UGC General

Communication

Tue, 31 Mar 2020 18:38:28 +0000

We hear only half of what is said to us, understand only half of that, belief only half of that and remember only half of thatΓÇÖ - Kathy Walker

Communication is the exchange of information between entities, such as people, animals or even machines. Information is sent out that someone or something senses, processes and interprets. A response may be given, resulting in a back-and-forth communication.

The word communication is derived from the Latin word ΓÇÿcommunicareΓÇÖ meaning to share or impart and to make common (Commonness).

Barriers of communication

There are several barriers of communication which can be classified as physical, mental, cultural etc. Some of them are listed below.

1. Not/Not proper understanding the language ┬á
2. Verbal and non-verbal messages are in a different language.
3. Not knowing the history of the occasion, relationship, or culture.
4. Intentionally delivering an obscure or confusing message.
5. Inadequate attention to processing a message.
6. In asynchronous communication, neglecting to give immediate feedback may lead to larger misunderstandings.
7. Time factor: There is not enough time to communicate with everyone.
8. Physical barriers to the transmission of messages, such as noises, facing the wrong way, talking too softly, spatial problems and physical distance.
9. Hearing loss and various brain conditions can hamper communication and such medical issues.
10. World-views may discourage one person from listening to another.

11. Fear and anxiety associated with communication is known by some Psychologists as communication apprehension. More over communication can be impaired via processes such as bypassing, indiscrimination, polarisation etc.

Some barriers in class room communication:

┬á┬á┬á Physiological: like hearing problem
┬á┬á┬á Rapid thought
┬á┬á┬á Physical distractions
┬á┬á┬á Message overload
┬á┬á┬á Attitudinal barriers like egocentrism, faulty assumption, preoccupation etc.

Communication Process/Model

As we said communication process is the sending and receiving process of ideas among human beings. The communication process begins with the sender and ends with the receiver.

There are ten stages in communication process:

From the sender part the stages are:
1. An urge for communication
2. Formation of idea
3. Selection of Media
4. Encoding
5. expression
From the media side
6. Transmission
From the receiver end it is
7. Reception
8. Decoding
9. Understanding
10. Feedback

Feedback is a key component in the communication process because it allows the sender to evaluate the effectiveness of the message. Feedback ultimately provides an opportunity for the sender to take corrective action to clarify a misunderstood message.

Social scientists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:

1. An information source, which produces a message.
2. A message which is both sent by the information source and received by the destination
3. A transmitter, which encodes the message into signals
4. A channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission
5. The signal, which flows through a channel. There may be multiple parallel signals, as is the case in face-to-face interaction where sound and gesture involve different signal systems that depend on different channels and modes of transmission.
6. A receiver, which 'decodes' (reconstructs) the message from the signal.
7. Noise, in the form of secondary signals that obscure or confuse the signal carried
8. A destination, where the message arrives.

Types of Communication

1. Intra personal Communication: Communications within our mind
2. Inter personal Communication: Communication between two persons
3. Group/Mass Communication: communications in mass society, or with very large numbers of people, through various mass media, which is a term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach very large audiences

It can also be classified as Verbal / Non verbal Communication, oral / written or formal/informal.

Effective Communication:

A good working definition for effective communication is to share meaning and understanding between the person sending the message and the person receiving the message. The key element is ΓÇ£understanding.ΓÇ¥ The ability to effectively communicate is a critical skill. The more you become an effective communicator the more likely you are to achieve what you want. Remember, you can improve your communication skills by observing people who communicate effectively, learning new skills, and practicing those skills.

┬áThere are 5 steps for effective communication in a class room

1. Show the readiness to listen students their ideas and thoughts
2. Use different paraphrasing techniques
3. Ask relevant open ended questions frequently
4. put together every thing by summerising

5. Make your own statements, suggestions and opinions.

Now examine some questions
Now we can discuss some frequently asked questions, related to communication:

a. Which of the following would be a part of mass communication?
a)e-mail, b) intranet, c) Radio, d) telephone
Answer is C

b. While teacher is speaking but a child seems to be thinking some other things, what kind of barrier to communication is being encountered
a)Physiological, b) Psychological, c) Attitudinal, d) Environmental
Answer is A

c. The basic elements of communication are
a)source and receiver, b) interference, c) encoding and decoding, d) all the above
Answer is A

d. Which of the following will make communication more effective?
a)cutting jokes in between, b) using multi sensory appeal, c) speaking with high authority, d) telling what is useful to others
Answer is B

e. Communication in the class room often fails because:
a)the students are not attentive, b) teacher is monotonous while lecturing, c) students have no interest in the topic, d) very much noise in and around the class room
Answer is D

f. The facial expression of student relate to which element of communication process?
a)Sender, b) Receiver, c) Message, d) Channel
Answer is B

g. An effective communication does not require:
a)change in speech pattern, b) appropriate gestures, c) mastery of content, d) handsome personality
Answer is D

h. One will be an effective communicator if one
a)is a humorous speaker, b) has histrionic talents, c) is very clear about what one communicates, d) communicate in oneΓÇÖs mother tongue
Answer is C

i. Effective communication will make the receiver
a)enjoy it, b) accept it, c) pass it on to others, d) think about it
Answer is A

j. Characteristics of all informal and formal communications are:
a)same, b) unstructured, c) structured, d) different
Answer is A

