into three regions, viz. forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
Parts of Human Brain :
Fore-brain: It is composed of the cerebrum.
Mid-brain: It is composed of the hypothalamus.
Hind-brain: It is composed of the cerebellum, pons, medulla, oblongata.
Some main structures of the human brain are explained below :
Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest part in the human brains. It is divided into two hemispheres called cerebral hemispheres.
Functions of cerebrum
The cerebrum controls voluntary motor actions.
It is the site of sensory perceptions, like tactile and auditory perceptions.
It is the seat of learning and memory.
Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus lies at the base of the cerebrum. It controls sleep and wake cycle (circadian rhythm) of the body. It also controls the urges for eating and drinking.
Cerebellum: Cerebellum lies below the cerebrum and at the back of the whole structure. It coordinates the motor functions. When you are riding your bicycle, the perfect coordination between your pedalling and steering control is achieved by the cerebellum.
It controls posture and balance.
It controls the precision of voluntary action.
Medulla: Medulla forms the brain stem, along with the pons. It lies at the base of the brain and continues into the spinal cord. The medulla controls various involuntary functions, like hear beat respiration, etc.
It controls involuntary actions.
Example: Blood pressure, salivation, vomiting.
Pons: It relays impulses between the lower cerebellum and spinal cord, and higher parts of the brain like the cerebrum and midbrain, also regulates respiration.
Spinal cord: Spinal cord controls the reflex actions and conducts massages between different parts of the body and brain.
Reflex Action: Reflex action is a special case of involuntary movement involuntary organs. When a voluntary organ is in the vicinity of sudden danger, it is immediately pulled away from the danger to save itself. For example, when your hand touches a very hot electric iron, you move away your hand in a jerk. All of this happens in flash and your hand is saved from the imminent injury. This is an example of reflex action.
Reflex Arc: The path through which nerves signals, involved in a reflex action, travel is called the reflex arc. The following flow chart shows the flow of signal in a reflex arc.
Receptor → Sensory neuron → Relay neuron → Motor neuron → Effector (muscle)
The receptor is the organ which comes in the danger zone. The sensory neurons pick signals from the receptor and send them to the relay neuron. The relay neuron is present in the spinal cord. The spinal cord sends signals to the effector via the motor neuron. The effector comes in action, moves the receptor away from the danger.

The reflex arc passes at the level of the spinal cord and the signals involved in reflex action do not travel up to the brain. This is important because sending signals to the brain would involve more time.
Although every action is ultimately controlled by the brain, the reflex action is mainly controlled at the level of spinal cord.
Reflex Arc Diagram Class 10
Protection of brain and spinal cord
Brain is protected by a fluid filled balloon which acts as shocks absorber and enclosed in cranium (Brain box)
Spinal chord is enclosed in vertebral column.
Muscular Movements and Nervous Control: Muscle tissues have special filaments, called actin and myosin. When a muscle receives a nerve signal, a series of events is triggered in the muscle. Calcium ions enter the muscle cells. It result in actin and myosin filaments sliding towards each other and that is how a muscle contracts. Contraction in a muscle brings movement in the related organ.
Endocrine System: The endocrine system is composed of several endocrine glands. A ductless gland is called endocrine gland. Endocrine gland secretes its product directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are produced in the endocrine glands. Hormone is mainly composed of protein. Hormones assist the nervous system in control and co-ordination. Nervous do not react to every nook and corner of the body and hence hormones are needed to affect control and coordination in those parts. Moreover, unlike nervous control, hormonal control is somewhat slower.
Hormones: These are the chemical messengers secreted in very small amounts by specialised tissues called ductless glands. They act on target tissues/organs usually away from their source. Endocrine System helps in control and coordination through chemical compounds called hormones.
Endocrine Gland: A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Endocrine Gland
Location Hormones Produced Functions
Pituitary gland (also known as the master gland) At the base of the brain Growth hormone (GH).
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) GH stimulates growth.
TSH stimulates the functioning of the thyroid gland.
FSH stimulates the follicles during ovulation.
Thyroid Gland Neck Thyroxine Controls general metabolism and growth in the body.
Adrenal gland Above kidneys Adrenalin Prepares the body for emergency situations and hence is also called ‘Fight and flight’ hormone.
Pancreas Near stomach Insulin Controls blood sugar level
Testis (male) In Scrotum Testosterone Sperm production, development of secondary sexual characters during puberty.
Ovary (female) Near uterus Oestrogen Egg production, development of secondary sexual characters during puberty.
Iodised salt is necessary because: Iodine mineral is essential part of thyronine hormone so it is important that we must consume iodised salt as in turn it is essential for thyroid gland as it controls carbohydrate, proteins and fat metabolism for best balance of growth deficiency of iodine might cause disease called goitre.
Diabetes: Cause : It is due to deficiency of insulin hormone secreted by pancreas that is responsible to lower/control the blood sugar levels.
Treatment : Patients have to internally administer injections of insulin hormone which helps in regulating blood-sugar level.
In case of flight or fight reaction to an emergency situation, Adrenal glands → release adrenaline into blood → which acts on heart and other tissues → causes faster heart beat → more oxygen to muscles → reduced blood supply to digestive system and skin → diversion of blood to skeletal muscles → increase in breathing rate.
Feedback mechanism: A type of self-regulating mechanism in which the level of one substance in body influences the level of another.
Control and Co-ordination in Plants: Movements in plants and plant harmones.
Co-ordination in Plants: Unlike animals, plants do not have a nervous system. Plants use chemical means for control and co-ordination. Many plant hormones are responsible for various kinds of movements in plants. Movements in plants can be divided into two main types :
Tropic movement
Nastic movement
1. Tropic Movement: The movements which are in a particular direction in relation to the stimulus are called tropic movements. Tropic movements happen as a result of growth of a plant part in a particular direction. There are four types of tropic movements.
(i) Geotropic movement: The growth in a plant part in response to the gravity is called geotropic movement. Roots usually show positive geotropic movement, i.e. they grow in the direction of the gravity. Stems usually show negative geotropic movement.
(ii) Phototropic Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to light is called phototropic movement. Stems usually show positive phototropic movement, while roots usually show negative phototropic movement. If a plant is kept in a container in which no sunlight reaches and a hole in the container allows some sunlight; the stem finally grows in the direction of the sunlight. This happens because of a higher rate of cell division in the part of stem which is away from the sunlight. As a result, the stem bends towards the light. The heightened rate of cell division is attained by increased secretion of the plant hormone auxin in the which is away from sunlight.
(iii) Hydrotropic Movement: When roots grow in the soil, they usually grow towards the nearest source of water. This shows a positive hydrotropic movement.
(iv) Thigmotropism Movement: The growth in a plant part in response to touch is called thigmotropism movement. Such movements are seen in tendrils of climbers. The tendril grows in a way so as it can coil around a support. The differential rate of cell division in different parts of the tendril happens due to action of auxin.
2. Nastic Movement: The movement which do not depend on the direction from the stimulus acts are called nastic movement. For example, when someone touches the leaves of mimosa, the leaves droop. The drooping is independent of the direction from which the leaves are touched. Such movements usually happen because of changing water balance in the cells. When leaves of mimosa are touched, the cells in the leaves lose- water and become flaccid, resulting in drooping of leaves.
Plant hormones: Plant hormones are chemical which help to co-ordinate growth, development and responses to the environment.
Type of plant hormones: Main plant hormones are
Auxin: (Synthesized at shoot tip).
Function: Helps in growth.
Phototropism: more growth of cells towards the light.
Gibberellin: Helps in the growth of the stem.
Cytokinins: Promotes cell division.
Abscisic acid: Inhibits growth, cause wilting of leaves. (Stress hormone)
Control and Coordination in Plants
Stimuli: The change in the environment to which an organism responds.
Co-ordination: Working together of various organs of an organism in a systematic manner to produce a proper response.
Phyto-hormones: These are plant hormones.
Auxin: It is a plant hormone which promotes cell enlargement and growth in plants.
Gibberellins: A plant hormone which promotes cell differentiation and breaking dormancy of seeds and buds.
Cytokinin: A plant hormone which promotes cell division and the opening of stomata.
Abscisic Acid: It helps in inhibiting the growth of the plant and promotes wilting and falling of leaves and food.
Tropism: A growth movement of a plant which determines direction with the stimulus.
Nastism: A growth movement of a plant which does not determine direction with a stimulus.
Phototropism: Movement of plants towards a light.
Geotropism: Movement of plants towards the gravity of earth.
Chemotropism: Movement of plants towards chemicals.
Hydrotropism: Movement of plants towards the water.
Thigmotropism: Movement of plants towards a response to the touch of an object.
Control and Coordination in Animals
Stimuli: The change in the environment to which the organism responds.
Co-ordination: Working together of various organs of an organism in a systematic manner to produce a proper response.
Neuron: Functional unit of the nervous system.
Synapse: A microscopic gap between a pair of adjacent neurons.
Receptor: A cell in a sense organ which is sensitive to stimuli.
Motor nerves: It carries the message from the brain to body parts for action.
Sensory nerves: It carries the message from body to brain.
Olfactory receptor: It detects smell by the nose.
Gustatory receptor: It detects taste by a tongue.
Thermoreceptor: It detects heat and cold by a skin.
Photoreceptor: It detects light by eye.
Reflex action: Sudden movement or response to the stimulus which occurs in a very short duration of time and does not involve any will or thinking of the brain.
Brain: An organ present in the skull which controls and regulates the activity of the whole body and is known as president of the body.
Cerebrum: Main thinking part of brain present in the forebrain area which controls all voluntary actions.
Cerebellum: It is present in the hindbrain area and helps in maintaining posture and balance of the body.
Medulla: It is present in the hindbrain area and helps in controlling voluntary actions of the brain.
Spinal cord: It is a cylindrical structure of nerve fibres enclosed in the vertebral column which helps in the conduction of nerve impulses to and from the brain.

Gauss Elimination Method Algorithm

2025-03-11T00:16:00.001+05:30

Gauss Elimination Method Algorithm

In linear algebra, Gauss Elimination Method is a procedure for solving systems of linear equation. It is also known as Row Reduction Technique. In this method, the problem of systems of linear equation having n unknown variables, matrix having rows n and columns n+1 is formed. This matrix is also known as Augmented Matrix. After forming n x n+1 matrix, matrix is transformed to upper trainagular matrix by row operations. Finally result is obtained by Back Substitution.

Algorithm for Gauss Elimination Method

1. Start

2. Read Number of Unknowns: n

3. Read Augmented Matrix (A) of n by n+1 Size

4. Transform Augmented Matrix (A) to Upper Trainagular Matrix by Row Operations.

5. Obtain Solution by Back Substitution.

6. Display Result.

7. Stop

Gauss Elimination Method Algorithm

we are going to develop pseudocode for this method so that it will be easy while implementing using programming language. Pseudocode is a detailed yet readable description of what a computer program or algorithm should do. It is written in a formal yet readable style that uses a natural syntax and formatting so it can be easily understood by programmers and others involved in the development process.

1. Start

2. Input the Augmented Coefficients Matrix (A):

For i = 1 to n

For j = 1 to n+1

Read Ai,j

Next j

Next i

3. Apply Gauss Elimination on Matrix A:

For i = 1 to n-1

If Ai,i = 0

Print "Mathematical Error!"

Stop

End If

For j = i+1 to n

Ratio = Aj,i/Ai,i

For k = 1 to n+1

Aj,k = Aj,k - Ratio * Ai,k

Next k

Next j

Next i

4. Obtaining Solution by Back Substitution:

Xn = An,n+1/An,n

For i = n-1 to 1 (Step: -1)

Xi = Ai,n+1

For j = i+1 to n

Xi = Xi - Ai,j * Xj

Next j

Xi = Xi/Ai,i

Next i

5. Display Solution:

For i = 1 to n

Print Xi

Next i

6. Stop

---------------

Note: All array indexes are assumed to start from 1.