Communication Technology

Tue, 31 Mar 2020 18:39:11 +0000

1. Introduction:In the popularly understood sense of the term communication refers to anything from a face to face conversion between two person, conversion over the telephone, and correspondence between friends. The transmission of programmers on live television broadcast via communication satellite i.e. received by millions of people.

2. Elements of Communication: The communication process requires at least three elements.

i) Source:The source is a point at which message originates. It can be an individual or an organization, a human being or a machine.

ii) Message:The message may be in audible, visual or tactile form, as any signal capable of meaningful interpretation.

iii) Destination:The destination or recipient, which again can be a person or a group of persons, in a final link in the communication chain - the intended target of the message.

3. Media and Forms of Communication: There is a distinct difference between communication of information and communication of commodities, energy, heat, etc i.e. oneΓÇÖs own stock of information or knowledge is not going to diminish by communicating to other. Thus the ownership of information may multiply but not change hands like a physical commodity. Further one can communicate information which he does not have e.g. about oneΓÇÖs own behavior.

┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Following is a list of forms of communication with channels of disseminating information. Though they are given in isolation here, quite often two or more channels may be used together for effective communication and the channels of dissemination may form a series of alternative routes, through the total communication system.

3.1 Oral Communication / Informal Communication:Oral communication is one of the oldest medium of communication of information and is speedier. The oral communication is generally called as informal communication.

┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á According to Ban ΓÇô Hillel, oral transmission can be analysed into the following technical stages-

i) A concept, statement, preposition, postulates etc is formulated mentally.

ii) The mental formulation is expressed in words.

iii) The words are spoken that is they are expressed by the complicated larynx, tongue and lip position of speech.

iv) The vibration set up a sound wave that is transmitted through the air.

┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á White has referred to informal communication as interactive as it involves a direct interaction between the source of information and the recipient.

┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Oral communications are of the following types-

i) One person to one person:Example: a face to face talk or by phone, chat, etc.

ii) One person to several:Example: a group or committee meeting, conference, teleconference, video conference, etc.

iii) Several person to several:Example: A group discussion, conversation, etc.

a) Advantages of Informal Communication:The following are the some of the advantages of informal communication

i) Promptness:The face to face or telephone conversation, personal correspondence, and preprint exchange, all of which are faster than dissemination through the formal channels.

ii) Selectivity:Formal journals are designed to reach large audiences and therefore cannot be sensitive to individual need. Information transmitted through the informal channel is specifically meant for an individual recipient or a small group.

iii) Interactive Communication:In the informal context example telephone conversation, continuous interaction between the supplier and receiver of information is possible. This facility is very difficult to achieve in the formal channels.

iv) Screening and Evaluation:In the informal communication system the supplier provides evaluated and predigested information that can be readily used by the recipient.

v) Transmission of Ineffable:In the informal mode a scientist may not hesitate to communicate opinions and experiences which are too personal to be communicated through formal channels.

vi) Personal Appeal:Scientist communicating in the informal mode can established a personal rapport among themselves. This is difficult to achieve in the formal channel.

3.2 Formal Channel of Communication / Verbal Communication: The formal channel of communication is very effective way of storing and preserving the available information and knowledge in a very handy manner. Formal communication is non interactive and also known as documentary communication or verbal communication. The formal channel of communication is of the following types.

i) Written (Manuscripts):Exchange of practical note book, preprints and reprints among scientists fall under this category.

ii) Printed:The newspapers, newsletter, journal, book, state of art report, etc fall under this category.

iii) Audio ΓÇô Video:It consists of picture, charts, maps, slide, video tapes, CD, DVD, Magnetic tapes, etc.

3.3 Exception Cases: There are many exception of formal and informal communication. They are

i) Correspondence: Correspondence is a written form of communication but it is generally treated as informal rather than formal channel of communication.

ii) Professional Conference: It is both formal and informal. It is formal in the sense that it involves formal organization. There will be presentation of formal papers and it frequently results in some formal publication. It is informal in the sense- it provides greater opportunity for personnel communication among individual.

iii) Mass Media:Radio, television film which are able to bring the information as soon as it occur to the mass.

iv) Telecommunication and Satellite Communication: The online resources, though they are formal but are interactive in nature.