Gauss Elimination Method Using C

Earlier in Gauss Elimination Method Algorithm and Gauss Elimination Method Pseudocode , we discussed about an algorithm and pseudocode for solving systems of linear equation using Gauss Elimination Method. we are going to implement this method using C programming language.

Complete Program for Gauss Elimination method using C Programming Language

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<math.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

#define SIZE 10

int main()

{

float a[SIZE][SIZE], x[SIZE], ratio;

int i,j,k,n;

clrscr();

/* Inputs */

/* 1. Reading number of unknowns */

printf("Enter number of unknowns: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

/* 2. Reading Augmented Matrix */

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

{

for(j=1;j<=n+1;j++)

{

printf("a[%d][%d] = ",i,j);

scanf("%f", &a[i][j]);

}

/* Applying Gauss Elimination */

for(i=1;i<=n-1;i++)

{

if(a[i][i] == 0.0)

{

printf("Mathematical Error!");

exit(0);

}

for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)

{

ratio = a[j][i]/a[i][i];

for(k=1;k<=n+1;k++)

{

a[j][k] = a[j][k] - ratio*a[i][k];

}

/* Obtaining Solution by Back Subsitution */

x[n] = a[n][n+1]/a[n][n];

for(i=n-1;i>=1;i--)

{

x[i] = a[i][n+1];

for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)

{

x[i] = x[i] - a[i][j]*x[j];

}

x[i] = x[i]/a[i][i];

}

/* Displaying Solution */

printf("\nSolution:\n");

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

{

printf("x[%d] = %0.3f\n",i, x[i]);

}

getch();

return(0);

}

Output: Gauss Elimination Method for Solving Systems of Linear Equations

Enter number of unknowns: 3

a[1][1] = 1

a[1][2] = 1

a[1][3] = 1

a[1][4] = 9

a[2][1] = 2

a[2][2] = -3

a[2][3] = 4

a[2][4] = 13

a[3][1] = 3

a[3][2] = 4

a[3][3] = 5

a[3][4] = 40

Solution:

x[1] = 1.000

x[2] = 3.000

x[3] = 5.000

Html Page containing Details

2025-02-07T11:02:00.003+05:30

2. Create a HTML document giving details of your [Name, Age], [Address, Phone] and [Register, Number, Class] aligned in proper order using alignment attributes of Paragraph tag.

Procedure:

1. Go to start ->all program – >accessories-> notepad

2. Type the html code

3. Align [name,age]to center by using align =”left ” of <p> tag

4. Align [register,number,class] to right using align=”right” of <p> tag

5. Go to file-> save->save the file with html extension

6. Run the html code using browser

<html>

<head>

<title>program 02</title>

</head>

<body>

Name: James Bond<br>

Age: 55

</p>

Address: RNB GLOBAL UNIVERSITY<br> Phone:

9462586785

</p>

Reg No:

20AK1A0501<br>

Class:4th Semester

</p>

</body>

</html>

Design a page having suitable background colour and text colour with title “My First Web Page” using all the attributes of the Font tag.

2025-02-07T10:57:00.006+05:30

1. Design a page having suitable background colour and text colour with title “My First

Web Page” using all the attributes of the Font tag.

Procedure:

1. Go to start ->all program – >accessories-> notepad.

2. Type the html code.

3. Include title ”my first web page” in title tag.

4. Set the background for the webpage by using bgcolor attributes of the body tag.

5. Use font tag to display text.

6. Go to file->save->save the file with html extension.

7. Run the html code using browser.

<html >

<head>

<title>My first web page</title>

</head>

<font size="16" color="white" face="Arial"> Welcome to RNB GLOBAL UNIVERSITY </font>

</body>

</html>

***************output***************

Solve the initial value problems using Runge-Kutta Method.

2025-01-28T22:23:00.004+05:30

Runge-Kutta Method

A number of ordinary differential equations come in engineering and all of them may not be solved by analytical method. In order to solve or get numerical solution of such ordinary differential equations, Runge Kutta method is one of the widely used methods. Unlike like Taylor’s series, in which much labor is involved in finding the higher order derivatives, in RK4 method, calculation of such higher order derivatives is not required. (Derivation) This C program for Runge Kutta 4 method is designed to find out the numerical solution of a first order differential equation. It is a kind of initial value problem in which initial conditions are known, i.e the values of x0 and y0 are known, and the values of y at different values x is to be found out. The source code below to solve ordinary differential equations of first order by RK4 method first asks for the values of initial condition i.e. user needs to input x0 and y0 . Then, the user has to define increment ‘h’ and the final value of x at which y is to be determined. In this program for Runge Kutta method in C, a function f(x,y) is defined to calculate slope whenever it is called. f(x,y) = (x-y)/(x+y).

Ordinary Differential Equation Using Runge Kutta (RK) Method Algorithm

1. Start

2. Define function f(x,y)

3. Read values of initial condition(x0 and y0), number of steps (n) and calculation point (xn)

4. Calculate step size (h) = (xn - x0)/n

5. Set i=0

6. Loop

k1 = h * f(x0, y0)

k2 = h * f(x0+h/2, y0+k1/2)

k3 = h * f(x0+h/2, y0+k2/2)

k4 = h * f(x0+h, y0+k3)

k = (k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4)/6

yn = y0 + k

i = i + 1

x0 = x0 + h

y0 = yn

While i < n

7. Display yn as result

8. Stop

Ordinary Differential Equation Using Fourth Order Runge Kutta (RK) Method

This program is implementation of Runge Kutta Fourth Order method for solving ordinary differential equation using C programming language with output.

Output of this is program is solution for dy/dx = (y2 - x2)/(y2+x2) with initial condition y = 1 for x = 0 i.e. y(0) = 1 and we are trying to evaluate this differential equation at y = 0.4 in two steps i.e. n = 2. ( Here y = 0.4 i.e. y(0.4) = ? is our calculation point).

C Program for RK-4 Method

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#define f(x,y) (y*y-x*x)/(y*y+x*x)

int main()

{

float x0, y0, xn, h, yn, k1, k2, k3, k4, k;

int i, n;

clrscr();

printf("Enter Initial Condition\n");

printf("x0 = ");

scanf("%f", &x0);

printf("y0 = ");

scanf("%f", &y0);

printf("Enter calculation point xn = ");

scanf("%f", &xn);

printf("Enter number of steps: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

/* Calculating step size (h) */

h = (xn-x0)/n;

/* Runge Kutta Method */

printf("\nx0\ty0\tyn\n");

for(i=0; i < n; i++)

{

k1 = h * (f(x0, y0));

k2 = h * (f((x0+h/2), (y0+k1/2)));

k3 = h * (f((x0+h/2), (y0+k2/2)));

k4 = h * (f((x0+h), (y0+k3)));

k = (k1+2*k2+2*k3+k4)/6;

yn = y0 + k;

printf("%0.4f\t%0.4f\t%0.4f\n",x0,y0,yn);

x0 = x0+h;

y0 = yn;

}

/* Displaying result */

printf("\nValue of y at x = %0.2f is %0.3f",xn, yn);

getch();

return 0;

}

RK Method C Program Output

Enter Initial Condition

x0 = 0

y0 = 1

Enter calculation point xn = 0.4

Enter number of steps: 2

x0 y0 yn

0.0000 1.0000 1.1960

0.2000 1.1960 1.3753

Value of y at x = 0.40 is 1.375

Regression Method Algorithm Using Least Square Method

Solve the initial value problems using Modified Euler's Method.

Integratea function using numerically using trapezoidal Method.

Advanced Numerical Techniques Computation Lab

2025-01-28T21:54:00.010+05:30

Introduction to Advanced Numerical Techniques Computation Lab

Welcome to the Advanced Numerical Techniques Computation Lab! This lab is designed to provide students with hands-on experience in implementing and applying advanced numerical methods using computational tools. The lab aims to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, enabling students to develop a deeper understanding of numerical techniques and their real-world applications.

Objectives of Advanced Numerical Techniques Computation Lab

1. Develop Computational Skills: Gain proficiency in programming languages such as C/C++ and MATLAB for implementing numerical methods.

2. Apply Numerical Methods: Learn to solve complex mathematical problems using techniques like modified Euler's method, least Square method, interpolation, integration, curve fitting, and Monte Carlo methods.

3. Work on Projects: Engage in project-oriented tasks that involve developing algorithms and solving problems related to the topics covered in theory classes.

4. Enhance Problem-Solving Abilities: Improve analytical and computational thinking through practical assignments and lab exercises.

Regression Method Algorithm Using Least Square Method

Solve the initial value problems using Modified Euler's Method.

Integrate a function using numerically using trapezoidal Method.

Solve the initial value problems using Runge-Kutta Method.

Solve the initial value problems using Modified Euler's Method.

2025-01-28T21:27:00.004+05:30

Euler's Method Algorithm (Ordinary Differential Equation):

Euler's Method is a straightforward numerical technique used to approximate solutions to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It is particularly useful when an analytical solution is difficult or impossible to obtain. The method is based on the idea of using tangent line approximations to advance the solution step-by-step.

Steps of Euler's Method:

1. Start

2. Define function f(x,y)

3. Read values of initial condition(x0 and y0), number of steps (n) and calculation point(xn)

4. Calculate step size (h) = (xn - x0)/b

5. Set i=0

6. Loop

yn = y0 + h * f(x0 + i*h, y0)

y0 = yn

i = i + 1

While i < n

7. Display yn as result

8. Stop

Euler's Method C Program for Solving Ordinary Differential Equations

Implementation of Euler's method for solving ordinary differential equation using C programming language.

Output of this is program is solution for dy/dx = x + y with initial condition y = 1 for x = 0 i.e. y(0) = 1 and we are trying to evaluate this differential equation at y = 1. ( Here y = 1 i.e. y(1) = ? is our calculation point)

C Program for Euler's Method

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#define f(x,y) x+y

int main()

{

float x0, y0, xn, h, yn, slope;

int i, n;

clrscr();

printf("Enter Initial Condition\n");

printf("x0 = ");

scanf("%f", &x0);

printf("y0 = ");

scanf("%f", &y0);

printf("Enter calculation point xn = ");

scanf("%f", &xn);

printf("Enter number of steps: ");

scanf("%d", &n);

/* Calculating step size (h) */

h = (xn-x0)/n;

/* Euler's Method */

printf("\nx0\ty0\tslope\tyn\n");

printf("------------------------------\n");

for(i=0; i < n; i++)

{

slope = f(x0, y0);

yn = y0 + h * slope;

printf("%.4f\t%.4f\t%0.4f\t%.4f\n",x0,y0,slope,yn);

y0 = yn;

x0 = x0+h;

}

/* Displaying result */

printf("\nValue of y at x = %0.2f is %0.3f",xn, yn);

getch();

return 0;

}

Euler's Method C Program Output

Enter Initial Condition

x0 = 0

y0 = 1

Enter calculation point xn = 1

Enter number of steps: 10

x0 y0 slope yn

------------------------------

0.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.1000

0.1000 1.1000 1.2000 1.2200

0.2000 1.2200 1.4200 1.3620

0.3000 1.3620 1.6620 1.5282

0.4000 1.5282 1.9282 1.7210

0.5000 1.7210 2.2210 1.9431

0.6000 1.9431 2.5431 2.1974

0.7000 2.1974 2.8974 2.4872

0.8000 2.4872 3.2872 2.8159

0.9000 2.8159 3.7159 3.1875

Value of y at x = 1.00 is 3.187

Regression Method Algorithm Using Least Square Method

Solve the initial value problems using Modified Euler's Method.

Integratea function using numerically using trapezoidal Method.

Integrate a function using numerically using trapezoidal Method.

2025-01-28T21:08:00.003+05:30

Numerical Integration Using Trapezoidal Method Algorithm

In numerical analysis, Trapezoidal method is a technique for evaluating definite integral. This method is also known as Trapezoidal rule or Trapezium rule.

This method is based on Newton's Cote Quadrature Formula and Trapezoidal rule is obtained when we put value of n = 1 in this formula. In this article, we are going to develop an algorithm for Trapezoidal method.

Trapezoidal Method Algorithm

1. Start

2. Define function f(x)

3. Read lower limit of integration, upper limit of integration and number of sub interval

4. Calculate: step size = (upper limit - lower limit)/number of sub interval

5. Set: integration value = f(lower limit) + f(upper limit)

6. Set: i = 1

7. If i > number of sub interval then goto

8. Calculate: k = lower limit + i * h

9. Calculate: Integration value = Integration Value + 2* f(k)

10. Increment i by 1 i.e. i = i+1 and go to step 7

11. Calculate: Integration value = Integration value * step size/2

12. Display Integration value as required answer

13. Stop

Numerical Integration Using Trapezoidal Method C Program

C program for Trapezoidal Rule or Method to find numerical integration. To learn algorithm about Trapezoidal rule follow article Trapezoidal Method Algorithm.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<math.h>

/* Define function here */

#define f(x) 1/(1+pow(x,2))

int main()

{

float lower, upper, integration=0.0, stepSize, k;

int i, subInterval;

clrscr();

/* Input */

printf("Enter lower limit of integration: ");

scanf("%f", &lower);

printf("Enter upper limit of integration: ");

scanf("%f", &upper);

printf("Enter number of sub intervals: ");

scanf("%d", &subInterval);

/* Calculation */

/* Finding step size */

stepSize = (upper - lower)/subInterval;

/* Finding Integration Value */

integration = f(lower) + f(upper);

for(i=1; i<= subInterval-1; i++)

{

k = lower + i*stepSize;

integration = integration + 2 * f(k);

}

integration = integration * stepSize/2;

printf("\nRequired value of integration is: %.3f", integration);

getch();

return 0;

}

Trapezoidal Method C Program Output

Enter lower limit of integration: 0

Enter upper limit of integration: 1

Enter number of sub intervals: 6

Required value of integration is: 0.784

Regression Method Algorithm Using Least Square Method

Solve the initial value problems using Modified Euler's Method.

Integratea function using numerically using trapezoidal Method.

Regression Method Algorithm Using Least Square Method

2025-01-28T20:56:00.004+05:30

Linear Regression Method Algorithm (Fit y=a+bx Curve)

Regression analysis is basically a set of statistical process for finding relationship among independent variables (explanatory variables) and dependent variable. If we are finding best equation relating these variables then it is known as best fit or curve fitting. When we are finding linear relationship among independent variables and dependent variable then it is called Linear Regression. In linear regression, when there is only one independent variable then the process is known as Simple Linear Regression.

Least Square Regression

The method of least squares is a standard approach in regression analysis to approximate the relation among dependent variable amd independent variables. In the least squares method the unknown parameters are estimated by minimizing the sum of the square of errors between the data and the model.

Simple linear regression has equation having form y = a + bx.

Procedure for Linear Regression (Fitting y = a + bx) using Least Square Method

1. Form normal equations:

∑y = na + b ∑x

∑xy = a∑x + b∑x2

2. Solve normal equations as simulataneous equations for a and b

3. Substitute the value of a and b in

y= a + bx which is required line of best fit.

Linear Regression Algorithm (Fitting y = a + bx)

1. Start

2. Read Number of Data (n)

3. For i=1 to n:

Read Xi and Yi

Next i

4. Initialize:

sumX = 0

sumX2 = 0

sumY = 0

sumXY = 0

5. Calculate Required Sum

For i=1 to n:

sumX = sumX + Xi

sumX2 = sumX2 + Xi * Xi

sumY = sumY + Yi

sumXY = sumXY + Xi * Yi

Next i

6. Calculate Required Constant a and b of y = a + bx:

b = (n * sumXY - sumX * sumY)/(n*sumX2 - sumX * sumX)

a = (sumY - b*sumX)/n

7. Display value of a and b

8. Stop

This C program implements Linear Regression Method using Least Square Method to find linear equation of best fit.

In this program we first read n data points from user and then we implement linear regression using C programming language as follow:

C Program: Linear Regression (Fitting y = a+bx)

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#define S 50

int main()

{

int n, i;

float x[S], y[S], sumX=0, sumX2=0, sumY=0, sumXY=0, a, b;

clrscr();

/* Input */

printf("How many data points?\n");

scanf("%d", &n);

printf("Enter data:\n");

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

{

printf("x[%d]=",i);

scanf("%f", &x[i]);

printf("y[%d]=",i);

scanf("%f", &y[i]);

}

/* Calculating Required Sum */

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

{

sumX = sumX + x[i];

sumX2 = sumX2 + x[i]*x[i];

sumY = sumY + y[i];

sumXY = sumXY + x[i]*y[i];

}

/* Calculating a and b */

b = (n*sumXY-sumX*sumY)/(n*sumX2-sumX*sumX);

a = (sumY - b*sumX)/n;

/* Displaying value of a and b */

printf("Values are: a=%0.2f and b = %0.2f",a,b);

printf("\nEquation of best fit is: y = %0.2f + %0.2fx",a,b);

getch();

return(0);

}

C Program Output: Linear Regression

How many data points?

Enter data:

x[1] = 0↲

y[1] = -1↲

x[2] = 2↲

y[2] = 5↲

x[3] = 5↲

y[3] = 12↲

x[4] = 7↲

y[4] = 20↲

Values are: a=-1.14 and b=2.90

Equation of best fit is: y = -1.14 + 2.90x

Note: ↲ indicates ENTER is pressed.

Regression Method Algorithm Using Least Square Method

Solve the initial value problems using Modified Euler's Method.

Integratea function using numerically using trapezoidal Method.

Study material for Engineering Students

2025-01-26T13:03:00.005+05:30

WELCOME

Welcome to our comprehensive resource hub for Computer Science and Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) students! We understand the challenges and aspirations you face in your academic journey, and we're here to support you every step of the way.

Our carefully curated study material encompasses a wide range of engineering subjects tailored specifically for Computer Science and BCA courses. From fundamental concepts to advanced topics, we offer detailed notes, engaging tutorials, and a plethora of practice questions to enhance your understanding and problem-solving skills.

Whether you're preparing for exams, working on projects, or seeking to deepen your knowledge, our resources are designed to provide you with the clarity and confidence you need to excel. Dive into our collection and empower your learning experience with the tools and guidance that can help you succeed in your studies and beyond.

Feel free to explore, learn, and grow with us! If you have any specific topics or questions, we're here to help. Happy studying!

Theory Subjects

ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINNERING

APPLIED PHYSCICS I

APPLIED PHYSICS II

DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS

WEB TECHNOLOGY

Basic Course of CSS

Lab Subjects

advance Numerical Techniques Computation Lab (ANCT)

MCQ for Informatics Practices

2025-01-26T11:53:00.007+05:30

Fundamentals of Computer MCQ Questions for Computer Science

Question: Which of the following statements is true?

a) Minicomputer works faster than Microcomputer

b) Microcomputer works faster than Minicomputer

c) Speed of both computers is the same

d) The speeds of these computers cannot be compared with advanced

Answer: A

Question: A CPU contains:

a) A card reader and a printing device

b) An analytical engine and a control unit

c) A control unit and an arithmetic logic unit

d) An arithmetic logic unit and a card reader

Answer: C

Question: Which of the following protocol allow us to acess the data over world wide web?

a) DNS

b) SNMP

c) HTTP

d) FTP

Answer: C

Question: __________ is a combination of hardware and software that facilitates the sharing of information between computing devices.

a) Network

b) Peripheral

c) Expansion board

d) Digital device

Answer: A

Question: Coded entries used to gain access to a computer system are called:

a) Entry codes

b) Passwords

c) Security commands

d) Code words

Answer: B

Question: What type of resource is most likely to be a shared common resource in a computer network?

a) Printers

b) Speakers

c) Floppy disk drives

d) Keyboards

Answer: A

Question: What characteristic of read-only memory (ROM) makes it useful?

a) ROM information can be easily updated.

b) Data in ROM is non-volatile, it remains even without power.

c) ROM provides large amounts of inexpensive data storage.

d) ROM chips are easily swapped between different computer brands.

Answer: B

Question: Which device is required for the Internet connection?

a) Joystick

b) Modem

c) CD Drive

d) NIC Card

Answer: B

Question: Example of non-numeric data is:

a) Employee address

b) Examination score

c) Bank balance

d) All of these

Answer: A

Question: What is a light pen?

a) Mechanical input device

b) Optical input device

c) Electronic input device

d) Optical output device

Answer: B

Question: Which of the following is a part of the Central Processing Unit?

a) Printer

b) Keyboard

c) Mouse

d) Arithmetic & Logic unit

Answer: D

Question: UNIVAC stands for:

a) Universal Automatic Computer

b) Universal Array Computer

c) Unique Automatic Computer

d) Unvalued Automatic Computer

Answer: A

Question: Junk e-mail is also called:

a) Spam

b) Spoof

c) Sniffer script

d) Spool

Answer: A

Question: CD-ROM stands for:

a) Compactable Read Only Memory

b) Compact Data Read Only Memory

c) Compactable Disk Read Only Memory

d) Compact Disk Read Only Memory

Answer: A

Question: What type of computers are client computers (most of the time) in a client-server system?

a) Mainframe

b) Mini-computer

c) Microcomputer

d) PDA

Answer: C

Question: VGA stands for:

a) Video Graphics Array

b) Visual Graphics Array

c) Volatile Graphics Array

d) Video Graphics Adapter

Answer: A

Question: DMA stands for:

a) Distinct Memory Access

b) Direct Memory Access

c) Direct Module Access

d) Direct Memory Allocation

Answer: B

Question: MIS is designed to provide information needed for effective decision making by:

a) Consumers

b) Workers

c) Foremen

d) Managers

Answer: D

Question: IBM 1401 is a:

a) First Generation Computer

b) Second Generation Computer

c) Third Generation Computer

d) Fourth Generation Computer

Answer: B

Question: You organize files by storing them in:

a) Archives

b) Folders

c) Indexes

d) Lists

Answer: B

Question: MSI stands for:

a) Medium Scale Integrated Circuits

b) Medium System Integrated Circuits

c) Medium Scale Intelligent Circuit

d) Medium System Intelligent Circuit

Answer: A

Question: Who is the father of personal computer?

a) Edward Robert

b) Allen Turing

c) Charles Babbage

d) None of these

Answer: A

Question: The capacity of a 3.5 inch floppy disk is:

a) 1.40 MB

b) 1.44 GB

c) 1.40 GB

d) 1.44 MB

Answer: D

Question: __________ represents raw facts, whereas __________ is data made meaningful.

a) Information, reporting

b) Data, information

c) Information, bits

d) Records, bytes

Answer: B

Question: Who is the father of Computer?

a) Allen Turing

b) Charles Babbage

c) Simur Cray

d) Augusta Adaming

Answer: B

Question: EBCDIC stands for:

a) Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

b) Extended Bit Code Decimal Interchange Code

c) Extended Bit Case Decimal Interchange Code

d) Extended Binary Case Decimal Interchange Code

Answer: A

Question: Which of the following is a storage device?

a) Tape

b) Hard Disk

c) Floppy Disk

d) All of the above

Answer: D

Question: ALU is:

a) Arithmetic Logic Unit

b) Array Logic Unit

c) Application Logic Unit

d) None of above

Answer: A

Question: CAD stands for:

a) Computer-aided design

b) Computer algorithm for design

c) Computer application in design

d) Computer analogue design

Answer: A

Question: A computer cannot 'boot' if it does not have the:

a) Compiler

b) Loader

c) Operating System

d) Assembler

Answer: C

Question: Which of the following is not anti-virus software?

a) NAV

b) F-Prot

c) Oracle

d) McAfee

Answer: C

Question: The amount of vertical space between lines of text in a document is called:

a) Double-space

b) Line spacing

c) Single space

d) Vertical spacing

Answer: B

Question: WAN stands for:

a) Wap Area Network

b) Wide Area Network

c) Wide Array Net

d) Wireless Area Network

Answer: B

Question: Who is the father of Computer science?