4. Barriers of Communication: The barriers to communication of information can broadly be grouped into the following categories-

a) Institutional Impediment:There are three basic institutional impediments. These are -

i) Status of a person and organization: Information mainly flows among equal level of status. It is very difficult for person of lower status to enter into such network of information.

ii) Structural (Hierarchical):Information flows from top to bottom or from bottom to top level in administrative hierarchy.

iii) Secrecy (Fear of Losing): Managers and officials sometimes fear that if they provide the information to somebody else their own secrets will be lost.

b) Financial: Financial barriers are of the following types

i) Rising cost in production of document:It reduced the production of the documents and reduced the purchasing power of the user.

ii) Postal and other transportation charges

iii) Cost in running libraries and information centres pushed libraries to shift from free services to fee based service.

iv) Currency exchange and import controls: Some countries have import restrictions for certain classes of literature.

v) Dwindling Budgets:The dwindling budget of libraries and individual toward information procurements.

vi) Royalties: The scope of royalties increases the price of the literature.

c) Technical:The technical barriers can be of the following types-

i) Poor presentation of documentary products.

ii) Less number of copies.

iii) Lack of special system / equipment:Certain classes of documents need special equipment for reading or viewing. Example: Microfilm / fiche.

iv) Complicated System:The complicated nature of system needs lot of patience and practice to get the required information.

v) Lack of Awareness:Many of the users are not aware as to what services are available and what service can provide him the needed information.

vi) Underqualified staff of libraries / documentation centres.

vii) Lack of proper organizational structure.

viii) Lack of bibliographical control tool.

d) Linguistic:The linguistic barriers can be of the following types

i) Inter linguistic problem

ii) Intra language problem: Jargon such an neologism (coining or using of new words), synonyms (words that have similar meaning), acronyms (words formed from the initial letter of a name), etc.

e) Psychological and Social:Psychological characteristic of user i.e.┬á unwillingness to changes, question of prestige, shyness, selfishness, ignorance, traditional boundaries, mistrust, etc.

f) Administrative and Political: The closed societies who allow very little information to cross their border or allow very little information to flow in.

Communication-1

Tue, 31 Mar 2020 18:39:40 +0000

Communication can roughly de described as the exchange of information between two or more agents though a medium using a predetermined code. Of course we are oversimplifying things, arenΓÇÖt we? If you care to stop by and think critically, a thousand questions pop up which, if let go unfettered, will capsize the vessel of conventional wisdom without warning. This, by no means, is unique: most definitions/descriptions in social sciences do not stand up to a rigorous critical examination. This, to be sure, is neither a defect not a cause of embarrassment. If definitions are defied, the subject is to too vast and deep and complex.

As time marches on the nature of communications undergoes sea changes that nobody can predict. You may not be able to visualize a world without telephones or the internet. But in relation to the history of the worlds, these gizmos are still toddling! Has any one been able to predict the giant leaps in information and communication technology that practically define the present world? The answer is an emphatic no. Not long ago, we lived without the facilities we wallow in today. These gadgets, understandably, redefine the very process and nature of communication. One example that suggests itself is television, and though in a lesser degree, radio. Until recently, some of us would not include telivisual discourses in the rubric of communication, bracketing it as a one-way traffic. Will this objection hold water in an age where we can actually strike up conversations with persons on the blinking mini screen? How about internet chat? This is the bottom line: donΓÇÖt get stuck in predefined categories and ideas. As a most vital component in teaching and research, the new avenues and openings in communications are of great interest to us. To start you off, we are giving five questions. They are general in nature and light in content.

1.Which one of the following statements is true for journals?
a.They are not a part of the print media
b.They concentrate and industry-specific stream or trade-specific issues, which are defined before hand.
c.They give all types of news, views, and entertaining events.
d.They are not prepared under the guidance of expert editors, writers and researchers but by journalists and freelance writes from the open market.

2.Cinema is a/an
a.Visual media
b.Audiovisual media
c.Audio media
d.Print media

3.The MMS is a/an
a.Visual media
b.Audio media
c.Audiovisual media
d.None of these

4.The Conditional Access System (CAS) allows the viewers to
a.Select TV channels of their choice
b.Interact with TV channels trough the set-up boxes
c.Cut down the costs of television viewing
d.None of these

5.Communication needs a
a.Sender
b.Receiver
c.Channel
d.All of these
e.Only b & c