a) Allen Turing

b) Charles Babbage

c) Simur Cray

d) Augusta Adaming

Answer: A

Question: What is an embedded system?

a) The program which arrives by being wrapped in a box

b) The program which is a permanent part of the computer

c) The computer which is a part of a bigger computer

d) The computer and software system that controls the machine

Answer: D

Question: The first computers were programmed using:

a) Assembly language

b) Machine language

c) Source code

d) Object code

Answer: B

Question: The first page of a Website is termed as:

a) Homepage

b) Index

c) JAVA script

d) Bookmark

Answer: A

Question: __________ is the appearance of typed characters.

a) Size

b) Format

c) Point

d) Colour

Answer: B

Question: When a file is saved for the first time:

a) A copy is automatically printed

b) It must be given a name to identify it

c) It does not need a name

d) It only needs a name if it is not going to be printed

Answer: B

Question: When did John Napier develop logarithm?

a) 1416

b) 1614

c) 1641

d) 1804

Answer: B

Question: A normal CD-ROM usually can store up to _________ data:

a) 680 KB

b) 680 Bytes

c) 680 MB

d) 680 GB

Answer: C

Question: Office LANs, which are scattered geographically on a large scale, can be connected by the use of:

a) CAN

b) LAN

c) DAN

d) WAN

Answer: D

Question: The term 'Computer' is derived from:

a) Latin

b) German

c) French

d) Arabic

Answer: A

Question: Which of the following controls the process of interaction between the user and the operating system?

a) User interface

b) Language translator

c) Platform

d) Screen saver

Answer: A

Question. A web page is located using a
a) Uniform Resource Locator
b) Universal Record Linking
c) Universal Record Locator
d) Uniformly Reachable Links
e) None of these

Answer : A

Question. A search engine is a program to search
a) for information
b) web pages
c) web pages for Information using specified search terms
d) web pages for specified in-dex terms
e) None of these

Answer : C

Question. Which of the following is a Web browser ?
a) Paint
b) Power Point
c) Word
d) Fire fox
e) All are Web browsers

Answer : D

Question. What is the most common way to get a virus in your computer's hard disk ?
a) By installing games from their CDROMS
b) By uploading pictures from mobile phones to the computer
c) By sending e-mails
d) By opening e-mails
e) None of these

Answer : D

Question. By an intranet we mean
a) a network connecting al! computers of an organi-ation and using the internet protocol
b) a Wide Area Network connecting all branches of an organization
c) a corporate computer net work
d) a LAN of an organization
e) None of these

Answer : A

Question. What is an E-mail attachment?
a) A separate document from another program sent along with an E-mail message
b) A receipt sent by the recipient
c) A malicious parasite that feeds off of your messages and destroys the contents
d) A list of CC: or BCC: recipients
e) None of these

Answer : A

Question. Sending an E-mail is similar to
a) drawing a picture
b) writing a letter
c) talking on the phone
d) sending a package
e) None of these

Answer : B

Question. A commonly used graphic format for the web is
a) Imp
b) bmp
c) text
d) GIF
e) TIP

Answer : D

Question. Choose the web-browser among the following:
a) MSN messenger
b) Yahoo messenger
c) Rediffbal. net
d) None of these
e) Netscape Navigator

Answer : E

Question. A repair for a known software bug, usually available at no charge on the internet, is called a(n)_
a) version
b) tutorial
c) patch
d) FAQ
e) None of these

Answer : C

Question. What is the full form of CC in reference to Email..
a) Carbon copy
b) Carbon clue
c) Carbon cost
d) Cost Copy
e) None of these

Answer : A

Question. A Web site address is a unique name that identifies a specific _ on the Web.
a) Web browser
b) PDA
c) Link
d) Web site
e) None of these

Answer : D

Question. When the pointer is positioned on a ——, it is shaped like a hand.
a) hyperlink
b) grammar error
c) screen tip
d) spelling error
e) formatting error

Answer : A

Question. Internet is
a) a local computer network
b) a world wide network of computers
c) a world wide interconnected network of computers which use a common protocol to communicate with one another
d) an interconnected network of computers
e) None of these

Answer : C

Question. Which of the following is an example of connectivity ?
a) floppy disk
b) Internet
c) power cord
d) data
e) None of these

Answer : B

Question. The process of connecting to the Internet account is
a) SIGN IN
b) LOG OUT
c) LOG IN
d) SIGN OUT
e) None of these

Answer : C

Question. When we run a program in HTML coding, _ is used as backend and __works as frontend.
a) Notepad - Msn-messenger
b) Notepad-1 nternet Ex-plorer
c) MS-word - Internet -Explorer
d) Both (a) and (b)
e) None of these

Answer : B

Question. Which of the following are all considered advantages of e-mail ?
a) Printable, global and expensive
b) Global, convenience and Microsoft owned
c) Convenience, speed of delivery, generality and reliability
d) Slow delivery, reliable, global and inexpensive
e) None of these

Answer : C

Question. In a browser, the URL of the current page Displayed at?
a) Tool bar
b)Tittle bar
c) Address bar
d) Menu bar
e) None of these

Answer : C

Answer : A

Question. One advantage of dial-up Internet access is
a) it utilizes broadband technology
b) None of these
c) it uses a router for security
d) modem speeds are very fast
e) it utilizes existing telephone service

Answer : E

Question. A word in a web page that, when clicked, opens another document is called —
a) hyperlink
b) anchor
c) reference
d) URL
e) None of these

Answer : A

Question. The code for a Web page is written using ——
a) a fifth generation language
b) Hypertext Markup Language
c) Win Zip
d) Perl
e) URL

Answer : B

Question. HTML uses
a) Fixed tags defined by the language
b) User defined tags
c) Tags only for linking
d) Pre-specified tags
e) None of these

Answer : A

Question. Small application programs that run on a Web page and may ensure a form is completed properly or provide animation are known as ——
a) spiders
b) flash
c) cookies
d) applets
e) sparks

Answer : B

Question. Internet requires
a) an international agreement to connect computers
b) a commonly agreed'set of rules to communicate between computers
c) a local area network
d) a World Wide Web
e) None of these

Answer : B

Question. When sending an e-mail, the _ line describes the contents of the message.
a) to
b) None of these
c) contents
d) CC
e) subject

Answer : E

Question. What is the term for unsolicited e-mail ?
a) newsgroup
b) Usenet
c) backbone
d) spam
e) flaming

Answer : D

Question. Each computer connected to the internet must
a) be an IBM PC
b) be internet compatible
c) have a unique IP address
d) have a modem connection
e) None of these

Answer : C

Question. XSL definition is used along with XML definition to specify
a) The data types of the contents of XML document
b) The links with other documents
c) The presentation of XML document
d) The juncture of XML document
e) None of these

Answer : C

Question. All of the following are examples of real security and privacy risks EXCEPT:
a) hackers.
b) identity theft.
c) viruses.
d) spam.
e) None of these

Answer : D

Question. If you receive an e-mail from someone you don't know,what should you do?
a) Delete it without opening it
b) Forward it to the police immediately
c) Open it and respond to them saying you don't know them
d) Reply and ask them for their personal information
e) Reply and tell them you want to keep in touch with them

Answer : A

MCQs on Web Technology

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Web Technology

Web technology encompasses the tools and techniques employed to facilitate communication between various devices over the Internet. To access a website, one utilizes a web browser, which is a program designed to display text, data, images, animations, and videos available on the Internet.

Solving Multiple-choice Questions (MCQs) on Web Technology:

To enhance preparation for the GATE Exam, solving MCQs is highly beneficial for several reasons. It allows for practice, analysis, and conceptual understanding, and aids in improving time management.

Web Technology MCQs align with the current examination pattern. For further insight into GATE MCQs, one can refer to notes, mock tests, and previous years’ question papers. Practicing the compiled Web Technology MCQs can provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject.

Multiple-choice Questions on Web Technology

Which one of the following is an example of an ‘internet search engine?

LINUX
Google
MS Word
Windows

Answer (b)

At which port number, Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) operates

160
163
164
161

Answer (d)

Which of the following is not an HTML tag?

< select >
< input >
< textarea >
< list >

Answer (d)

Which among these is not a Web browser?

www
Chrome
Opera
NetSurf

Answer (a)

World Wide Web was invented by

Ted Nelson
Tim Berners-Lee
Linus Torvalds
Robert E. Kahn

Answer (b)

What does W3C stand for?

World Wide Web Consortium
World Wide Website Consortium
World Wide Website Community
World Wide Web Community

Answer (a)

What does HTML stand for?

Hyper Text Markup Language
High Text Markup Language
Hyper Tabular Markup Language
None of these

Answer (a)

The following statements are about three important browser objects in JavaScript.

I. window object : The highest of all objects in the client-side JavaScript object hierarchy.

II. navigator object : A collection of information about the browser. Useful in browser sniffing.

III. document object : Provides access to the document being viewed.

Which of the above statements is/are true?

Only (I) above
Only (II) above
Only (III) above
All (I), (II) and (III) above

Answer (d)

The following message is displayed on the browser, while trying to access a URL

Server; Error 403

The reason for the message:

The requested HTML file is not available
The URL refers to a CGI script and the header of the script does not indicate where the interpreter is located
The path to the interpreter of the script file is invalid
The requested HTML file or CGI script has insufficient permission

Answer (d)

Which of the following statements is true regarding HTTP?

Web browsers use only HTTP as a communication protocol with servers
It does not maintain any connection information on previous transactions
It is designed to route information based on content
It refers to resources using their Universal Resource Identifier (URI)

Answer (b)

Which one among these is used with tag as an attribute to specify alternate text for an image, if the image is not displayed for some reason?

alt
Alternate
Duplicate
Auxiliary

Answer (a)

Which among the following options is correct regarding HTML?

Modelling Language
DTP language
Partial programming language
Used to structure web documents

Answer (d)

HTTPs stands for

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure
High Text Transfer Protocol Secure
Hyper Transfer Protocol Secure
Hyper Transfer Protocol Standard

Answer (a)

XML stands for

Extensible Mask Language
Extensible Markup Language
Extended Markup Language
Extension Markup Language

Answer (b)

Which of the following is NOT true regarding JavaScript?

JavaScript is a loosely typed language
JavaScript is event driven
JavaScript is not an object-based language
JavaScript can not run in standalone mode

Answer (b)

What are Empty elements and is it valid?

No, there are no such terms as Empty Elements
Empty elements are element with no data
No, it is not valid to use Empty Element
None of these

Answer (b)

Which method of the Component class is used to set the position and size of a component in JSP?

setSize()
setBounds()
setPosition()
setPositionSize()

Answer (b)

Which of the following is a container?

<SELECT>
<BODY>
<INPUT>
Both (a) and (b)

Answer (d)

In JSP, a Canvas object provides access to a Graphics object via one of its method called

getCanvas()
getGraphics()
paint()
getPaint()

Answer (c)

How can you open a link in a new browser window?

< a href = “url” target = “new”>
<a href = “url” target= “_blank”>
<a href = “url”.new>
<a href = “url” target =”open”>

Answer (b)

The tag used to create a hypertext relationship between current document and another URL is

<ISINDEX>
<A>
<LINK>
None of these

Answer (c)

Which tag creates a number/order list?

<UL>
<OL>
<OT>
None of these

Answer (b)

Consider the following statement:

GET /cgi-bin/dispenser.pl&want=whatsnew.html HTTP/1.0

Which of the following options is the correct one?

The above statement is a part of a request from a web client
The above statement is a part of the input to a CGI program
Want is a variable and whatsnew.html is a value
Dispenser.pl may be a CGI program

Answer (d)

Which of the following is a Valid Name?

<_person>
<123 person>
Both (a) and (b)
None of these

Answer (A)

Which of the following statements is not true regarding JavaScript?