Computer Basics

Tue, 31 Mar 2020 18:40:03 +0000

access time - The performance of a hard drive or other storage device - how long it takes to locate a file.
active program or window - The application or window at the front (foreground) on the monitor
application - a program in which you do your work.
application menu - on the right side of the screen header. Lists running applications.
ASCII (pronounced ask-key ) - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. a commonly used data format for exchanging information between computers or programs.
bit - the smallest piece of information used by the computer. Derived from "binary digit". In computer language, either a one (1) or a zero (0).
backup - a copy of a file or disk you make for archiving purposes.
boot - to start up a computer.
bug - a programming error that causes a program to behave in an unexpected way.
bus - an electronic pathway through which data is transmitted between components in a computer.
byte - a piece of computer information made up of eight bits.
card - a printed circuit board that adds some feature to a computer.
CD-ROM - an acronym for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory.
Clipboard - A portion of memory where the Mac temporarily stores information. Called a Copy Buffer in many PC applications because it is used to hold information which is to be moved, as in word processing where text is "cut" and then "pasted".
Clock Rate (MHz) - The instruction processing speed of a computer measured in millions of cycles per second (i.e., 200 MHz).
command - the act of giving an instruction to your Mac either by menu choice or keystroke.
compiler - a program the converts programming code into a form that can be used by a computer.
compression - a technique that reduces the size of a saved file by elimination or encoding redundancies (i.e., JPEG, MPEG, LZW, etc.)
control key - seldom used modifier key on the Mac.
control panel - a program that allows you to change settings in a program or change the way a Mac looks and/or behaves.
CPU - the Central Processing Unit. The processing chip that is the "brains" of a computer.
crash - a system malfunction in which the computer stops working and has to be restarted.
cursor - The pointer, usually arrow or cross shaped, which is controlled by the mouse.
database - an electronic list of information that can be sorted and/or searched.
data - (the plural of datum) information processed by a computer.
defragment - (also - optimize) to concatenate fragments of data into contiguous blocks in memory or on a hard drive. dialog box - an on-screen message box that appears when the Mac requires additional information before completing a command.
digitize - to convert linear, or analog, data into digital data which can be used by the computer.
disk - a spinning platter made of magnetic or optically etched material on which data can be stored.
disk drive - the machinery that writes the data from a disk and/or writes data to a disk.
document - a file you create, as opposed to the application which created it.
DOS - acronym for Disk Operating System - used in IBM PCs.
DPI - acronym for Dots Per Inch - a gauge of visual clarity on the printed page or on the computer screen.
download - to transfer data from one computer to another. (If you are on the receiving end, you are downloading. If you are on the sending end, you are uploading ).
driver - a file on a computer which tells it how to communicate with an add-on piece of equipment (like a printer).
Ethernet - a protocol for fast communication and file transfer across a network.
expansion slot - a connector inside the computer which allows one to plug in a printed circuit board that provides new or enhanced features.
extension - a startup program that runs when you start the Mac and then enhances its function.
file - the generic word for an application, document, control panel or other computer data.
floppy - a 3.5 inch square rigid disk which holds data. (so named for the earlier 5.25 and 8 inch disks that were flexible).
folder - an electronic subdirectory which contains files.
font - a typeface that contains the characters of an alphabet or some other letterforms.
fragmentation - The breaking up of a file into many separate locations in memory or on a disk.
gig - a gigabyte = 1024 megabytes.
hard drive - a large capacity storage device made of multiple disks housed in a rigid case.
highlight - to select by clicking once on an icon or by highlighting text in a document.
icon - a graphic symbol for an application, file or folder.
initialize - to format a disk for use in the computer; creates a new directory and arranges the tracks for the recording of data.
installer - software used to install a program on your hard drive.
K - short for kilobyte.
keyboard shortcut - a combination of keystrokes that performs some function otherwise found in a pulldown menu.
kilobyte - 1024 bytes.
landscape - in printing from a computer, to print sideways on the page. launch - start an application.
Measurements (summary) - *a bit = one binary digit (1 or 0) *"bit" is derived from the contraction b'it (binary digit) -> 8 bits = one byte*1024 bytes = one kilobyte*K = kilobyte*Kb = kilobit*MB = megabyte*Mb = megabit*MB/s = megabytes per second*Mb/s = megabits per second*bps = bits per secondi.e., 155 Mb/s = 19.38 MB/s
MB - short for megabyte.
megabyte - 1024 kilobytes.
memory - the temporary holding area where data is stored while it is being used or changed; the amount of RAM a computer has installed.
menu - a list of program commands listed by topic.
menu bar - the horizontal bar across the top of the screen that lists the menus.
multi tasking - running more than one application in memory at the same time.
operating system - the system software that controls the computer.
optical disk - a high-capacity storage medium that is read by a laser light.
partition - a subdivision of a hard drives surface that is defined and used as a separate drive.
paste - to insert text, or other material, from the clipboard or copy buffer.
PC - acronym for personal computer, commonly used to refer to an IBM or IBM clone computer which uses DOS.
PCI - acronym for Peripheral Component Interchange - the newer, faster bus achitecture.
peripheral - an add-on component to your computer.
pop-up menu - any menu that does not appear at the top of the screen in the menu bar. (may pop up or down)
port - a connection socket, or jack on the Mac.
print spooler - a program that stores documents to be printed on the hard drive, thereby freeing the memory up and allowing other functions to be performed while printing goes on in the background.
QuickTime - the Apple system extension that gives one the ability to compress, edit and play animation, movies and sound on the Mac.
RAM - acronym for Random-Access Memory.
reset switch - a switch on the Mac that restarts the computer in the event of a crash or freeze.
resize box - the small square at the lower right corner of a window which, when dragged, resizes the window.
ROM - acronym for Read Only Memory; memory that can only be read from and not written to.
root directory - the main hard drive window.
save - to write a file onto a disk.
save as - (a File menu item) to save a previously saved file in a new location and/or with a new name.
scroll - to shift the contents of a window to bring hidden items into view.
scroll bar - a bar at the bottom or right side of a window that contains the scroll box and allows scrolling.
scroll box - the box in a scroll bar that is used to navigate through a window. SCSI - acronym for Small Computer System Interface.
serial port - a port that allows data to be transmitted in a series (one after the other), such as the printer and modem ports.
server - a central computer dedicated to sending and receiving data from other computers (on a network).
shut down - the command from the Special menu that shuts down the Mac safely.
software - files on disk that contain instructions for a computer.
spreadsheet - a program designed to look like an electronic ledger.
start up disk - the disk containing system software and is designated to be used to start the computer.
System file - a file in the System folder that allows your Mac to start and run.
System folder - an all-important folder that contains at least the System file and the Finder.
title bar - the horizontal bar at the top of a window which has the name of the file or folder it represents.
upload - to send a file from one computer to another through a network. UPS - acronym for Uninterruptible Power Source.
virtual memory - using part of your hard drive as though it were "RAM".

Computer Basics -1

Tue, 31 Mar 2020 18:40:28 +0000

1. Who is the father of Internet?
Ans. Winton Surf

2. Celeron was a brand name for a line of microprocessors introduced by?
Ans. Intel

3. Who is the founder of WWW?
Ans. Tim Berners Lee

4. Output quality of a printer is measured by?
Ans. Dots per inch

5. The term ISP refers to?
Ans. Internet Service Provider

6. An interface on a computer to which an external device can be connected is called?
Ans. Port

7. Which Storage media hold the most information?
Ans. Blue-ray

8. Who cofounded Hotmail in 1996 and then sold the company to Microsoft?
Ans. Zabeer Bhatia

9. What is the full form of UPS?
Ans. Uninterrupted Power Supply

10. HTML is a:
a)Computer language

11. Computer processing speed is measured in terms
Ans. MHz

12. Which is the short key used to view the slide show in power point?
Ans. F5

13. How many windows can be active at a time?
Ans. One

14. WWW stands for:
Ans. World Wide Web

15. The bar in which it displays the name of the currently active document is:
Ans. Title Bar

16. The Feature available in word processor to type data in rows and coloumns from is:
Ans. Tables

17. ISP means:
Ans. Internet Servvice Provider

18. .......... is generally regarded as the first microprocessor?
Ans. Intel 4004

19. Pentium series of microprocessors were introduced by :
Ans. Intel

20. The term DSL stands for:
Ans. Digital Subcriber Line

21. Software that runs on computers and manages the computer hardware is called:
Ans. Operating System

22. VDU is an old term for:
Ans. Monitor

23. Which of the following is NOT an early computer?
Ans. MacBook

24. In computer Terminology ,what does I/O stands for?
Ans. Input/Output

25. Anything that comes out of a computer:
Ans. Output

26. A group of attribute or field in a database is known as a................
Ans. Record

27. A ............... describe a category of information in a table of database.
Ans. Field

28. When data changes in multiple lists and all lists are not updated, this causes ................
Ans. Data inconsistency

29. Which device act as a traffic cop over a network?
Ans. Router

30. How many layers are present in Open System Interconnection (OSI) model of network architecture?
Ans. Seven

31. Which layer of OSI model, firstly make use of unit of data called ΓÇ£PacketΓÇ¥?
Ans. Network Layer

32. Communication between computers is established, maintained and terminated by ............... .
Ans. Session Layer

33. Which term identifies a specific computer on the web and the main page of the entire site?
Ans. Domain name

34. The place where data or information is stored for a short time is:
Ans. Buffer

35. The section of CPU which selects, interprets and sees to the execution of program instructions?
Ans. Control Unit

36. Which program is used to convert assembly language to machine language?
Ans. Assembler

37. The process of finding errors in softwareΓÇÖs source code:
Ans. Debugging

38. A Trojan horse is:
Ans. A virus disguised as a useful program.

Education-1

Tue, 31 Mar 2020 18:40:55 +0000

Q.Effectiveness of teaching depends on

┬á┬á┬á Subject understanding of the Teacher
┬á┬á┬á Personality of the Teacher
┬á┬á┬á Qualification of the Teacher
┬á┬á┬á Strict approach of the Teacher

Q.Which of the following statement is not correct?