JavaScript is a loosely typed language
JavaScript is an object-based language
JavaScript is event driven
A JavaScript embedded in an HTML document is compiled and executed by the client browser

Answer (d)

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) on web technology are essential for assessing your knowledge and understanding of the subject. They offer practice opportunities and help you analyze and comprehend key concepts. By solving these questions, you can improve your grasp of web technology and enhance your exam preparation.

Important MCQ of Physics For B.Tech

2025-01-06T23:45:00.002+05:30

Important MCQ Question of Applied Physics-I

Important MCQ's of Digital Electronics Circuit.

2024-12-01T10:49:00.005+05:30

NOTE:- Answers are shown by Bold alphabets.

Click to download the PDF of Important MCQ's of Digital Electronics Circuit.

Revolutionizing Waste: Effective Biodegradable Waste Management

2024-11-13T10:36:00.010+05:30

Biodegradable waste, comprising organic materials like food scraps, yard trimmings, and paper products, constitutes approximately 30% of municipal solid waste. Improper management contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and waste accumulation. This article explores efficient biodegradable waste management strategies.

*What is Biodegradable Waste?*
Biodegradable waste decomposes naturally, driven by microorganisms, temperature, and oxygen. Common sources include:

1. Food waste
2. Yard trimmings
3. Paper products
4. Human waste
5. Textiles

*Environmental Impacts*
Inadequate biodegradable waste management leads to:

1. Methane emissions
2. Soil pollution
3. Water contamination
4. Loss of biodiversity

*Effective Biodegradable Waste Management Strategies*

1. *Composting*: Aerobic decomposition process producing nutrient-rich fertilizer.
2. *Anaerobic Digestion*: Microbial breakdown producing biogas (energy) and fertilizer.
3. *Vermicomposting*: Worm-based composting for efficient nutrient recycling.
4. *Biodigesters*: Microbial treatment for organic waste.
5. *Zero-Waste Systems*: Integrated approaches minimizing waste.

*Innovative Technologies*

1. *Biodegradable Bags*: Compostable packaging solutions.
2. *Waste-to-Energy*: Converting organic waste into energy.
3. *Advanced Composting Methods*: In-vessel composting, hot composting.
4. *Microbial Fuel Cells*: Generating electricity from organic waste.

RRB NTPC Syllabus 2024

2024-11-03T22:28:00.000+05:30

RRB NTPC Syllabus 2024

The Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) has announced 11,558 vacancies for the RRB NTPC 2024 Exam. The detailed syllabus is available on the official RRB website and in the article below. This examination covers various positions across different Railway regions, including roles such as Station Master, Goods Train Manager, and Senior Clerk.

Candidates interested in these posts should familiarize themselves with the RRB NTPC Syllabus 2024 to prepare effectively for the exam. This article outlines the syllabus and exam pattern for the RRB NTPC 2024 exam.

RRB NTPC Syllabus 2024 Overview

The RRB NTPC Syllabus is an essential resource for aspirants targeting roles in the Indian Railways’ Non-Technical Popular Categories. To prepare effectively, candidates must have a thorough understanding of the syllabus and exam structure. The RRB NTPC exam is conducted in multiple stages, which include:

Preliminary Exam (CBT 1)
Main Exam (CBT 2)
Typing Skill Test or Computer-Based Aptitude Test (depending on the post)

Each stage follows a similar pattern and covers subjects such as Mathematics, General Awareness, and Intelligence and Reasoning. Familiarizing yourself with these topics will help you create a focused study plan and improve your chances of success in the 2024 exam. Below, you'll find the detailed topic-wise syllabus for both the prelims and mains exams.

RRB NTPC Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2024

The RRB NTPC Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2024 will feature a Computer-Based Test format with a duration of 90 minutes. Note that there is negative marking; for each incorrect answer, a penalty of -1/3 will be applied. The subjects included in the exam are:

Mathematics
General Awareness
General Intelligence and Reasoning

Make sure to review these subjects thoroughly to prepare for the upcoming exam.

RRB NTPC Syllabus 2024 PDF

Candidates preparing for the RRB NTPC exam can download the syllabus PDF from the link provided below. It’s essential for candidates to align their preparation with the syllabus to perform well in the examination. The RRB NTPC exam offers a valuable opportunity for those looking to join the Indian Railways in various Non-Technical positions. The syllabus PDF is organized into two sections: CBT 1 and CBT 2.

RRB NTPC Syllabus 2024 CBT 1

The RRB NTPC syllabus for CBT 1 encompasses the subjects of Mathematics, General Awareness, and General Intelligence and Reasoning. This section includes a total of 100 questions, with the General Awareness portion carrying the most weight. Candidates must thoroughly understand the RRB NTPC syllabus 2024 to ensure they cover all relevant topics in their exam preparation.

RRB NTPC Syllabus for Mathematics

The RRB NTPC syllabus for Mathematics covers a range of topics designed to assess candidates' calculative skills. According to the RRB NTPC Exam Pattern, there are 30 questions from the Mathematics section. Below is a table outlining the typical topics included in the RRB NTPC syllabus for Mathematics:

Topic	Description
Number Systems	Basics of numbers, decimals, etc.
Algebra	Equations, inequalities, etc.
Geometry	Shapes, areas, volumes
Trigonometry	Angles, sine, cosine, etc.
Statistics	Mean, median, mode, etc.
Simple and Compound Interest	Financial calculations
Time and Distance	Problems related to speed, time, distance
Ratio and Proportion	Relationships between quantities
Mensuration	Measurement of shapes and solids

Ensure you review these topics thoroughly as part of your preparation strategy.

RRB NTPC Syllabus for General Intelligence and Reasoning

The RRB NTPC Syllabus 2024 for the General Intelligence and Reasoning section encompasses various subjects focused on logical reasoning and problem-solving skills. This section assesses candidates' abilities in logical thinking and analytical reasoning. For CBT 1, a total of 30 questions will be drawn from this section. Below are the key topics included in the RRB NTPC General Intelligence and Reasoning syllabus:

RRB NTPC Syllabus for General Intelligence and Reasoning 2024

Analogies
Completion of Number and Alphabetical Series
Coding and Decoding
Mathematical Operations
Similarities and Differences
Relationships
Analytical Reasoning
Syllogism
Jumbling
Venn Diagrams
Puzzles
Data Sufficiency
Statement-Conclusion
Statement-Courses of Action
Decision Making
Maps and Interpretation of Graphs
Alphanumeric Series

RRB NTPC Syllabus for General Awareness

The General Awareness syllabus for RRB NTPC covers a broad range of topics. Here are some of the primary subjects included in the syllabus:

RRB NTPC Syllabus for General Awareness 2024

Current Events of National and International Importance
Games and Sports
Art and Culture of India
Indian Literature
Monuments and Places of India
General Science and Life Science (up to 10th CBSE)
History of India and Freedom Struggle
Physical, Social, and Economic Geography of India and the World
Indian Polity and Governance (Constitution and Political System)
Recent Scientific and Technological Developments, including India's Space and Nuclear Programs
UN and Other Important World Organizations
Environmental Issues Concerning India and the World
Basics of Computers and Computer Applications
Common Abbreviations
Transport Systems in India
Indian Economy
Famous Personalities of India and the World
Flagship Government Programs
Flora and Fauna of India
Important Government and Public Sector Organizations in India

RRB NTPC Syllabus 2024 CBT 2

For Stage 2, the RRB NTPC Syllabus includes three main subjects: General Awareness, Mathematics, and General Intelligence and Reasoning. Each subject covers an extensive range of topics designed to evaluate candidates' knowledge and aptitude.

RRB NTPC Syllabus 2024 CBT 2

Subject	Marks
General Awareness	50
Mathematics	35
General Intelligence & Reasoning	35
Total	120

Subject Breakdown:

General Awareness (50 Marks): Current Events, Monuments, Sports, Art and Culture, Indian Polity, History, Geography, and more.
Mathematics (35 Marks): Topics include Number Systems, Decimals, Fractions, Ratio and Proportions, Simple and Compound Interest, Geometry, and more.
General Intelligence and Reasoning (35 Marks): Includes Number and Alphabetical Series, Analogies, Relationships, Data Sufficiency, and various reasoning skills.

RRB NTPC Syllabus for History

The RRB NTPC Syllabus for History encompasses several significant periods of Indian history, categorized into three main sections:

RRB NTPC History Topics

Ancient History: Prehistoric Period, Harappan Civilization, Vedic Civilization, Mauryan Empire, Gupta Empire, etc.
Medieval History: Rajput Age, Mughal Empire, Vijayanagar Empire, Sufi and Bhakti Movements.
Modern History: British Expansion, Economic Impact of British Rule, Freedom Struggle, and the Gandhian Era.

RRB NTPC Syllabus for Indian Polity

The syllabus for Indian Polity covers crucial topics related to the Constitution and governance:

Evolution of the Indian Constitution
Fundamental Rights and Duties
Directive Principles of State Policy
Structure of the Government
Important Amendments and Articles

RRB NTPC Syllabus for Geography

The Geography syllabus includes fundamental concepts and geographical knowledge, such as:

The Solar System
Weather and Climate
Physical Features of India
Soil Resources
Transport Systems

RRB NTPC Syllabus for Economics

The syllabus for Economics addresses key principles and concepts within the Indian economy:

Highlights of the Indian Economy
National Income
Trade and Commerce
Banking System

RRB NTPC Syllabus for Science

The Science syllabus is divided into Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, covering essential topics like:

Physics: Motion, Energy, Electricity, Magnetism.
Chemistry: Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding, Acids and Bases.
Biology: Classification of Organisms, Human Body Systems, and Ecology.

RRB NTPC 2024 CBAT and Typing Test

The Computer-Based Aptitude Test (CBAT) is mandatory for the position of Station Master, requiring candidates to score a minimum T-Score of 42 in each test battery. The Typing Test is conducted for roles like Accounts Clerk cum Typist and Junior Clerk cum Typist, with required speeds of 30 words per minute in English and 25 in Hindi.

RRB NTPC Exam Pattern

The RRB NTPC Exam follows a structured pattern, including multiple stages: CBT 1, CBT 2, CBAT/Typing Test, Document Verification, and Medical Examination.

RRB NTPC CBT 1 Exam Pattern

Sections	Number of Questions
General Awareness	40
Mathematics	30
General Intelligence & Reasoning	30
Total	100

RRB NTPC CBT 2 Exam Pattern

Sections	Number of Questions
General Awareness	50
Mathematics	35
General Intelligence & Reasoning	35
Total	120

RRB NTPC Syllabus Marking Scheme

Candidates receive 1 mark for each correct answer, with a penalty of 1/3 mark deducted for incorrect responses. Since the exam is conducted in multiple sessions, marks are normalized to ensure fairness across different question papers.

RRB NTPC Recruitment 2024 application deadlines extended. Check new dates

2024-10-10T09:20:00.006+05:30

The Railway Recruitment Boards (RRBs) have extended the application deadlines for the Non-Technical Popular Category (NTPC) recruitment 2024. Applicants now have until October 27, 2024, to apply for undergraduate posts and until October 20, 2024, for graduate posts. This recruitment process aims to fill 11,558 vacancies, with 3,445 allocated for undergraduate positions and 8,113 for graduate positions.

To be eligible for the graduate posts, candidates need to have a graduate degree from a recognized university. Positions under this requirement include Goods Train Manager, Chief Commercial cum Ticket Supervisor, Senior Clerk cum Typist, Junior Account Assistant cum Typist, and Station Master.

For undergraduate-level positions, candidates must have passed the 12th standard from a recognized school and demonstrate typing proficiency in Hindi or English on a computer. Positions in this category include Junior Clerk cum Typist, Accounts Clerk cum Typist, Trains Clerk, and Commercial cum Ticket Clerk.

Candidates can find detailed information and revised schedules on the RRB website.

RRB NTPC Recruitment 2024: Revised schedule for undergraduate posts

Closing of online Registration/Submission of Application: October 27, 2024
Date for fee payment after closing date: October 28 to October 29, 2024
Date of Modification window for corrections in application form with payment of modification fee: October 30 to November 6, 2024.

RRB NTPC Recruitment 2024: Revised schedule for graduate posts

Closing of online Registration/Submission of Application: October 20, 2024
Date for fee payment after closing date: October 21 to October 22, 2024
Date of Modification window for corrections in application form with payment of modification fee: October 23 to October 30, 2024

Conversion of Galvanometer into ammeter of desired Range.

2024-04-15T19:36:00.004+05:30

A galvanometer is a device used to detect or measure the small electric current flowing in the circuit.

It is also known as the moving coil galvanometer.
It was based on the principle that when a current-carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque.
It consists of a coil that is kept between the two poles of a permanent magnet which is cylindrical in shape in order to provide a radial magnetic field.
The radial magnetic field produced by cylindrical poles of permanent magnets is always parallel to the plane of the coil.

The following are the uses of a galvanometer

It is used to detect electric current in the circuit.
It is converted to an ammeter by connecting a low resistor parallel to it.
It is converted to a voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in series with it.
By making special arrangements, it can be used as an ohmmeter.

The figure of merit of the galvanometer is defined as the amount of current producing one scale deflection of the galvanometer. It is given by

Figure of merit = Current / Deflection

An ammeter is an instrument used to measure electric current in an electric circuit. A galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance (called a shunt) parallel to the galvanometer.

A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure the potential difference across the two ends of a circuit element. A galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in series to the galvanometer.

Ques. Why a galvanometer is known as the fundamental electrical measuring tool?

Ans. Since a galvanometer is designed to measure voltage and current, therefore it is known as the fundamental electrical measuring tool.

Ques. What is a galvanometer?

Ans. Galvanometer is a device used to measure or detect small electric currents flowing in the circuit.

Ques. Should the galvanometers possess a high or low resistance?

Ans. Galvanometers must have low resistance.

Ques. What is the principle behind a galvanometer?

Ans. A galvanometer is based on the fact that when a current-carrying loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a torque.

Ques. Should voltmeters possess low resistance or high resistance? Why?

Ans. Voltmeters should always have a high resistance; otherwise, the potential difference

being measured will be reduced.

Ques. What is the main procedure to convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter?

Ans. A galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a large resistance in series to the galvanometer.

Ques. What do you mean by a galvanometer’s figure of merit?

Ans. The figure of merit of a galvanometer is the electric current required to produce a one-division deflection in the galvanometer.

Ques. A galvanometer is transformed into a milliammeter and an ammeter. Which of the two devices will have better resistance?

Ans. The Milliammeter will have more resistance.

Ques. What is the resistance value of ideal ammeters?

Ans. The resistance of an ideal ammeter is zero.

Ques. Should ammeters have high or low resistance? Why?

Ans. Ammeters should always have a low resistance; otherwise, they will reduce the current being calculated.

Ques. How are ammeters joined in an electric circuit?

Ans. In an electric circuit to measure the electric current, ammeters are always connected in series.

Ques. What is the resistance value of ideal voltmeters?

Ans. An ideal voltmeter should have infinite resistance.

Ques. What is the main procedure to convert a galvanometer into an ammeter?

Ans. In general, a galvanometer is transformed into an ammeter of a certain range by connecting an appropriate small resistance (shunt) in a parallel configuration with the galvanometer.

Ques. How is a voltmeter joined into an electric circuit?

Ans. In an electric circuit to measure the potential difference, a voltmeter is always connected in parallel.

Ques. Define the sensitivity of a galvanometer.

Ans. A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if a small current flowing through the coil of the galvanometer produces a large deflection in it.

Ques. How many types of sensitivity does a galvanometer have?

Ans. A galvanometer has two types of sensitivity

Current sensitivity
Voltage sensitivity

Ques. Define current sensitivity.

Ans. The current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer per unit of current flowing through it.

Ques. Define voltage sensitivity.

Ans. The voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer per unit of voltage applied to it.

Ques. How is the deflection of the coil in a galvanometer related to the current flowing through it?

Ans. The deflection of the coil in a galvanometer is directly proportional to the current flowing through it.

Ques. What is an ohmmeter?

Ans. An ohmmeter is an electrical device used to measure electrical resistance. Multimeters also act as ohmmeters in resistance-measuring mode.

Viva Question of Carey foster Briedge.

2024-04-15T19:30:00.001+05:30

It was invented by George Carey Foster

Q.What is resistance?

A.Resistance R=V \ I, where V is the potential difference applied across the wire and I is the current flowing through it due to the potential difference.

Q.What is specific resistance?

A.Specific resistance of a material is the resistance of one centimeter length of wire whose cross-sectional area is one square centimeter.

Q.What is the effect of temperature on resistance?

A.Resistance increases with increase in temperature of the material of wire.

Q.In what materials the resistance decreases with increase in temperature?

A.In Semiconductors

Q. If the radius of wire is doubled will the specific resistance change?

A.Specific resistance is independent of length or radius of wire it only depends on the material of the wire.

Q.Why is the resistance wire wire doubled before winding over the bobbin?

A.To avoid the inductive effects. The direction of current in one wire is opposite to the other hence the total flux is always zero.

Q.What is the principle of Carey Foster Bridge?

A.Position of null point changes on the wire when the resistance is connected in the outer gaps is interchanged.The difference in the value of resistance is equal to the resistances of the differences of bridge wire i.e (L-l).

Q.What is the principle of Wheatstone Bridge?

A.When the four resistances P,Q,R,S in the four arms of the Wheatstone bridge are such that there is no deflection in the galvanometer, we have:

P/Q=R/S

Q.When is Carey Foster Bridge most sensitive?

A.It is most sensitive when P,Q,R,S are same or of the same order.

Q.Why the resistance for inner ratio arms be equal?

A.For increased sensitivity and accuracy.

Q.What is the minimum difference in resistances that can be measured by Carey Foster Bridge?

A.The resistance of one millimeter length of bridge wire

Viva Question of Newton's Ring Experiment

2024-04-15T19:21:00.001+05:30

Q.What are Newton’s Rings?

A.Alternate dark and bright rings formed due to presence of air film when plano convex lens is placed on glass plate is called newtons rings.

Q.How are Newton’s rings formed?

A.They are formed as a result of interference between light waves reflected from the upper and lower surfaces of the air film developed between the convex surface of plano convex lens and plane glass plate.

Q.Why are they circular?

A.This is so because the air film formed is wedge shaped and loci of points of equal thickness are circles concentric with point of contact.

Q.what is the function of the 45° inclined glass plate?

A.It turns the light rays coming from an extended source to ninety degrees and so the rays fall normally on the plano convex lens.

Q.Why do rings get closer as their order increases?

A.The diameter of dark rings is proportional to the square root of natural numbers while bright rings are proportional to the square root of odd natural numbers hence the don’t increase at the same rate.

Q.Why is the center of the ring dark?

A.At the point of contact the path difference is zero but one of the rays is reflected so the effective path difference becomes λ/2 thus the condition of minimum intensity is created hence it is a dark spot.

Q.What if the glass plate is replaced with plane mirror?

A.Then we will not get interference fringe because the intensity of light reflected from mirror will be so great that it won’t be visible and we will get uniform illumination.

Q.What if sodium light is replaced with white light?

A.Few colored fringes will be observed near the center.

Q.What will happen if we replace the lens with plane glass?

A.Then interference will take place but the shape of the rings will be irregular.

Q.What will happen if few drops of liquid is introduced between the lens and glass?

A.The diameter of the rings will decrease because the diameter of the rings is inversely proportional to the refractive index.

Q.What will happen if we use a lens of small radius of curvature?

A.Then the rings will be of smaller diameter and there is chance of error while taking the readings.

Q.What if a plane glass making some angle with the glass stripe is used in place of lens?

A.Then we will have dark and bright fringes in shape of a line.

राजस्थान के प्रमुख लोक देवता और लोक देवियाँ

2024-04-10T19:30:00.002+05:30

राजस्थान के प्रमुख लोक देवता और लोक देवियाँ

गोगाजी

• गोगा जी जन्म स्थान ददरेवा (जेवरग्राम) राजगढ़ तहसील(चुरू) में है।

• गोगा जी समाधि गोगामेड़ी, नोहर तहसील (हनुमानगढ) में है।

• लोग इन्हें सांपों के देवता, जाहरपीर के नाम से भी पुकारते हैं।

• शीर्ष मेडी (ददेरवा) तथा घुरमेडी-(गोगामेडी), नोहर मे इनके प्रमुख स्थल हैं।

• गोगा मेंडी का निर्माण “फिरोज शाह तुगलक” ने करवाया।

• वर्तमान स्वरूप (पुनः निर्माण) महाराजा गंगा सिंह नें कारवाया।

• गोगाजी का विशाल मेला भाद्र कृष्णा नवमी (गोगा नवमी) को गोगामेड़ी गाँव में भरता है।

• इस मेले के साथ-साथ राज्य स्तरीय पशु मेला भी आयोजित होता है।

• यह पशु मेला राज्य का सबसे लम्बी अवधि तक चलने वाला पशु मेला है।

• गोगा मेडी का आकार मकबरेनुमा हैं।

• गोगाजी की ओल्डी सांचैर (जालौर) में है।

• इनके थान खेजड़ी वृक्ष के नीचे होते है।

• गोरखनाथ जी इनके गुरू थे।

• गोगाजी हिन्दू तथा मुसलमान दोनों धर्मो में समान रूप से लोकप्रिय थे।

• धुरमेडी के मुख्य द्वार पर बिस्मिल्लाह अंकित है।

• इनके लोकगाथा गीतों में डेरू नामक वाद्य यंत्र बजाया जाता है।

• किसान खेत में बुआई करने से पहले गोगा जी के नाम से राखड़ी हल तथा हाली दोनों को बांधते है।

तेजाजी

• सर्पो के देवता के रूप मे पूजा की जाती है

• जन्म स्थान खरनाल (नागौर) है। माता -राजकुंवर, पिता – ताहड़ जी

• तेजाजी का विवाह पनेर नरेश रामचन्‍द की पुत्री पैमल से हुआ था

• कार्यक्षेत्र हाडौती क्षेत्र रहा है।

• तेजाजी अजमेर क्षेत्र में लोकप्रिय है।

• इन्हें जाटों का अराध्य देव कहते है।

• उपनाम – कृषि कार्यो का उपकारक देवता, गायों का मुक्ति दाता, काला व बाला का देवता।

• अजमेर में इनको धोलियावीर के नाम से जानते है।

• इनके पुजारी घोडला कहलाते है।

• इनकी घोडी का नाम लीलण (सिंणगारी) था।

• परबत सर (नागौर) में ” भाद्र शुक्ल दशमी ” को इनका मेला आयोजित होता है।

• भाद्र शुक्ल दशमी को तेजा दशमी भी कहते है।

• सैदरिया- यहां तेजाजी का नाग देवता ने डसा था।

• सुरसरा (किशनगढ़ अजमेर) यहां तेजाजी वीर गति को प्राप्त हुए।

• तेजाजी के मेले के साथ-साथ राज्य स्तरीय वीरतेजाजी पशु मेला आयोजित होता है।

• इस मेले से राज्य सरकार को सर्वाधिक आय प्राप्त होती है।

• लाछां गुजरी की गायों को मेर के मीणाओं से छुडाने के लिए संघर्ष किया व वीर गति को प्राप्त हुए।

• प्रतीक चिन्ह – हाथ में तलवार लिए अश्वारोही।

• अन्य – पुमुख स्थल – ब्यावर, सैन्दरिया, भावन्ता, सुरसरा।

पाबूजी

• पाबु जी का जन्म संवत 1313 में जोधपुर ज़िले में फलौदी के पास कोलूमंड गाँव में हुआ था।

• देवल चारणी की गायों की रक्षा करते हुए वीर-गति को प्राप्त हुए। इसलिए इन्हें गायों, ऊंटों के देवता के रूप में मानते है।