┬á┬á┬á Lecture Method can develop reasoning
┬á┬á┬á Lecture Method can develop knowledge
┬á┬á┬á Lecture Method is one way process
┬á┬á┬á During Lecture Method students are passive

Q.Which of the following is not instructional material?

┬á┬á┬á O.H.P
┬á┬á┬á L.C.D Projector
┬á┬á┬á Charts
┬á┬á┬á Printed Notes

Q.Which of the following statement is correct?

┬á┬á┬á Reliability ensures validity
┬á┬á┬á Validity ensures reliability
┬á┬á┬á Reliability and validity are independent of each other
┬á┬á┬á Reliability does not depend on objectivity

Q.Teacher can use teaching aids for

┬á┬á┬á making students attentive
┬á┬á┬á the sake of its use
┬á┬á┬á time management
┬á┬á┬á making teaching more interesting

Q.which of the following was not consisted in the recommendations of National Education Policy, 1986

┬á┬á┬á Teacher training
┬á┬á┬á Training guardians
┬á┬á┬á Expansion of facilities
┬á┬á┬á Course restructuring

Q.The least important factor in teaching

┬á┬á┬á Punishing students
┬á┬á┬á Using black board
┬á┬á┬á Maintaing discipline
┬á┬á┬á Lecture in detail

Q.In Higher Education students are better motivated through

┬á┬á┬á personal achievements
┬á┬á┬á competition
┬á┬á┬á individual attention
┬á┬á┬á co operation

Q.In 1947 the number of Educational Institutions was

┬á┬á┬á 38
┬á┬á┬á 35
┬á┬á┬á 37
┬á┬á┬á 39

Q.Which of the following comprise teaching skills

┬á┬á┬á black board writing
┬á┬á┬á explaining
┬á┬á┬á Questioning
┬á┬á┬á All the above

Q.Indira Gandhi National Open University came into existence in

┬á┬á┬á 1983
┬á┬á┬á 1984
┬á┬á┬á 1985
┬á┬á┬á 1977

Q.Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD) includes:

┬á┬á┬á Department of Elementary Education and Literacy
┬á┬á┬á Department of Secondary Education and Higher Education
┬á┬á┬á Department of Women and Child Development
┬á┬á┬á All the above

Q.Which of the following statements is most appropriate?

┬á┬á┬á Teachers can teach
┬á┬á┬á Teachers help can create in a student a desire to learn
┬á┬á┬á Lecture Method can be used for developing thinking
┬á┬á┬á Teachers are born.

Q.The modern schools aim to

┬á┬á┬á Develop proper behaviour
┬á┬á┬á Develop ethical values
┬á┬á┬á Develop creativity and individuality
┬á┬á┬á Develop socially acceptable behaviour

Q.Which of the following statements is correct?

┬á┬á┬á Syllabus is a part of curriculum
┬á┬á┬á Syllabus is an annexure to curriculum
┬á┬á┬á Curriculum is the same in all educational institutions affiliated to a particular
┬á┬á┬á Syllabus is not the same in all educational institutions affiliated to a particular

Q.The most important factor in teaching in higher education is

┬á┬á┬á Supply relevant information
┬á┬á┬á Prepare students to competitive examination
┬á┬á┬á Develop spirit of competition
┬á┬á┬á Lead students to the source of information

Q.An effective teacher is one who

┬á┬á┬á dictates notes
┬á┬á┬á motivate students
┬á┬á┬á give maximum information in limited time
┬á┬á┬á correct all assignments

Q.The most important aspect of open book examination is

┬á┬á┬á Improve attendance
┬á┬á┬á Students become serious
┬á┬á┬á It helps students to think
┬á┬á┬á Release examination anxiety

Q.Modern Indian education at Elementary level can de described as

┬á┬á┬á Child centered
┬á┬á┬á Curriculum centered
┬á┬á┬á Subject centered
┬á┬á┬á All of the above

Q.Value education stands for

┬á┬á┬á overall development of personality
┬á┬á┬á making student healthy
┬á┬á┬á making student religious
┬á┬á┬á inculcation of virtues

Environment

Tue, 31 Mar 2020 18:41:32 +0000

According to the 2009 State of Environment Report, India faces many important environmental challenges which currently threaten both the development of India and the outlook for its future.

Degradation of land, increasing air pollution, depletion of water resources, loss of indigenous species of flora and fauna and the background of overwhelming poverty are depicted in the report to detract from the positive growth of Indian people and the country as a whole.

We can list the main environmental challenges in India as follows:

1. Population: Population of 844 million is growing at 2.11 per cent every year. Since the natural resources are limit the greatest challenge before us is to limit the population growth.

2. Poverty: About 40% of our people are still below the poverty line Environmental degradation has adversely affected the poor who depend upon natural resources.

3. Problems in Water management and Water Pollution: We have a poor water management system. Of the 180 mham run off, irrigation projects could manage only to trap 17 mham in reservoirs. Large dams also created problems like displacement, loss of biodiversity etc. Community wastes, industrial wastes, and chemical fertilizers and pesticides have polluted the surface water and affecting the ground water too. Restoring the quality of water is a big challenge.

4. Agricultural issues: High yielding varieties and input of chemical fertilizers to soil and the use of pesticides resulted into many problems like soil pollution, air pollution, water pollution etc.

5. Land degradation due to urbanization, industrialization

6. Human settlement

7. Air and Water Pollution

8. Problems related to Energy consumption.

9. Problems that affects the Biodiversity: Wildlife Devastations Disintegrate IndiaΓÇÖs Ecological Diversity

10. Deforestation

Efforts to meet the Challenges

We have already made a start to achieving the goal of sustainable development as by making efforts for sustainable life-support system. NEPC National Council of Environmental Planning and Coordination was set up in 1972. This was followed by Empowered committee, The Tiwari committee set up in 1980. On the recommendation of this committee the Department of Environment set up in 1980 and later this department became part of ministry of environment in 1985. At the governmental level, the Ministry of Environment and Forests acts as a nodal agency for relations with International agencies like UNEP, SACEP, IUCN, World Bank, FAO, UNDP SAARAC and EEC. Independently and in association with Government level activities the NGOs in India have also taken several initiatives towards global cooperation and exchanges.

Some early moves:

ΓÇó Acceded to the Vienna Convention for the protection of ozone layer, March 1985.

ΓÇó Signed the convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animal in 1979.

ΓÇó Signed the international convention for the prevention of pollution of the sea by oil, 1954 and related conventions in 1969,1978 and 1982.

ΓÇó Signed the convention of the Antartica and the Antartica treaty.

ΓÇó Received funds from international agencies.

ΓÇó An international conference of 21 developing countries was hosted in India in 1990.

ΓÇó In 1992, India prepared a document on the issue of environment and development that is a manifestation of the challenges being faced by our nation for UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development)/Earth summit at Rio de Janeiro.

ΓÇó Dunkel draft As a part of GATT negotiations in the package proposed by Arthur Dunkel to conclude to Uruguay Round, the industrialized countries of the North have claimed the right to patent even plants. Dr Suman Sahai convener of Gene Campaign has advocated for not accepting the conditions on patent.

ΓÇó Two-day meet of the governing council of South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme (SACEP) was held in 1992 to discuss setting up a SACEP Fund.

General Knowledge Question and Answers -1

Tue, 31 Mar 2020 18:42:07 +0000

11. Thorndike belonged to which country:
Ans. USA

12. Pavlov mastered in:
Ans. Classical conditioning

13. Learning by observing is learned by:
Ans. Imitation

14. ......... theory of operant conditioning is an extension of theories of Pavlov:
Ans. SkinnerΓÇÖs

15. ......... Is the key term for understanding operant conditioning:
Ans. Reinforcement

16. The other stimulus is called ......... in classical conditioning.
Ans. US

17. ......... theory of operant conditioning is an extension of earlier S-R theories:
Ans. B.F SkinnerΓÇÖs

18. Intrinsic motivations are:
Ans. Drives

19. Reward and punishment is a form of:
Ans. Extrinsic motivation

20. SkinnerΓÇÖs box is used for:
Ans. Incidental learning

21. If a research contributes new knowledge in the form of new theory, idea or principle, it is termed as:
Ans. Experimental research

22. A research which follows flexible design, which can be changed according to the conveience of the investigator:
Ans. Action research

23. In a research, the type of data to be required and the type of methods of data analysis to be used are indicated by the:
Ans. Hypothesis

24. From the year 1938- 47, it is treated as stage in research:
Ans. Period of international recognition

25. The root mean square deviation about Arithmetic mean is termed:
Ans. Standard deviation

26. The scale of measurement in which numbering of classification is made according to the differences or similarity observed with respect to some characteristics:
Ans. Nominal scale

27. The best measure of dispersion is:
Ans. Standard deviation

28. For a normal curve the mean, median and mode are:
Ans. Same

29. The flatness or peakedness of a frequency distribution refers to:
Ans. Kurtosis

30. For a normal curve, the value of measure of skewness is:
Ans. 0

General-1

Tue, 31 Mar 2020 18:43:07 +0000

Q.1 Study the argument and the inference drawn from that argument, given below carefully

Argument: Anything that goes up definitely falls down. Helicopter goes up.Inference: So the helicopter will definitely fall down. What in your opinion is the inference drawn from the argument?