• पाबु जी को प्लेग रक्षक देवता भी माना जाता है।

• पाबु जी के लोकगीत पावड़े कहलाते है। – इन्हे माठ वाद्य का उपयोग होता है।

• पाबु जी की फड़ राज्य की सर्वाधिक लोकप्रिय फड़ है।

• पाबु जी की जीवनी पाबु प्रकाश आंशिया मोड़ जी द्वारा रचित है।

• इनकी घोडी का नाम केसर कालमी है।

• पाबु जी का मेला चैत्र अमावस्या को कोलू ग्राम में भरता है।

• पाबु जी की फड़ के वाचन के समय रावणहत्था नामक वाद्य यंत्र उपयोग में लिया जाता है।

• पाबु जी का प्रतीक चिन्ह हाथ में भाला लिए हुए अश्वारोही है।

• पशु के बीमार हो जाने पर ग्रामीण पाबूजी के नाम की तांती (एक धागा) पशु को बाँध कर मन्नत माँगते हैं।

रामदेवजी

• जन्म बाड़मेर जिले के उडूकासमेर गाँव मे

• पिता का नाम अजमल, माँ का नाम मेनादेवी

• पोकरण (जैसलमेर) के पास रुणेचा, यहाँ हर साल भाद्रपद शुक्ला द्वितीय को एकादशी तक मेला लगता है

• रामदेव जी का प्रतिक चिन्ह चरण चिन्ह (पगलिये)है

• इनके मेघवाल भक्त रिखिया कहलाते हैं

• बालनाथ जी इनके गुरू थे।

• प्रमुख स्थल- रामदेवरा (रूणिचा), पोकरण तहसील (जैसलमेर)

• बाबा रामदेव जी का जन्म भाद्रशुक्ल दूज (बाबेरी बीज) को हुआ।

• राम देव जी का मेला भाद्र शुक्ल दूज से भाद्र शुक्ल एकादशी तक भरता है।

• मेले का प्रमुख आकर्षण तरहताली नृत्य होता हैं।

• मांगी बाई (उदयपुर) तेरहताली नृत्य की प्रसिद्ध नृत्यागना है।

• तेरहताली नृत्य कामड़ सम्प्रदाय की महिलाओं द्वारा किया जाता है।

• रामदेव जी श्री कृष्ण के अवतार माने जाते है।

• छोटा रामदेवरा गुजरात में है।

• सुरताखेड़ा (चित्तोड़) व बिराठिया (अजमेर) में भी इनके मंदिर है।

• इनके यात्री जातरू कहलाते है।

• रामदेव जी हिन्दू तथा मुसलमान दोनों में ही समान रूप से लोकप्रिय है।

• मुस्लिम इन्हें रमसा पीर के नाम से पुकारते है।

• रामदेव जी ने मेघवाल जाति की डाली बाई को अपनी बहन बनाया।

• इनकी फड़ का वाचन मेघवाल जाति या कामड़ पथ के लोग करते है।

देवनारायण जी

• जन्म – आशीन्द (भीलवाडा) में हुआ।

• पिताजी संवाई भोज एवं माता सेडू खटाणी।

• राजा जयसिंह(मध्यप्रदेष के धार के शासक) की पुत्री पीपलदे से इनका विवाह हुआ।

• गुर्जर जाति के आराध्य देव है।

• गुर्जर जाति का प्रमुख व्यवसाय पशुपालन है।

• देवनारायण जी विष्णु का अवतार माने जाते है।

• मुख्य मेंला भाद्र शुक्ल सप्तमी को भरता हैं।

• देवनारायण जी के घोडे़ का नाम लीलागर था।

• प्रमुख स्थल- 1. सवाई भोज मंदिर (आशीन्द ) भीलवाडा में है। 2. देव धाम जोधपुरिया (टोंक) में है।

• उपनाम – चमत्कारी लोक पुरूष

• जन्म का नाम उदयसिंह थान

• देवधाम जोधपुरिया (टोंक) – इस स्थान पर सर्वप्रथम देवनारायणजी ने अपने शिष्यों को उपदेश दिया था।

• इनकी फंड राज्य की सबसे लम्बी फंड़ है।

• फंड़ वाचन के समय “जन्तर” नामक वाद्य यंत्र का उपयोग किया जाता है।

• इनकी फड़ पर भारत सरकार के द्वारा 5 रु का टिकट भी जारी किया गया है

• देवनारायण जी के मंदिरों में एक ईंट की पूजा होती है।

लोक देवियाँ

केला देवी

• केला देवी यदुवंशी राजवंश की कुल देवी है

• जो दुर्गा के रूप मे मानी जाती है

• प्रतिवर्ष चेत्र मास की शुक्ल अष्टमी को लक्खी मेला लगता है

• मंदिर त्रिकुट पर्वत (करोली) राजस्थान मे है

शीलादेवी

• आमेर राज्य के शासक मानसिंह (प्रथम) ने पूर्वी बंगाल विजय के बाद इसे आमेर के राजभवनो के मध्य मे स्थापित करवाया था

• शीलादेवी की स्थापना 16 वी शताब्दी मे हुई थी

• शीलादेवी की प्रतिमा अष्टभुजी है

करणीमाता

• करणी माता बीकानेर के राठौर वंश की कुलदेवी है

• करणी माता का मंदिर बीकानेर जिले के देशनोक नामक स्थान पर स्थित है

• करणी माता चूहों की देवी के नाम से भी प्रसिद है यहाँ पर सफ़ेद चूहों को काबा कहा जाता है

• नवरात्री के दिनों मे देशनोक मे करणीमाता का मेला भरा जाता है

जीणमाता

• जीणमाता का मंदिर सीकर जिले मे हर्ष की पहाड़ी पर स्थित है

• चौहानों की कुलदेवी है

• जीणमाता का मेला प्रतिवर्ष चेत्र व आश्विन माह के नवरात्रों मे आता है

शीतला माता

• शीतला माता की पुजा कुम्हार करते है

• चाकसू मे शील की डूंगरी पर शीतला माता का मंदिर स्थित है

• शीतला माता अकेली देवी है जो खण्डित रूप मे पूजी जाती

• यहाँ प्रतिवर्ष शीतला अष्टमी को मेला लगता है

सकराय माता

• सकराय माता का मंदिर उदयपुरवाट़ी (झुंझुनू) के समीप स्थित है

• खंडेलवालो की कुल देवी है

• इन्हें शाकम्भरी देवी भी कहा जाता है

Model Papers For Board Exams

2024-04-05T14:18:00.003+05:30

RBSE Class 12th Board Model Papers 2020 | RBSE Sample Papers for Class 12

RBSE Rajasthan Board Model Papers, Sample Papers 2019-2020 for Class 12 and Marking Scheme PDF Free Download in both Hindi and English Medium with answers and solutions. Here we have given RBSE Model Papers 2020 for Class 12th All Subjects. Students can view or download the RBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 for their upcoming RBSE board examinations.

These Rajasthan Board RBSE Sample Papers for 12th all subjects in both Hindi Medium and English Medium are useful to understand the pattern of questions asked in the board exam. Know about the important concepts to be prepared for RBSE Board Exams and Score More marks.

Rajasthan Board Class 12th Model Papers 2019-2020

Rajasthan Board RBSE Model Papers for Class 12 all subjects in both Hindi and English medium are part of RBSE Model Papers. Here we have given RBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 all subjects.

RBSE Class 12 Maths Model Papers (गणित)
RBSE Class 12 Physics Model Papers (भौतिक विज्ञान)
RBSE Class 12 Chemistry Model Papers (रसायन विज्ञान)
RBSE Class 12 Biology Model Papers (जीव विज्ञान)
RBSE Class 12 English Model Papers (अंग्रेज़ी)
RBSE Class 12 Hindi Model Papers (हिंदी)
RBSE Class 12 Sanskrit Model Papers (संस्कृत)
RBSE Class 12 Geography Model Papers (भूगोल)
RBSE Class 12 History Model Papers (इतिहास)
RBSE Class 12 Economics Model Papers (अर्थशास्त्र)
RBSE Class 12 Sociology Board Model Papers (समाजशास्‍त्र)
RBSE Class 12 Political Science Model Papers (नागरिकशास्त्र)
RBSE Class 12 Accountancy Model Papers (लेखाशास्त्र)
RBSE Class 12 Business Studies Model Papers (व्यवसाय अध्ययन)
RBSE Class 12 Home Science Board Model Papers (गृह विज्ञान)
RBSE Class 12 Computer Board Model Papers (कंप्यूटर)

RBSE Class 12th Board Model Papers 2020 PDF Download

Here we have given Rajasthan Board RBSE Model Papers, Sample Papers, Previous Year Question Papers for Class 12th All Subjects 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013.

Subject	Model Paper	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Mathematics	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Physics	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Chemistry	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Biology	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
English Literature	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
English Compulsory	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Hindi Sahitya	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Hindi Compulsory	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Sanskrit Sahitya	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
History	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Geography	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Political Science	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Economics	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Sociology	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Accountancy	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Business Studies	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Computer Science	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Home Science	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Psychology	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Information Technology	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Informatics Practices	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Multimedia and Web Technology	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Agriculture	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Philosophy	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Public Administration	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Drawing	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Urdu Sahitya	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Sindhi Sahitya	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Gujrati Sahitya	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Punjabi Sahitya	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Rajasthani Sahitya	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013

RBSE Class 10th Board Model Papers 2020 PDF Download

Here we have given Rajasthan Board RBSE Model Papers, Sample Papers, Previous Year Question Papers for Class 10th All Subjects 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013.

Subject	Model Paper	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Maths	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Science	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Social	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
English	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Hindi	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Sanskrit	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Urdu	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Gujrati	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Sindhi	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Punjabi	Download	2018	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013

In the above table, we have provided the link to download the sample papers of all the subjects like Maths and Science etc. You can download the papers very easily. Very soon we will provide Solved Papers for RBSE all classes and subjects by providing solved papers of all subjects as per the revised syllabus of 2020.

It is necessary that students will understand the new pattern and style of question paper according to the latest exam pattern. We hope these model papers will help to prepare for RBSE Rajasthan Board Exams 2020.

Practice each and every concept of subjects with great sincerity and dedication. Try to solve questions related to each and every topic, and try to make yourself clear with each and every concept. Work hard, you will get good marks.

We hope that this post will help you to understand the exam pattern of R.B.S.E. If you have any query regarding Rajasthan Board of Education sample papers for Class 10, drop a comment below. Thank you!