┬á┬á┬á Valid
┬á┬á┬á Invalid
┬á┬á┬á Doubtful
┬á┬á┬á None of the above

Q.2 The main objective of public broadcasting system i.e. Prasar Bharti is

┬á┬á┬á Inform, Entertainment & Education
┬á┬á┬á Entertain, Information & Interaction
┬á┬á┬á Educate, Interact & Entertain
┬á┬á┬á Entertainment only

Q.3 Sardar Sarover dam is located on the river

┬á┬á┬á ganga
┬á┬á┬á godavari
┬á┬á┬á narmada
┬á┬á┬á kaveri

Q.4 Which one of the following trees has medicinal value?

┬á┬á┬á Teak
┬á┬á┬á Pine
┬á┬á┬á Neem
┬á┬á┬á Rubber

Q.5 Insert the missing number: 8 24 12 ? 18 54

┬á┬á┬á 26
┬á┬á┬á 36
┬á┬á┬á 34
┬á┬á┬á 24

Q.6 In a certain code, ROUNDS is written as RONUDS. How will PLEASE will be written in the same code:

┬á┬á┬á PLEAES
┬á┬á┬á PELASE
┬á┬á┬á PLAESE
┬á┬á┬á PLESAE

Q.7 If 45 is 120% of a number, what is 80% of the same number?

┬á┬á┬á 32
┬á┬á┬á 36
┬á┬á┬á 34
┬á┬á┬á 30

Q.8 If 6 is 24% of a number, what is 40% of the same number

┬á┬á┬á 8
┬á┬á┬á 10
┬á┬á┬á 12
┬á┬á┬á 16

Q.9 Statements: I All students are ambitiousII All ambitious persons are hard working. Conclusions : (i) All students are hard-working(ii) All hardly working people are not ambitious . Which of the following is correct?

┬á┬á┬á Only (i) is correct
┬á┬á┬á Only (iI) is correct
┬á┬á┬á Both (i) and (ii) are correct
┬á┬á┬á Both (i) and (ii) are not correct

Q.10 Consider the following statements regarding cars parked at a parking lot: statements ::::: 1. All the Maruti cars parked here are white.2. Some of these cars have radial tyres.3. All Maruti cars manufactured after 1986 have radial tyres.4. All cars are not Marutis. :::: Which one of the following inferences can be drawn from the statements given above?

┬á┬á┬á Only white Maruti cars with radial tyres are parked here
┬á┬á┬á Cars other than Maruti do not have radial tyres
┬á┬á┬á Most of the Maruti cars parked here were manufactured before 1986
┬á┬á┬á Some white Maruti cars with radial tyres are parked here

General-2

Tue, 31 Mar 2020 18:44:33 +0000

Q.1 First week of which month is "wild life"week?

┬á┬á┬á June
┬á┬á┬á October
┬á┬á┬á August
┬á┬á┬á February

Q.2 World forestry day is

┬á┬á┬á January 21
┬á┬á┬á March 21
┬á┬á┬á August 21
┬á┬á┬á July 21

Q.3 We celebrates 5th June as

┬á┬á┬á environment day
┬á┬á┬á Darwin day
┬á┬á┬á Population day
┬á┬á┬á Health day

Q.4 Silent Valley is situated in

┬á┬á┬á Jammu Kashmir
┬á┬á┬á Simla
┬á┬á┬á Kerala
┬á┬á┬á Africa

Q.5 In recent years there has been an increasing incidence of floods in the plains of northIndia. This is due to:

┬á┬á┬á Increase in annual rainfall
┬á┬á┬á Increase in silting of dams
┬á┬á┬á Increase in deforestation in catchment area
┬á┬á┬á Increase in smaller cultivations

Q.6 A Community is

┬á┬á┬á Autotrophs and heterotrophs
┬á┬á┬á collection of plants and animals
┬á┬á┬á Organisms living in a habitat
┬á┬á┬á web of life

Q.7 The major man made biotic factor is

┬á┬á┬á Ploughing
┬á┬á┬á Grazing
┬á┬á┬á Dairying
┬á┬á┬á Fire

Q.8 Plants and animals living in a given area form

┬á┬á┬á Population
┬á┬á┬á Ecosystem
┬á┬á┬á Community
┬á┬á┬á Plankton

Q.9 Which is best for plant growth?

┬á┬á┬á Clayey soil
┬á┬á┬á Gravel
┬á┬á┬á Sandy soil
┬á┬á┬á Loamy soil

Q.10 Where do tropical forests occur in India?

┬á┬á┬á Himachal Pradesh
┬á┬á┬á Maharashtra
┬á┬á┬á Andamans
┬á┬á┬á Kerala