Competitive Exams Notes

2024-04-05T14:07:00.001+05:30

Geography Notes in Hindi (भूगोल के नोट्स)

भारत के भूगोल का परिचय
भारत की अंतरराष्ट्रीय सीमाएं एवं पड़ोसी देश
भारत के द्वीप समूह
भारतीय नदी तंत्र
- गंगा नदी तंत्र
- ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी तंत्र
- सिन्धु नदी तंत्र
भारत के प्रमुख दर्रे
हिमालय पर्वत श्रृंखला
भारत के पर्वत
- प्रायद्वीपीय भारत के पर्वत
- प्रायद्वीपीय भारत के पठार
भारत के मैदान
दक्षिण भारत की नदियां
- दक्षिण भारत की अरब सागर में गिरने वाली नदियां
भारत की प्रमुख झीलें
भारत के प्रमुख जलप्रपात
भारत का राष्ट्रीय सड़क परिवहन तंत्र
- राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग की नंबरिंग की प्रक्रिया
- स्वर्णिम चतुर्भुज परियोजना
- उत्तर-दक्षिण तथा पूर्व-पश्चिम गलियारा
सौर मंडल (Solar System)
पृथ्वी का वायुमण्डल (Atmosphere of Earth)
चट्टानों के प्रकार
भारत में पायी जाने वाली भूगर्भिक चट्टानें
भारत के महत्वपूर्ण स्टील प्लांट
भारत के प्रमुख खनिज, उनकी खानें एवं राज्य
भारत में खनिज सम्पदा
- भारत में धात्विक खनिज
  - भारत में लौह अयस्क
  - भारत में मैंगनीज, बॉक्साइट तथा सोने के भण्डार
  - भारत में सीसा, जस्ता, तांबा एवं चाँदी के भण्डार
  - भारत में क्रोमाइट, निकेल एवं टिन के भण्डार
- भारत में अधात्विक खनिज
  - भारत में अधात्विक खनिज
- भारत में ऊर्जा खनिज
  - भारत में अणु शक्ति वाले खनिज भण्डार
  - भारत में कोयला भण्डार
भारतीय जलवायु
ग्रीष्म ऋतु में मौसम की क्रियाविधि
दक्षिण पश्चिम मानसून
शीत ऋतु में होने वाली वर्षा
मानसून का निवर्तन (लौटता मानसून)
वृष्टि छाया क्षेत्र एवं अंतर उष्णकटिबंधीय अभिसरण क्षेत्र (ITCZ)
भारत में चक्रवातों की उत्पत्ति
भारत की प्राकृतिक वनस्पति का परिचय
मृदा की संरचना
भारत की मिट्टी के प्रकार
भारत की बहुउद्देशीय परियोजनाएं
भारत की प्रमुख बांध परियोजनाएँ
भारत में कृषि
भारत की प्रमुख खाद्यान्न फसलें
भारत की प्रमुख दलहन एवं तिलहन फसलें
भारत की प्रमुख नकदी फसलें
भारत में पेट्रोलियम संसाधन
भारत में तेल परिष्करण
भारत की रिफाइनरियां के नाम एवं राज्य की सूची
भारत में प्राकृतिक गैस संसाधन
भारत के विद्युत ऊर्जा स्रोतों का परिचय
ऊर्जा का वर्गीकरण
भारत में जल विद्युत
भारत में परमाणु ऊर्जा
भारत में रेल परिवहन
भारत में आंतरिक जल परिवहन
भारत के बंदरगाह
भारत में निवास करने वाली जनजातियाँ
एशिया का भूगोल
दक्षिण अमेरिका का भूगोल
यूरोप का भूगोल
उत्तर अमेरिका का भूगोल
अफ़्रीका का भूगोल
ऑस्ट्रेलिया का भूगोल
विश्व की प्रमुख नदियाँ
महासागरीय जलधाराएं

History Notes in Hindi (भूगोल के नोट्स)

1857 की क्रांति – 1857 का विद्रोह

भारत के प्रमुख राजवंश और उनके संस्थापक तथा राजधानी PDF

ब्रिटिश राज के दौरान भारत के कुछ प्रमुख समाचार पत्र

नेपोलियन बोनापार्ट

राजा राममोहन राय

स्वामी विवेकानंद

कांग्रेस के महत्वपूर्ण अधिवेशन

भारतीय स्वाधीनता अधिनियम 1947

भारत शासन अधिनियम 1935

साइमन कमीशन 1927

जलियांवाला बाग हत्याकांड (13 अप्रैल, 1919)

रॉलेट एक्ट 1919

भारत शासन अधिनियम 1919

भारत परिषद अधिनियम 1909

भारत परिषद अधिनियम 1892

भारत परिषद अधिनियम 1861

चार्टर एक्ट 1858

चार्टर एक्ट 1853

चार्टर एक्ट 1813

चार्टर एक्ट 1793

पिट्स इंडिया एक्ट 1784

रेगुलेटिंग एक्ट 1773 ( Regulating Act 1773 )

व्यपगत सिद्धांत या लार्ड डलहौजी की राज्य हड़प नीति या गोद प्रथा निषेध की नीति

सहायक संधि

प्लासी के युद्ध के उपरान्त बंगाल की स्थिति

बंगाल का इतिहास

चेर वंश

चोल साम्राज्य

खिलाफत आंदोलन, खिलाफत आंदोलन के मुख्य नेता और आंदोलन के परिणाम

Imporant Questions Regarding 4th Unit (Atomic and Nuclear Physics)

2024-03-04T21:53:00.003+05:30

1. An orbital is having n = 3 and l = 1, the number of electrons it can occupy are

(a) 6

(b) 14

(d) 2

2. The force that allows electrons to move around the nucleus is

(a) nuclear force

(b) weak nuclear force

(d) gravitational force

3. According to Bohr’s atomic model, the radius of the orbit is directly proportional to

(a) n²

(b) 1/n²

(d) n

4. According to Bohr’s atomic model, the angular momentum of orbits is multiple of

(a) h/2𝜋

(b) 2𝜋/h

(d) 𝜋/2h

5. When electrons move from a lower energy level to a higher energy level, energy is

(a) absorbed

(b) emitted

(d) none of the above

6. Radius of the hydrogen atom on going to the first excited state is _____ of Bohr’s radius.

(a) double

(b) half

(d) same

7. The energy of each orbit is

(a) same

(b) fixed

(d) none of the above

8. How many atomic orbitals are present in the fourth energy level of an atom?

(a) 32

(b) 8

(d) 4

9. A subshell of an atom contains a maximum of _____ electrons.

(a) 4l – 2

(b) 4l + 2

(d) 2n²

10. When electrons move from the higher energy level to a lower energy level, energy is

(a) absorbed

(b) emitted

(d) none of the above

Answer

1. (d)	2. (c)	3. (a)	4. (a)	5. (a)
6. (c)	7. (b)	8. (c)	9. (b)	10. (b)

Energy Level Diagram

Q1. What are the energy levels?

Electrons of an atom occupying particular orbitals have a particular energy. This is called energy level. When an electron alleviates from a high energy state to a lower energy state, emission of light occurs.

Q2. What is an electron shell?

The space around the nucleus which is filled will force more electrons out from the nucleus. This is called an electron shell.

Q3. What is the lowest possible energy and highest energy level of an electron?

The lowest possible energy is ground state and highest energy level is the excited state.

Q4. How the energy levels are filled in an atom?

In the increasing order of energy according to the Aufbau principle.

Q5. What is the order of filling of energy levels within the same main energy level?

s < p < d < f

What is Bohr’s Model of an Atom?

Q1. How do electrons move according to Bohr’s model?

The theory notes that electrons in atoms travel around a central nucleus in circular orbits and can only orbit stably at a distinct set of distances from the nucleus in certain fixed circular orbits. Such orbits are related to certain energies and are also referred to as energy shells or energy levels.

Q2. How did Bohr discover electrons?

Bohr was the first to discover that electrons move around the nucleus in different orbits and that an element’s properties are determined by the number of electrons in the outer orbit.

Q3. Did Bohr’s model have neutrons?

The nucleus in the atom’s Bohr model holds most of the atom’s mass in its protons and neutrons. The negatively charged electrons, which contribute little in terms of mass, but are electrically equivalent to the protons in the nucleus, orbit the positively charged core.

Q4. How did Sommerfeld modify Bohr’s theory?

Many modifications have been introduced to the Bohr model, most notably the Sommerfeld model or Bohr – Sommerfeld model, which suggested that electrons move around a nucleus in elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits of the Bohr model. The Bohr – Sommerfeld system was essentially incoherent, contributing to many paradoxes.

Q5. Who discovered electrons?

J. J. Thomson in 1897 discovered Electron when he was studying the properties of the cathode ray.

RRB Technician Recruitment 2024, Vacancy, Eligibility, Fee, Selection Process

2024-02-17T23:13:00.003+05:30

Notification for the recruitment of Technicians in Indian Railways is released officially by the RRBs on 12 February 2024. Candidates who meet certain eligibility criteria need to know that the application form will be available for four weeks or even more between 9 March and 8 April 2024.

RRB Technician Recruitment 2024

If you are one of the thousands of candidates who want to be appointed to the post of Technician in Indian Railways, then you must know that the notification for this will be released very soon on the official website, after which all the eligible candidates will be able to apply online.

The Railway Recruitment Board has not yet officially confirmed when more information will be released. But it may be released on 12 February 2024, after which the window to apply may remain available for 9 March and 8 April 2024

Notification Date	12 February 2024
Application Period	9 March to 8 April 2024
Vacancies	9000 (Around)
Eligibility Criteria	Matriculation, ITI Trade Certificate, Diploma/Degree in Engineering, Age 18-28 years
Application Fee	₹500 (General/OBC/EWS), ₹250 (Women/SC/ST/Reserved)
Exam Date	November 2024 (Expected)
Selection Process	CBT – 1, CBT – 2, Documentation, Medical Examination
Official Website	https://indianrailways.gov.in/

As soon as the notification is released by RRB, we will provide the direct link to apply in the given table. All the candidates should know that to apply, they will have to upload the necessary documents, that is, they are requested to be ready with it.

RRB Technician Notification 2024

The eagerly awaited advertisement for recruitment of Technicians in Indian Railways is expected to be officially released in February 2024 by the RRBs. Aspiring candidates, eager to secure a position as a Technician in Indian Railways, should keep a close eye on the official website for updates.

The application window is likely to remain open for around four weeks, extending possibly April 2024. To apply online, an individual will have to provide the required details, upload documents, pay a fee, and submit the application form. Stay tuned to get more details about it.

RRB Technician Vacancy 2024

The number of vacancies for the post of Technician is not yet released officially by the Railway Recruitment Boards, it is likely to around 9000. Once it is made public officially, we will update the details below.

RRB Ahmedabad
RRB Ajmer
RRB Prayagraj
RRB Bangalore
RRB Bhopal
RRB Bhubaneswar
RRB Bilaspur
RRB Chandigarh
RRB Chennai
RRB Gorakhpur
RRB Guwahati
RRB Jammu-Srinagar
RRB Kolkata
RRB Malda
RRB Mumbai
RRB Muzaffarpur
RRB Patna
RRB Ranchi
RRB Secunderabad
RRB Siliguri
RRB Thiruvananthapuram

RRB Technician Eligibility 2024

To apply for Technician, an individual must have passed the Matriculation exam, and he or she holds an ITI Trade certificate from NCVT/SCVT in the respective discipline, or the applicant must have pursued Diploma or Degree in Engineering, one age must not be below 18 and above 28 years.

RRB Technician Application Fee 2024

To apply for a Technician post in Indian Railways, a candidate has to deposit an amount of ₹500 online if one belongs to the General, Other Backward Class, or Economically Weaker Section. The application fee for Women, Schedule Tribe, Scheduled Caste, and other reserved categories is only Rs 250.

RRB Technician Exam Date 2024

The exam date for the post of Technician has not been released officially by Railway Recruitment Board, but it is possible that it can be conducted in July 2024, the exam will be held in online mode through Computer Based Test (CBT) at various examination centres across the country with a time duration of 1 hour.

RRB Technician Selection Process 2024

There are a total number four stages in the selection process for the post of Technician in Indian Railways, which are as follows.

CBT – 1
CBT – 2
Documentation
Medical Examination

How to apply for Railway Technician Recruitment 2024?

To apply for recruitment of Technician, you have to go through the step-by-step instructions below.

Visit the respective RRB’s website.
Lookout for an option that reads ‘ Apply Online – Recruitment of Technician 2024’ and tap on it.
Complete the registration process.
Login with your Email Address and Password.
Enter basic and educational qualifications, and upload documents with photographs and signatures.
Pay a fee, review all the details entered, and submit an application form.

Endocrine Gland	Location	Hormones Produced	Functions
Pituitary gland (also known as the master gland)	At the base of the brain	Growth hormone (GH). Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)	GH stimulates growth. TSH stimulates the functioning of the thyroid gland. FSH stimulates the follicles during ovulation.
Thyroid Gland	Neck	Thyroxine	Controls general metabolism and growth in the body.
Adrenal gland	Above kidneys	Adrenalin	Prepares the body for emergency situations and hence is also called ‘Fight and flight’ hormone.
Pancreas	Near stomach	Insulin	Controls blood sugar level
Testis (male)	In Scrotum	Testosterone	Sperm production, development of secondary sexual characters during puberty.
Ovary (female)	Near uterus	Oestrogen	Egg production, development of secondary sexual characters during puberty.